Alcebar, Raisan T.

July 5, 2018
Structural Design 1

Working Stress Design

Working Stress Design is called Alternate Design Method by NSCP (National Structural Code
of the Philippines) and ACI (American Concrete Institute, ACI).

Code Reference
NSCP 2010, Section 424: Alternate Design Method
ACI 318M-99, Appendix A: Alternate Design Method

Notation
fc = allowable compressive stress of concrete
fs = allowable tesnile stress of steel reinforcement
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete
fy = specified yield strength of steel reinforcement
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
n = modular ratio
M = design moment
d = distance from extreme concrete fiber to centroid of steel reinforcement
kd = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber of concrete
jd = distance between compressive force C and tensile force T
ρ = ratio of the area of steel to the effective area of concrete
βc = ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction area
As = area of steel reinforcement

Design Principle
The design concept of WSD is based on Elastic Theory in which the stress-strain diagram
is within the proportional limit and will obey Hooke's Law.

Actual Stress ≤ Allowable Stress

Allowable Stresses
(NSCP 2010, 424.4.1 / ACI 318M, A.3.1)
Concrete

Steel Reinforcement
Assumptions in WSD
1. Plane section remains plane before and after bending.
2. Concrete stress varies from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the extreme fiber.
3. Concrete do not carry tensile stress. All tensile stress will be carried by steel reinforcement.
4. The steel and concrete are perfectly bond so that no slippage between the two will occur.