Spoon feeding 101- DUBAI
completion of the project (4 years) was too long. To make the
1. Dubai is unusual in that its population is comprised mainly of
expatriates
2. Oil reserves in Dubai are less than one-twentieth those of
Abu Dhabi, and oil income represents a small proportion of the
emirate's income.
3. A majority of the emirate's revenues are from tourism.
4. Jebel Ali, constructed in the 1970s, has the largest man-
made harbour in the world
5. Construction on a large scale has turned Dubai into one of
the fastest growing cities in the world
6. The Burj al-Arab (Tower of the Arabs) is a luxury hotel in
Dubai. World’s first 7 Star Hotel.
7. Despite its size, Burj Al Arab holds only 28 double-story
floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites.
8. The smallest suite occupies an area of 169 m2 (1,820 sq ft),
the largest covers 780 m2 (8,400 sq ft).
9. It was built to resemble the sail of a dhow
10. The interior of the hotel is dominated by a massive atrium
formed between the V shaped structure and its fabric sail
11. Other features include a helipad, suspended near the top
of the building.
12. Engineers created a ground/surface layer of large rocks,
which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern, which
serves to protect the foundation from erosion.
13. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, while it
took fewer than three years to construct the building itself.
14. The building contains over 70,000 m3 (92,000 cu yd) of
concrete and 9,000 tons of steel.
15. The Burj al-Arab hotel boasts of 8,000 square meters of
22carat gold leaf 24,000 square meters of 30 different types of
marble
16. Palm Islands are three artificial islands, Palm Jumeirah,
Deira Island and Palm Jebel Ali, on the coast of Dubai, United
Arab Emirates.
17. Creation of the islands started in 2001. As of November
2011, only Palm Jumeirah has been completed. This island
takes the form of a palm tree, topped by a crescent.
18. Palm Jumeirah was built entirely from sand and rocks (no
concrete or steel was used to build the island).
19. Construction resources involved. 5.5 million cubic metres
of rock brought from over 16 quarries in Dubai. 94 million cubic
metres of sand brought from deep sea beds 6 nautical miles
from the coast of Dubai. 210 million cubic metres of rock, sand
and limestone
20. Main constraints: The 9/11 terror attacks in 2001 resulted
in a reduction in tourist travel into Dubai, negatively impacting
the economy. This significantly slowed down the project.
Another important constraint was that the time estimated for
construction process on top of the island faster; 40,000
workers were hired working at 2 different shifts per day (Each
shift was 12 hours).
21.. The Burj Khalifa, known as the Burj Dubai before its
inauguration, is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab
Emirates. With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft) and a roof
height (excluding antenna) of 828 m (2,717 ft), the Burj Khalifa
has been the tallest structure in the world since its topping out
in late 2008.
22. Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the
exterior completed five years later in 2009. The primary
structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened in
2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai.
23. Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), whose firm designed the
Willis Tower and One World Trade Center.
24. The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the
region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Y-
shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize
residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and
wings are used to support the height of the building.
25. The structure also features a cladding system which is
designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.
26. It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.
27. Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an 11 ha (27-acre) park
designed by landscape architects SWA Group.
28. The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South
Korea, who also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and
Taipei 101.[89] Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture
with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner is the
Project Manager on the main construction contract.
29. In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of
the bedrock underlying the structure."Weak to very weak
sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the
surface. Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth
of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way. The
study described the site as part of a "seismically active area".
30. The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized,
air-conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every
35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to
safety in case of an emergency or fire.
31. O Creek: Its waters divided the town, is the ideal place to
start a tour in Dubai place.
32. Deira: A region in constant activity, reflects the meeting of
old and new.
33. Bur Dubai: Walk through here is an excellent choice,
thanks to the abundance of historic buildings.
34. Oud Metha: Mostly residential, but with many
entertainment outlets, trade and education.
35. Sheikh Zayed Road: The buildings are like beauty queens
in a contest height, splendor and grace.
36. Jumeirah and Satwa: Betting on glamor, this region there
are salons, cafes, malls and beaches.
37. Southwest Region: The new face of the city, including the
Dubai Marina and many other modern places.
38. The Princess Tower is a 101 story, 413.4 m tall residential-
only skyscraper located in the Marina district of Dubai, UAE.
Tallest residential building in the world.
39. The Aldar headquarters building is the first circular building
of its kind in the Middle East. It is located in Al Raha, Abu
Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The shape of this building is
achieved through the use of structural diagrid, a diagonal grid
of steel. The building features the following elevators: 12
passenger elevators 2 service elevators 3.
Spoon Feeding 101- TURKEY
1. The most important type of structure they (Seljuk Turks)
formulated was the “Medrese" (Muslim theological schools).
2. Other contributions were Tomb Monuments and
Caravanserais.
3. In Seljuk buildings, brick was generally used, while the inner
and outer walls were decorated in a material made by mixing
marble, powder, lime and plaster.
4. Turkish architecture reached its peak during the Ottoman
period.
5. Ottoman architecture, influenced by Seljuk, Byzantine and
Arab architecture, came to develop a style all of its own.
6. This Ottoman period witnessed three types of mosques:
tiered, single-domed and subline angled mosques.
7. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and
added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish
baths and tombs.
8. Among the early mosques are Mahmutpasa and Topkapi
Palace. (mosques of Fatih, 1470)
9. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan.
10. He created 334 buildings in various cities.
11. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the Sehzade
Mosque in İstanbul completed in 1548.
12. His second significant work was the Suleymaniye Mosque
and surrounding complex, built for Kanuni Sultan Suleyman.
Mimar Sinan’s third masterpiece, The Selimiye mosque, was
built in Edirne during the years 1568-74, when Sinan was in his
prime as an architect.The mosque, together with its complex,
was included on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2011.
13. The Aksaray Valide mosque in Istanbul is an example of
the mixture of Turkish art and Gothic style.
14. Istanbul/ Constantinople/ Byzantium has served as the
capital of the Roman Empire (330-395 AD), East Roman or
Byzantine Empire (395-1453) and Ottoman Empire (1453-
1922)
15. Istanbul is also known as the place where east and west
worlds meet.
16. Hagia Sophia (Divine Wisdom) built by Empreror Justinian
in 532-537 AD. was the largest in the world for 1000 years.
17. Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet Camii Mosque) built in 1609 to
1619. The interior design is classically islamic.
18. The Topkapi Place on a hill overlooking the Bosphorus was
the official and primary residence of the ottoman sultans up to
1853.
19. Where the Sultan would sit on his canopied throne,
surrounded by his golds and jewels, and personally receives
the Viziers and officials. (Chamber of Petitions)
20. Has more than 400 rooms, and contains the private
apartments of the Sultan, the concubines and the wives of the
sultan, as well as the eunuchs who served them.
21. Dolmabahce Palace served the later sultans as the main
administrative center of the Ottoman Empire from 1853 to
1922.
22. Largest covered bazaar in the world. (Kapali Carsi) With 66
streets and Alleys.
23. Turkey’s largest city. (Istanbul)
24. The Interiors of Hagia Sophia is embellished with gold
mosaics, tapestries, polished marble, porphyry, and ivory.
25. Kiz Kulesi (Maiden’s Tower or Leander Tower), One of the
most romantic symbols of Istanbul. A tower lying on a small
islet located at the southern entrance of the Bosphorus strait
200 m from the coast of Üsküdar in Istanbul, Turkey. it was
told that a king hid his daughter here until she was killed by a
venomous snake.
26. The city was famed for the Temple of Artemis (completed
around 550 BC), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient
World. (Ephesus)
27. Suleiman incorporated the Persian legacy. He beautified
his empire, and in particular its capital of Istanbul, with
magnificent mosques, schools, bimaristans (hospitals and
asylums), bridges across the Bosphorus, aqueducts and public
baths, caravanserais, palaces and mausoleums.
28. Mosques founded by Sultans generally were surrounded
by tomb chapels for their families. These tombs, called turbe,
were always domed, but seldom architecturally significant.
29. On the Istanbul skyline, the Blue Mosque is distinguished
by its six elegant, fluted minarets, where other major mosques
of the city have four.
30. Characteristics of Istanbul in the early 16th century are
spire form minarets with registers of balconies (sherifes).
31. The needle shape of the spire minarets contrasts with the
heavy masses of domes and semidomes. Those gracing the
Blue Mosque have finely carved stalactite corbels over their
sherifes.
32. The finest examples of Seljuk tile work are found at Konya,
the centre of their manufacture.
33. The colours of these tiles were limited to blue, white and
black, and they were cut in small sections and set in mosaic
form to make intricate, geometric, angular patterns which were
often set into the small stalactite niches for which the Seljuks
are known.
34. Motifs for the wall facings of mosques and palaces were
adopted from Persia, and were mostly arabesques, cloud
bands, lotus palmettes, and so on.
35. The Ottoman style of decoration was based on naturalistic
plant patterns, on tulips, hyacinths, carnations, roses, vines,
and pomegranates. These same motifs were used on the
exquisite silk and velvet textiles that were produced by
factories under the patronage of the sultans, and used for
hangings, furniture covers, and costumes at court.
36. Turkish production favours rugs over the large-scale
carpets that are common in Persia, and from the mid-16th
century the prayer rug, with a central mihrab design
surrounded by a border, became characteristic of Anatolia.
37. bab: gateway, opening.
38. bimaristan: hospital, lunatic assylum.
39. hammam: (steam) bath, often attached to a mosque.
40. haram: that which is sacrosanct and forbidden
41. harem (from haram): a place which is sacrosanct and
limited in accessibility; hence one's wife/wives is one's harem,
42. as is the private quarters in a household.
43. iwan: large, expansive niche looking onto an open
courtyard
44. jami`a mosque: used for regular prayer but also for the
Friday congregational prayer when the sermon is preached
45. khan: an inn, or large building with central courtyard, which
is associated with a trade.
46. kursi: lectern for the Qur`an, often hexagonal
47. kuttab: Qur`anic school
48. madrasa: college often with mosque attached, to teach
religious science (also secular use)
49. maqsura: compartment, or stall, near the mihrab of the
mosque, reserved for the ruler/governor
50. mashrabiyya: window of wooden or stone latticework
51. maydan: square, open space
52. mesjid: mosque for regular prayer, without a minbar
53. mihrab: niche in mosque wall to indicate qibla
54. minara: minaret
55. minbar: (mimbar) pulpit
56. muqarnas: stalactite-like projections at the junctions
between domes and their substructures
57. musalla: place of prayer, open sanctuary
58. qa`a: reception hall
59. qala`a: citadel
60. qamariya: skylight, small window often of coloured glass
61. qibla: direction of Mecca towards which Muslims pray, and
physically turn in times of crisis (eg.sickness and death)
62. qubba: dome, and by extension a domed building which
houses the tomb of a saint
63. rahle: collapsible lectern for book, particularly Qur`an,
which looks like an X (modelled on camel saddle)
64. sirdab: subterranean vault for use in hot weather (Persian
lit. cold water)
65. suq: bazaar
66. tekke: a dervish convent
67. turbe: mausoleum
Spoon feeding 101 – INDIA
1. Considered the dwelling place of a particular god in India
(devalaya)
2. A sacred place (tirtha) where heaven and earth meet in
India
3. A Hindu temple (Mandira)
4. A muslim building or place of public worship. Also called
Masjid, Musjid. (Mosque)
5. A muslim Theological school arranged around a courtyard
and attached to a mosque. (Madrasah)
6. A lofty, slender tower attached to a mosque, having stairs
leading up to one or more projecting
balconies from which the muezzlin calls the muslim people to
prayer. (Minaret)
7. A large vaulted portal opening onto the central courtyard of
a mosque. Also known as Ivan. (Iwan)
8. The sacred courtyard of a mosque. (Sahn)
9. A pulpit in a mosque, recalling the three steps from which
Muhammad addressed his followers. (Mimbar)
10. The wall in a mosque in which the mihrab is, oriented to
Mecca. (Qibla)
11. A city in Saudi Arabia, Birthplace of Muhammad and
spiritual center of Islam. (Mecca)
12. An inn in the near east for the overnight accomodation of
caravans, usually having large courtyard
enclosed by a solid wall and entered through an imposing
gateway. (Caravanserai)
13. A dominant Religion in India, based upon religion of the
original Aryan settlers. (Hinduism)
14. Old sacred writings of Hinduism.(Vedas)
15. A freestanding memorial pillar in Indian Architecture,
bearing carved inscriptions,
religious emblems, or a statue. (Stamba or Stambha)
16. A Buddhist monastery in Indian architecture often
excavated from solid rock, consisting of central
pillared chamber sorrounded by a veranda unto which open
small sleeping cells.(Vihara)
17. A Buddhist shrine in India, usually carved out of solid rock
on hillside, having the form of an aisled
basilica with a stupa at one end (Chaitya)
18. An Indo-Islamic architecture typified by monumental
palaces and mosques with highly
detailed decorative work. (Mogul Dynasty)
19. A Hindu temple cut out of solid rock to resemble a chariot.
(Rath)
20. The sanctuary of a Hindu Temple in which a diety is
enshrined. (Vimana)
21. The bulbous stone finial of a sikhara (amalaka)
22. A tower in Hindu Temple, usually tapered convexly and
capped by an amalaka. (Sikhara or Sikra)
23. A large, porchlike hall leading to a Hindu temple and used
for religious dancing and music. (Mandapa)
24. A monumental, usually ornate gateway tower to a Hindi
temple enclosure, esp, in southern India. (Gopuram or Gopura)
25. Built by the Emperor Shah Jehan, to serve the populace at
large. Stands on a high podium approached by three pyramids
on steps. Great Mosque (Jami Masid), Delhi.
26. A Stupa in which the relics or remains of the Buddha, his
disciples and lay saints are interred. (Relic stupa)
27. A Stupa in which the items interred are objects belonged to
the Buddha or his disciples such as a begging bowl or robe, or
important Buddhist scriptures. (Object stupa)
28. A Stupa built to commemorate events in the lives of
Buddha or his disciples. (Commemorative stupa)
29. A Stupa built to symbolise aspects of Buddhist theology,
for example, Borobuddur is considered to
be the symbol of "the Three Worlds (dhatu) and the spiritual
stages (bhumi) in a Mahayana bodhisattva's character.
(Symbolic stupa)
30. A Stupa constructed to commemorate visits or to gain
spiritual benefits, usually at the site of prominent stupas which
are regularly visited. (Votive stupa)
31. Stupa Symbolisms. The square base represents earth. The
hemispherical dome/vase represents water. The conical spire
represents fire. The upper lotus parasol and the crescent moon
represents air. The sun and the dissolving point represents the
element of space.
32. The birthplace of Buddhism and the largest Stupa in India.
(Amravati Stupa)
33. Mughal buildings pattern of structure:a) large bulbous
domes, b) slender minarets at the corners, c) massive halls, d)
large vaulted gateways,
e) delicate ornamentation
34. A common characteristic of the Mughal buildings are “the
pronounced domes, the slender turrets at the corners, the
palace halls supported on pillars and the broad/gateways.”
35. During the Mughal period, buildings were constructed
mostly of red sandstone and white marble.
36. Babur was not impressed by Indian architecture. He was
unhappy to find no gardens in India like the ones he had
known in Kabul. As soon as Babur arrived in Agra, he selected
a site across the river, had a well dug and constructed a bath-
house. This was followed by a tank and a pavilion.
37. A historic park in Kabul, Afghanistan, and also the last
resting-place of the first Mughal emperor Babur. (Gardens of
Babur)
38. First garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent (Tomb of
Humayun). The tomb is a massive structure, built out of red
sandstone and detailed with white marble. Also known as the
Taj Mahal’s predecessor, it too has a dome, which rises from a
drum between four octagonal towers, which stand on a red,
arcaded podium.
39. Shah Jahan’s period is usually called the ‘Golden Age of
Mughal Architecture’ and he is given the titles of ‘Prince among
the Builders’ and ‘Engineer King'. His most important and
impressive buildings are the Taj Mahal, Red Fort and Jama
Masjid. These buildings are extremely beautiful and soft.
40. Located on the right bank of the Yamuna River in a vast
Mughal garden that encompasses nearly 17 hectares, in the
Agra District in Uttar Pradesh. (Taj Mahal). The tomb rests on
a plinth surrounded by four minarets, scaled down to
emphasize the dome.
41. The ground plan of the Taj Mahal is in perfect balance of
composition, the octagonal tomb chamber in the centre,
encompassed by the portal halls and the four corner rooms.
The plan is repeated on the upper floor. The exterior of the
tomb is square in plan, with chamfered corners.
42. The mosque and the guest house in the Taj Mahal
complex are built of red sandstone in contrast to the marble
tomb in the centre.
43. A world-renowned style of architecture that is
characterizedwith values of progressiveness, exquisite
intricacy, austere beauty and logical flowing lines. A mixture of
Mughal and Rajput architecture,or a late form of the Mughal
style of architecture.(Sikh Architecture)
44. While its temples are based originally on the Hindu temple
plan, the difference lies in the deities placed inside, Jainism
preferring to situate images of the "tirthankaras" within the
precincts of the temple. (Jain Architecture)
45. Features of Jain Temples: a) The roofs have pointy domes
and wherever there is a dome, the pillars are omitted to create
an octagonal space within. b) In these four faced temples, the
image of a Tirthankar faces back to back to face four cardinal
directions. Entry into these temples is also from four doors that
face the cardinal directions.
46. Hindus and Buddhists built temples, Jains built temple-
cities on hills. To put it in their own words, they "ornamented
these holy hills with a crown of eternal Arhat chaityas
(tabernacles of saints) shining with the splendor of jewels”.
47. Jain temples are the richest temples in the world,
surpassing even Mughal buildings in terms of grandeur and
material wealth.
48. The oldest and best known Jain temple in Delhi, India. (Lal
Mandir)
49. Considered to be the most sacred tirtha (pilgrimage place)
by the Jain community. (Palitana temples)
50. An architectural and spiritual attempt to balance modern
and traditional designs in an aesthetically pleasing
environment. The designs include the symbolism of the divine
circle, the reflection of heaven on earth, and the spirituality of
sacred borders. (Bahai Architecture).
51. The Bahai Houses of Worship were erected in Turkestan,
India, Uganda, Panama, Samoa, Australia, Germany, and
North America.