Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Annotated Bibliography:

Climate Change

Derek Perez

The University of Texas at El Paso

RWS 1302

Dr. Vierra

July 23, 2018

Survey Questions

1. Age?

2. Gender?

3. Are you from the El Paso/ Ciudad Juárez area?

4. If so, what area?

5. Do you believe in man-made climate change?

6. Why or why not?

7. How did you learn about climate change?

8. Has anything weather related stopped you from turning in/ completing an

assignment?

9. What is your GPA range? (1.5-2.0, 2.0-3.0, 3.0-4.0)

10. How many times have you gotten a weather-related sickness?

Research Question

1. What is climate change?

o Lerner & Lerner (2008)

o Richardson et al. (2009)

2. How does climate change affect human sociality and possibly the economy and

politics?

o Brainard et al. (2009)

o Helm & Hepburn (2009)

o Wilbanks (2010)

3. Who denies climate change?

o Carter et al. (2018)

o Mann & Henningfeld (2011)

4. How does the idea of climate change affect UTEP and its students?

o Brito et al. (2015)

o Collins et al. (2013)

o Robertson (2015)
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4

Annotated Bibliography

Brainard, L., Jones, A., & Purvis, N. (Eds.). (2009). Climate change and global poverty.

Harrisonburg, Virginia: R. R. Donnelley. Retrieved from http://0-

search.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04704a&AN=nug.b274

7040&site=eds-live&scope=site

Brainard et al. (2009) claimed that two challenges that us humans face about the Earth’s

climate are the challenges that will shape the future for future generations, despite our

failures and successes. They noted that these two challenges are the stabilization of the

Earth’s climate and raising the lives of the poor. Brainard et al. found that the choices we

make will be driving consequences for the years to come (p. 10). Brainard et al. claim

matters because it sheds light on the issues that the Earth’s climate is having and impact

on global poverty. For example, they show that human development that have been

fought for and achieved may decrease or reverse by climate change (p. 13).

Brito, H., Cerino, R., Martinez, A., Zamora, S., & Ziegenhals, A. (2015, April 21). Do you care

about climate change, why or why not? The Prospector, pp. 4. Retrieved

from https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1207&context=prospe

ctor

Brito el al. (2015) created a survey, questioning several UTEP students about whether

they “care about climate change, why or why not?” (p. 4). They noted that many of these

students have different views about the idea of climate change. They found that two out

of the ten students they surveyed showed little to no care about climate change, with

responses like “I enjoy everything that comes with climate change” to “we’re stuck in the

past and it’s hard to change it” (p. 4). Brito et al. findings in this survey are great because
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

the students that are unfamiliar with this idea and its controversy might be interested to

know that it basically boiled down to findings that, according to Helm & Hepburn (2009),

human activities, like economics, sociality and even politics, are influencing climate

change (p. 9), especially in the US-Mexico borderlands, as referred by Collins et al.

(2013, p. 314).

Carter, P. D., Woodworth, E., & Hansen, J. E. (2018). Unprecedented crime: Climate science

denial and game changers for survival Atlanta, GA, USA: Clarity Press, Inc., 2018.

Retrieved from http://0-

search.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04704a&AN=nug.b389

5527&site=eds-live&scope=site

Carter et al. (2018) claimed that “corporations and institutions that govern and inform

society” are committing the worst crime against humanity, climate change denial (p. 31).

They noted that denial in climate change sciences has been led by industry

disinformation, or “false information deliberately… spread in order to influence public

opinion…” according to Merriam-Webster, whom which Carter et al. cite. (p. 39). They

found that in 2010, a book called Merchants of Doubt, showed how a group of scientists

that were related to politics led misinformation campaigns about global warming (p. 39).

Proponents of Carter et al. were right to argue that corporations and political-based

institutions are misinforming people about climate change by denying it. But they

exaggerate when they claimed that these corporations and institutions are committing the

“worst crime against humanity”. Though an exaggeration, denying climate change with

misleading information is not the “worst crime against humanity” as stated by Carter et

al., but they present why it is still an issue for people who are misinformed.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6

Collins, T. W., Grineski, S. E., Ford, P., Aldouri, R., de Lourdes, R. A., Velázquez-Angulo, G.,

Fitzgerald, R., Lu, D. (2013). Mapping vulnerability to climate change-related hazards:

Children at risk in a US-Mexico border metropolis. Population and Environment, 34(3),

313-337. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/42636674

Collins et al. (2013) claimed that children in the US-Mexico border are vulnerable to

hazardous risks that are related to climate change. They noted that climate change is a

global pressing matter that can bring health and environmental risks (p. 314). Collins et al

found that in 2007, the IPCC, or the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,

reported that there was an increase of heat waves in the end of the 20th century, causing

more strong and common heat waves (p. 316). Collins et al. show that their claim

matters, particularly in the borderland, because they address three research goals: to

develop models of different climate exposures to determine characterizations of children

vulnerability, map a social vulnerability of children in the El Paso-Ciudad Juarez area,

and complete an assessment that informs adaptations and interventions for climate

change and public health (p. 315).

Helm, D., & Hepburn, C. (2009). The economics and politics of climate change Oxford; New

York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Retrieved from http://0-

search.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04704a&AN=nug.b238

7636&site=eds-live&scope=site

Helm & Hepburn (2009) claimed that climate change is happening because of human

activity. They noted that the “Climate-change policy” has had little to no impact on the

build-up of emissions, even with the accumulate evidence of climate science (p. 9). They

found that the Stern Review (2007) provided “an excellent framing of the economic
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7

issues… estimating damages from climate change” for economists and policy-makers (p

1). Helm & Hepburn’s claim that climate change is happening because of human activity

was useful because it shed insight on the difficult problem of the little impact that the

“Climate-change policy” is having on emission gases. Helm & Hepburn, along with

Lerner & Lerner (2008), provide great evidence about the effects that humans influence

on the global climate, with Helm & Hepburn discussing about the “Climate-change

policy” (p. 9), and Lerner & Lerner’s research on consequences of human activity

towards global warming (p. 1).

Lerner, B. W., & Lerner, K. L. (2008). Abrupt climate change. In B. W. Lerner, & K. L. Lerner

(Eds.), Climate change: In context (pp. 1-4). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://0-

link.galegroup.com.lib.utep.edu/apps/doc/CX3079000016/GVRL?u=txshracd2603&sid=

GVRL&xid=64db3c63

Lerner & Lerner (2008) observed that big natural disasters are sometimes the cause of

climate change. They showed that “global warming… which may be a consequence of

human activities—has generated worry among many people that Earth’s climate is poised

to undergo a drastic shift” (p. 1). They found that an issue by the National Academy of

Sciences in 2002 showed that abrupt climate change is very likely in the future. Lerner &

Lerner also report that the issue warned that climate change would critically affect

societies and ecosystems (p. 3). Furthermore, if Lerner & Lerner are right about their

claim about climate change are causing some big natural disasters, then it is necessary to

reassess their assumption that “climate involves many interactions between

environmental forces, and some are not completely understood” (p. 3). The findings that

Lerner & Lerner make connect with Wilbanks (2010), who found that natural disasters,
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which Lerner & Lerner talk about, can be impacts that can frequently change the global

climate (p. 2553).

Mann, M. E., & Henningfeld, D. A. (2011). Climate-change deniers. In M. E. Mann, & D. A.

Henningfeld (Eds.), Nature and wildlife (pp. 11-12). Detroit: Greenhaven Press.

Retrieved from http://0-

link.galegroup.com.lib.utep.edu/apps/doc/CX1929600011/GVRL?u=txshracd2603&sid=

GVRL&xid=47cac69d

Mann and Henningfeld (2011) claimed that there are people who deny the fact that

climate is changing. They noted that these individuals also argue that humans have no

part into the climate changing (p. 11). They found that “Americans’ attitudes toward the

environment show a public that over the last two years has become less worried about the

threat of global warming…” (p. 11). Now, Mann & Henningfeld are sure when they ask,

“On what basis do climate change deniers make their claims”, where they get an answer

from a journal they cite, Skeptical Inquirer by NASA scientist David Morrison. In the

journal they cite, Morrison explains “One of the goals of the deniers seems to be to sow

confusion”, but for Mann and Henningfeld, they may not be aware that some deniers are

“corporations and political-based institutions”, according to Carter et al. (2018).

Richardson, K., Steffen, W. L., Liverman, D., & Allen, M. R. (2011). Climate change: Global

risks, challenges and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Retrieved from http://0-

search.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04704a&AN=nug.b247

9817&site=eds-live&scope=site
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

Richardson et al. (2011) claimed that the sun and its energy that is transmitted to the

Earth are factors that affect climate change (p. 4). They noted that changes in heat energy

content need to be considered when understanding changes in the climate (p. 3).

Richardson et al. found that “human activities do not directly influence the amount of

energy produced by the sun” (p.4). Richardson et al. claim that humans are not

influencing the energy that the sun is producing, but it rests upon the questionable

assumption that humans are influencing climate change, which one of the factors of

climate change is the amount of energy that the sun is transmitting to the Earth. These

assumptions can be found in research by Wilbanks (2010), who shares the supposition

that human influence in climate science has an impact on climate change, from the use of

carbon emission and fossil fuels (p. 2552).

Robertson, W. H. (2015). Global climate change and the need for relevant

curriculum. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational

Research, 10(1), 35-44. Retrieved from

http://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/234

Robertson (2015) claimed that efforts in education that are expanding global citizenship

should a common goal: “the disseminations of the idea of social alliance”. He noted that

his claim should be based by two values: “ the principle of universal justice and empathy

towards others” (p. 36). He found that “the idea of a world or global citizen can be

defined either through nationalist or cosmopolitan lenses, and it certainly implies the

need to have concern for climate issues that impact cultures worldwide” (p. 37). Recent

studies like Robertson’s shed new light on the idea that global climate change should be a

relevant curriculum in educational institutions, which previous studies had not addressed.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 10

Some these studies that do not report the situation that Robertson reveals include Mann &

Henningfeld (2011), whom talk about climate change deniers, and Richardson et al.

(2011), whom talk about the suns impact on climate change.

Wilbanks, T. J. (2010). Social and economic impacts of climate change. In B. Warf

(Ed.), Encyclopedia of geography (pp. 2552-2556) SAGE Reference. Retrieved

from http://0-

link.galegroup.com.lib.utep.edu/apps/doc/CX1788301023/GVRL?u=txshracd2603&sid=

GVRL&xid=60f8ba83

Wilbanks (2010) claims that both human sociality and the economy are “driving forces”

of climate change. He notes that human influence in natural science is the main concern

for climate change (p. 2552). Wilbanks finds that natural disasters, like Hurricane Katrina

and Hurricane Ike, though not attributed to climate change, can be impacts that can

frequent with climate change, hurting both the social and economic aspect of the United

States (p. 2553). Although Wilbanks may seem trivial about his claim, it was in fact

crucial in terms of today’s concern over the economic and social aspect in human society

that can be influencing climate change, from the use of fossil fuels to growing carbon

emissions, which is based on research that Wilbanks conducts (p. 2555). Furthermore, as

Wilbanks proclaims the increase in carbon emission, Helm & Hepburn (2009) state the

build-up of emission gases and how the “Climate-change policy” is having minimal

impact on the growing dilemma (p. 9).