Wilson Corey A 201001 MPL

APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG
SPAN BUILDINGS
A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
By
NIIKHH. SASIDHARAN
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE-247 667 (1 N DIA)
JUNE, 2011
APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 2011
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which has been presented in this dissertation
entitled as 'APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS'
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the postgraduate degree of
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE, submitted in the Department of Architecture and
planning, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, is an authentic record of my own
work carried out by me during the period from August 2010 to June 2011 under the
supervision and guidance of Dr. P.S. Chani
The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted by me anywhere
else for the award of any other degree elsewhere.
Date: 30 0 4 JO (I
Place: Roorkee (Nikhil Sasidharan)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate Nikhil Sasidharan is
correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.
Dr. P.S. Chani
Assistant Professor,
Department of Architecture and Planning,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee-247 667
11 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It would be an improper completion of this dissertation report on
"APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS",
without expressing my genuine appreciation for the assistance and support I

received from various people.
Hence, I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude for the immense
help and guidance I gained, to all those who were with me through the completion of this
dissertation.
I convey my sincere gratitude to my guide Dr. P.S. Chani, Professor, Department

of Architecture, for his timely comments and advice through all the stages of this
research.
My heartfelt thankfulness to Professor K.C. Kambo, Department of Architecture,

for his sincere guidance and support and also to Mr. Ashok Kumar, CBRI Roorkee, for
being a source of encouragement.
I also thank all my teachers and staff of our department for their support and for
providing me with all the facilities without which this research would have been
incomplete.
My sincere thanks to the staffs of Government Irrigation Workshop Roorkee, who

gave me valuable information on the existing buildings of their campus. The help I
received from the 31.d year B.Arch batch on details and of the same buildings is worth a
mention.
I thank my parents and family members for the strength and support they have
provided throughout the completion of this research.
And last, but not the least, I thank God for his blessings.
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

ABSTRACT
Due to the Sustainable features and the many other benefits, Adaptive Reuse is
gaining significance around the World these days. Adopting Adaptive Reuse helps
Preserve the heritage and character of the original building, makes energy saving,
financial savings, and sometimes can even lead to Revitalization of an entire urban area.
Likewise Adaptive Reuse is also very unpredictable and uncertain in nature. If
appropriate feasibility studies are not done, the very positive points can turns against the
projects.
In my thesis I will be exploring through the various possibilities and processes

involving the Adaptive Reuse in Long Span buildings. With my Literature studies and
Case studies I will derive a Methodology for Adaptive Reuse designs. The methodology
will include documentation, Viable Use Determination Method and Deign Development.
Using the same Methodology I will be proposing the Adaptive Reuse design for a
Building, and then the benefits earned are then assessed. Inferences will be framed on the
use of the Methodology.
iv I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, HT ROORKEE

APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS J 2011
Table of Contents
Table of Figures 8
1Introducti5til 10
1.1 Overview 10
1.2 Aims 10
1.3 Objectives 11
1.4 Scope and Limitations 11
1.5 Methodology 12
Literature Re;i;;vTh 13
2.1 Adaptive Reuse 13
2.1.1 Definitions 13
2.1.2 History 14
2.1.3 Principles 14
2.1.4 Need for Adaptive Reuse 15
2.1.5 Advantages 17
2.1.6 Risks in Adaptive Reuse 17
2.1.7 Architecture in Adaptive Reuse 18
2.2 Long Span Buildings 19
2.2.1 Definition 19
2.2.2 Long Span Buildings and Adaptive Reuse 20
2.3 Design Methodology 20
2.3.1 Documenting and executing changes on structure 22
2.3.2 Viable Use Determination Method 23
2.3.3 Quantification of Benefits 28
5I NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

r,
‘3
Case Studies 30
3.1 Indian Case Studies 30
3.1.1 Convocation Hall, IIT Roorkee 30
3.1.2 Khorana Complex, Rampur Maniharan, Uttarakhand 32
3.1.3 Phoenix Highstreet, Mumbai 34
3.2 International Case studies 41
3.2.1 Tate Modern, London 41
3.2.2 Hangzhou XTD Factory H, China 44
t4---Desigo—s;1\ 48
i
4.1 Overview 48
4.2 Government Irrigation Workshop, Roorkee 48
4.2.1 Location 48
4.2.2 The Workshop 49
4.2.3 Conclusion 51
4.3 Documentation 52
4.3.1 Existing Drawings 52
4.3.2 Legal Obligations 56
4.4 Use-Type Determination 56
4.4.1 Physical Attributes 56
4.4.2 Locational Characteristics 58
4.4.3 Market Trends / Needs 60
4.4.4 Financial Feasibility 60
4.4.5 Conclusions 61
4.5 Design 62
4.5.1 Overview 62
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

4.5.2 Concept 63
4.6 Conclusions 75
4.6.1 Financial Gains 75
4.6.2 Energy Savings 76
4.6.3 Socio-cultural Benefits 76
4.7 Conclusions 77
—fr iferet 78
17
6 References and Bibliography 80

7I NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 2011.
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Flow Chart of Methodology 12
Figure 2 : Tate Modern, London 18
Figure 3 : ING and NNH Bank, Budapest 18
Figure 4 : Performance Space, Paris 19
Figure 5 : Design Methodology 21
Figure 6 : Summary - Building Adaptation Criteria (source: "Alterations and extensions
to commercial buildings in the Melbourne" by Wilkinson & Reed) 25
Figure 7 : Old Picture of Convocation Hall. IITR 30
Figure 8' : Current Picture of Convocation Hall, IITR 30
Figure 9 : Blueprint of the Convocation Hall (source : Institute Architect Office, IITR) 31
Figure 10 : Khorana Complex, Rampur Maniharan 32
Figure 11 : Adaptive Reuse work underway at Khorana complex 32
Figure 12 : Proposed Design Plan (source — Prof. K.C. Kambo) 33
Figure 13 : Existing Building Plan (source — Prof. K.C. Kambo) 33
Figure 14 : Interior View 33
Figure 15 : Aerial View, Phoenix Highstreet Mall (source - Googlemaps) 34
Figure 16 : Plaza at Phoenix Highstreet Mall 34
Figure 17 : Main Entrance 35
Figure 18 : Facade clad wih A.C. Panels 35
Figure 19 : Interior View 35
Figure 20 : Area around the Mall 36
Figure 21 : Loaction in Lower Parel 36
Figure 22 : Bluefrog elevation 36
Figure 23 : Concept - Blue frog 37
Figure 24 : Design Concept (www.vmspace.com, 04-04-2011) 38
Figure 25 : Plan, Section 39
Figure 26 : North-lights preserved 39
Figure 27 : Exploded View 40
Figure 28 : Tate Modern, London 41
Figure 29 : Tate MOdern, Circulaition 42
8 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 211° YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

Figure 30 : Interior View of Tate Modern 44

Figure 31 : Hangzhou XCD Factory building - Old 44
Figure 32 : Concept 45
Figure 33 : Aerial View 45
Figure 34 : En old paintnig of Roorkee Solani cnal 48
Figure 35 : National Irrigation Workshop from an Emglish article 49
Figure 36 : Growth Pattern Roorkee 50
Figure 37 : Site Plan 52
Figure 38 : Ground Floor Plan - Existing 53
Figure 39 : Basement Floors - Existing 54
Figure 40 : Sections and Elevations 55
Figure 41 : Pictures of the attributes of the Existing building 57
Figure 42 : A view from the Solani Park 58
Figure 43 : Site Characteristics 59
Figure 44 : Land-use plan of Roorkee 59
Figure 45 : Concept sketch for Building 2 65
Figure 46 : Conceptual sketch for Building 2 66
Figure 47 : Ground Floor Plan @ 0.3m 67
Figure 48 : First Floor Plan @ 3.445m 68
Figure 49 : Second Floor Plan @ 7.45m 69
Figure 50 : Third Floor Plan @ 9.75m 70
Figure 51 : Sections and Elevations 71
Figure 52 : Exterior views 1 and 2 72
Figure 53 : Interior of Shopping Centre 73
Figure 54 : Interior of Museum 74
Figure 55 : Exterior View 3 and 4 75
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, [IT ROORKEE

1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
Climate Change is going to make irreparable changes to the Ecological balance of
Earth. With rise in temperature, the sea level is going to rise, the glaciers are going to
melt, Disastrous Cyclones, floods and droughts are going to strike, and so on. The reason
for climate change is excessive production of Green House Gases (G.H.G) such as carbon
dioxide. Developed and Developing countries such as in Europe, the Building Industry
accounts for 25% to 45% of Energy consumption. This accounts for significant G.H.G
emissions into the atmosphere. It is high-time the 3R 'Mantra', 'Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle' be incorporated into possibly everything.
There are plenty of buildings in our vicinity that are not in use. Apart from the
natural depreciation of quality of fabric and systems, the effectiveness of buildings is
impacted by constantly changing market demands (Petersdorff et al., 2006). The resultant
declining commercial and operating performance is a critical issue that owners and
operators have to deal with throughout the lifecycles of their buildings. Declining
performance of buildings has resulted in decisions to purely demolish and redevelop
buildings based on economic grounds. The decision to demolish may be premature if it
ignores the residual utility and potential of buildings that could be optimized by adapting
and refurbishing using the process of Adaptive Reuse. This process of prolonging the life
of a building for some use other than its original is called Adaptive Reuse. Prolonging the
life helps reduce the resource consumption by the building sector and thereby account for
lesser environmental degradation.
1.2 Aims
To explore the opportunities of Adaptive Reuse in Long Span building, and assess its
benefits.
10 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

1.3 Objectives
• To understand the scope of Adaptive Reuse in Long Span Buildings, the
general benefits and the risks
• To Identify a Redundant Long Span building and propose most viable use for
the buildings identified
• To propose Design for the 'Use' identified
• To assess the savings through adoption of Adaptive Reuse
• To inferno the Application of Adaptive Reuse of Long Span buildings
1.4 Scope and Limitations

It is complicated to assess, quantify and compare data regarding the social aspect of
Adaptive reuse of Long Span buildings. A qualitative approach using case studies have
been used instead. In addition, exact economic and energy datas ares hard to find or
calculate. Therefore the calculation will be done as fair as for the needs of the
Dissertation.
11 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

1.5 Methodology
CONCEPTS.
THEORIES.
. -
DATA
COLLECTION
Jr
PRIMARY SECONDARY
DATA - DATA
CASE ITERATURE LITERATURE.

STUDIES__ REVIEWS, STUDIES
1
U

(IDENTIFICATION OF
"" UNDANT STRUCTURES
RED
IDENTIFICATION OF.'€
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
r -
ASSE
ENERpi'..COST; CULTURAL
VALUE
INFERENCES
Inferences from the Data, Case studies and Literature studies will be used to
document the Old Structures, and then identify the viable uses possible. Development of
Design can begin with the confirmation of most apt use for the current scenario.
Calculation of benefits in terms of energy and listing other 'values' will help generate
conclusions on Adaptive Reuse of Long span building.
121 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

2 Literature Review
2.1 Adaptive Reuse
2.1.1. Definitions
`Nothing endures but Change'. Buildings too are no exceptions. With time, the
lifestyle changes and new definitions to comfort and needs evolve. When the original
use of a structure changes or is no longer needed, a chance arises to change the primary
function of the structure or to abandon/demolish it. The process of changing the use of a
building to accommodate the needs of its users is called Adaptive Reuse. Few more
definitions of Adaptive Reuse are listed below:
• A process that retains as much as possible of the original building while

upgrading the performance to suit modern standards and changing user
requirements (Latham, 2000).
• Rehabilitation of existing buildings or structures for any uses other than the
present uses (Dolnick and Davidson, 1999).
• Any work to a building over and above maintenance to change its capacity,
function or performance (Douglas, 2006)
Few of the very similar processes and their definitions are provided below to
clarify their distinctions:
• Addition — A part added to an existing structure.

• Alteration — The process or act of making different without changing use.
• Preservation/Conservation — The process devoted to preserving the cultural
heritage of structures for the future, by restoring the structure to its original form
. This involves the examination, documentation, treatment and preventive care.
1.3 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, HT ROORKEE

• Renovation — The process of improving a structure to make it as before, or

better, for its current use. In Renovation cases there are not a period of vacancy
or neglect.
• Restoration/Refurbishment — The process of bringing back to an earlier
condition; addition is not appropriate in restoration work. Restoration generally
occurs after a period of neglect or maybe even a change in use.
The difference between the definitions is obvious. These terms are not concerned
with the change in use of the existing structure. Adaptive Reuse includes Refurbishing
and adapting of the building to accommodate changing requirements for use and different
types of occupancy, within the same dominant use class.
2.1.2 History
Adaptive Reuse was a normal phenomenon since the ancient times itself. But this
phenomenon became noticed as crucial only during the 1990s, when it started being
adopted in large-scale. During the period, in London and many other major Western
cities, it became evident that significant changes in the economic environment were
creating particularly marked imbalances between supply and demand for buildings in
various use categories. These economic changes were driven by technological, global
trading and management system changes which, further fuelled by recession in the UK in
the early 1990s, created a surplus of secondary office space and certain types of industrial
space alongside a significant demand for housing and retail space. Environmental
concerns grew during this period as well and the attractions of converting existing surplus
space to new uses became increasingly evident.
2.1.3 Principles
Adaptive Reuse of a structure needs to find a perfect balance between change,
adaptation and restoration. In order to create financially, functionally and ethically viable
Adaptive Reuse of structures there requires unique and innovative solutions. The five
major Principles that need to be followed for effective Adaptive Reuse are as follows:
• Perform the functions well for which they are redesigned
14 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

• Be long lasting and adaptable to new uses

• Respond well to their surroundings and enhance their context
• Have a visual coherence and create 'delight' for users and passers-by
• Be sustainable — non polluting, energy efficient, easily accessible and have
a minimal environmental impact
2.1.4 Need for Adaptive Reuse
2.1.4.1 Environmental Factors

a) Climate Change
Adaptive Reuse of structurally viable buildings is one such a measure which will
help utilize existing resources to the maximum and contribute to the extension of the Life
of buildings. Adaptive Reuse preserves the Embodied energy used in the old structure,
thereby ensuring savings on surplus energy which would have been used up for a similar
newly constructed structure. Reuse usually involves a saving of approximately 95% of
the Embodied Energy, which otherwise would have gone waste. With new construction
accounting to only a meager percentage of the total building stock, widespread adoption
of Adaptive Reuse would make remarkable savings to resources and reduction in Carbon
Emissions.
b) Depleting Land Resources
The rapid growth of resource consumption associated with population and

migration to urban areas, especially in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. 2008 marked the
first time in history that half of the population lived in urban areas. And the world urban
population is expected to nearly double by 2050, increasing from 3.3 billion in 2007 to
6.4 billion in 2050. In 1900, the world's area per capita was 7.91 and today it is 2.02.
This figure is projected to fall to as low as 1.44 by 2050. Food demand globally is
expected to rise by 70-90% by 2050 due to population growth and higher standards of
living. With ever expanding cities, agricultural lands are being encroached for new
construction. The land resource, which once was considered to be literally unlimited, has
turned to exhaustible by the selfish acts by human beings.
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

15 1
Indian construction Industry is growing at the rate of 9.2%, which is far ahead of
the world-average, 5.5%. Experts say it is expected to go higher in years to come. The
overall urban building construction in India is estimated to be 5,000 crores annually
(NICMR data).Economically even though development sounds positive, the
environmental impact that it is going to create can be alarming.
c) Demolition Wastes
The US Geological Survey has estimated that 60% of all materials flow
(excluding food and fuel) in the US economy is consumed by the construction. The US
EPA has estimated that 92% of all construction- related waste produced annually in the
US is the result of renovations and demolitions, with only 8% produced from new
construction, and that this waste is upwards of 30% of all waste produced in the US.
Nelson has estimated that the total built space in this country will need to grow from 296
billion square feet in 2000, to 427 billion square feet in 2030. Of this growth, 82 billion
square feet of building will be from replacement of existing building space and 131
billion will be from new construction totaling 213 billion square feet of new built space.
This means that 27% of existing buildings in the year 2000 will be replaced from 2000 to
2030 and that over 50% of buildings in the year 2030 will have been built since 2000
(Nelson, 2004). This huge mass of buildings that are to be replaced and newly
constructed can be large sources of waste in the next generation after 2030. This calls for
immediate need for policies and strategies to counter.
2.1.4.2 Social Factors

Historically or culturally significant buildings keep the Identity of societies. It
creates the sense of belongingness among the community, thereby ensuring a better living
environment. Adaptive Reuse can ensure the Preservation of the structure with an
economic advantage. The benefits of adaptive reuse of such buildings contribute to the
livability and sustainability of their communities.
2.1.4.3 Economic Factors

Savings in Natural Resources through Reuse accounts to huge Economic savings.
Economic Incentives such as Tax Redemptions are added benefits Reusing buildings.
16 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

Inappropriately used old buildings can be put to maximum use through better alternative
functional planning, with even scope for adding additional floors.
2.1.5 Advantages
The concept of adaptive reuse has significant support as a positive strategy to
make the built environment more sustainable. Adaptive reuse enhances the longer-term
usefulness of a building and is therefore a more sustainable option than demolition and
rebuilding. The positive benefits for adaptive reuse identified during the research also
support the tenets of sustainability and include:
• reducing resource consumption, energy use and emissions

• extending the useful life of buildings
• being more cost effective than demolition and rebuilding
• reclaiming embodied energy over a greater time frame
• creating valuable community resources from unproductive property
• revitalizing existing neighbourhoods
• reducing land consumption and urban sprawl
• enhancing the aesthetic appeal of the built environment
• increasing the demand for retained existing buildings
• retaining streetscapes that maintain sense of place and
• retaining visual amenity and cultural heritage
2.1.6 Risks in Adaptive Reuse

Its does just requires common sense to realize that Adaptive Reuse has some
serious short comings when compared to New Construction. When in new construction
you can design the building as the Architect needs, in Adaptive Reuse Architects have
contain their creativeness within precise constraints. Be it Functionally or Aesthetically,
New construction has the upper hand. In terms of financial feasibility also Adaptive reuse
is a big problem. If proper care feasibility study is not conducted there is a possibility
where the new building becomes relatively much more cost-efficient than the Reused
one. Few of the major risks involving Adaptive Reuse is as mentioned below:

• only being viable where the costs and benefits are factored in over the life of the
building
• building owners see no economic benefit in reuse
• older buildings may require extensive and costly refurbishm
tret@
• inability to match the performance of a new building
• ongoing maintenance costs may be higher than a new building 44 t' ROOCVA'*'
• older buildings may be unable to meet current sustainability standards
• availability and price of matching existing materials may create problems
• and maintaining the structural integrity of older buildings may be difficult
2.1.7 Architecture in Adaptive Reuse
Adaptive Reuse can be done

restricting all the requirements needed for
change of use to within the shell of the
Long Span Buildings. While demolition is
one criterion that can be incorporated to
include some conflicts in requirements of
the existing and new use-types, Addition Figure 2 : Tate Modern, London
of a block - attached or adjacent - or additional floors

on the roof or in the basement are also solutions to the
same issue. While adding any more to the existing
structure, the change should somehow supplement the
existing, be it harmonious or contrasting in characters.
When the building is of heritage value

additions need to be crafted by the Architects with
utmost care. For heritage buildings, additions should
be organized and given meaning by hierarchy.
Figure) : INC. and NMI Bank, NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
Budapest
Hierarchy will aid at giving that significance to the preserved one. The designer is
supposed to understand the expression of the structure and the context, and try to foster it.
Imitative additions have to be carefully done so as to supplement the original

building, its character and proportions. Contrasting and contemporary architectural
additions have to respect the old building as an entity. Abstracting the old building
through massing or lines or any distinct characteristic would give a bold and striking yet
harmonious resultant. Use of simple geometric forms of modern age materials such as
glass and steel, along with old ones is also seen commonly because it they have a
contradicting but easily perceivable forms.
Interiors too can be either completely changed or,

fully or partly retained. That will be based on the concept
the Architect adopts or the Client's requirements.
Preserving at least the most unique characteristics of the
old building will be right way to do it. Some designers
keep the interiors crude and old to give a flashback into
an era of the past, while others might retain only facades
but make interiors to deal with the present day comforts,
Figure 4 : Performance Space, Paris
trends and regulations.
2.2 Long Span Buildings
2.2..1 Definition
The Long Span buildings are buildings with a span larger than 20m, generally
regarded as unable to be achieved with R.C. Structure. These buildings have huge
column-free spaces which enable them to serve specific use types. Some of the uses of
such column free spaces are, to accommodate huge machinery (Industries), where
visibility for an audience is a major criteria (theatre, cinema hall, stadiums), flexibility is
vital (Galleries), or where large moveable equipments are housed (aircraft hangers).
There are different types of structural systems used to incorporate such column-free
19 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

spaces. Long Span Buildings can be roughly classified into Flexible and Rigid structures.
Flexible structures include Cable structures, Tent structures and Pneumatic structures
whereas rigid structures include Arch structures, Flat and Space Trusses, Frame
structures and Plate structures. Rigid structures are more stable and durable and are more
apt for Reuse
2.2.2 Long Span Buildings and Adaptive Reuse

Long Span buildings generally inherit a cultural significance in the society. If it is
an Industrial building, it will have facilitated a huge number of people to make a living.
This makes people in the locality more attached to the structure. Even when the Long
Span building houses a Theatre or Cinema hall or Stadium, the building becomes an
integral element which fosters activity and interaction. Galleries and Exhibition centres
too, reflect the heritage/history of the locality it is present in. Thus Long Span buildings
remind people of the socio-economic background, culture and architecture of a past era.
Preserving such buildings is worth taking the effort. Adaptive Reuse will help preserve
the buildings, and also attain economic benefits through assigning the building with apt
change of use for the current scenario.
Generally Long Span Buildings contain a huge space within. Such huge column-
free multi storey spaces can be very well used for Reuse, as they have lesser of
constraints and thus more options for conversion. The minimal and function-oriented
designs of these structures enable flexibility and adaptability. For the huge span of the
roofing system, the structures for these buildings are made strong and durable. All these
factors actually positively influence the Adaptability of Long Span Structures.
2.3 Design Methodology

Designing a building for change in use is challenging yet interesting. The more
the design brief has constraints the more interesting it becomes to design. As Adaptive
Reuse has an entire structure to be used for design, it involves the consideration far more
significant features to be taken into consideration. Other than the characteristics such as
Site, Climate, Orientation, the Requirements etc. which are basic characteristics essential
for design of a building, Adaptive Reuse needs an entire understanding of the Existing
Structure - its scope and potentials.
MICHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 21413 YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
20 I
The Structure should be documented entirely, and perceived in 3 Dimension to

efficiently insert the requirements with minimal stress on the existing structure. Not only
the structural feasibility of the additions when fitted into the building are to be considered
but the factors such as Aesthetics, Lighting, and Services are vital as well.
Once the building is completely documented, the next target will be to determine
the use-type the building is going to be converted into. This decision will be collectively
taken by a panel of all members involving the Investors, Producers, Marketeers,
Regulators and Users (Representative). Every member if the panel will have suggestion
that will best suit their conveniences and the feasibility. Sometimes these opinions are
can be contradicting to one another. It is the Architect's job then to get the team to talk
and compromise wherever required and end up making the most apt decision on the Use
Type.
From here begins the Architect's work of designing the building for Reuse. The
Architect should find a balance in his design process. Even though Adaptive Reuse is
ideally said to be done with minimal deconstruction, it must be done so that it
functionally or technically enhances the character and proposed use-type of the existing
building. His talent lies in how he uses the existing features of the building to enhance the
quality of space.
Once the concept design is done, the construction drawings are prepared and send
for execution. Strict Supervision is vital as utmost care must be taken in construction of
i
C Data Collection Physical Attributes Concept C Embodied Energy
tu) .2 Sacings
w
.0 Existing drawings Locational Design 4-1
4-1 co Characteristics 3 Cost Savings
Legal OBligations Development
ate
—/ Market "4=
CI Execution on site
Needs/Trends C
(11 Financial Feasibility
(1) Legislative
4-1
in d
O N Characteristics
C
a)
• A, • v‘
Figure 5 : Design Methodology
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, lIT ROORKEE

2
such projects. A small construction error can cause significant damage to the existing
structure, leading to spoiling the entire idea of Reuse.
23.1 Documenting anti executing changes on structure

Documenting the existing building is a vital part of the process as well. Only if the
existing building is studied inside-out, can the Architect understand the extent to which
he can exploit the structure or limit himself. In the Architect's Remodeling, Renovation,
and Restoration Handbook by H. Leslie Simmons, the author has clearly mentioned the
first step towards beginning the Reuse work as Obtaining Necessary Data. He has
classified them into:
• Owner Survey - There is always some information that existing documents

cannot convey. A survey of essential information from the Owner/ Client will
become handy during design development phase.
• Existing Document Survey — Existing Documents are the most important
information available to an Architect. Procurement of maximum Documents is
vital a drawing which appeared obscure can turn into a huge piece of data later on.
• Field Conditions Survey — Field survey is the process of collecting information
directly from the site. This step is to be performed after conducting the above two
surveys, its helps the Architect to easily understand the building.
Photographing the Existing Work is a strong tool in the design process as it

enables keep a record of the latest conditions on site. It also enables to convey field
conditions to the office personnel and the consultants. It is important to carry plans of the
building to keep recording the place where one took pictures from. When many pictures
are taken, it will eventually be tough to recognize the locations from where the snaps
were taken.
Demolition drawings are as the name suggests, drawings that convey information
on which portion is to be demolished. For smaller buildings demolition drawings are
included in the new-work drawings itself. For larger projects, it gets too complicated to
show details of the details of demolition. Submission of copies of existing structure is
essential to convey and figure out the extent of demolition in the structure. At time

22 I NIKHIL SAS1DH ARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE
photos too act as Demolition drawings. New Work drawings are much more complicate
than drawings for where construction is entirely new.
The Data collection and must be in an organized way. Every detail available can be
useful and is worth preserving. It needs to be made sure that the demolition and
construction work need be conveyed to the work group on site with utmost accuracy.
2.3.2 Viable Use Determination Method

The Use determination for Reuse of a building is among the most vital step in the
entire process of Adaptive Reuse. The risk of flopping the Reuse phenomenon to revive a
building is high and thus the people involved must be careful on the determining the apt
use. If one gets it wrong here, the feasibility of the project for a particular building use-
type will be in doubt. A poor decision would end up into a collateral loss.
Owing to the flexibility and large column-free spaces, Long Span structures have
a large scope for adaptations. Plenty of Reuse options are open to Long-span structure
making it almost impossible to prioritize one viable use over the other. For determining
viable use, the physical characteristics including structural integrity of the existing
redundant building and its site attributes are to be considered primarily. Economic
interests of the Owner, the demand characteristics of the uses proposed, market needs and
trends, transport infrastructure, amenities etc. also contribute to decision-making process.
Today significant research is undergoing the process of determining the most apt
Use-type for Adaptive Reuse. There are basically two general classifications on how use
viability is studied, Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research.
Quantitative Research is 'objective' in nature and involves testing of a hypothesis

based on variables, values and statistics to check whether it holds true. Database of large
number buildings and their attributes when analyzed, gives an idea of how Use viability
is affected by them and to what extent. Case studies were used for determining the
attributes that influence the change of use in an existing building in a region. With cities
coming up with strategies to limit their Carbon emissions in very less time period,
researchers are evolving more efficient, accurate and large-scale Reuse plans. To reach

23 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
more accurate results, multiple sources are used to construct and populate a unique
database which was designed to provide information relating to the history of adaptation
in a region within a time period (Wilkinson & Reed). Furthermore the database was
designed to allow the researcher to determine whether certain attributes were related to
adaptation and if so, to determine the strength of that relationship through analysis.
Qualitative Research is subjective and deals with study based on expert verbal
comments and theories. Steps like postal questionnaire survey, focus group and Delphi
approach are also largely used for find the best use type for a building.
Adapting Buildings for changing uses by David Kincaid provides elaborate

insight to the methodology of selection of the appropriate use-type that will be most
suitable for the Old structure. He suggested a system that is 'Activity-based' and not use-
based. Activity-based comparison considers a commonalities in human activities
whatever use-settings they are from. The research is done in context to London, using
their legal framework as the basis. In his research firstly he has taken into account the
principle players of the entire process — Investors, Producers, Marketeers, Regulators and
Users. Each participant in turn represents a wide range of interests and perceptions.
Author David Kincaid has formulated a 2 stage methodology that deals

with classifying the usages based on a set of thirteen physical and Locational
characteristics are measured on various scales for each of the 76 uses and these are
compared with these same characteristics for the building available.
The top ten uses indicate some of the potential uses that could be considered for the
building as it currently exists. Potentially valuable additional uses can be found by testing
Selective Demolition options which would modify the subject building. Selective
demolition is defined as the conscious removal of some parts of a building's usable floor
space, in addition to the demolition during refurbishment of specific elements of
buildings such as walls, services and parts of primary structure.
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

24
Adaptive reuse criteria for

existing buildings
. (Barran and Clark • Ball 2+1f1`2) a ?002:
Fianchini 2007.
Boyd et al. 1993; Isaacs (in Baird ) 1 .
Swallow 1997; Snyder 2005: twKe ing 2006)
Gann Barb.1‘v 1906.
Gann & Barlow 1 - S4arejko Tr -1i: •
Lesezynska 2007.
E vclope and claddinst Gann & Barlow 1
Gann Barlow 1906;; s . 2016
Building se,is ices Gann & Barlow 1996: Snyder 2(IA5: Srarcjk &
Trocka.Lesczvnska 20th.
Internal layout Gann & Barlow 1996: Sw i1Iov 1997: Fianchini
007; Sean.jko & Tro ka-t.,esc:rvnska,2007
Rexibility (for di ering u and Gann & Barlow 1 ; iini 2(X37
functional equipment)
Isa i in Baird et al.) 1996; B o
1997; Bail
1999 002; (Remoy and van der Voordt 2006)
Ball 2002;. Snyder, 2005.
Gann & Barlow 1996: Ball 200
A i ility Gann & Barlow 1996; Ball 200 2;. Snyder 2005;
Kersting 2006: Remoy & van tier Voordt 2006;
Fianchini 2007: Ellison and Saycc 2007.
Parking Sayce & Ellison 20X17.
Ball 1 3.
Acoustic . partition Gam & Barlow I996.
User and Ball 2002.
Site conditions lsaaacs in Baird et al. 1996.
Figure 6: Summary - Building Adaptation Criteria (source: "Alterations and extensions to commercial
buildings in the Melbourne" by Wilkinson & Reed)

25
Long Span buildings are often big in size. This results in the possibility of
redeveloping the redundant building for not just one use but multiple ones. Stratton 's and
Taggart's estimations suggest that 'mixed uses help to spread across different markets
and turn a place it a long term vitality'. This helps attain balance between contrasting use-
type in terms of revenue and popularity. For example, combining a Gallery space and a
commercial centre will attract people to the Gallery also. Mixed use proposals can also be
complimenting one another to facilitate a Symbiosis. Through this type mixed use
development financial gains can be fostered. Use types that can share services too are
beneficial. But care must be taken to watch out for clash of interests.
2.3.2.1 Conclusions
The Adaptive Reuse criteria are actually what current research is more focused
on. Determining these Reuse factors for a Redundant building through the process of
interviews and case studies will be my focus. This system that was proposed by Kincaid
was based on the London and its legal framework. He also did not consider the
Redundant Industrial buildings for Reuse stating that Industrial zones are difficult to be
approved for change of land use. Similarly, all features including byelaws of the site
should be considered to modify the entire process of the use assessment.
In India firstly people hardly take chances of Adaptive Reuse of their existing
redundant building stock. Normally developers are forced to do Adaptive Reuse due to
the Byelaws of the place. People do not even think of Adaptive Reuse as an option once
they find the building is redundant for a particular use-type. Another misconception is
that investing in old buildings will not be as profitable as constructing an entire building
instead. These above mentioned factors can turn true if all the characteristics influencing
Adaptive Reuse of building including physical characteristics, structural integrity,
heritage, site features, feasibility etc are not considered beforehand.
Architects in India have no role to play in the Viable-use determination process

for Adaptive Reuse. They are approached by Developer/Owner with the plan of what use-
type to convert into. It is the Architect who should redesign the building to suit

26 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2140 YEAR, TIT ROORKEE
Developer's requirements. In this case the Developer will only be concerned on the
financial gains that he might get after completion of the construction. The Developers do
not actually know the importance of looking into the issue with care. Even if the market
trends ask for the need of a particular use-type building, it need not be financially feasible
for execution. For achieving the Demand characteristics, the Architect might have to
design building that has an overwhelming percentage of demolition and additional
construction. This might be costlier than constructing a new building in-place. For a
positive outcome, all important features must be considered and thought-over before
taking decisions. Architect, being the one who can collaborate and mediate all the people
involved in the project should be asked to evolve the best use-type to suit the economics
and feasibility.
Long Span buildings have large volume of spaces within, which can be easily
used to erect floor plates and convert into almost any use-type. Therefore it is going to be
tough and more based on the requirements of the location, Site attributes, financial
security and special Demand requirements that need to be considered. The Viable use
determination is thus going to be based on:
1. Physical Attributes of Old building

• Structural condition
• Building Systems
• Architecture and Layout
• Uniqueness in design
2. Locational Characteristics
• Surrounding Land-use
• Quality of Views
• Access and Amenities
• Transport
3. Legislative Characteristics
4. Financial Characteristics
5. Market Needs / Trends
NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

While designing the old building to make use of the large column-free spaces of
Long Span buildings, we can restrict the use-type options to a lesser range of uses. A
mixed use proposal for Long Span building's Adaptive Reuse is very promising owing to
the scale of the structure.
2.3.3 Quantification of Benefits
2.3.3.1 Embodied Energy Savings

Energy conservations can be achieved at two different levels, Operational Energy
and Construction Energy. In normal buildings where construction begins from scratch, it
is easier to conserve Operational Energy as it is possible to adopt passive energy
conservation strategies during the design phase itself. It is possible to retrofit old
redundant buildings with appliances and products that consume less energy and save
Operational Energy. But the most significant gain out of implementing Adaptive Reuse is
the savings in the Embodied Energy of the materials of the Existing Building.
Embodied Energy is the energy that was spent onto the materials during its
extraction of Raw materials, manufacture of products and transportation. It can be termed
as the Energy Embedded in a building material. Once the material is used up for
construction of a building, this energy is preserved in it. In case of Adaptive Reuse, major
proportion materials are preserved enabling extension of life of materials and maximum
use of the energy embedded within. Normally once the building's life is over, the
structure is pulled down and a new building comes up. By doing so, all the Embodied
Energy preserved in the materials goes waste and further more new materials are used for
new construction.
For calculating the savings of Embodied Energy, Bill of Quantities of materials

are prepared firstly. All materials are substituted with their Embodied Energy Rates and
the totals for Existing structure and the alterations are identified. The savings of
embodied Energy i.e. Embodied Energy Cost through Adaptive Reuse will be the
difference between the Total Embodied Energy Value of Existing building and the new
additions.
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2"13 YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

28
EER of an item of Work = REEVI x Qty of material 1)
+ (EEV2 x Qty of material 2) +
(EEV. x Qty of material n)]
EEV — Embodied Energy value of a building material (MJ/Unit)
EER — Embodied Energy Rate of an item of work (MJ/Unit)
EECT = [EERI + EER2 + EER3 + + EERn]
EECT — Total Embodied Energy Cost (MJ)
3.6 MJ = lkWh
Therefore,
Embodied Energy Savings [EECT

= of Existing Building - EECT of Alterations]
Carbon Emissions of Savings
= EECT Savings in kWh x 0.76/1000 tonnes of CO2
If a car of mileage 9.5 km/L travels annually for a distance for 25600 km,
Equivalent car's Emissions EECT

= Savings in kWh x 0.141

29 1
APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS I 2011
3 Case Studies
.1 Indian Case Studies
.1.1 Convocation Hall, HT Roorkee

The Convocation Hall or called as 'Hangar' by no means seems related to Aircraft
[angers. The building just looks like another Structural marvel by the Civil Department
f IIT Roorkee.
Built in the 1873, This vault-shaped Arch

Structure was once upon a time, an Aircraft
Hanger. It had many changes during the
building's life. The roof was cut open for
ventilation but eventually flopped out as water
leakage became an issue. The roof then had to be
replaced to what it was before. After a particular
time, the building turned redundant but the Figure 7: Old Picture of Convocation Hall. IITR
structure was still stable and strong
During the course of the Hangar's life so far it had succumbed to many changes.
In 1960s for housing Indian Science Congress, the Proposal for Adaptive Reuse of the
S.W.P. Hanger in to a n Auditorium came forward. The plan was successful as the
construction was quick and it saved plenty of materials and cost. The Large Auditorium
Figure 8: Current Picture of Convocation Hall, IITR

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH2N'YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
30 I
then served the campus for various cultural and academic events.
The hangar as it did not have any partitions or construction inside was relatively
easy for Reuse. In 2007 the Convocation Hall was centrally Air cooled and was
renovated. This led to the placement of chiller units on either sides of the Hangar. To
counteract this obstruction a Green wall is created with creepers.
The building is a stupendous structure that has surviving and serving its purpose
since more than a century and is still going on. Personally I felt Air-conditioning system
was not required for this structural marvel. The presence of the Air Chiller units hides a
major chunk of the buildings elevation. The use of False ceiling within the structure was
also a hindrance to the view of an age old structural marvel within. Leaving it open
would have given the interior a rustic yet stunning visual treat.
This was taken as a case study since it is a perfect example of simultaneously
Figure 9 :Blueprint of the Convocation Hall (sourceInstitute 4rchitect Office, IITR)

311 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2H° YEAR, HT ROORKEE
preserving the materials and the heritage value of the building. The Hangar is structurally
stable and feasible for Adaptive Reuse even though it is very old. Its massing is also
simple and unique and is located at a prime location as well.
3.1.2 Khorana Complex, Rampur Ntaniharan, Uttarakhand
Figure 10: Khoranu Complex, Rampur Maniharan
Khorana Complex was a Cinema Hall at Rampur Maniharan in Shamli. It was

shut down due to the financial losses for some time now. Cinema halls these days are
running under financial difficulties. Due to the increase in television channel's popularity
and emergence of Multiplex concepts,
Cinema Halls are on the verge of
extinction. The stepped floor was then
removed and was used as a indoor
Badminton court. But the building was
capable of serving as a better source of
income than as an indoor Badminton
court. The building is already housing a
bank office in the southern corner.
The developers wanted to convert

it into a Commercial cum office building
Figure 1 I : Adaptive Reuse work underway at
Khorana complex

32 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE
through Adaptive Reuse. The building is currently under the process of conversion. The
building is a combination of Load Bearing Brick walls and concrete columns to erect the
trussed roof. The building is only 30-35 years of age and is thus structurally sound and
apt for Reuse.
he Architect, Prof. K.C. Kambo designed the building efficiently to convert the
huge 7m high space of the old cinema Hall into 2 floors of 23 commercial spaces and 3
office spaces. 2 stairs will also be made to help convey to upper floor. The building on
the Highway also has street to North-East side which can serve as a service entry.
7 igure 13 - Existing Building Plan (source — Figure 12 : Proposed Design Plan

Prof. K.C. Kambo) (source — Prof. K.C. Kambo)
Figure 15 : Section Existing building (source

— Prof. K.C. Kambo)
Figure 1.4 1 'Interior View
NIICHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2" YEAR, III ROORKEE

33
The Design proposed simple and very Functional. The existing building skin is
preserved is preserved almost completely. Since it was housing a theatre before the
building had good height, good enough o house one more floor. The Architect designed
an additional floor within the skin to house a central corridor which accommodates the
staircases as well. Towards the North-East side of the Ground floor level, the Architect
designed shops on either sides of the existing wall. By having shops facing the road
towards the north-east side of the plot, the Architect used the site to the best.
The building does not have any heritage value and therefore did not require any
care as to how to preserve its architectural character. This case study was taken to study
how efficiently a Long Span building can be put to use through Adaptive Reuse in terms
of financial gains and material savings. In this example the Architect made use of the
Long Span building's character of having huge space within.
3.1.3 Phoenix Highstreet, Mumbai

Figure 15 : Aerial View. Phoenix Highstreet Figure 16 : Plaza at Phoenix Highstreet
Mall (source - Googleinaps)
Since the setting up Bombay Spinning and Weaving Mill in 1856 there was a
boom in textile industry in Mumbai. By 1900, it rose around 136 mills employing
thousands. The mills became the spine for economic development of Mumbai. In 1928
the Mumbai mills started losing their markets to other countries like Japan. In 1982, due
to bad working conditions and pay scales, there ocurred a strike involving 240,000
workers. Since then the downfall of Mills have been witnessed.
NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, [IT ROORKEE

34 1
The shut down mills were lying redundant for many years. Phoenix Mills in
Lower Parel too is one such a mill that shut down after the strike. But later in 1986, the
Phoenix group Adaptive Reused the Mill building into a 'Luxury Mall'. Initially there
was a time when many refused to take commercial spaces in the Mall. Immediately after
this, a few Commercial spaces, banks and Media centers came up, converting the entire
vicinity into a Commercial and Office Hub, thereby increasing the demand and price of
land. Today Lower Parel is one of the most costly locations in Mumbai.
Figure 17 : Main Entrance

Figure 19 : Interior View Figure :1.8 : Facade dad will A.C. Panels
The Phoenix Mall project actually helped in rejuvenating the area around,
inspiring activity and employment. Architecturally the building is in no way unique
except for having few structures and a Chimney. The main Shopping Centre building is a
Mill which is architecturally insensitive and dull. The exterior of the main mall buildings
are aluminum composite paneling and Interiors are fully wrapped up in false ceiling and
Wall finish leaving no signs of the past of the Mill. There are several other redudant mill

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2r4° YEAR, lIT ROORKEE
35 I
buildings too arouond the site

which were left to rot behind huge
screens to cut their views. Even
after the Developers reaped the
benefits of having reused an old
redundant structure, they seem to
have not learned anything from it. Figure 20 : Area around the Nlall
This case study was taken up to study how an Adaptive Reuse project can revive a

Figure 22 Bluefrog elevation Figure 21 : Loaction in Lower Parel
locality. Even though architecturally the structure is not that significant, it does serve the
purpose of retaining and exploiting the emotional characteristics of the old Mills. The
story of Mumbai tells how through implementing Building Byelaws efficiently, Heritage
structures can be preserved and encourage people to take up Adaptive Reuse.Bluefrog,
Mumbai
Bluefrog is yet another Adaptive Reuse from Mumbai. Bluefrog is an acoustic

lounge comprising of a restaurant, bar and a live performance stage. The building was
from a Textile Warehouse which was Adaptive Reused by the Serie Architects, Mumbai.
This warehouse building was a typical north-lit industrial one within a textile mill.
The different sized cylindrical booths seat between 4 and 10 people and are arranged at
various heights to stagger the eye levels of seated diners and standing customers,
intended to afford uninterrupted views of the stage. The Partitions for distinguishing the

NIKH1L SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, III ROORKEE
36 I
tables are stuck with back-lit acrylic resin surfaces which produces amazing effects at
evenings.
The project is more like an interior design project, as it involves only the Reuse
design proposal restricted to the inside of the structure. No changes are made on the
exterior and it is literally impossible even find the Pub due to the building's looks and
location. In contrary to the exterior, the interior design is fantabulous. The Architects
have used strong concepts and beautiful details of the old warehouse building. The
concept of the Pub is a Blue Frog, which is the name of the Rest-o-Bar as well.
Figure 23 : Concept - Blue frog
This project opens way to show how innovative can an Adaptive Reuse project
be. The Architects have very well used the old building to attain their conceptual goals.
The Requirement was to create a multi-programmed space without resorting to the fact
that the old warehouse building was redundant. The building was to house a Restaurant,
37 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2141) YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 201 1
\ ■ i
'77
i 7 . ._
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=
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insertion of epicentre Dance area
trtilia$ circuiar 4rirl tot (nodular coating
1
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moe.toenet Cittokar grid for optimal circularloo
4 oThoo,Aion of $igiff one, from each pods tow tne stow
and attiloimg pod heights for proPet kr; lines
OptifnIkation ofsight lines byMeet:kiting,

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wits el valteys tad peaks

6 The final pod-seating adjusted to meet the
vAleys and peaks of the tindolating surfaces
Figure 24 : Design Concept (www.vmspace.com, 04-04-2011)

31
Bar and an acoustic lounge. Firstly the

Architect placed a central dance floor area with
an adjacent elevated performance area around
circular partitions for tables. Then sight-lines
are drawn to the centre of the performance area
and is checked for clashes in among them.
Wherever sight-line intersects, the partition-
cum-table height is varied so as to get
uninterrupted views. The north-light of the
building is covered up above the dance area and
stage whereas the space below the Bar counter
and the aisle is left open. The exposed north- Figure 26 : North-lights preserved
light gives stunning contrasts yet provides

lighting during the day too. The construction of the club involved considerable
renovations to the roof and glazing of the north light trusses. Addition of a column to
stabilize the old-aged roof shows sensible architectural practice. The positive acoustic
qualities of the massive load bearing walls of the warehouse also worked to the project's
advantage. The ceilings of the single-slope roofs are acoustically treated to be completely
absorptive and clad with 4 layers of rockwool and foam. The bumped plasterboard wall
paneling helps disperse sound waves and is also layered with rockwool to absorb low
frequencies.
Figt re 25 : Plan, Section
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2N0 YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

39
4'4
3' 3
A `k
•
Figure 27: Exploded View
NIKIIIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

40
3.2 International Case studies
3.2.1 Tate Modern, London

Tate modern is Britain's national museum of international modern art. It one of the
finest examples of Adaptive Reuse designed by the currently famous Swiss practice,
Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron. The facility houses the following facilities:
• Tate Modem has a total internal floor area of 34,500 sq m (371,350 sq ft)
including:
• gallery suites for display and exhibitions of 7,827 sq m (84,250 sq ft)
• the former Turbine Hall as a 'covered street' of 3,300 sq m (35,520 sq ft), where
works of art may also be shown
• a special exhibition suite of 1,300 sq m
• a 240 seat auditorium
• two cafés to seat 240 and to seat 170 plus 30 in the bar area
• three shops: Level 1: 500 sq m (5,385 sq ft); Level 2: 300 sq m (3,230 sq ft);
Level 4 Exhibition Shop: 150 sq m (1,615 sq ft)
• an education area of 390 sq m (4,200 sq ft)
• a Members Room of 150 sq m (1,615 sq ft)
• 1350 sq m (14,530 sq ft) of offices
• a support services/art handling area of 1,500 sq m (16,145 sq ft)
• 9 passenger lifts of which 4 are for public use (capacity of each 16 people)
• 6 escalators
∎igui a 28 . fate Modena, London
NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

41
From the early twentieth

century urban deindustrialisation brought
decline, including heavy bombing in the
Second World War. After the war, the new
Bankside Power Station was constructed.
Standing directly opposite St Paul's it was
conceived by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott as a new
kind of cathedral, a cathedral of pure energy.
Figure 29 : Tate MOdern, Circulaition

Inevitably technological change meant that the power station and much of the
surrounding area gradually slipped into obsolescence. Bankside soon became just another
Figure30: Old Pictures, before Adaptive Reuse

hidden area.
In the late 1980s Southwark Council began to work realizing Bankside's

true potential. It drew up a regeneration strategy aimed at improving the accessibility of
the area and its immediate environment as well as pulling investment into the area. The
redevelopment of the redundant Bankside Power Station was seen as key to the
regeneration of the area cut off from the London mainstream. An international competi-
tion was to be held for the design of the new gallery and Herzog & de Meuron were

42 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
chosen as the finalist. Puzzling many, it was

obvious that their antics were purely simple and
kept the site and building intact to draw
representation of the original building.
The architects chose materials

and construction practices that blended
cohesively as one. Distinction between old and
new is often difficult to point out. However, in
other spaces vibrant colors point out the new.
Their approach would make minimal changes to
the exterior, while the interior would make
changes that would convey the idea of the
original space, yet act as a world-class creation
Figure 31: VieW o coo
for showing art.
The power station consisted of a huge turbine hall, thirty-five meters high and 152
meters long, with, parallel to it, the boiler house. The turbine hall became a dramatic
entrance area, with ramped access, as well as a display space for very large sculptural
projects. The boiler house became the galleries. These are on three levels running the full
length of the building. The galleries are disposed in separate but linked blocks, known as
suites, on either side of the central escalators. The Tate collection of modern art is
displayed on two of the gallery floors, the third is devoted to temporary display.
43 I NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

Figure 30 ; Interior View of Tate Modern
Above the original roofline of the power station Herzog and De

Meuron added a two-storey glass penthouse, known as the lightbeam. The top
level of this houses a café-restaurant with stunning views of the river and the City,
and the lower a member's room with terraces on both sides of the building, the
river side one offering the same stunning views as the restaurant. The chimney
was capped by a coloured light feature designed by the artist Michael Craig-
Martin, known as the Swiss Light. At night, the penthouse lightbeam and the
Swiss Light mark the presence of Tate Modern for many miles.
3.2.2 Hangzhou XTD Factory H, China
This ongoing Mixed-use Adaptive

Reuse project, made from redundant
factory buildings will form the main urban
core for a new city centre, named
Hangzhou Xin Tian Di, located 6km north
east of the present city centre. The Serie
Architects have taken utmost care to
Figure 31 : Hangzhou NCH Factory building - Old NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
preserve the unique characteristics of the old buildings.
The main Factory Hall is preserved and in order to accentuate it the concrete truss
roof system is restored. To permit more natural light, the monitor is glazed as well. Other
elements from the past such as the crumbling brick facade, the rusting mobile crane, the
brick-built industrial chimney and the grand concrete colonnade etc are also retained and
restored. Preserving such elements that are characteristic features of the past is a tool to
give the structure a Landmark image and an Emotional value.
The Architects considers

completely filing up the 16m tall
space in the factory building will be a
crime to its Architecture. And the
project also came up with the demand
of having 4 times the original
footprint erected as floor plates to
accommodate changes with economic
viability. This space was
igure 33 : Aerial View
accommodated in the plinth rather
than not fill the factory block with floors. This plinth acts as a device to emphasize the
main factory building by creating a frame for the factory. It was also served as a pedestal
Pmgrarramt fib Me Leary Plinth ad Mama derica wd

utadad drama is km. -.spatial drama is preeerMed .4skesolimidwijand +m um
Figure 32 : Concept
above which we come face to face with the factory. As well as absorbing program and
supporting the factory, the top surface of the plinth gently undulates and is punctured
45 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

with green patios and water bodies, constituting an abstraction and re-reading of the
natural landscape of Hangzhou.
Figure 33 : Exploded View and Views
Conclusions
Many towns and cities have included laws to preserve structures of heritage value.
This forced preservation, even though have given way to many Adaptive Reuse projects
are now perfect examples of poor Architecture. As per laws the structure is preserved, but
it is covered up inside-out to hide every bit of the original structure's classic architecture
character. With Adaptive Reuse getting popular, some very creative architectural designs
are sprouting around the World. Preserving the striking architectural characteristics
should not be the only agenda, but how effective they can be used to enhance the quality
of spaces in the building for the new use-type.

46
From the case studies, it was easy to identify two general methodologies in the
design development for Long Span Building's Adaptive Reuse. In the first case, the
existing building is preserved as an 'Outer Shell' and an entire structure is erected within
it. Say, huge industrial buildings when are converted to condominiums, the building is
merely preserved as a representation of the heritage. The huge interior spaces will be
filled with floor plates to accommodate the requirements of the new use. This design
method is used generally with the idea of increasing economic gains through maximum
use of space. The next method involves use of the column-free multi-storey space for a
use that utilizes the large space as such. Say, when an Industrial building is converted
into a Gallery space, the high spaces enclosed within the skin of the structure could be
used as a beautiful medium to display enormous works of art. Architecturally, it is a sin
to rip down the beautiful column-free spaces by inserting slabs and columns. But
financial feasibility is a vital factor that would encourage a developer to take up the
project in the first place. So with different situations either of them can be the right
decisions.
In this Dissertation in order to explore both the typologies of design - retaining the
large space as such, or filling with floor plates — I will be proposing a design of two Long
Span buildings, each being of the different types as mentioned above.

NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
47 I
4 Design Proposal
4.1 Overview
As for applying the lessons learned from the studies done from the Literature and
Case studies of Long Span buildings, I will be proposing the Adaptive Reuse Design of
the Government Irrigation Workshop, Roorkee. This government run Institution, was set
up in the 1854 the British government for serving the works of the Aqueduct in Roorkee.
Today these huge Long Span buildings are severely underutilized. The rusted motors and
huge crane equipment lie as remembrance to the glorious lifetime of the structures which
spans over more than a century. My aim is not to merely Adaptive Reuse a Long Span
building for the sake of showing the benefits, but also to prove the scope for design and
aesthetics.
4.2 Government irrigation Workshop, Roorkee
4.2.1 Location
Figure 34 : En old paintnig of Roorkee - Solani coal

Roorkee has a note-worthy tradition behind its emergence to the current situation.
Before the 1840 Roorkee was just a small village of mud houses on the bank of the
Solani rivulet. Later on, in 1842 under the general Proby Cautley of the British East India

70
Company digging work began for the Upper Ganges Canal. In order to make a strong
educated work-force to assist the civil engineering works for making the Canal project
came up the Roorkee College in 1845. This Institute later became the current Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee. Roorkee also has the credit to have India's first
Aqueduct as part of the Canal project. Roorkee is also part of the history as it had India's
first Steam Engine run from here to Piran Kaliyar for carrying soil for construction from
the latter. It also has an army base that was established during the 1853.
Roorkee is today a semi-urban town today. It lies 172 kilometre North of New
Delhi on the Delhi - Dehradun Highway, on the way to one among the countries most
popular pilgrim spots- Haridwar. The pivotal location of Roorkee leads to the quick
economic growth and scope for development of Tourism. The changing trends of
people's lives too lead to presence of Redundant building in Roorkee. Adaptive Reuse of
old culturally significant structures will very well turn Roorkee too into a tourist
destination. It can be a pit stop to the many tourists who go across the beautiful town,
Roorkee.
4.2.2 The Workshop
Roorkee Workshop & Foundry were originally established to cater in Ganga

Canal Works in 1843, on a very modest scale, comprising merely a timber yard, a smithy
Figure 35 : 'National Irrigation Workshop from an Entglish article

49
and a carpenter's shop.
In 1848, Lieutenant A. Allan was appointed to take charge of the establishment,

who developed in 1849 spacious buildings with lathe, model and engine-room
accommodation, while in 1851, further large installation of machinery was made. In
1852, the connection between Workshop and the Canal was severed, and the workshop
became an independent and self-supporting institution undertaking the supply of iron and
wood for general purposes, manufacture & repair of mathematical instruments and iron
foundry. By 1871, it afforded employment to 1,069 artisans and labourers, engaged in
work of very wide range.
The building also has some other significant stories to tell. During the mutiny of
1857, the building was used as a hide-out for the British officials who were in Roorkee.
There is a basement in the building that was where they took refuge. During the hide-out
period of 1857 was born Col. Maclagan's son — Col. Maclagan served as the Principal of
Thomason College for several years). There is even a secret tunnel that could lead the
. Government Irrigation Workshop
Growth Patterns in Roorkee City
Single -nuclei, open-grained structure, prior b 1950
Multiple-nuclei, con-pact-grained structure, 1950-1992.
KrTirmr=m-m1171T11177crwizrwr)) YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

50 I Figure 36 : Growth Pattern Roorkee
Britishers to the Thomason College and Haridwar towards opposite direction. This tunnel
is currently not in use.
It looks like everything changed in Roorkee except for this building. The building
still serves the same role of an Irrigation workshop for the Uttarakhand Government.
There hardly seems to be any work happening. Running such a huge institution with a
large work-force under its sleeve is a not a loss to the government but to all the tax
payers.
The positioning of the campus right next to the Ganga Canal is a very striking
feature that aids getting uninterrupted views to the building. Especially from across the
Canal the views towards the campus are stunning. The Old Roorkee is the most
populated node of Roorkee, which is right across the canal to the Workshop. The
Workshop is also at the periphery of the node making way for possibility of developing
further North-East parts of the town.
The Workshop buildings flaunting huge brick chimneys that call out for
attention, spontaneously takes us to the past of Roorkee. The buildings that house the
facilities are beautiful and convey a strong English Architectural character. The Cornice
and pediment details, and Circular columns with capitals and huge stained glass windows
give it a unique character.
4.2.3 Conclusion
The National Irrigation Workshop thus sounds like just the perfect building
because of:
• The Structure :
o Underused
o Structurally sound
o Heritage Value
o Workshop's prime location

51 1 NIKHIL SASIDII ARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE
• Roorkee's :
o Strategic location ----
o Historic Significance
A building that is so structurally sound and can be exploited of its cultural and
historic significance should not be let deteriorate by further negligence. There is huge
scope to convert this campus into a landmark one which tells the youth of the future of
the stories of the past.
4.3 Documentation
4.3.1 Existing Drawings

The toughest in the process of Adaptive Reuse is the Documentation phase. The
possibility of getting drawings of such neglected old buildings will almost nil. Similar
was the case of this project as well. The drawings were available neither in the institution
nor with other governing bodies. It is very important that the Buildings are to be
Figure 37 : Site Plan

52 I NIKBIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
understood 3 dimensionally to effectively fit in requirements that are framed in a later

stage. The dimensions of the buildings in the campus were taken with detailed
documentation of only the two Long Span buildings those are within the scope of my
I
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Figure 38 Ground Floor Plan - Existing
Dissertation.

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE
53 I
APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 201 I
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Figure 39 : 'Basement Floors - Existing

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH en" YEAR, LIT ROORKEE
54 I
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Figure 40 : Sections and Elevations
55 1 NIKH1L SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

4.3.2 Legal Obligations

Study of the byelaws is essential to incorporate all the current day standards. Bye
laws will also provide us with valuable information on Change of Land-use norms and
conditions. To serve such a good cause as to preserve the heritage structure, knowing the
scope for getting relaxation from the norms is also very vital.
4.4 Use-Type Determination
4.4.1 Physical Attributes

The building is strong and functionally feasible till date. Since the building is a
Long Span structure, there are not many issues on how to make additions on the existing
structural frame. The column-free interior spaces of these buildings can be used up to
erect new structural elements to house the additions. There are quite a few equipments on
the floor of these buildings which can moved out. The exterior and interior is not of the
building are in a reasonable conditions, needing for just a touch-up at few places
The buildings that house the facilities are beautiful and convey a strong English
Architectural character. The Cornice and pediment detail, and Circular columns with
capitals and huge stained glass windows give it a unique character. The huge brick
chimneys which were once ventilation shafts to the basement are attention seeking and
stunning. Unique detailing, the old-age mobile crane, equipments and the dramatic
basement is capable of a providing with an experience not-so-ready available.
On the side towards the Canal and within the campus there is a temple at the level
same as that of the Long Span structures in the site. The ground floor of the North-
56 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

attributes of the Existing building
57 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, III ROORKEE

Western block facing the Canal is currently occupied by the workers of the Workshop
and their families.
4.4.2 I mcational Characteristics

The site is a centre of activity in Roorkee. It's on the Eastern corner of the
junction that leads to the bridge that connects Old Roorkee and the new one. As
mentioned earlier it is at the periphery of the most populous areas of Roorkee and has a
scope for expansion on the North—East side of the site due to the presence of agricultural
lands. The land-use is commercial on the road that runs south of the site. The Solani Park
too is situated to the North of the building from which splendid views of the beautiful
Colonial buildings are available. All these factors make the site very live and prove that
the Workshop has huge a potential for Adaptive Reuse.
Figure 42 : A. view from the Solani Park

The site is located approximately at a distance of about 0.8km from the highway.
Both the roads from highway to the Workshops have commercial zones on either sides. It
will be an interesting experience to take a walk to the site. There is no public transport
available on these other than cycle rikshaws. There are three areas where entries can be
provided to the site. One Entry is on the road next to canal, on the Northern side. This
road has less traffic and is at a lower level to the main structures in the campus. Direct
vehicular entry will be a difficult task. The other two roads are on the busy road of the
Southern side. The one at the junction is likely to create havoc for the traffic and the other
is too linear an entry.
58
•
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A.M010
0 Residential
0 Commercial ;"><:g•'"
0 Industrial UT.
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0 Public/ Semi-public
0 Recreational
T!anTortational
Figure 44 : Land-use plan of Rourkee
GOV 11'1'4
RRICIA
WORFed (OP
nr,
Figure 43 : Site Characteristics

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 214° YEAR, HT ROORKEE
59 I
Roorkee is currently more known as an educational hub. Including the Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, there are many other Engineering and Business schools in Roorkee
such as Roorkee Institute of Technology, Quantum Global Campus, Phonics school of
Business and Engineering etc. There are many students who come from across different
parts of the country.
4.4.3 Market Trends I Needs

Due to presence of commercial land-use zones around, People around come for
shopping to these parts of Roorkee. Being located between the new and old shopping
street, the Workshop's position is note-worthy. Today's people prefer Malls over
commercial streets. People like to roam around for hours within air-conditioned spaces
picking up things for home. Roorkee really lacks such a one stop place for multiple
brands. These days people generally go for a movie to multiplexes as they are one stop to
many options just as the case of malls. If a place is multi-functional and can tend to keep
them occupied for hours, that's just the kind of places youngsters too look forward too.
There are also trends of public look into artifacts, traditional ornaments and products etc.
Like in many countries across the World, people have begun to realize the
significance of Adaptive Reuse of old structures for the sake of betterment of Tourism
and Income generation. A Historic touch not only Long Span but any structure can very
well be jus the required boost for the revitalization of a entire historic city. Galleries /
Museums these days seem to be just the perfect kind of building that can showcase the
past The significance of Roorkee in the history books are clearly specified in the sub-
headings ahead of this.
4.4.4 Fin anci al Feasibility

Financial feasibility is the one among the most important of factors that determine
the Viable Use-Type proposal for an Adaptive Reuse building. If the building is a flop in
revenue generation, then the whole point of Reusing the existing Workshop will go in—
vain.
The Workshop building being located at a prime location has the capacity to yield
huge revenue from the tenants whatever use type is proposed. The tenancy can be as rent
60 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 214° YEAR, HT ROORKEE

- entire structure or smaller rooms / floors or lease. Good views, prime locations,
vehicular access, corner site, heritage value, etc. are few good features. Meanwhile the
projects main problem will be the fact that people will have a notion that the old building
is not worth the rent. To begin with, may be it will earn lesser rents but has the potential
to increase the value of not only itself, but the surrounding areas also.
Another important attribute is that the two large buildings are large enough to
support two different use-types which can mutually supplement one another. A sensible
combination can have surprising results.
4.4.5 Conclusions
As a souvenir to history of Roorkee, the building has many stories to propagate
through the coming generation. With today's generation being too fast, it is very
important there are institutions like museums and Galleries etc. which spread awareness
on our heritage. Roorkee's history and the building's past are two valid reasons for this
structure to stay as a institution to convey all those information and preserve the
traditions. The basement, the chimneys, the inscriptions of evens in the campus, the
architecture and the tunnel are beautiful remnants of the past.
But Galleries are generally not that good an income generator. With commercial
areas all around and the absence of any major Commercial complex in Roorkee, another
the best option could be a Shopping Mall. This would earn rent from the tenants and
attract a lot of crowd. With Old Roorkee next to the site and to reflect the cultural
significance of the campus, special arrangements could be done to promote the sales of
traditional handicrafts.
As, mentioned earlier, Stratton's and Taggart's estimations suggest that 'mixed
uses help to spread across different markets and turn a place it a long term vitality'. With
two huge buildings to redesign for Adaptive Reuse, it is a very useful and sensible
solution. Both the use-type should supplement each other as well to exploit the values of
the site and the buildings. Until now there are two options for the Reuse of the Workshop
building into — Museum and Shopping Centre. Combining them together could be a very
interesting way of approach.
61 1 NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

Shopping Malls attract a lot of crowd and they generate income whereas
Museums generate lesser income and attract lesser crowd. So if they are combined
together the Shopping Mall will attract crowd even to the Museum, and will be generate
enough income to sustain the entire organization. With the cultural value of the buildings
the local art and artifacts can also be sold to not only gain income and popularity, but to
make such small-scale industries develop. The basement of the Museum could even
house a Heritage Restaurant adding to the revenue generation.
The Workshop could be rather made a Cultural Centre cum Shopping for
Roorkee which could include a Arts Club along with the Museum and Shopping where
young minds can come and learn, display and perform their skills.
4.5 Design
4.5.1 Overview
The Cultural Centre with Shopping will have the following requirements,
1. Shopping Centre
2. Museum
3. Cultural Club
4. Restaurants
5. Open Air Theatre
All requirements except for The Shopping Mall and the Museum will only be
allocated on the Site plan as the focus will be on the Adaptive Reuse design of the two
Long Span buildings. The Shopping and Museum designs are going to have the two
different kinds of approach, maximum use of the large uninterrupted space within by
division into many floors to fit requirements, and use of the large space without
compromising its quality respectively.
The building that lies to parallel to Ganga canal is of great potential due to the
splendid views it can get all along its length. Let it be considered as Building 1 for
convenience. The building which has more detailing worth keeping on display is the one
oriented perpendicular to the Ganga Canal, say Building 2. This building also has access

62 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 214° YEAR, HT ROORKEE
to the very important Basement and the Tunnels which are unavoidable features for a
Museum design. This block even has the mobile crane that can be used to move or even
be integrated into some displayed piece of art.
4.5.2 Concept
a) The Site
The Campus actually has five Long Span Buildings within. Due to the risk
involved in the financial feasibility in Adaptive Reuse projects, the project will be
executed in two phases. In the first phase, the Cultural Centre cum Shopping will be
executed in Building 1 and 2.
PHASE - 2
FUTURE REUSE
POTENTIAL
OFFIESI
SERVICES
CULTURAL
CENTRE
MUSEUM
RALLERY
El RESIDENTIAL,
SHOPPINO
CENTRE
WATER BODY
PARKING
❑ TEMPLE
, DANDICYAFI:
Primarily there are 4 entries, one leads to the offices, one main entry which will
accommodate all vehicles, one for the Museum and one will be a pedestrian entry for the
Shopping Mall. The temple due its location on the periphery of Site can actually facilitate
use by outsiders as well. The Museum and the Shopping Centre entries are at awkward
heights. Parking here too will be an issue. Acquiring land from the North- East
agricultural lands for Parking will be a great advantage to site. If Entry form North-East
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2 YEAR, IIT ROORKEE


is permitted it would suit the Temporary Gallery spaces and the Heritage Restaurant at
Basement (at Ground Level from the North-East site).
The cultural centre is composed of facilities such as an Open Air theatre, small
rooms that can house coaching classes for art, and even temporary display of the facility
users. Adjacent to the Shopping Centre building there are two small Pitched roofed
workshop building which will be used as a naturally ventilated, Low-rent facility to
encourage sales and promotion of traditional arts and crafts. A Library is a very apt need
for a facility like this, which could be included with Phase 2.
There existed a water body in the site before, which was buried after the British
period. As a gesture of guilt to doing such Environment degrading acts, the water body
will be recreated with a path and seating around.
b) Shopping Centre
With the height of the structure, Building 1 can have three floor slabs into itself
While considering the feasibility of including one more level, it became clear that some
adjustments had to be done for that purpose. In order to include the fourth floor slab a
Dormer will have to be cut from the roof profile. This profile will also be very interesting
as it will provide the platform for a Viewing Deck with uninterrupted views of the Ganga
Canal.
As is the best way to treat suc linear buildings, the floor slabs are designed to be
on either sides joining the skin of the building. Slab cut-outs present axially aid at
bringing down light from the monitor. To enhance the lighting within the building, the
monitors are clad with glass as well.
At the South-west elevation of this Building 1 it is visible that there is a

two floor addition towards the left of the main span, while only a single storey addition to
the right. Symmetry is not achieved during this instance. While adding floor plates for
filling requirements, without using the terrace space on the left side it will be tough to
accommodate both Shops with a Corridor. So in order to accommodate both together, the
floor was extended upto the end of the terrace of the left side's single storey addition.
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2N" YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

64
Considering the entire building as a mere skin and filling requirements will
provide a boring experience to the user. With completely used up spaces within, it comes
Figure 45: Concept sketch for Building 2
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to the extent that the old exposed brick work of the building is hardly visible from within
the building. Elements of the building such as arches are present but will only be
available to vie when within the shops. Restricting the people within the building is yet
another boring way to approach the issue. To get the users to have a feel of the building
inside-out and to fit in all requirements, the corridor on the first floor is pushed to the
extreme South-East corner of the building and is completely clad in glass. With this, the
users can see the exterior of the building actually staying within itself and can have views
of the campus as well. In the first floor level there are no openings on the building skin.
To have shops arches are cut out with the same configuration as is present in the Ground
floor.
c) Museum

65 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 214° YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 20:11
The Museum building was specifically designed to use the huge scale and exploit
the beauty of the Structure. The building was designed to house huge art forms and
historically significant products. The Museum is composed of two parts, the Building 2
and the basement that is entered from the former. The Long Span building space within
the Building 2 is used as the Permanent display and a half of North-Eastern half of the
basement as the Temporary Display facility.
Except for a small portion of the building there is no new floor addition. The
additional floor that was given was also as a strategy to view the gigantic display items
from different angles. The staircase to climb the platform itself is designed to radiate
away and around any work of sculpture at its centre. Beneath the platform there focus
lights can be installed and small historic documents and products can be displayed.
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66 I
Figure 47 : Ground Floor Plan *0.3m

67
APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS I 201 1
Figure 48 : First Floor Plan 3.445111
NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, MARCH 2 YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

68
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Figure. 49: Second Floor Plan ® 7.45m
NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2 ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

69
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NIKI-IIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

70

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NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

71
4.6.2 Energy Savings

Embodied Energy savings is the biggest credit of having Adaptive Reused a
building. The enormous amounts of energy that was once put into the construction of
such old buildings should be used to the maximum. This saves waste of resources and
also further more input of Embodied Energy through using newer material.
In this building, by adopting Adaptive Reuse the Embodied Energy content of the
materials it constitutes of, is preserved. Only the additional modifications and alterations
add to the Embodied Energy Cost of the building. But if a new building, say of almost the
same size as the Existing one is constructed after demolition of old structure, then it is
almost equivalent to double the imput of Embodied Energy Content (waste of Embodied
Energy in the first place with an additional input of Embodied energy of the entire new
building).
4.6.3 Socio-cultural Benefits

The socio-cultural benefits cannot be measured quantitatively. They are but
capable of making significant impacts. An Institution such as the Government Irrigation
Laboratory has been serving many for the bread and butter. People of Roorkee will
always have that Emotional attachment to an Institution that brought about so much
development to the place. Even if they are convinced for getting a new building instead
of it, the loss this building will leave a void to all.
By adapting the building to new use, the modified structure will be will tend to
react to requirements of today yet keeping the culture alive. It will create a sense of
Belonging each one of theirs. For many the Institution will be a part of their life. By
Adaptive reusing it to such a large scale will make them proud and at least then on realize
the significance of these buildings.
By developing a shopping centre and Museum, it accentuates the qualities of

Roorkee as a tourist destination too. The Shopping Centre will begin to act like crown
paced on the Commercial areas of Roorkee — A link between the Future and the Past.

76
4.7 Conclusions
Even though Roorkee has the potential to house such a project, the sort of
response from people outside Roorkee namely the Tourists might not be that significant
due to the fact that Roorkee is a small town. If the same project with similar attributes
such as history, the position next to the canal, the strategic location in terms of Land-use
etc, then the project will have all the potentials to prove 'Old is Gold'.

77
5 Inferences
Adaptive Reuse is a very sensible Design Technique if adopted in the right in the
right context. It is functional, possesses aesthetics, exploits emotional character and
creates enormous savings in terms of energy and costing. Unlike Conservation schemes,
Adaptive Reuse helps add that financial feasibility through updating the use to the latest
requirements. Adaptive Reuse changes with the criteria of proposal as well.
The major concern for Adaptive Reuse is the determination of Viable Use-Type.
Adaptive Reuse can harvest benefits if the perfect use-type is predicted. Like-wise if our
assumptions are wrong then it can really end up into a mess. Financial gains through
Adaptive Reuse are tough to predict. It is strictly based on the individual project. It will
depend on the condition of the Existing building, the maintenance work needed to
improve the structure, the time left for the building's end-of-life etc. Any one factor could
leave the building into a crisis. Extensive feasibility studies should be under gone based
on the attributes of the project to determine which use-type is best for conversion
Adaptive Reuse of Long Span Buildings is a little more flexible in nature. Reuse
of Long Span buildings can be done to almost any use-type due to its large column-free
spaces. This will lead to the possibility of fitting any requirement into them. Long Span
buildings are thus generally considered as a skin rather than and an entire building is
made within.
Filling up the space within Long Span Buildings with floor plates to extensively
exploit the resource of the building is right in the financial aspect. Architecturally it is the
using up of beautifully enveloped space within a classic architectural skin in a manner of
disrespect. There should be a balance between all the factors that influence the Reuse
project which is vital to the success of the entire process. This balance is to be achieved
even in aesthetics. Old Heritage buildings should not be made devoid of their
architectural character and yet make changes that add that fuses into an overall design

78 I NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE
For large Adaptive Reuse projects with multiple number buildings Use of Mixed-
use proposals are best as it aids at finding the balance I mentioned above. Compromises
that are made in one project can be exploited to extract best results in the other structures
in the campus. If one project is not financially feasible, the other buildings can be
designed to share the burden and to negate the ill-effects. That is, these buildings should
complement one another to negate ill-effects and to accentuate qualities.
Designing a building for Adaptive Reuse is very complicated. Long Span

buildings are better in this respect. Understanding the building inside out is required to
make additions, make punctures on the existing structure for beam insertions and natural
lighting and ventilation requirements. As was the case of the Government Workshop
project the redesign was tough due to the Load bearing walls they possessed. Many
compromises have to be made from Architects to fit and mould the design into the
existing shell.

79
6 References and Bibliography
Books
Peter HEAD OBE FREng FRSA, Entering the Ecological Age: THE ENGINEER'S
ROLE, Brunel Lecture 2008,
David Kincaid: 2003: Adapting Buildings for changing uses: second edition: Taylor &
Francis e-Library, 2003
Powel Kenneth, 1999: Architecture Reborn: The conversion and Reconstruction of Old
Buildings: Laurence King Publishing, London
Research Papers:
Brad Guy and Nicholas Ciarimboli: Design for Disassembly in the Built Environment: a
guide to closed loop design and building
Peter A. Bullen: Adaptive reuse and sustainability of commercial buildings
Mrich B. Lynch: A Primer for cities: Adaptive Reuse — a viable option
Sara J Wilkinson and Richard Reed: Alterations and extensions to commercial buildings
in the Melbourne CBD: The relationship between adaptation and building attributes
Peter A. Bullen, Peter E.D. Love: The rhetoric of adaptive reuse or reality of demolition:
Views from the field
Eleni Theodoridou: Sustainable reuse of industrial buildings: The Allatini Mill

Thessaloniki

80
Lawrence Chin, PhD & Chen Binjuan: Adaptive Reuse and Conservation: Case of
Singapore's Chinatown
Sylvio Muttal: Some thoughts on Adaptive Reuse for the Future Development of the
historic centres
Jin-Hsiao Hsu: The Highest and Best use assessment of an Adaptive Reuse Development:
A former agree systems campus Redevelopment plan
Sara J Wilkinson, Kimberley James, Richard Reed: Delivering sustainability through the
adaptive reuse of commercial buildings: the Melbourne CBD challenge
Wang Jianguo, Jiang Nan: 2007: Conservation and adaptive-reuse of historical industrial
building in China in the post-industrial era
Wilson Corey Andrew : Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Buildings in Toronto,

Ontario:Evaluating Criteria for Determining Building Selection
Websites
littp://architecture2030.org
http:/Avww.archinode.com/lcaadapt.html
www.en.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.googlemaps.com
www.tate.com/org
www.serie.co.uk
8
http://archrecord.construction.com/proi ect s/bt s/arch ves/A dap tiv eReuse
Softwares
Autodesl REVIT
AutoCAD
MS Powerpoint
MS Word
MS Excel
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APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Place: Roorkee (Nikhil Sasidharan)

Dr. P.S. Chani

Department of Architecture and Planning,

Indian Institute of Technology,

11 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

It would be an improper completion of this dissertation report on

"APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS",

without expressing my genuine appreciation for the assistance and support I

I convey my sincere gratitude to my guide Dr. P.S. Chani, Professor, Department

My heartfelt thankfulness to Professor K.C. Kambo, Department of Architecture,

My sincere thanks to the staffs of Government Irrigation Workshop Roorkee, who

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

In my thesis I will be exploring through the various possibilities and processes

iv I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, HT ROORKEE

5I NIKHIL SASIDH ARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE REUSE IN LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 12011

4.6.1 Financial Gains 75

4.6.2 Energy Savings 76

4.6.3 Socio-cultural Benefits 76

8 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 211° YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

Figure 30 : Interior View of Tate Modern 44

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, [IT ROORKEE

10 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

1.4 Scope and Limitations

11 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

CASE ITERATURE LITERATURE.

121 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

2.1 Adaptive Reuse

• A process that retains as much as possible of the original building while

• Addition — A part added to an existing structure.

1.3 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, HT ROORKEE

• Renovation — The process of improving a structure to make it as before, or

• Perform the functions well for which they are redesigned

14 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, MARCH 2" YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

• Be long lasting and adaptable to new uses

2.1.4 Need for Adaptive Reuse

2.1.4.1 Environmental Factors

The rapid growth of resource consumption associated with population and

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

2.1.4.2 Social Factors

2.1.4.3 Economic Factors

16 1 NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

• reducing resource consumption, energy use and emissions

2.1.6 Risks in Adaptive Reuse

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, HT ROORKEE

2.1.7 Architecture in Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive Reuse can be done

of a block - attached or adjacent - or additional floors

When the building is of heritage value

Imitative additions have to be carefully done so as to supplement the original

Interiors too can be either completely changed or,

Figure 4 : Performance Space, Paris

trends and regulations.

2.2 Long Span Buildings

19 I NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, IIT ROORKEE

2.2.2 Long Span Buildings and Adaptive Reuse

2.3 Design Methodology

The Structure should be documented entirely, and perceived in 3 Dimension to

NIKHIL SASIDHARAN, M.ARCH 2ND YEAR, lIT ROORKEE

23.1 Documenting anti executing changes on structure