EFH – Equivalent Flat Haul

Efficiency Measure and

Planning Tool
 Definition
• EFH – Equivalent Flat Haul.
The theoretical equivalent distance a truck
could travel in the same time on a flat haul
road.
 Application
• For each grade, divide the flat haul speed by the
speed on grade. For example, if the flat haul
speed is 40km/hr and the average speed on a
10% ramp is 10km/hr, then the EFH factor for
any 10% ramp is 40/10 or 4.
• The horizontal distance of each road segment is
multiplied by the EFH factor for that segment.
For Example if the 10% road segment from
above was 500m long, then the Equivalent Flat
Haul for that segment of road would be 500 x 4
or 2000m.
 Example – Case 1
10 km/hr
40 km/hr
10 km/hr

EFH Speed = 40km/hr

Dist = 1km Dist = 2km Dist = 1km Cycle Time =
EFH = 40/10 * 1 EFH = 40/40 * 1 EFH = 40/10 * 1 10/(40/60) = 15 min.

= 4km = 2 km = 4km Average Speed =

4 / (15/60) = 16km/hr

Dist = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4km

EFH = 4 + 2 + 4 = 10km
 Example – Case 2

40 km/hr 40 km/hr
10 km/hr

EFH Speed = 40 km/hr

Dist = 1km Dist = 2km Dist = 1km Cycle Time =
EFH = 40/10 * 1 EFH = 40/40 * 1 EFH = 40/40 * 1 7/(40/60) = 10.5 min.

= 4km = 2 km = 1km Average Speed =

4/(10.5/60) = 22.9 km/hr

Dist = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4km

EFH = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7km
 Example – Case 3
10 km/hr 20 km/hr
40 km/hr
10 km/hr

EFH Speed = 40 km/hr

Dist = 1km Dist = 1km Dist = 1km Dist = 1km Cycle Time =
EFH = 40/10 * 1 EFH = 40/10 * 1 EFH = 40/20 * 1 EFH = 40/40 * 1 11/(40/60) = 16.5 min.

= 4km = 4km = 1km Average Speed =

= 2km
4/(16.5/60) = 14.5 km/hr

Dist = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4km

EFH = 4 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 11 km

Note: These are examples only for one way loaded hauls. Speeds have
been chose for easy computations and do not reflect the recommended speeds
 Advantages
• Planning
– For a given haul profile, quickly estimate cycle
time, and therefore trucking requirements,
without having to do TALPAC/FPC simulations
and/or use historical times.
• Operations
– Allows for productivity comparisons between
areas, shifts on a fairer basis, because it
takes into account different haul profiles.
 Productivity Measures –
TonneEFH/Hour
• Provides a method for
comparing
performance between
shifts, areas on a
fairer basis.
• Measure of how
 Tonnes  EFH
effectively trucking
resources are being  Ready Hours
used
• Truck Performance
Graph
Truck Performance Graph – Month
to Date
Minera Yanacocha Haulage Fleet Efficiency Factors - Combined Cat 785C
80 3000

70
2500
60

TonneKilometres/Hour (EFH)
Wait%,KM(EFH),KM/Hr(EFH)

2000
50

40 1500

30
1000
20
500
10

0 0

Guardia 1 Wait% Guardia 2 Wait% Guardia 3 Wait%

Guardia 4 Wait% Average Wait% Guardia 1 EKM/Hr
Guardia 2 EKM/Hr Guardia 3 EKM/Hr Guardia 4 EKM/Hr
Average EKM/Hr Guardia 1 EFH Guardia 2 EFH
Guardia 3 EFH Guardia 4 EFH Average EFH
Guardia 1 MEF Guardia 2 MEF Guardia 3 MEF
 Truck Performance Graph
(TonneEFH/Hour) – Shift by Hour
EOPS Truck Fleet Efficiency

8000

7000

6000

5000
TonneEFH/Hr

EOPS
EOPS
4000
EOPS
EOPS
3000

2000

1000

0
 Productivity Measures –EFH
• Relative Haul Distances
Truck Performance Graph (EFH) –
Shift by Hour
EOPS EFH

16

14

12

10
EOPS
Kilometres

EOPS
8
EOPS
EOPS
6

0
 Productivity Measures –EFH/Hr
• Relative Hauling Speed
• Theoretically constant
– Minor expected changes due to
• Distance (short haul distance gives lower EFH/Hr due to
greater proportion of the cycle given to acceleration and
braking)
• Trucks slowing for switchbacks and intersections
• Impacted by
– Weather
– Road Conditions
– Road Congestion
– Driver Ability
Truck Performance Graph (EFH/Hr)
– Shift by Hour
EOPS EFH/Hr

60

50

40
EOPS
KM/Hr

EOPS
30
EOPS
EOPS

20

10

0
 Productivity Measures – Wait
Factor

 Truck Wait Time

 (Truck Load Time + Truck Spot Time)

• Measure of average number of trucks in queue.

Truck Performance Graph (Wait
Factor) – Shift by Hour
EOPS Truck Wait Factor

1.6

1.4

1.2

1
EOPS
EOPS
0.8
EOPS
EOPS
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00
Causes for Errors in EFH Reporting
• Main causes for erroneous/misleading
reporting of EFH are:
– Errors in Dispatch Road Network.
• Error in X, Y give error in distance
• Error in Z gives error in haul profile
– Fundamental shift in modelled speed versus
road grade.
 Dispatch Road Network
• Needs to be checked daily
• Responsibility rests within the Engineering
Group
• Dispatchers should only be making minor
adjustments to loading locations and
dumping points, X,Y co-ordinate changes
only.
• Ramps and Drop Cuts need to be
designed and built to design.
 Calculation
• Determine what are appropriate speeds
for various grades.
– Truck Rim-pull/Retarder Curves
– GPS Speed Monitoring Locations
• Function of empty/loaded and up/down
 EFH Functions
• Loaded Function
– Grade < -4.5%
• EFH Factor = (Grade/100)*27
– Grade > 0%
• EFH Factor = 1 + ((Grade/100)*35)
– Grade >= -4.5 and <=0
• EFH Factor = 1
• Empty Function
– Grade < -4.5%
• EFH Factor = 0.75 + ((Grade/100)*8.5)
– Grade > +4.5%
• EFH Factor = 0.35 + ((Grade/100)*16)
– Grade >= -4.5% and <= +4.5%
• EFH Factor = 1
 Modelled Speed Vs Grade
60.0

50.0

40.0
Travel Speed (KM/Hr)

Loaded Speed
30.0
Empty Speed

20.0

10.0

0.0
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Road Grade (%)
 Shift in Modelled Speed Versus
Grade
• Monitor real travel speeds on differing
ramp grades
– Road Condition Report
• If a significant shift is noticed, the EFH
calculation needs to be adjusted
– Needs to be agreed to between Planning and
Operations
– Changes need to be done in a way that
preserves value of historical data
Road Condition Report