Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Annotated Bibliography

Allen William Smith

University of Texas at El Paso

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Research Question

1. What is campus architecture?

Wagner, O. (1988).

Whipple, G. M. (Ed.). (1934).

Lubell, S. (2018).

2. What does the architectural design have in relation to the University of Texas at El Paso?

Armington, S. (1998).

Quici, F. (2017).

Rivers, C. (2018).

3. Is Bhutanese style architecture changing at UTEP?

Braun, D. (2014).

Hamilton, N. (1988).

Brydon, M. (2011).

4. Does UTEP’s architecture and landscape design attract students?

Likert, R. (1932).

Quinn, W. (2015)

Age

Gender

I visited more than one campus.

Location of the campus influenced my decision to attend UTEP.

Receiving a scholarship influenced my decision to attend UTEP.

Cost of tuition influenced my decision to attend UTEP.

Being close to family influenced my decision to attend UTEP.

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Annotated Bibliography

Siemers, R. (Producer), & YouTube (Director). (2013). What is architecture. [Video/DVD]

Architecture Filmmaking and Photography. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQT7FXKvd28

Ryan Siemers claims that architecture is about solving problems and consulting each

other as a society to take a role in maintaining the environment and resources site, (0:13).

According to Siemers, architecture is more than building materials, it includes all people,

not just architects, to preserve and maintain landscapes of the environment, (0:23).

Architecture is a projection of how society’s values are shown by the built environment,

(0:32). Architecture is a reflection of civilizations past, present, and future, (0:54).

Creating innovation, growing community, and improving the quality of life, (1:00). The

question that we must ask ourselves is, how are you contributing to that story of our

surroundings?

This is a very short video (1:36). The information it contains makes one think about the

environment and resources outside of the build site. Environment that include our social

networks and resources such as water supply. This video triggers a thought process in the

average person that is dealing with key topic that is usually forgotten when it comes to

architecture, environment and resources.

The statements of Siemers is correct and have consequences in the fact that it does

require the part of everyone working in unison together, not just the architects, to care for

our environment and resources, because if we do not, one day they may be gone.

Vice (Director). (2012). The future of architecture and design. [Video file] Retrieved

from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlAHWyqIWII
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Vito Acconci claimed that the first goal is not to build, but design a space, a condition to

surprise us, (7:19). Acconci was a poet prior to becoming an architect, (0:42). He spoke

of the issues within his own artistic style as far as writing and playing with words, (0:43).

Words seem so definite, but words are hazy and cloudy (0:53). You can pick a word

within a word and it begins to contradict the basic word (0:56). Acconci wanted to do

something that was off the page (1:01). According to Acconci, he could not use words

like tree or chair, these words were off the page but he could use words like the and there

on the page because these were words reflected his act of writing the page and words that

referred to the acts of the reader going down the page (1:20). His writing took him out to

the street and he realized that if he was so interested in space in his writing style, why

should he be limited to an 8 ½ x 11 piece of paper (2:12). The street was his floor and the

buildings were his walls (2:12). Acconci designed in a way of thinking of the future. He

was excited about the notion of a computer-oriented time (13:55). Acconci had the vision

of what he wanted to design and construct, but according to him, he did not have the

budget for it (14:11). Acconci’s dream was to build for the future and for everyone to

have a nomadic lifestyle (21:00).

Architects from the beginning of architecture were limited to sketch drawings of their

designs. The 1980’s changed the artistic capabilities with the dawn of the computer age.

Now the architects have the capability of creating astonishing designs and structures.

Whipple, G. M. (Ed). (1934). The Planning and Construction of School Buildings. Bloomington,

Ill. 1934.

N. L. Engelhardt claimed that considerable progress had been made in the developing of

school buildings (p. 1). Many proposals had been written concerning the size of the
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classrooms and special rooms, location of schools, auditoriums and special features of the

classrooms themselves (p. 1). Lighting, ventilation, sanitation, ant the construction of

school buildings was discussed in numerous writings (p. 1). Funding for the building of

new schools and renovating or updating facilities was an issue that needed to be resolved

(p.1). The influence of building codes of school construction is another main issue (p.

33). Schools must adhere to local and state building codes and know what the codes are

at all times (p. 33-34). The architect and the school planning board must work hand in

hand every step of the way because the process involves location, planning, design, and

budget (p. 57).

Budget and location are the top priorities for building or renovating schools. Where there

are growing populations, there is income whether it is by way of taxes for a school

district or development of private investors. Anything is possible if everyone works to

achieve the common goal.

School buildings with all of the facilities needed should be a safe and enjoyable

environment for students and faculty members to attend. Safety has been and always

should be the number one priority for involved in education.

Quici, F. (2017). Proceedings, architecture and visual narrative. (1-12). Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1091082

Quici claimed that architecture has ceased involving the three important components in

the architectural process; the designer, the client, and the construct site (p. 1). Building

codes and all of the limitations may be a factor to the absence of the designer and client

throughout the process (p. 1). Quici mentions that another setback is communication and

the way information is being sent (p. 1-2). Living Architectures is a series developed to
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educate about current and future architecture and looking into an architectural past (p. 8).

These statements connect with architects who care about their projects and the

environment and want to get the word out to everyone to do their part in preserving our

resources. It also speaks of communicating more effectively so that the designer and the

client together throughout the compete process of a build share the same knowledge from

start to finish.

Although it is important to Quici for the designer, client, and building site stay in close

communication, it must be pointed out that the three components of the building process

may not be able to be together at all times. After all, people do have different work

schedules and cannot always meet on the same days at the same time. It would be

shortsighted for the client not to be involved.

Oluwatayo, A. A., Ezema, I., & Opoko, A. (2017). Development of design expertise by

architecture students. Journal of Learning Design. 10 (2), (p. 35-56).

Oluwatayo, Ezema, and Opoko (2017) argued that architecture graduate students entering

in the workforce lacked the education in developing the expertise of architects in which

design is a major part (p. 35). A study suggested the need to encourage beginner design

students to use academic resources and spend more time on the stages of design to allow

progression to higher levels of expertise (p. 35). Scholars are still trying to define the

characteristics by which experts may be identified. One recurring characteristic,

according to Bjorklund and Eloranta (2008), is that experts have a large knowledge of

resources available to them, accessed faster and used more efficiently than non-experts in

performing the skills of their department (p.37). Environmental characteristics have a

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significant role in obtaining a level of expertise (p. 49). The influence of the admission in

expertise development may not be the same for all levels of expertise (p. 52).

In summation, resources in today’s society resources are available to almost everyone to

receive an education whether it is in the field of architecture or another field. It is up to

the individual to chase their dream and take advantage of opportunities afforded them.

The author’s view that distinguishes experts and non-experts is incorrect in the fact that if

scholars are still working to determine the criteria that identifies experts, how can a

comparison of the two be written? The author’s claims that experts have more and faster

access to resources than non-experts is also incorrect due to there is not survey or data to

back this claim.

Wagner, O. (1988). Modern architecture: A guidebook for his students to this field of art. Santa

Monica, California: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1988.

Mallgrave wrote of Wagner comparing paintings to great structures as if the importance

of anything involving design hold the same importance (p. 55). According to Wagner in

1895, a number of his colleagues spoke to him in a way as if he didn’t know what he was

doing, that his views were built on false assumption and that he did not know what he

was talking about (p. 57). According to Wagner, the path to being a great architect is

lifelong training no matter the views of the people criticizing architecture (p. 61). The

advocates to the theory of style comply with the smallest of details (p. 73).

Mallgrave has a good explanation of what an expert is with the passage of Wagner being

meticulous in the editions of his writings and the lifelong journey to become a skilled

architect. There are always going to be those that enjoy design and architecture and those

that are sceptics.

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In making his case, Wagner argued the fact that it does require expertise in the field of

design and architecture or any other profession. It connects with the fact of the years of

education and experience combined sets the criteria that signifies and qualifies the criteria

to become an expert.

Dalvi, S. (2016). Quadrangle, architectural review. 1-2, 3. Retrieved from https://0-academic-eb-

com.lib.utep.edu/levels/collegiate/magazine/article/115130919

The author claims that Gujurat's Ahmedabad University in India is disadvantaged

because the limitations of the site and the program demands to accommodate the

educational requirements for the students. Constructed in a small special area the

architects of the new engineering building kept the students in mind with the structure of

high ceilings to give the feeling of the solemnness. The main points of the structure are

columns to hold the ceiling and a rectangular shape. The height of the structure is

impressive but, in the afternoon, the sun shines in adding to the heat, which becomes a

problem. The lecture hall, laboratory, computer room occupy most of the area, leaving

little or no space for small study groups, discussions or experimental work. This new

building was constructed like many university buildings of the early 1900s. The extra

space available for future use is not planned for but merely a passing idea.

Although the author admires the structure of the new building, she points out that not a

lot of planning was made for future structures.

While the planning of the structure may have its flaws, there are steps to take to block out

the sun or other climate changes. Perhaps the author could make suggestions to the

university and assist in economic means.

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Braun, D. (2014). Castles in the air: experiences and journeys in unknown bhutan.

7/19/28. doi: https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/09/21/castles-in-the-air-

experiences-and-journeys-in-unknown-bhutan/

The author claims that John Claude White created a time capsule in his 1914 writing for

the National Geographic that fascinated readers in 2014. John C. White was a British

Indian government officer in political charge of Bhutan. Claude was an engineer by

profession and a noted amateur photographer who was amazed at the beauty of Bhutan

architectural design and structures. He took many photos of bridges, temples,

monasteries, forts, and farms. Claude wrote in 1914 that at the end of his report, it was

his hope that many readers would find interest in Bhutan, which was an unknown at the

time.

In summary, the readings of the updated publication sparked interest in many readers.

The realization could be that many of those readers were students from the University of

Texas at El Paso during the university’s centennial.

It is agreeable that Bhutan style and architecture has sparked the interest of many people.

After all it is the style of the University of Texas at El Paso.

Williams, W. (2018). The Chronicle of Higher Education. How design can improve retention at

black colleges. (p. 1-5). Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/How-Design-

Can-Improve/243312

The author claimed that reaching admission goals and retaining students is a major goal

for universities but, black colleges and universities with its cultural distinction, require a

different avenue for student success (p. 1). Historically Black Colleges and Universities

undergo low graduation rates and enroll large numbers of first time family members to
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attend college or university (p. 1). All racial backgrounds are accepted to Historically

Black Colleges and Universities and the main goal is to provide an atmosphere that

strengthens impartiality and offers opportunities for scholastic and community contacts

(p. 1). Locations such as a place to have coffee or lunch on campus, the library, and even

on the campus lawn are great locations for student bonding and friendships are formed to

have lasting memories (p. 2). This type of environment is a major reason that students

choose to attend Historically Black Colleges and Universities (p. 2). This provides an

environment to interact with students who have similar cultural upbringing (p. 2).

Another reason students attend Historically Black Colleges and Universities is because

there is more of a one on one connection with the staff and faculty (p. 3). Resources are

more limited in Historically Black Colleges and Universities so the architects that are

employed with Historically Black Colleges and Universities must produce designs that

are more sensible and functional for the administrators, students, and the community

members (p. 3). It is important to design and build great campus structures but, it is as

important to have a cohesive environment that is academically challenging and strong

relationships (p. 5).

In summary, this article has great points made for a diversified atmosphere. Some

Historically Black Colleges and Universities fare better than others due to strong

programs associated with the school and some Historically Black Colleges and

Universities are equal to or have better resources than some non-Historically Black

Colleges and Universities.

In making his case, the author details the issues and benefits of an HBCU school but does

not offer any real comparison to non-HBCU schools.

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Although Williams was correct to a point, his overall conclusion of making it appear that

all HBCU schools lack resources is unfounded in this article. To make this article more

interesting it would be more educational to have had statistics of either HBCUs as one

category or HBCU’s compared to non HBCUs.

Suarez, F. Z. (2018). The Chronicle of Higher Education. The fight to rebuild a ravaged

university. (p. 1-14). Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Fight-to-

Rebuild-a-Ravaged/242160

Fernanda Suarez claims that four months after Hurricane Maria obliviated San Juan

Puerto Rico, half of the residents were still without electricity (p. 1). Most of the residents

that do have electricity have it due to generators that are very noisy, continuously running

and making it difficult to even sleep at night (p. 1). Suarez focuses on one resident, Lida

Orta-Anes, that chose not to have the use of a generator to provide electricity, not

because of the noise but rather she read articles that gives information that diesel burning

generators give off poisonous fumes (p. 1). The university has been hit by two hurricanes

and some of its campuses are in total destruction (p. 2). Governor Ricardo A. Rossello

Nevares of Puerto Rico needs to submit a plan to restore the university, to the territory’s

fiscal control board (p. 2). In Puerto Rico, the university is the only means of higher

education to advance to a profession other than tourism (p. 2). Two-thirds of the students

receive Pell Grants and if it wasn’t for the university, they would be working in industry

jobs such as agriculture, retail, tourism, or trying to become full time employees of jobs

they already have as part-time (p. 2). The residents of Puerto Rico feel like America has

let them down but, in 2012, Ms. Orta-Anés is fighting with the National Science

Foundation for freezing funds that should go to the university (p. 4). The National
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Science Foundation was freezing the funds due to the funds were not being used for the

intended purpose (p. 4).

In summary, Puerto Rico and the university are still in the rebuilding phase and it is

going to be a lengthy process to get things back to “normal.”

Suarez (2012) acknowledged the residents and the status of the university but, seemed to

focus on the life of one person throughout the article. While it is good that the author

pinpointed the happenings of the main activist for the cause of the university, Ms. Orta-

Anés, and that she was fighting the National Science Foundation for freezing the funds

due to misappropriation. The claim is flawed due to the fact that Suarez does not give any

evidence of either sides point of view. It is understandable that Puerto Rico feels like

America has turned its back as far as aid, it is not a warranted feeling because not only

has the United States given aid, international agencies have as well.

Martin, C. H., & Craver, R. (Eds.). (1991). Diamond days: An oral history of the university of

Texas at El Paso (1st ed.). El Paso, Texas: Texas Western Press. Retrieved

from https://issuu.com/uteplib/docs/diamonddays/73

The editors claim that the interviews in Diamond Days is not a complete history of the

University of Texas at El Paso that it does provide first hand insight of activities

throughout the years (p. i). In 1983, the president of UTEP, Haskell Monroe suggested

that an oral history of the university be implemented with interviews with former students

and professors. Rebbeca M. Craver with UTEP’s Institute of Oral History, was the first to

serve as head of the interviews. Although female students began attending the university

in 1916, it was dominated by males, and there was constant sounds of gun shots and

dynamite blasts (p. vi).

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Bailey, Fred W. (1974, January 24). Personal Interview. [Novak, Robert H.]

Fred became fascinated with the idea of mining having growing up and watching the

excavation of the Panama Canal, a job that his father worked (p. 3). Fred was a student at

the University of Texas at El Paso from 1915-1920 (p. 3). His first choice of attending a

university was the University of Texas, Austin, but when he applied, he was informed

that the instruction in mining was being discontinued and was counseled to attend the

State School of Mines and Metallurgy at El Paso (p. 4). Fred was excited when he made

the trip from Panama after his high school graduation to Ohio to visit family, and finally,

to El Paso where he was actually going to be a part of a student mining group (p. 4). At

the time, there were only three buildings that were formerly being used by the El Paso

Military Institute (p. 5). The school had opened a year prior to Fred attending, the 1914-

1915 academic year, and there were twenty-seven students and three faculty members (p.

5). The 1915-1916 academic year grew to forty-one students, five faculty members, and

two advanced student assistants (p. 5). Even though it was a small group, it allowed for

great bonding friendships (p. 5). The third academic year, 1916-1917 was exciting due to

the political atmosphere and revolutionary activities in Mexico with Pancho Villa raiding

Columbus, New Mexico and General John J. Pershing was the commander at Ft. Bliss

was sent with troops to detour the situation (p. 6). According to Fred, the event that really

rocked the school was the fire that completely destroyed the Main Building (p. 6). The

City of El Paso, the Chamber of Commerce, and the community began to like the idea of

having a college and contributed money, land, and help (p. 6). The present location of the

university became the foundation of the great school we have today (p. 6). Fred’s

recollection of the faculty was all delightful (p. 7). “Doc” Worrel with his trimmed
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goatee, flawlessly dressed and his wife always tried to make the students feel like an

undivided group and accomplished that very well (p.7).

Robert H. Novak interviewed Fred Bailey in 1974 and compiled first had evidence of

historical events for the initial time period of the University of Texas at El Paso and the

community.

University Communications. (2001). Shangri-la on the border: the Bhutanese architecture of

the University of Texas at El Paso. University of Texas at El Paso. [2001].

This article claims that the University of Texas at El Paso is like the Phoenix rising from

the fire. This is in reference to the main building burning down in 1916 and Steven

Worrell, Dean of the university and his wife overcame the setback and envisioned what

has evolved into what we enjoy today in our campus. Kathleen Worrel was as much a

part of the university as her husband. Kathleen was an avid reader of the National

Geographic magazine and was drawn in to a particular article “Castles in the Air” and

realized that the architectural design would style perfectly with the backdrop of the

Franklin Mountains. She suggested the idea to her husband. Dean Worrell commissioned

the architectural firm of Charles Gibson and George Robertson who produced a set of

sketches based on John C. White’s photos. The firm of Trost & Trost won the project and

the Bhutanese architectural style began in the southwest. The university has stayed in

keeping of the Bhutanese architectural style.

The Communications Department at the University of Texas at El Paso compiled an

interesting amount of information on the history of the Bhutanese style architecture in

this eighteen-page guide that is very interesting to read. It should be a requirement for all
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UTEP students to read so they could actually gain knowledge of what they may not know

about the university they attend.