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PROGRESSION
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 PROGRESSION

1. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

1.1 Identify characteristics of arithmetic progression ( AP)

AP is a sequence of numbers where the difference between successive terms is a constant.

Example 1 : examples of AP

5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , …………
+2 +2 +2

15 , 11 , 7 , 3 , ………..

-4 -4 -4

1.2 Determine whether a given sequence is an AP

If a sequence is an AP , then the difference between successive terms is a constant.

Example 2 : Determine whether each of the following sequences is an AP

a. 4 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , ……. b. 1 , 4 , 9 , 16
+3 +3 +3 +3
+3 +5

 It is an AP  It is not an AP

Exercise 2 : Determine whether each of the following sequences is an AP

a. 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , ….. 1 1 1
b. 1, , , , ......
2 4 8

c. 10 , 7 , 4 , 1 , ….. d. 2a , 2a + b , 2a + 2b , 2a + 3b , …..

Homework : From Text Book- page 10 , Exercise 1.1 , no 1 and 2.

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1.3 Determine by using formula
a. specific terms in AP
b. the number of terms in AP

An AP can be represented as

a , a + d , a + 2d , a + 3d , a + 4d , ………

First term , Third term , Fifth term , T5

a T3
Fourth term ,
Second term ,
T4
T2

In general , the nth term , T n is represented by

T n = a + ( n – 1 ) d where a – first term

d – common difference
n – number of terms

Example 3 :

a. Find the 8th term of the AP b. Find the 12th term of the AP
4 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , …. 11 , 7 , 3 , -1 , …

a=4, d=3 a = 11 , d = -4

Tn = a + ( n – 1 ) d Tn = a + ( n – 1 ) d

T8 = 4 + ( 8-1) 3 T12 = 11 + ( 12-1)(-4)

= 25 = - 33

c. Find the nth term of the following AP d. Find the number of terms in the AP
3 , 8 , 13 , 18 , … 15 , 18 , 21 , … , 42

a=3, d=5 a = 15 , d = 3 , Tn = 42

Tn = a + ( n – 1 ) d Tn = a + ( n – 1 ) d
= 3 + ( n-1) 5 42 = 15 + ( n-1) 3
= 3 + 5n - 5 42 = 15 + 3n - 3
= 5n – 2 n = 10

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Exercise 3.
1. Find the 12th term of the following AP
a. 4 , 7 , 10 , 13 , …. b. 11 , 7 , 3 , -1 , …

c. 28 , 24 , 20 , … 9 15
d. 3, ,6, , ....
2 2

2. Find the nth term of the following AP

a. 6 , 13 , 20 , 27 , …. b. 18 , 15 , 12 , ….

c. -20 , -16 , -12 , 3 9 15

d. , ,3, , ....
2 4 4

3. Find the number of terms in the following AP

a. 50 , 47 , 44 , ……-34 b. 8 , 11 , 14 , …., 59

c. -20 , -16 , -12 , …16 3 9 15 39

d. , ,3, , .... ,
2 4 4 4

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4. Given that 6x – 2 , 3x and 2x + 4 are the first three terms of an AP. Find
a. the value of x ,
b. the seventh term of the AP.

5. The fifth term of an AP is 34 and the eleventh term is 52. Find the fifteenth term.

6. The eighth term and the eighteenth term of an AP is 37 and 97 respectively. Find
a. the first term and the common difference
b. the tenth term.

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7. Given the AP , -14 , -5 , 4 , 13 , …… Find the term which is equal to 76.

8. In an AP, the nth term , Tn is given as Tn = 7n – 3. Find

a. the first term
b. the common difference
c. the 18th term.

Homework : From Text Book- page 10 , Exercise 1.1 , no 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 13.

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1.4 Find:
a) the sum of the first n terms of arithmetic progressions.
b) the sum of a specific number of consecutive terms of arithmetic progressions.
c) the value of n, given the sum of the first n terms of arithmetic progressions.

1. The sum of the first n terms of an AP , Sn is given by

i. Sn 
n
2a  n  1d 
2

ii. Sn 
n
a  l where l is the last term [ l = Tn= a + (n-1)d ]
2

2. To determine the nth term of any progression ,

Tn  S n  S n1

Example 4

a. Find the sum of the first ten terms of b. Find the sum of the first 18 terms of
the AP 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , …. the AP – 11 , -8 , -5 , …

a=4,d=2 a = -11 , d = 3

Sn 
n
2a  n  1d  Sn 
n
2a  n  1d 
2 2
 24   8  12  2 11  18  13
10 18
2 2
 110  261

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c. Find the sum of the AP d. The sum of the first n terms of an AP
50 , 46 , 42 , ….,14 7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , …. is 371. Find the
value of n.
Find n first
a = 50 , d = -4 , l = Tn = 14
Sn 
n
2a  n  1d 
2
Tn = a + ( n – 1 ) d
14 = 50 + ( n – 1 )-4 371 
n
27   n  13
-36 = -4n + 4 2
4n = 40 742  n14  3n  3
n = 10 742 11n  3n 2
3n 2  11n  742  0
 2a  n  1d 
n
Sn
2  11  (11) 2  4(3)(742)
n
 250   10  1  4
10 2(3)
S10
2 n  14 ,  17.6667
 320  n  14

Exercise 4

a. Find the sum of the first 12 terms of b. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of
the AP 3 , 6 , 9 …. the AP -6 , -11 , -16 , ….

c. Given the first three terms of an AP is d. Given the sum of the first nth terms of
7 , 10 , 13 , …Find the sum of the first an AP 7 , 13 , 19 , ….. is 224. Find the
6 terms after the fifth term. value of n.

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e. Given that the sum of the first n terms , Sn of an AP is given by Sn = 2n + n2.
Find
i. the first term
ii. the common difference

f. In an AP with 15 terms , the fourth term is 18 and the tenth term is 42. Find the sum
of all the terms in the progression.

1.5 Solve problems involving AP

1. In an AP , the fifth term is 16 and the sum of the first eight terms is 116. Find the
sum of all the terms from the sixth term to the twelfth term.

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2. Given the first three terms of an AP are 5x-6 , 16 – x and 3x – 2. Find the value of x
and the sum of the first 12 terms.

3. The sum of the first 8 terms of an AP is 28 and the sum of the next 8 terms is -164 .
Find the
a. first term and the common difference
b. sum of all terms from the 10th term to the 20th term.

4. Given an AP -5 , -2 , 1, …. State the four consecutive terms in this progression that

sums up to 58.

Homework : From Text Book- page 11 , Exercise 1.1 , no 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 and

25

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2. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

2.1 Identify characteristics of geometric progression ( GP)

GP is a progression in which each term is multiplied by a constant in order to obtain the
next term.

- Example 1 : examples of GP

2 , 8 , 32 , 128 , …………
x4 x4 x4

1 1
2 ,  , , ..
2 8
1 1
 
4 4
1
 whether a given sequence is a GP
2.2 Determine
4
Example 2 : Determine whether each of the following sequences is a GP
a. 1 , 3 , 9 , 27 , ……. 1 1 1
b. , , , ...
x3 x3 x3 2 4 16

1 1
 
 It is a GP 2 4

 It is not a GP

Exercise 2 : Determine whether each of the following sequences is a GP

a. 4 , -12, 36 , -108 , ….. 1 1 1 1
b. , , , ......
3 12 48 192

c. 1 , 4 , 9 , 16, ….. d. 3 , 9 , 27 , 81 …..

Homework : From Text Book- page 22 , Exercise 1.2 , no 1 and 2.

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2.3 Determine by using formula
c. specific terms in GP
d. the number of terms in GP

An GP can be represented as

a , ar , ar2 , ar3 , ar4 , ………

First term , Third term , Fifth term , T5

a T3
Fourth term ,
Second term ,
T4
T2

In general , the nth term , T n is represented by

T n = ar n – 1 where a – first term

r – common ratio
n – number of terms

Example 3 :
a. Find the eighth term of the GP b. Find the sixth term of the AP
3 , 6 , 12 , …. 1 1 1
,  , , ....
3 6 12
a=3, r=2 1 1
a= , r= 
3 2
Tn = ar n-1
Tn = ar n - 1
T8 = (3)(2)8-1
= 384 6 1
 1  1 
T6 =    
 3  2 
1
= 
96
c. Find the nth term of the following GP d. Find the number of terms in the GP
3 , 9 , 27 … 3 , -6 , 12 , … , -1536

a=3, r=3 a = 3 , r= -2 ,. Tn = -1536

Tn = ar n-1 Tn = ar n - 1
-1536 = (3)(-2)n-1
Tn= (3)(3)n-1 -512 = (-2)n-1
= 3 1+(n-1) (-2)9 = (-2)n-1
= 3n 9 = n–1
n = 10

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Exercise 3.
1. Find the 7th term of the following AP
a. 3 , 6 , 12 , …. b. 2 , -6 , 18 , …

c. 2 , 4 , 8 , … 1 1 1
d. , , , ....
4 8 16

2. Find the nth term of the following AP

a. 2 , 6 , 18 , …. b. 12 , 6 , 3 , ….

c. 3 , 6 , 12 , …. 1 1
d. , , 2 , ....
8 2

3. Find the number of terms in the following AP

a. 2 , 6 , 18 , …. 486 b. 320 , 160 , 80 , …20

1 1 1 1 1 1
c. , , , ..., d. 3 ,1, , ...,
2 4 8 1024 3 243

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4. Given that 4 , x and 9 are the first three terms of a GP. Find
a. the positive value of x ,
b. the seventh term of the GP.

5. The second term and the fourth term of a GP is 4 and 36 respectively.Given that the
common ratio is positive. Find
a. the common ratio
b. the sixth term.

1
8. 6. Given the GP  ,1,  3 , 9 , ... Find the term which is equal to 729.
3

Homework : From Text Book- page 22 , Exercise 1.2 , no 3 ,4 , 5 and 6.

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2.4 Find:
a) the sum of the first n terms of geometric progressions;
b) the sum of a specific number of consecutive terms of geometric progressions.
c) the value of n, given the sum of the first n terms of geometric progressions.

1. The sum of the first n terms of a GP , Sn is given by

a 1  r n 
i. Sn  , r1
1 r

ii. Sn 

a r n 1 
, r1
r 1

2. To determine the nth term of any progression ,

Tn  S n  S n1

Example 4

a. Find the sum of the first seven terms of b. Find the sum of the first 5 terms of the
the GP 4 , 8 , 16 , …. GP 48 , -12 , 3 , …..

1
a=4,r =2 a = 48 , r = 
4

Sn 

a r n 1  
a 1 rn
r 1 Sn 
1 r
S7 

4 2   1
7
   1 5 
2 1 481     
  4  
 508 S5  
 1
1  
 4
615

16

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c. Find the sum of the GP d. The sum of the first n terms of a GP
5 , -10 , 20 , …,320 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 …. is 255. Find the
value of n.
Find n first
a = 5 , r = -2 , l = Tn = 320
Sn 

a r n 1 
r 1
 
n 1
Tn  ar
1 2   1
n

320  (5)(2) n 1 255 

2 1
64  (2) n 1 256  2 n

(2) 6  (2) n 1 28  2 n
6  n 1 n 8
n7

S7 

5 1   2
7

1  (2)
 215

Exercise 4

a. Find the sum of the first 12 terms of b. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of
the GP 3 , 6 , 12 , …. the GP 64 , -16 , 4 , -1 , ….

c. Given the first three terms of a GP is d. Given the sum of the first n terms of
3 , 9 , 27 , … Find the sum of the first a GP 4 , 8 , 16 , ….. is 508. Find the
6 terms after the fourth term. value of n.

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e. Given that the sum of the first n terms , Sn of a GP is given by Sn = 4( 2n – 1 ).
Find
i. the first term
ii. the common ratio.

f. Given that the third term of a GP is 20 and the eighth term is 640. Find the sum of
the first ten terms.

Homework : From Text Book- page 23 , Exercise 1.2 , no 14 , 16 and 18.

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2.5 Find:
a) the sum to infinity of geometric progressions.

b) the first term or common ratio, given the sum to infinity of geometric progressions.

The sum to infinity of a GP when -1 < r < 1 is given by

a
S 
1 r

Example 5

1 . Find the sum to infinity for the following GP

a. 16 , 8 , 4 ,…. b. 27 , -9 , 3 , ….

1 1
a = 16 , r = a = 27 , r = 
2 3

a a
S  S 
1 r 1 r
16 27
 
1
1  1
1 
2  3
 32 81

4

2. Express the recurring decimal as a fraction in its lowest term

a. 0.555…… b. 0.363636…

0.555 …..= 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + … 0.363636= 0.36 + 0.0036 + 0.000036 + …..

0.05 0.0036
a = 0.5 , r =  0.1 a = 0.36 , r =  0.01
0.5 0.36
0.36
0.363636... 
0.555... 
0.5 1  0.01
1  0.1 4

5 11

9

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Exercise 5

1. Find the sum to infinity for the GP 2. Find the sum to infinity for the GP
1 1 1 27 , 9 , 3 , ….
, , , ...
2 8 32

3. Find the sum to infinity for the GP 4. Express the recurring decimal
27 0.5454… as a fraction in its lowest
12 , 9 , , ... term
4

5. Express the recurring decimal 6. Express the recurring decimal

0.292929 … as a fraction in its lowest 0.777… as a fraction in its lowest
term term

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 3
7. A GP is given 6 , 3 , , … Find the sum to infinity of this progression
2

8. In a GP , the first term is 125 and the fourth term is 8. Find

a. the common ratio
b. the sum to infinity of this progression.

j. Given that the sum to infinity of a GP is 40 and the first term is 10. Find the
common ratio

Homework : From Text Book- page 24 , Exercise 1.2 , no 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 and 27

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2.6 Solve problems involving GP

1. The second term of a GP is 64 and the sum of the first two terms is 192. Find the
i. common ratio and the first term
ii. the sum of all the terms from the fourth term to the eighth term.

2. Find the least number of terms in the GP 4 , 12 , 36 , …. that is greater than 6000.

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 81
3. In a GP , the fifth term is and the sum of the third term and fourth term is 9 .
4
Given that r < 0 , find
ii. the common ratio
iii. the first term
iv. the sum of the first 6 terms.

Homework : From Text Book- page 26 , Chapter Review 1 , no 15 , 16 , 17 and 18

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PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

Paper 1

1. It is given that the first four terms of a GP are 3 , -6 , 12 and x. Find the value of x.

2. The first three terms of an AP are 46 , 43 and 40. The nth term of this progression is
negative. Find the least value of n.

3. a) Determine whether the following sequence is an AP or a GP

16x , 8x , 4x , …

b) Give the reason for the answers in 9(a).

4. Three consecutive terms of an AP are 5 – x , 8 , 2x. Find the common difference of

the progression.

5. The first three terms of a GP are 27 , 18 , 12. Find the sum to infinity of the GP.

6. The ninth term of an AP is 4 + 5p and the sum to infinity of the first four terms of
the progression is 7p – 10, where p is a constant. Given that the common difference
of the progression is 5, find the value of p.

7. The third term of a GP is 16. The sum of the third term and the fourth term is 8.
Find
a. the first term and the common ratio of the progression
b. the sum to infinity of the progression.

8. The first three terms of a sequence are 2 , x , 8. Find the positive value of x so that
the sequence is
a. an arithmetic progression
b. a geometric progression

9. The first three terms of an arithmetic progression are 5 , 9 , 13. Find

a. the common difference of the progression
b. the sum of the first 20 terms after the third term.

10. The sum of the first n terms of a GP 8 , 24 , 72 , … is 8744. Find

a. the common ratio of the progression
b. the value of n.

11. Given a GP y , 2 , 4 , p ... , express p in terms of y.

5
12. Given an AP -7 , -3 , 1 , … , state three consecutive terms in this progression which
sum up to 75.

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13. Express the recurring decimal 0.969696… as a fraction in its simplest form.

14. The first three terms of an arithmetic progression are k – 3 , k + 3 , 2k + 2. Find

a. the value of k
b. the sum of the first nine terms of this progression.

15. In a GP, the first term is 64 and the fourth term is 27. Calculate
a. the common ratio
b. the sum to infinity of the GP

Paper 2

1. Muthu started working for a company on 1 January 2002 with an initial annual
salary of RM18 000. Every January, the company increased his salary by 5% of the
previous year’s salary. Calculate
a. his annual salary , to the nearest RM , for the year 2007
b. the minimum value of n such that his annual salary in the nth year will exceed
RM36 000.
c. the total salary , to the nearest RM, paid to him by the company , for the years
2002 to 2007.

2. Diagram 1 shows the side elevation of part of stairs built of cement blocks.

925 cm

955 cm

985 cm 15 cm

Diagram 1
The thickness of each block is 15 cm. The length of the first block is 985 cm. The
length of each subsequent block is 30 cm less than the preceding block as shown in
diagram 2.
a. If the height of the stairs to be built is 3 m, calculate
i. the length of the top most block

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 ii. the total length of the blocks

b. Calculate the maximum height of the stairs.

3. Two companies , Delta and Omega , start to sell cars at the same time.
a. Delta sells k cars in the first month and its sale increases constantly by m cars
every subsequent month. It sells 240 cars in the 8th month and the total sales for
the first 10 months are 1900 cars.
Find the value of k and of m.

b. Omega sells 80 cars in the first month and its sales increase constantly by 22
cars every subsequent month.
If both companies sell the same number of cars in the nth month, find the value
of n.

4. Diagram 2 shows part of an arrangement of bricks of equal size.

6 cm

Diagram 2
The number of bricks in the lowest row is 100. For each of the other rows, the
number of bricks is 2 less than in the row below. The height of each brick is 6 cm.
Ali builds a wall by arranging bricks in this way. The number of bricks in the
highest row is 4. Calculate
a. the height , in cm , of the wall
b. the total price of the bricks used if the price of one brick is 40 sen.

5. Diagram 3 shows the arrangement of the first three of an infinite series of similar
triangles. The first triangle has a base of x cm and a height of y cm. The
measurements of the base and height of each subsequent triangle are half of the
measurements of its previous one.

Diagram 3
y cm

x cm
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 a. Show that the areas of the triangles form a geometric progression and state the
common ratio.

b. Given that x = 80 cm and y = 40 cm,

1
i. Determine which triangle has an area of 6 cm2.
4
ii. find the sum to infinity of the areas, in cm2 , of the triangles.

ANSWERS

Paper 1

1. -24 2. 17

3. a. GP b. the ratio of two consecutive terms of the sequence is a constant.

1 2
4. 14 5. 81 6. 8 7. a a = 64 r   b. 42
2 3
8. a. AP b. GP 9. a. 4 b. 1100 10. a. 3 b. 7
8 32
11. p 12. 21 , 25, 29 13. 14. a. 7 b. 252
2
y 33
3
15. a. b. 256
4

Paper 2

1. a. RM 22 973 b. n = 16 c. RM 122 434

2. a. i. 415 cm ii. 14 000 cm b. 495 cm

3. a. m = 20 , k = 100 b. 11

4. a. 294 cm b. RM 1019.20

1 1
5. a. Triangles form a GP with common ratio = b. i. 5th triangle ii. 2133
4 3

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