2018 Left May

wr.
,hg
wú ;kk
There is such thing as society!
ud.%Ü ;ep¾f.a urKh isÿjQ wjia:dfõ wehf.a ck;d fødayS ls%hdjka

isysm;a lrñka ì%;dkHfha isÿl< Woaf>daIKhl mqjrejls fïæ
fujr Left l,dmh fjkalr ;sfnkafka udkisl wd;;sh ms<sn|j idlÉPd
lrkakgh' ke;skï ukig n,mdk foaYmd,k wd¾Ólh ms<sn|j idlÉPd
lrkakgh' tjka ,sms tl;=jlg by; igka mdG mqjrej wod< jkafka
flfiaoehs Tng isf;kq we;' th ieneúkau wod<h' by; mqjrej ;=< we;s
jelsfha" uki frda.S lrk Okjd§ zffjrihgZ ks¾oh f,i m%ydrh t,a, lr
;sfí'
1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 31od kQ;k kj ,snr,a Okjdofha m%uqL pß;hla jQ
ì%;dkHfha ysgmq w.%dud;H ud.%Ü ;ep¾ ck;djf.a iyk È.ska È.gu lmamdÿ
lsÍfuka miq fufia m%ldY l<dh'
—iudch lshd fohla ke;' we;af;a ;ks ;ks ñksiqka" .eyekqka yd Tjqkf.a
mjq,ah'˜ (There is no such thing as society. There are individual men and
women, and their families.)
weh tu.ska Okm;s l%ufha iudc wruqK ;ks jdlHhg f.dkq l<dh' tkï
zwmZ lshd fohla ke;' we;af;a zuu" uu" uuZ muKs' bka jir 24lg miq weh
ñh .shdh' weh ñh .sh miq idudkHfhka f,dj ;=< isÿfkdjk wkaofï hula
isÿúh' tkï ì%;dkHh mqrdu wehf.a urKh ms<sn| i;=g m< lrñka oyia
.Kka ñksiqka mS%;s f>daId mj;ajkakg ùuhs' fï ,smsh ta .ek fkdjk ksid tu m%S;s
f>daId .ek jeäuk;a i|yka fkdlruq' kuq;a ta Woaf>daIK w;r /£ ;snQ by;
mqjrej weh úiska leálr m%ldY l< Okjdofha iudc yrh jk ñksid ;ks ;ks
mqoa.,hkag W!kkh lsÍug wNsfhda. lr" —uu˜ muKla fkdj —wms˜ mj;sk nj;a"
iudch hkqfjka fohla mj;sk nj;a ,kavkfha g%e*,a.d p;=ri%fha oekaùï mqjre
wNsnjd fuu Woaf>daIK mqjre m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,eìKs'
21jeks ishjfia§ Okjdoh kj;u w¾nqohlg uqyqK § ;sfí' 20jeks ishji
mqrdu ÿmam;alu ;=rkalsÍu" ukaofmdaIKhg ms<shï fiùu" kQ.;alu ;=rka lsÍu
jeks oYl mqrd úysfok b,lal bÈßm;a lrñka .uka l<" Okjdohg 21jeks
ishji ;=< kj wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK §ug isÿù ;sfí' ta mdßißl w¾nqoh" ñys;,h
WKqiqïùu" hqoaO yd ;%ia;jdoh fukau tkak tkaku jeä jeäfhka f,dj mqrd
úYd, ck;djla udkisl frda.j,ska fmf<kakka njg m;aùuhs'
fuu ;;ajh tlai;a ckmoh" uyd ì%;dkHho we;=¿ iuia; Okjd§ f,dalh
;=<u oelsh yels ;;ajhls' ÿmam;alu" ukaofmdaIKh" kQ.;alu f;jk f,dj
rgj, m%Yak f,i fmkakqï lr" tajd tu rgj, md,lhkaf.a ÿ¾j,;d yd tu
ck;djf.a iyc ÿ¾j,;d ksid ^úfYaIfhkau l¿ ck;dj ksid& mj;skakla nj
m%ldY lrñka ;u l%ufha wid¾:l nj iÕjd .;a Okjdohg by; m%Yak yuqfõ
ksre;a;r ùug isÿù ;sfí' tkï fndfyda zmyiqlï ;sfnkZ ^wOHdmk" fi!LH"
m%jdyk'''& ÈhqKq Okm;s rgj, mjd ckhd jeä jeäfhka Ôú;fha i;=g wysñ"
udkisl wd;;sh we;=¿ frda.S ;;ajhkaf.ka fmf<k msßila njg m;afjñka ;sîuh'
Okjdoh ishjia myla uq¿,af,a fhdackd l< wg wkQjla frda.j,g m%;sldrh jQ
fN!;sl ixj¾ê; fudv,h ñksiqkag i;=g yd Ôú; ;Dma;sh f.k §ug wiu;a nj
Tmamq lr ;sfí'
zysref.a /ia fuka kqjK yd mqIamhka fia iqj| úysÿjkafkaZ hehs lshQ ñksidf.ka
f,dj mqrd wo úysÿjñka ;sfnkafka >k w÷r yd mrjQ u,l we;s u,dksl njh'
Okjdofha .uk ;=< nyq;r ñksia m%cdj wd;;sfhka fmf<k" udkisl frda.Ska njg
m;alrkq ,en ;sfí' tajdg Okjdofha m%;sldr jk —i;=gq fm;s˜ Okd;aul Ñka;k
l;d" udkisl f;rms mh nrjdhg msálr fnfy;a nekaod fia ù ;sfí'
fujr Left fjkaù we;af;a ñksia uki ld ouk OfkaYajr foaYmd,k ffjrihg
tfrysj udlaiajdoh úiska fidhdf.k we;s tkak; y÷kajd§ugh'
Left OfkaYajr ffjrihg tfrys wr.,hg wejeis tkak; Yla;su;a lsÍu
fjkqfjka igka lrk úoHd{hka yd úoaj;=ka fjkqfjksæ
Left tu OfkaYajr ffjrihg tfrys wr.,hg wjeis tkak; ,nd .ekSug igka
lrk iqjyila mSvdjg m;a ñksiqka fjkqfjksæ
Left tu tkak; ksmoùug wjYH lïy, ;ekSug Wrfok mqfrda.dóka fjkqfjksæ
Pg 2 2018|May - August
—ksIamdokfhys we;sjk ia:djr úma,ùh fjkiaùï" ish¨ iudÔh
in|;djhkaj, we;sjk ksrka;r le<öï" iodld,sl wúksYaÑ;;djh
iy .dul;ajh úiska Okjd§ hq.h wka ish¨ hq.j,g jvd fjkia fjhs'
ish fm!rdKsl jQ;a mQckSh jQ;a m%d.a úksYaphka iy u; iys; mdIdKsN+;
hlv u, ne÷Kq ish¨ in|;djhka úkdY ù hk w;r w¨;ska we;sjk
ish¨ in|;djhka wiaÒlrKhg Ndckh ùug;a fmr tajd h,amek
hhs' >k jQ yeu fohlau WKqù jd;h njg fmrf<hs' Y=oaO jQ yeu
fohlau fl<ikafkah" wjidkfha§ ñksidg ;u Ôjk ;;ajhka iy ;u
j¾.hd iu. we;s wfkdakH in|;djhka foi ikaiqka is;ska ne,Sug
wjYH;djhla we;s fõ'˜
udlaia-tax.,aia
fldñhqksiaÜ m%ldYkh
2018|May - August Pg 3
wd;;sh(
ffcj úoHd;aulj iy
iudc úoHd;aulj
ffjoH iqis,a rKisxy
fï ,smsh lshjk Tn
/lshdjl kshq;=
flfkla" úYajúoHd, YsIHfhla"
idudkH iudcfha
me,am;o Wiia ;k;=rla
orkafklao iq¿ fiajlfhlao
hkak wÞ< jkafka ysi ;=<
Wiiafm< YsIHfhla fyda fjk;a t;rïu msßila f.dv kef.k mSvkfha m%udKh
lafIa;%hl lghq;= lrk flfkla ;u Ôjk .uk flf;lao hkak ;SrKh ùug
jkakg ms<sjk' Tn /lshdjl ñi thska ksoyiao ke;so hkak
bÈßhg hkafka
kshq;= flfklakï" Tfí fiajd ;SrKh ùug fkdfõ'
ia:dkfha fyda ld¾hd,fha Tn wfkal úO ÿlaL fuf,i ieye,a¨jla
iu. fiajfha kshq;= fiajl fodaukiaihka" fkdue;s" ysig nrla iys;"
ys;j;=ka ms<snòj ìòla iudcfha fï iq,n ;;ajh —
ndOl" lïlfgd¨
i,ld n,kak' Tjqka w;r wd;;sh˜ f,i ye`Èkafjhs' fï
ieye,a¨fjka" i;=áka" l,n,hla f.dkaklg iòyd bx.%Sis NdIdfjka iafg%ia
fkdue;sj" joùug ;rï wd¾Ól uqyqK foñka ±ä ^stress& hkqfjka Ndú; jk w;r
m%YAk" mjqf,a m%Yak" ld¾hd,fha fï ;;ajh iòyd ksjerÈ ffjoH
mßY%uhlska"
m%Yak fkdue;s" Wmßu udkisl úoHd;aul fhÿu jkafka Psycho-
ksoyiska hq;=j ^*q,a ß,elaia& ±ä fjfyilska Social Stress hkakhs' tÈfkod
jevlrk fyda Ôj;ajk lSfofkla yd mSvkhlaa Ôú;fha§ uqyqK fok fmdÿ
Tfí u;lhg k.d.; yelso@ iudcuh ;;ajhka yd fya;+ka
uOHfhah' w;s
tfiau Tn úYajúoHd, YsIHfhla fya;= fldgf.k f.dvkef.k
jqj;a fjk;a Odrdjl YsIHfhla nyq;rhla fokd udkisl jHdl+,;djhla tfia;a
jqj;a fj<ò jHdmdrhl fhfok Ôú;h ú¢kjd ke;skï udkisl ;;ajhla hkak
fyda fjk;a lafIa;%hl lghq;= tu ffjoH úoHd;aul fhÿu
fjkqjg Ôú;h
lrk flfkla jqj;a Tn yd ;=< .eíj we;s woyihs' th
iu. .efgk Tfí ys;j;=ka ú|jkjdh hkakg frda.S ;;ajhla fkdfõ' tfy;a
tfia ke;akï Tn weiqre lrk" Tn;a wm;a w;r È.=ld,Skj"wkjYH wdldrfhka
Tng wdikak;u iudc ljh ;=< hfula fulS wd;;sh iys; Ôjk
újdohla b;sß
by; lS ieye,a¨j iys; tfia rgdjl cSj;a jqjfyd;a u;=
ke;akï z*q,a ß,elaiaZ lS fofkla fkdjkq we;' lf,l úúO f,v frda.j,g yd
Tfí u;lhg k.d .; yelso@ fi!LH wiunr;djhkag ,laùfï
Tn úiska i,ld n,k tu bvlv by<h'
Tfí wdikak iudc ljh" ±ä fjfyilska yd mSvkhlaa fhful= tÈfkod Ôú;fha§
fmdÿ idudkH iudch ksrEmkh uOHfhah' w;s nyq;rhla fokd udkisl wd;;shg m;a ùug
flfrk l=,lhla kï fkdtfia Ôú;h ú¢kjd fjkqjg Ôú;h Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a fm!reIfha
kï úfYaIs; mqoa., fyda ú|jkjdh hkakg Tn;a wm;a hï hï ÿ¾j,;djhka uq,aúh
pß;j,ska ieÿï,;a úfYaIs; w;r újdohla b;sß fkdjkq yelsh' tfy;a wo olakg
lKavdhula fkdjkafka kï we;' Tn wm okakd y`ÿkk wh ,efnkafka l,d;=rlska
wm Tfnka weiQ mekhg ms<s;=r w;ßka ie,lsh hq;= msßila ysi mqoa.,fhl= fyda lsysmfokl=
fndfydaúg —lsisfjla ke;˜ lïu,la" .sks f.dvla jk ;rug Tjqkaf.a fm!reIfha wvqmdvqlï
fyda —l,d;=rlska tlaflfkla mSvkhla" wd;;shla ordf.k u; udkisl wd;;shg ,laj we;s
fokafkla'''˜ jkq we;' idudkH Ôj;afj;s' fkdtfiakï cSj;a ;;ajhla fkdj m%jK;djhla
iudcfha t;rïu msßila ;u ùug fmdrno;s' jhiska l=vdo f,i iudcfha ie,lsh hq;=
Ôjk .uk bÈßhg hkafka jhiska jeäo bf.k .kakjdo msßila Bg f.dÿre ù we;s
wfkal úO ÿlaL fodaukiaihka" /lshdjla lrkjdo ldka;djlao ;;ajhls'
ndOl" lïlfgd¨ f.dkaklg msßñfhlao .%dóho kd.ßlo ufkdaúoHd;aul
uqyqK foñka ±ä mßY%uhlska" W.;ao kQ.;ao uyd ukaÈrho oDIaáfldaKhlska neÆl<
mqoa.,hka udkisl th uqyqK §ug tajd udkisl wd;;shg ffcj ridhksl
wd;;shg ,laùfï kshñ; ;;ajhla fyda ;=vqfohs' l%shdj,shla wm i;=h'
B<`. uQ,sl ldrKh isoaêhlao úh yel' we;a; jYfhkau fuu ffcj ridhksl
jkafka Tyq fyda weh WodyrKhla f,i fmdÿ uyd iudc jHikhla l%shdj,sh u`.ska hï
olsk isysk ienElr m%jdyk fiajdjkays f,i udkisl wd;;sh wNsfhda.hla bÈßmsg§
.ekSug fyda b,lal .ukalsÍfï§ iqj iq,N ù ;sfnkafka wm WfoHda.Su;a fldg
lrk wjYH;djhka myiqj fkdue;sùu" fulS fojk fya;=j tu wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu
imqrd .ekSug ;uka i;= wêl u.S ;onoh" ksidfjkss' tkï wm iòyd wfma wjOdkh
iïm;a yd yelshdjka ßheÿrkaf.a wkdrlaIs; n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fhduqlsÍu ;Sj% lsÍu
m%udKj;a fkdjQ úg§h' ßh meoùu" Ôú;h wmg <`.dlr fukau wmg wu;r
th úNd.hlska fldkafodia;rjrekaf.a .ekSug wfmdfydi;a Yla;shlao ,nd§ ta
iu;aùu" Wiiaùula kqreiakd NdIdj ùfï mSvkh fya;=fjks' iòyd wmj fmd<Ujkq
,nd .ekSu jeks yd n,mEï" wjYH fuh yqÿ udkisl ,nhs'
b,lalhla fyda ia:dkfhka nifhka nei jHdl+,;ajhlska muKla úNd.hlg iQodkï
/lshdjla ,nd.ekSu .ekSug fkdyelsùu" fl<jr fkdfõ' jk wjia:djla
jeks cSú;fha lvbï b;sß uqo,a fkd,eîu" wfma isref¾ WodyrKhla f,i
n,dfmdfrd;a;=j, isg jdyk ;onoh" m%udo iajdNdúl l%shdldÍ;ajh .;fyd;a úNd.h
iaud¾Ü ÿrl:khla ùï wd§ tÈfkod ie,l+ úg" wmg hï iu;aúh hq;=hehs fyda
,nd.ekSu" yev-jev lghq;=j,§ uqyqKfok wNsfhda.hlg uqyqK iu;aùfuka wmg
we;s we`ÿula .ekSu fmdÿ" iq,n ;;ajhka §ug isÿjk wjia:dj,§ w;ajk jdish lS¾;sh
jeks cSú;fha tÈfkod úh yel' tfy;a fïjd ta iòyd id¾:lj fukau wiu;a ùfuka
fláld,Sk ir, wm tl`. fkdjk" uqyqK §ug wmj Wis uqyqK §ug isÿúh yels
wjYH;djhka iòyd jQ wm m%sh fkdlrk .kajk tfia ke;skï wNdjdÑl w;a±lSï
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla jqjo wdldrfhka isoaO jk wmj w;sf¾l f,i wdÈh u`.ska wm u;
úh yel' ;;ajhka jk neúka W;af;ackh lsÍfï we;s lrk f;rmqu
úiska wfma uq¿ tald.%;djhu jevlghq;=h'
úNd.h fj; fhoùug wmj fuu kj ,snr,ajd§ iudcfha
fmd<Ujhs' fjkod kshe¨k WodyrKhla mqoa.,hskag Bkshd ksoyila
úfkdaodxYj,g ld,h ñvx.= ,nd§ ;sfí' fld;ekl flfia
lsÍu wvqfjhs" fjkod wjÈ jQ
f,i .;fyd;a Ôj;a úh hq;=o@" l=ula ñ,§
fj,djg l<ska wjÈ ù fjkod úNd.h iu;aúh .; hq;=o@" l=ula wkqNj l<
jevl< ld,hg jeä ld,hla hq;=hehs fyda hq;=o@ l=ula mßyrKh l<
mdvï lsÍug wmj fmd<Ujhs' hq;=o fukau ld iu`. Ôj;aúh
fï lghq;a; isÿjkafka wfma
iu;aùfuka wmg hq;=o wdÈh f;dard .ekSfï Bkshd
isref¾ wNHka;rfha isÿjk w;ajk jdish iajdëk;ajhla wmg ,nd§ ;sfí'
fyda¾fudak fjkialulsks' lS¾;sh fukau fláfhka lsjfyd;a Ôj;aùfï§
—úNd.h˜ uki u; wm wdYdlrk foa f;dard.ekSfï
we;slrk mSvkh úiska wfma
wiu;a ùfuka ksoyila wmg ,nd§ ;sfí' fuu
YÍrdNHka;rfha weä%k,ska iy uqyqK §ug isÿúh iudcfha fï iajdëk;ajh tfia
flda¾áfida,a hk fyda¾fudak yels wNdjdÑl ke;akï ksoyi mj;ajdf.k
jeä m%udKhkaf.kaa uqod yeÍug hdug kï tlsfkldf.a wdYdjka
lghq;= flfrhs' fuu fyda¾fudak
w;a±lSï ;Dma; lsÍug ffjjdrkak
YÍrfha úúO wjhj yd moaO;s wdÈh u`.ska fj<ò NdKav" whs;u" ksIamdok
u; l%shdfldg yDo iamkaokh" wm u; we;s yd fiajdjka o iq,Nj ;sìh
fmky¨ l%shdldÍ;ajh" Yla;s hq;=h' tfy;a ta uqo,lgh' fï
ckkh wd§ l%shdj,Ska rdYsshla
lrk f;rmqu fl<jrla ke;s ffjjdrK;ajh
fõ.j;aù wm wNsuqj we;s úiska wfma uq¿ cks; lrkq ,nk wjYH;djhka
wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu iòyd tald.%;djhu ;Dma; lr.ekSug uqo,a
wm W;af;ackh lrjhs' fuh ;sìh hq;=h' tfyhska jeä jQ
hïlsis wdldrhlska wmj yÈis
úNd.h fj; ffjjdrK;ajh wjidkfha
wjia:djlg iQodkï lsÍuls fhoùug wmj wmg b;sß lrkafka wêl Ôjk
Êmergency Mode&' fmd<Ujhs' úhouls' fufia bgqlr .ekSug
we;a; jYfhkau fuu ffcj fkdyels fkd;s;a wjYH;djhka
úoHd;aul l%shdoduh" ñksid wm ;=< ffcj úoHd;aulj we;s
ìysjQ od isgu ñksidf.a meje;au lrkq ,nkafka by; m%;sl%shd
wdrlaId lsÍu Wfoid bjy,a jQ wjia:djg id¾:lj uqyqK§ug ud,djhs' fldf;la m%n,
l%shdoduhls' úf,dams;hskaf.ka muKla fkdfõ Bg f.dÿre f,i YÍrdNHka;ßlj wmj
yd wk;=reodhl wjia:djkaj,g fkdù th u`.yerhdugo wmj W;af;ackh l<o yelshdjkaf.a
uqyqKÿka wjia:dj,§ bka wNHka;ßlj iQodkï lsÍu fuu yd iïm;aj, iSudlï ksid wm
ñ§u iòyd foayh ;=<skau ffcj ridhksl l%shdj,sfha bÈßmsg cks; lrkq ,nk tu
iajdNdúlju wk;=re we`.ùï wruqKhs' wdYdjka wmg ;Dma;lr .;
ksl=;afjhs' thska flfrkafka úf,dams;hskag uqyqK§u yd fkdyel' fuhska isÿjkafka
YÍrdNHka;rfha weâßk,ska yd wk;=reodhl wjia:d flfia ksrka;rj wfma YÍrdNHka;rfha
flda¾áfida,a hk fyda¾fudak fj;;a kQ;kfha fuu wNHka;ßl wmj W;af;ackh lsÍfï ffcj
uqodyeÍfï l%shdj,shhs' oyÈh Ôj l%shdj,sh W;af;ackh ùug úoHd;aul l%shdoduh il%sh ù
±óu" Nh" yDo iamkaokh uq,aù ;sfnkafka by;ska WodyrK ;sîuhs' tkï ye,afï isÿjk
jeäùu wdÈh ;=<ska u;=msgg f,i ±lajQ cSú;fha ;SrKd;aul ffcj úoHd;aul l%shdoduhla
m%ldY jkafka ta iajdNdúl wjia:djka fukau uqo,a fjkqjg iEuúgu Emergency
Ôj l%shdj,shhs' uqyqK fok .kqfokq" mjq,a cSú;fha foaj,a" mode ;;ajh l%shd;aul ùuhs'
Nhxlr fyda wk;=reodhl f,vfrda. jeks tÈfkod Ôú;fha wm fï idlÉPd lrñka
isák udkisl wd;;sh fuu ridhksl úm¾hdih wd;;sh wêl mßirhl
hï hï wjia:dj, wmg isref¾ iEu moaO;shla fkdtfiakï iudchl
ys;lr" jdisodhl f,io u;u n,md wjidkfha ,sx.sl wjYH;djhka yd
l%shd lrhs' WodyrKhla wfma isrer f,v l< wdYdjka jeä jeäfhka
f,i ;r.h wm u; yel' biau;=úh yel' fï
we;s lrkafka udkisl we;aa;jYfhkau wo Okjd§ iudcfha tu
wd;;shls' tu udkisl iudcfha udkisl jHdëka" biau;=j tk ,sx.sl
wd;;sh ch.%yKh lrd ishÈú kid .ekSï" úúO ;Dma;sh ms<snò fm<Uquo
hdug wmj Wis.kajhs' u;aøjHj,g weíneysùï fmr<d fj<òdula
tfy;a wêl ;r.h fyda wdÈh iq,N ù ;sfnkafka njg m;afjhs' gh¾
iEu ;eklu iEu Èklu fï fya;=fjks' fnda úlsKSu iòyd;a ,sx.sl
;r.h wm ch.%yKh fkdjk frda. .Khg wdl¾IKh Wis.ekafjk
lrd f.khdug jefgk wê reêr mSvkh" f,i ldka;djka fhdod
W;af;ackhla fkdj wm Èh jeähdj" yDohdndO" .efkkafka ta ksidfjks'
fm<Suls' tys fyd|u .eiag%hsàia" wdydr ,sx.sl;ajh iòyd;a
ksoiqk 05 YsIH;aj úNd. rgdfõ úúO fjkia ùï ñ,la kshu fjk w;r ta
hhs' tys we;s wêl u.ska ia:Q,;djh fyda iòydo ffjjdrK;ajhla
;r.h <ud uki úlD;s ukaofmdaIKh wd§ wdfoaYfjhs' tys wksjd¾h
lrk" .=K.rellï frda.dndO wêl ù m%;sm,h ldka;d ysxikh"
iduQysl;ajh fkdue;s ;sfnkafka fï fya;=fjks' wmpdr yd iodpdrfha
wd;aud¾:ldñfhla ukfia f.dvkef.k ìòjeàï jeks iudc
ìyslrk ;rugu" <uhska wd;;sfhka ksoyia ùug fÄojdplhkah'
udkislj lvd jÜgjd úúO wh úúOdldrfha fï wdldrfhka
frda.Ska njg m;alrk mshjrhka .ks;s' hï wd;;sh hkq tla ;ekl"
uÜgugu uyd úkdYhla nqoaêuÜgula iys; tla mqoa.,fhl=g fyda
ù ;sfí' flfkla fï ;;ajh lsysmfofkl=g" hï
weä%k,ska" f;areï f.k wd;;sfhka ld,jljdkqjl muKla
flda¾áfida,a jeks ñ§u iòyd ix.S;hg n,mj;ajk .eg¨jla
fyda¾fudak wfma ijka§u" lS%vd lsÍu fkdj iudchu fj<d
YÍrfhau ksmojQj;a" úúO úfkdaodxYj, .;a iudc .eg¨ je,la
wNsfhda. yuqfõ fkdkeiS ksr;ùu" ñ;=re weiqr" ks¾udKh lrk iy
isàug WmldÍjqj;a ;u .eg¨ ;j;a flfkla wjidkfha iudchla
§¾>ld,Skj isrerg iu`. idlÉPd lsÍu f,i miq.dó ;eklg
whym;a f,i n,mdhs' wdÈh isÿlrhs' tfy;a weojeàug uÕmdok
ffcj úoHd;aulj wfma iuyfrla fï iòyd .eg¨jls'
YÍrh ;ekS we;af;a m%;spdr olajkafka
l,d;=rlska uqyqK§ug fjk;a whqrlska úh
isÿjk yÈis wjia:djkag yel' u;aøjH Ndú;
uqyqK§u msKsi jqj;a lsÍu" wêl f,i fldam
tÈfkod wjYH;djhka .ekSu" wdrjq,a we;slr
bIag lr.ekSug;a .ekSu" /lshd w;ayeÍu"
zWmßu .shrfha oud uq¿.ekaùï wdÈh ta
mE.SugZ isÿùfuka" §¾> w;r fjhs' wd;;sfhka
ld,Skj f.dvkef.k ñ§fï§ ,sx.sl úkaokho
wd;;sh úiska isÿflfrk tla l%uhls' ta ksid
wd;;sfha ffjoH tÉ'mS' Oïñl
È. i udch ms<s.;a" —mqoa.,hka wrf.k' ta .ek ug
m
jeo.;a ;sfofkla <Õ§ ÿlhs'
/lshdjla lrk udf.a Woõ m;d f;jekakd
uf.a ñ;=ßhla b|ysg wdy' m<uqjekakd Wiiafm< YsIHdjls'
<
u;ameka mdkh jHdmdßlfhls' Tyq wehg u;l ;nd
lrk nj ud oek Okjf;ls' id¾:l .ekSug wmyiqh' —
.;af;a wyïnfhks' wfhls' tfy;a Tyqg uu meh .Kka fmd;a
úYajúoHd, Ôú;fhka ksod.; fkdyels úh' Èyd n,df.k ysáhg
,
iuqf.k ie,lsh hq;= zfvdlag¾Z Tyq l:dj lsisfohla f;areï
wdodhula ,nkakd wdrïN lf<ah' úials .kak neye' u;l
jQ /lshdjla l<o ld,l=;a tlal ksÈfm;s ysákafka keye'˜ weh
weh bka ;Dma;su;aj 10la j;a fkdìõfjd;a mejiqjdh'
fkdisáhdh' ug kskao hkafka keye' fï wdldrfhka
/lshdfjka wk;=rej tfyu fj,;a kskafoka wm ldg;a ffoksl
kjd;ekg ù ;ksju ke.sÜgg miafia uu Ôú;fha§ wmg
ld,h .; lsÍug fyd|g ksod.;a;d yuqjk" wmo we;=<;a
isÿùu;a" ksYaÑ; lsh,d ug ysf;kafka wd;;sfhka fmf<k
wruqKlska f;drj keye'˜ ñ;=rka" {d;Ska" ms<sn|
Èkfha b;sß fldgi fojekakd WodyrK ie,lsh hq;=
.; lsÍug isÿùu;a .DyKshls' wehg m%udKhla mejish
weh ;jÿrg;a orejka ;sfofkl= yelsh' wd;;sh
úvdm;a lr ;snqKs' isák w;r iajdñhd ^STRESS& t;rï iq,n
u;ameka mdkh" weh úfoaY.;ù isà' weh w;aoelSuls' tfy;a
;=< j¾Okh fjñka ud fj; tjd ;snqfKa th wd;;sh hehs wms
;snQ yqfol,dj" yd udf.a ys;j;a iakdhq fkdis;uq'
w;Dma;sh ;djld,slj ffjoH úfYaI{fhl= wd;;sh flá
iukh lsÍug bjy,a úisks' wehg l,l ld,Sk ^short term&
jQ kuqÿ wehf.a .eg¨j isg ysirohla mej;s È.= ld,Sk ^long term&
wjika lf<a ke;' w;r Bg fya;=j weh fyda l,a mj;akd
úfYaI{ fkdo;a;dh' —uf.a ^chronic& ke;akï
ufkdaffjoH uydpd¾h fï ysiroh yjig ksoka.; wd;;sh úh
rñka ykaje,a, uy;d jeä fjkjd' ug yelsh' flá ld,Sk
HOW TO IMPROVE <uhska .ek ks;r wd;;sh Ôj úoHd;aul
YOUR MIND kï Tyqf.a flaka;s hkjd' ta wh ixisoaêhls' ;r.
lD;sfhys Tyq uqyqK md,kh lr.kak yßu úNd.hl§" lS%vd
ÿka w;aoelSï lsysmhla wudrehs' uu oeka ta ;r.hl§" flá ld,Sk
,shd ;snqKs' whg .ykak mgka wNsfhda.hl§ we;sjk
wd;;sh ydksodhl YS% ,xldj ;=< udkisl frda.S ;;ajhla ;sfnk lvd mksk ck;djo
ixisoaêhla fkdfõ' th frda.Skaf.a .Kk nj oek.;a; o Bg wms oel we;af;uq'
w;HjYH Ôj úoHd;aul fkdlvjd jeä fjñka m%Óldr fkd.ks;s' fï wd§ jYfhka wm
m%;sls%hdjls' ydksodhl ;sfnk njhs' udkisl wd;;sh kï frda.S ksjfia§;a" mdif,a§;a"
jkafka tjekakla fi!LHh ms<sn| cd;sl ;;ajfhka fmf<k u.f;dfÜ§;a" jev
fkdue;skïh' flá wdh;kfha ixLHd mqoa.,hka ms<sn| mf<a§;a" tmuKla
ld,Sk wd;;sh yÈis f,aLk j,g wkqj ksYaÑ; ixLHdf,aLk fkdj kdgH Yd,dfõ§
wjia:djl§ ,xldfõ ck.ykfhka fkdue;s kuq;a by; Ñ;%mg Yd,dfõ§" ix.S;
wNsfhda.hl§ Bg 1$5la tkï 20]la fmdÿ ;;ajh i,ld ixo¾Ykfha§ mjd .;
id¾:lj uqyqK §u lsishï fyda udkisl ne,Sfï§ wm Ôj;a lrkafka fkdbjis,su;a
i|yd mqoa.,hdj frda.hlska fmf<a' jk iudcfha ie,lsh lulskah' fkdikaiqka
iQodkï lrhs' ^2013 Tla'06& tkï hq;= msßila wd;;shka lulskah' fkdiEyqKq
mqoa.,hdg ldhslj;a" ck.ykfhka iEu fmf<k nj fmfkkakg lulskah' iudch
udkislj;a wNsfhda. miafofkl=f.ka ;sfí' ;=< lsishï .eg¨ldÍ
hlg uqyqK§u i|yd tla wfhla lsishï nia r:hl§ ;;ajhla mj;sk nj
ilia lrhs' tfy;a fyda udkisl frda. ßhÿrd;a" álÜ f;areï .ekSug ksYaÑ;
È.=ld,Sk wd;;sh;a" hlska fmf<hs' tkï lvkakd;a u.Skag ixLHd f,aLku wjYH
l,amj;akd ke;skï 4"189"243la udkisl neK jÈk whqre;a" ke;' by; w;aoelSï
ksoka.; wd;;sh;a tfia frda.Skah' fmr<d u.Ska Tjqka j,ska m%ldYhg m;a
fkdfõ' th widudkH tlS wdh;kfha fj; neKjÈk whqre;a flfrkafka tys .=Khhs'
;;ajhls' frda.S ixLHdf,aLkj,g wkqj wms oel we;af;uq' wm tla tla
;;ajhls' fï wh w;=ßka m%Óldr jdyk ßhÿrka uyuÕ§ mqoa.,hd wd;;sfhka
udkisl fi!LH ,nd .kafka 20]la tlsfkld neK .kakd fmf<k úg th Tyq
ms<sn| wdh;kfha muKs' fndfyda fofkl= whqre wms olsuq' fyda weh flfrka tla
úfYaI{ ufkdaffjoH tkï 80]la ;ukag frday,l§ frda.Skag fyda ;j;a wdldrhlg
kS,a m%kdkaÿ uy;d udkisl neKjÈk fyÈhka m%ldYhg m;afõ' Tyq
SUNDAY TIMES mqj;a frda.hla ;sfíhhs yd ffjoHjrekao fyda weh widudkH
m;g m%ldYlr ;snqfKa fkdoks;s' ke;fyd;a fmr<d Tjqka fj; ke;skï frda.S ;;ajhla
nj fkdoek isáho jákdlï yd m%ñ;Ska j¾Okh ùug fujka yd îu;alu jeäùu"
olaI ffjoHjrfhl=g nrm;< f,i fjkia jgmsgdjl § u;=jk ßh wk;=re m%udKh
th y÷kd.; yelsh' ù ;sfí' Wvqhál=re ù fkdbjis,su;alu" by<hdu" udkisl
tfiau iudcfha ;sfí' fï ;;ajh ;=< fkdikaiqkalu" yd yd iakdhq frda. j,ska
ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hla mqoa.,hdg fkdiEyqkalu fya;=fõ' fmf<kakkaf.a ixLHdj
wd;;sfhka fmf<kafka /lshdfõ lghq;=;a" /lshdfõ§" ksjfia§" by<hdu" wdh;kj,
kï mqoa.,fhl= ;=< ish mqoa.,sl Ôú;h;a" lvfmdf<a§" u.f;dfÜ§ ls%hdldß;ajh wvqùu"
th m%ldYhg m;ajk mjq,a Ôú;h;a w;r we;sjk jdÑl .egqï" iy fmdÿfõ wd¾Ól
whqßkau iudch ;=< iunr;dj mj;ajdf.k fjk;a wdldrhkaf.a j¾Okh wvqùu
th m%ldYhg m;a úh hdu b;du .eg¨ .egqï iuia;hla o wd;;sfha iudc
hq;= fkdjkafkao@ th iy.; ù we;' yeu f,i by< hhs' m%ldYkhla f,i isÿfõ'
iudcuh .=Khla njg
m;a fkdjkafkao@
wd;;sfha i,l=Kq
tfia;a ke;akï frda.
,laIK wmg iEu
;eklu oel.; Okjdofha fï wjêh ;=< M,odhS;dj ke;skï
yelsh' mqoa.,hka ;=< ld¾hlaIu;dj by< oud .ekSu Wfoid ord.;
th tla wdldrhlska
m%ldYhg m;ajk w;r fkdyels ld¾h m%udKhla mqo.
a ,hka u; mgjd
iudch ;=< th ;j;a
wdldrhlska m%ldYhg
we;' /lshdj ;=< b,lal imqrd,sh hq;h
= ' yeuúgu
m;afõ' lsisÿ iudc mßmQ¾K ùug n,flÍ ;sfí' ;r.ldß;ajh iEu
lKavhula fyda lsisÿ
jhia ldKavhla bka ish¨ fohlau fj,d f.kh' iudc jákdlï yd
w;añ§ fkdue;' m%ñ;Ska nrm;< f,i fjkia ù ;sfí' Wvqhál=re ù
l,lg fmr
jeämqr jefvys ;sfí'
fh§fuka ksfrda.S Ndjh
we;sfõhhs u;hla
mej;sks' tfy;a th
w;S;hg Wreu fohla
muKs' Okjdofha fï úgu tll jqjukdjka iudcfha ish¨ fokdu Èlalido m%udKh
wjêh ;=< M,odhS;dj wfkflys jqjukdjka w;Dma;sfhka fmf<a' by< hdug wd;;sh
ke;skï ld¾hlaIu;dj iu. .efghs' th idudðl;ajfhka tlu fya;=j fkdfõ'
by< oud .ekSu Wfoid uy;a jOhls' iudc ie,lsh hq;= fldgila ta i|yd n,mdkakdjQ
ord.; fkdyels ld¾h jákdlï Wvqhál=re wd;;sfhka fmf<k fjk;a ixialD;sluh
m%udKhla mqoa.,hka ùfuka mrd¾:ldñ;ajh iudchl th yd iodpdruh idOl
u; mgjd we;' /lshdj m,df.dia we;' fï ksid úúOdldrfhka fmkakqï mj;S' tfy;a Èlalido
;=< b,lal imqrd,sh .eg¨jl§ iudchSh lrkakg mgka .kS' isÿùug n,mdkakdjQ
hq;=h' yeuúgu jYfhka ,efnk iyh iudch ;=< Èlalido idOl w;=ßka tlls
mßmQ¾K ùug n,flÍ wju ù we;' iEu by<hdu" <ud wmpdr wd;;sh' YS% ,xldj
;sfí' ;r.ldß;ajh mqoa.,fhl=u wirKh' jeäùu" ñkSuereï wd§ jeks wdishd;sl rglg
iEu ish¨ fohlau wm by;§ idlÉPd wmrdO m%udKh by< fuh úfYaIfhka
fj,d f.kh' iudc l< iudchSh .egqï hdu" u;aøjH Wjÿr wod<fõ' YS% ,xldj ;=<
Èlalidoùfï m%jK;dj urK ixLHdj wvq jqjo j, ls%hdldß;ajh fõ.h wvq lsÍug;a
j¾Okh fjñka mj;S' wmrdO j, oreKqlu wvqùu iudc wd;;sfha fya;=jk nj fmfka'
o< jYfhka rg ;=< iy lDDrlu by< hñka m%ldYkhla f,i fï wdldrhg
Èklg Èlalido 400la mj;sk nj fmd,sia idlÉPd flf¾' b,lal OfkaYajr l%ufha tlu
muK isÿfõ hhs .Kka jd¾;d i|yka lrhs' miqmi yUd hdu;a" wruqK jk w;sßla;
n,d;sfí' udkisl yd úfõlh wvqùu;a úiska jákdlï miq mi yUd
ßh wk;=re iakdhq frda.j,ska mqoa.,hdf.a ksoyia hdu" fyj;a ,dNh
ixLHdjo ßh fmf<kakkaf.a ixLHdj ls%hdldß;ajh iSud miqmi yUdhdu úiska
wk;=rej,ska isÿjk YS% ,xldj ;=< wLKavj flf¾' fï fya;=fjka OfkaYajr iudcfha tla
urK ixLHdj wm rg by< hñka mj;S' Tjqka fmdÿ lghq;= tla mqoa.,hd wd;;sfhka
;=< wLKav j¾Okhl 2016 jif¾§ muKla iy iafõÉPd lghq;= fmf<kakl= njg
mj;S' 1977 jif¾§ YS% udkisl frda.S ;;ajhka flfrka wE;a fõ' tjka m;alr we;s w;ru
,xldj ;=< jirl§ mj;sk frda.Ska 51"788la iudchl iafõÉPd t;ekska fkdkej;S
ßh wk;=re j,ska urK y÷kdf.k ;snqKs' 2017 ixúOdk ls%hdldß;ajh th iudcuh .=Khla
isÿù we;af;a 750 lg jif¾ uq,a ld¾;=j ;=< mj;ajdf.k hdug njg m;ajk ;rugu
wdikak ixLHdjls' muKla udkisl frda.Ska ÿIalrfõ' th m%udKd;aulj
2015 jif¾§ muKla fya;=fjka mqoa.,hka M,odhS;dj by< oud ;sfí' mqoa.,
ßh wk;=re j,ska urK 13103la frday,a .; wvqùu;a" ta fya;=fjkau wd;;sfha;a iudc
2700la muK isÿù lr ;snqKs' óg wu;rj wdh;kj, ,dNh wd;;sfha;a wdikak
we;' th Bg fmr îu;a lu o iudch wvqùu;a" fmdÿfõ fya;=j úúOdldr úh
jirg jvd 300l jeä ;=< jeäjk wd;;sfha rgl wd¾Ól j¾Ok yelsh' tfy;a tys
ùuls' iajrEmh fy<s lrk fõ.h wvqùug;a iudc uq,anei.;a ienE fya;=j
uE; ld,h ;=< fyd|u ks¾Kdhlhls' wd;;sh n,mdhs' fulS OfkaYajr iQrdlEu
YS% ,xldfõ wmrdO fi!LH wud;HdxY ldrKdj,g iudc nj fmfka' tfia jQ
fya;=fjka isÿjk urK ixLHd f,aLkj,g wkqj wd;;sh Rcq fyda tlu úg udkisl fi!LH
jeä jYfhka isÿjQfha YS% ,xldfõ ck.ykfha fya;=j fkdjkakg m%;sldr úê j¾Okh
2006 jif¾§h' tu 50]la u îug mq¿jk' tfy;a th lsÍfuka udkisl fi!LH
jif¾§ tjeks urK weíneysjQjkah' u;aøjH jl%j M,odhS;dj wvq fiajdj by< oeuQjo
3251la isÿù we;' bka Wjÿro Èkm;d j¾Okh lsÍug;a" wdh;kj, mqoa., wd;;sh;a iudc
miq t<eô jir j,§ fjñka mj;skakls' ,dNh wvq lsÍug;a" wd;;sh;a tf,iu mj;S'
wmrdO fya;=fjka isÿjk iafõÉPd ixúOdk rgl wd¾Ól j¾Ok
Okjdoh"
mrdfrdamKh iy
wd;;sh wekagka chfldä
ld hslj fyda
udkislj
wk;=rg ,la fkdùug
ie,ls,su;a jk w;ru
wd;;sh
iïnkaOfhkao wm by;
fi,S —The non-specific
responce of the body to
wm ;=< we;s jk ÿla Bg ,lajk iefKka wms lshk ,o wdldrfhka any demand of change˜
fõokdjla ffcj bka bj;a fjuq' neÆ úg we;af;a fujeks wd;;sh f,i ks¾jpkh
úoHd;aul fyda ldhsl Tfí w; meyeÈ,s lsÍuls' th lr we;'&
úoHd;aul fyda .skso¿jlg yiqjk wkjYH fohla jYfhka wms by; úia;r
oDIaáhlska .;a úg iefKka Tn w; bj;g fkdie,fla' wmg uqyqK l< YdÍßl fyda
wmsg wkjYH tajd weo .kakd w;r Tfí §ug isÿjk yÈis udkisl fõokdjkao
fkdfõ' wmf.a YÍrfha mfha lgqjla .egqKq mdßißl fyda iudcuh úfgl wmf.a ffcj
fldgilg wk;=rla iefKka Tn th ;;ajhla i|yd isrer úoHd;aul" ldhsl
isÿ jQ ieKska wmg bj;g weo .kS' ta bka yd uki iQodkï lsÍu úoHd;aul wdrCIdfõ
th fõokdldÍ f,i we;sjk fõokd iy.; zwd;;sshZ jYfhka iSudj blaujd hk nj
oefka' tneúka wms ixfõokh ksidh' ie,fla' ^1936 § yEkaia wms oksuq' túg wms
ta i|yd úúO ms<shï ke;' tfukau Tjqka Tjqkaf.a idlÉPd lrkqfha 1844
fhdouq¦ fõokd kdYl wm fuys§ wmf.a ;;ajhka iy jákdlï jif¾§ Tyq úiska
T!IO Ndú;d lruq¦ wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka ms<sn| ñ:Hdjkaf.a .s,S rÑ; kuq;a 1930 jk
Èrd.sh o; .,jd bj;a zwd;;shZ kï ;;ajh isá;s' yqol,dNdjfhka f;la m%isoaêhg m;a
lruq¦ wmg je<f|k jHdêhla njg m;a jk yd mrdð;Ndjfhka fkdlrk ,o —wd¾Ól
frda.hkag m%;sldr wdldrh;a" th l%ufhka msreKq fï f,dalh" yd od¾Yksl w;a
lrk w;ru tajd f,dj mqrd me;sr hdu;a iudch wmf.a tlu msgm;a˜ ysh' fuys§
j<lajd .ekSu i|yd thg fya;= jk iudc brKuo@ mrdfrdams; udlaia Tyqf.a wjOdkh
mßirh ilia lruq¦ wd¾Ól foaYmd,k nj ukqIH iajNdjh Y%ufhys ú.,s;Ndjh
úIîc - nelaàßhd miqìu;a ms<sn|jh' úiska we;slrjkaklao@ foi fhduq lrhs' udkj
wdÈh úkdY lr ouuq' Okjdoh" mS%;su;a ke;skï iudcuh iajdNdjfha flakaøh
wd;;sh iïnkaOfhkao iy mßmQ¾K Ôú;hla ks¾ñ;hlao@ jkafka" ksoyia iy
wmf.a m%;spdrh by; ms<sn| ksula ke;s ixoDIaáljdoh ks¾udKYS,S Y%uh nj
wdldrfhkauh' fmdfrdkaÿj,ska wmf.a êxistentialism& jeks udlaiaf.a Wml,amkhhs'
j¾;udkfha wd;;sh Ôú; mqrjd,k iudc od¾Yksl m%jK;djhka tfy;a Okjd§ l%uh
ms<sn| wmg wjOdkh l%uhls' tfy;a h:d¾:h mjikafka mrdfrdamKh ;=< ñksia wjYH;djh"
fhduq l< hq;= úfYaI foi neÆ úg Okjdoh ukqIH iajNdjhla tkï ksoyia iy
fya;=jla u;= ù we;' ;=< f,dj iEu fldklu njhs' ixoDIAáljd§ ks¾udKYS,S Y%ufha
tkï th —tÉ'whs'ù'˜ olakg ,efnkafk od¾Yksl m%jK;djfha wjYH;djh l%uj;a
jeks ffjri u`.ska fudkjdo@ bgq lr ksfhdað;hska jkafka f,i ì| oukq ,nhs'
me;sfrk" ke;akï .ekSug fkdyels jQ ðka fmda,a idf;%a" Okjdoh ;=< ñksiqkag
jix.; frda.hla fuka n,dfmdfrd;a;=j,ska we,afnhd leuq" ksÜfIa" ksoyia fyda ks¾udKYS,S
f,dj mqrd fõ.fhka msreKq iy iuyr fvdiaf;dõials wd§kah' Y%uhla uqodyeÍug
j¾Okh fjñka me;sr úgl tajdhska fyïn;a ukqIH iajdNdjh ksid bvla ,efnkafka ke;'
hkakla njg m;aj jQ ñksiqka" by< hñka we;sjk ;;ajhla neúka Ôj;a ùu i|yd l=uk
;sîuh' tÉ'whs'ù' mj;sk Èlalido th fkdje<elaúh yels fyda /lshdjl fh§ug
md,kh lr .ekSug m%;sY;" <ud wmpdr" ;;ajhlao jk nj Tjqkg n, flf¾' tys§
yels jQj;a wd;;sh .Dyia: ysxikh" Tjqkaf.a ms<s.ekSuhs' hful=f.a Y%uh Tyqf.a
ms<sn| m%Yakh wmd,s; u;aøjH weíneys ùï" kuq;a udlaiajdoh leue;a;g" ,eÈhdjg
ù we;' udkisl wd;;sh iy ;¾l lrkafka" msáka je.sfrk ke;skï
jeo.;au lreK kï by<hñka mj;sk mrdfrdams; nj ú.,s; Y%uhla njg
wo f,dj mqrd me;sr udkisl wdndOhkag fmdÿfõ mx;s iudcfha m;a fõ'
hk fuu zwd;;shZ f.dÿre jQjkaf.ka ksIamdokhla jk w;r 1844 wd¾Ól
ffjria fyda nelaàßhd msreKq" l<lsÍfuka hq;=" Okjdoh ;=< th tys od¾Yksl w;amsgm;ays
widokhla fkdjk w;Dma;su;a Ôú;j,ska Wmßuh lrd .uka udlaia mjikafka
iudc wd¾Ól ;;ajhka msreKq f,djls¦ lrk njh' wmg fndfyduhla ñksiqkag
úiska we;s lrkakla yqol,dNdjhg m;a iudch .s,S we;s fuu ;uka jev lrk
ùuhs' wd;;sh" tys jQjkaf.a iudchls' iajNdjfhka .e,ùug ld,h w;sYhskau
,CIK iy ta ;=<ska fndfydaúg kï wm úiska mj;sk fjfyilr" wm%ikak
we;sjk wfkl=;a frda. w¾:j;a iy msßmqka iudc wd¾Ól l%uh w;aoelSula njh'
dndO ms<sn| fuu Ôú; fjkqjg we;af;a iyuq,ska Wvq hál=re ñksiqka fikiqrdod
i`.rdfjys fjk;a ;eka mrdfrdams; nj ms<sn| l< hq;= fõ' rd;s%h ke;skï i;s
lsysmhlu idlÉPd jk w;aoelSïh' fndfyda udlaia jvd;a wka;h meñfKk f;la
neúka wm ta ms<sn| fofkla iajhx iúia;rd;aulj n,d isà' ñksiqka jev
fuys§ idlÉPd lrkafka /jàïys meg,S isá;s' mrdfrdamKh ms<sn| lrkafka i;s wka;h
fndfyda fofkla úYajdi lrkafka" fuh fkdje<elaúh
yels fohla njh' /lshd" iajdNdjfhkau mSvdldÍ
iy wm%ikak;djhla we;s lrk njh' kuq;a udlaia
;¾l lrkafka" th tfia fkdjk njh' jev hkq ;u
ks¾udKYS,S;ajfha iajhx m%ldYkhla jkafka kï th
w¾:j;a jkafkah' tjeks wdldrfhka wmg jev lsÍug
,efnkafka kï wmf.a Ôú; ;=< mßmQrK njla" w¾:
mQ¾K njla iy ;Dma;su;a njla wmg oefkhs'
fjkqfjks' Tjqkg iudc úoHd{jßh ;u njh' jev hkq ;u fuys m%;sM,h

iykhla oefkkafka lD;sfha my; jd¾;dj ks¾udKYS,S;ajfha iajhx jkafka" hfula tla
fiajfhka bj;a jQ úgh' bÈßm;a lrhs' m%ldYkhla jkafka kï ksYaÑ; ld¾hhla
1840 .Kkaj,§" —weußldkq th w¾:j;a jkafkah' muKla l< yels
udlaia uQ,sl jYfhka jeäysáhkaf.ka 30] tjeks wdldrfhka wmg mqoa.,fhl= njg m;a
i|yka lrk ,oafoa la mjikafka Tjqka jev lsÍug ,efnkafka ùuh' kuq;a ñksil=g
taldldÍ núka iy Èkm;du wêl kï wmf.a Ôú; ;u Ôú;h ms<sn|
mSvdfjka hq;= *elagß wd;;shg m;ajk njh' ;=< mßmQrK njla" msßmqka njla oefkkqfha
Y%uh ms<sn|jh' tfy;a Bg;a jeä ixLHdjla w¾: mQ¾K njla iy úúO yelshdjka iys;j
19jeks ishjfia ueo ;uka i;shlg jrla ;Dma;su;a njla wmg úúO ls%hdldrlïys
*elagß lïlrejd fyda fojrla wêl oefkhs' fh§ug yels jQ úgh'
ms<sn| ;;ajh wd;;shg m;ajk nj kuq;a .eg¨j Okjdoh
20jeks ishjfia iy mji;s' weußldkqjka jkafka Okjdoh hgf;a mrdfrdamKh W;amdokh
21jeks ishjfia kQ;k jpkfha ienE fndfyda ñksiqkag fuu lrk fojeks lreK
Y%ñlhdgo wod<h' w¾:fhkau Tjqkaf.a iajNdjfha /lshd - jev kï" b;d l=vd msßila
Okjd§ wdrïNl urKh fjkqfjka jev lghq;= fkdue;s ùuh' úiska ksIamdok
hq.fha hka;% iQ;%j, lrñka isá;s' /lshd jev lrk ck;djf.a udOHhka md,kh
isg l¾udka; Yd,d wjia:dj yDo frda." uq¿ Ôú; wka;¾.;hu lrkq ,eîuh' fuksid
b;d úYd, ÈhqKqjla wê reêr mSvkh" Okjdoh úiska meyer fndfyda ñksiqkag isÿj
,nd we;' jdhq iukh wdudY.; .eg¨" .kS' Bg fya;= folla we;af;a Y%u Yla;sh
lrk ,o iy YdÍßl udkisl wj mSvkh" udlaia wjOdrKh lrhs' úlsKSfuka Ôj;a
mSvdj fmrg idfmaCIj úvdj iy fjk;a frda. m<uq lreK kï ùugh' Okjdoh hgf;a
b;d wvq hehs mejish .Kkdjlg fya;=j Okjdoh ;=< we;s lrkq jevlrk ckhdg
yels l¾udka;Yd,d wo njg m;aj we;'˜ ,nk Y%u úNckhhs' fjk;a wh fjkqfjka
olakg we;' tfy;a fndfyda fofkla tkï hï ksIamdok jev lsÍug isÿj we;'
tu jevìï ;=<o" iqÿ úYajdi lrkafka" fuh ld¾hhla b;d l=vd fuys m%;sM,h jkafka"
lrmá /lshd lrkjqka fkdje<elaúh yels fldgia rdYshlg Y%ñlhska ;=< jev
;=<o we;sjk mSvkfha fohla njh' /lshd" leãuh' fuys§ tla i|yd jk iajdNdúl
fjkila ke;' iajdNdjfhkau mSvdldÍ wfhl= ;=< tu l=vd wdYdj ke;s ù hduh'
—The Over Worked iy wm%ikak;djhla fldgi ms<sn| úfYaI tksid jevlsÍfï
American˜ kï lD;sh we;s lrk njh' kuq;a m%.=K;djhla we;s lrk ;Dma;shlska f;drj ;u
rpkd lrk cq,hsÜ udlaia ;¾l lrkafka" w;r fuh ,dNh by< wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu
fIda¾ ^Juliet Schor& kï th tfia fkdjk kexùug fya;= fõ' fjkqfjka ke;skï
Ôú;h mj;ajdf.k ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hdf.a Y%ufhka fjka flf¾' ls%hdldß;ajhg isÿjk
hdu fjkqfjka jev ks¾udKYS,S;ajh ;u hemqï udOHka n,mEu úiska we;s lrk
lsÍug isÿfõ' iy yelshdj kej; Wmojd .ekSfï yelshdj úúO frda.S ;;ajhkao
—c¾uka o¾Ykjdoh˜ Ndú;djg .ksñka fmdÿ ñksid i;= úfYaI .=Kh ffokslj by< hdu
;=< udlaia iy tx.,aia hym; i|yd odhl ke;skï idrh jYfhka j,lajd .ekSug ffjoH
mrdfrdamKh —wmf.a ùug bv újr lrkakls' udlaia y÷kajhs' úoHdj wiu;aj we;'
ksIamdokhkag wmg tu ls%hdldß;ajh tfy;a Okjdoh ;=< bÈßhgo wiu;a jkq
tfrys n,hla f,i Ôú;fha hemqï udOH lïlrejdg tjeks we;' Bg fya;=j kï
wmf.a md,kfhka muKla fkdj Ôú;fha Y%uhl fh§ug bvla frda. ldrl we;af;a
f;drj j¾Okh jk uQ,sl wjYH;do imqrkq ke;' Tyq hka;%hl iudc foayh ;=< ùuh'
iudc ls%hdj,shla f,i˜ we;' fldgils' wjidk wd;;sl ;;ajh
fmkajd fohs' Y%ufhka flfia fj;;a jYfhka Tyq ;udf.kau hkq ñksidf.a ìysùfï
fjka ù" iajdëkj" Okjdoh wLKavj mj;S fukau tlsfkldf.kao mgkau" iajhx
Y%uhg tfrysj ke.S kï mrdfrdamKho fjka jQ wfhla njg m;a wdrCIl Wml%uhla
isák" Y%ufha ;;ajhla mj;skq we;' wd¾Ól fõ' f,i mej;shls'
f,i;a" iudcfhka fjka yd od¾Yksl w;a fuu ;;ajh mrdfrdams; nj mx;s
ù iajdëkj" iudchg msgm;a ;=< udlaia ñksid ;=<ska m%ldYhg iudch ìys ùu;a
tfrysj ke.S isák mrdfrdamKfha me;s m;a jkafka flfiao@ iu. jeã j¾Okh
iudc n,hla ke;akï .Kkdjla idlÉPd w;Dma;sh" wiykh" ù bÈßhg meñKshls'
—hula˜ f,i;a m%d.aOkh lrhs' udkisl mSvd wd;;sh tfy;a wd;;sh iajhx
úia;r lrhs' m<uqj ksIamdolhd wd§ jYfhkah' wdrCIdfjka ñ§
kuq;a wmg ksIamdok udOHhkaf.ka lïue,slu" ÿ¾uqLNdjh iudcuh jHdêhla njg
Okjdoh fmr<d oeñh fjka flf¾' tksid Tyqg mdrdð;Ndjh wd§ m;a jkafka Okjdoh
yels kï" jev lrk jev lsÍug isÿjkafka jYfhkah' ;=<h' mrdfrdams;Ndjh
ck;djg iduQyslj fjk;a wfhl=g wh;a f,dj mqrd iïnkaOfhkao ;;ajh
iy m%cd;ka;%jd§j wdh;khl fyda jix.;hlaj we;s thuh' ta w¾:fhka
ksIamdokh md,kh ia:dkhlh' tksidu udkisl wd;;sh iy .;a úg j;auka Okjd§
lrk iudchla we;s Tyqg tu ksIamdokfha tlS È.=ld,Sk n,mEu udkj iudch uqyqK
l< yelskï —jev˜ ysñldß;ajhla fkdue;' ;=< we;sjk udkisl fok fuu ;;ajh jy,a
—ls%hdldß;ajhla˜ tksid ksIamdolhd wjmSvkho tajdfhys iudch mjd uqyqK
njg mßj¾;kh ksIamdokfhkao fjka m%;sM,hla f,i we;sjk fkdÿkakls'
l< yel' th b;d flf¾' fojkqj ñksid ;j;a udkisl frda.o
m%;sM,odhS tlla jkq —ñksia idrfhka˜ tkï tfukau úfYaIfhka
we;' th iudcfha ks¾udKYS,S iajdëk wka;rdi¾. .%kaÓkaf.a
ñksii
a k
q f
a .a
i;=g lshkafka
rgl ixj¾Okfhka
Tíng .sh fohla
újD; úYajúoHd,fha iudc wOHhk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"
wdpd¾h yßks wuriQßh iu. lrk ,o
ixjdo igyk
Left(- fudllao lrk jev ta lshkafk ^b;d m%n, udkisl ùula f,i y÷kajkak
fï Stress ûdkisl .uka hEu" ÿrl:k lïmkhla we;slrk mq¿jka'
wd;;sh& lshkafka&@ weu;=ula .ekSu fï isÿùula& w;r fjki Left(- Stress j,
wdpd¾h yßks ´kEu fohla lsÍug fudk jf.ao@ b;sydih fudk jf.ao@
wuriQßh(- uu hdfï§ Bg l,ska wdpd¾h yßks wdpd¾h yßks
fïlg ,ndfokafk we;sù ;sfnk fï wuriQßh(- stress wuriQßh(- we;a;gu
ufkdaúoHd;aul wd;;s ;;ajh ksid lshkafka ud l,ska iudcúoHd me;af;ka
ks¾jpkhla fkdfjhs' ìhla we;sùu" ke;akï lshqjd fiau hï ne¨fjd;a fï udkisl
fudlo ufkdaúoHdj ;ukaf.a wdrlaIdj isÿùula ksid wms wd;;s ;;ajhka ms<sn|
;=< stress lshk tlg .ek wêie,ls,a,la ;=<u we;sjk udkisl uq,skau yeoErefõ
ksYaÑ; ks¾jpkhla olajkak fm<Uùu" wd;;shla' tal tñ,a v¾layhsï Êmile
;sfnk ksid' kuq;a myiqfjka l< yels iajNdúl" idudkH Durkheim& iudc
Bg jvd mq¿,a úÈyg fohla jqj;a lsÍug fohla' tal zf,vlaZ úoHd{hd' Tyq ishÈú
oelafld;a stress fkdyels hehs is;Su' f,i i,ld iEu kid .ekSfï j¾. 03la
lshkafka Ôú;fha fïl Anxiety ^;ejq,a udkisl wd;;shlgu y÷kd .;a;d'
idudkH fohla' tal iys; nj& jeäùula m%;sldr .kak fhdackd 1' m<uqfjks tl
wms yefudagu úúO jf.a ;;ajhla' tfyu lrk l%uhla ;sfhkjd' ;uhs" ;sfnk iudc
wjia:dj,§ úfYaIfhka ke;=j wms w;ska jevla th jerÈhs' kuq;a iïnkaO;d b;d úYd,
wmyiq ;ekaj,§ jerÿKdu wmsg ;ry hïlsis lreKla ksid jYfhka jeäùu ksid
oefkk ldg;a ;ju;a hkjd' fohla wms we;sjQ udkisl wd;;s ;uka .ek ;sfnk
;sfnkak mq¿jka ys;k úÈhg kQku wms ;;ajhla È.ska È.gu wdYdj wvqfj,d"
fohla' kuq;a fï lkiai,a,g m;afjkjd' ffoksl Ôú;hg fjk wh fjkqfjka
;;ajh tÈfkod Ôú;h tajd idudkH foaj,a' ndOdlrk uÜgug Ôú;h mqofokak
f.khdug ndOdjla jk kuq;a wms tal t;ekska m;aù we;akï ;uhs wms mq¿jka udkisl
;ekÈ ;uhs m%Yakhla bjr lr,d fjk;a m%;sldr me;a;g fhduq ;;ajhlg m;afjkjd'
njg m;aúh hq;af;a' jevlghq;=j,g fhduq úh hq;af;a' WodyrKhla f,i
ke;akï stress lshkafka fjkjd' ke;skï wms Trauma cmdkfha yrdlsß yd
wms tÈfkod Ôú;fha§ tal lrkak úl,am (PsychologicalTrauma) ,xldfõ L.T.T.E. jf.a'
wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= l%u fydhkjd' tal b;d m%n, udkisl 2' fojk lKavdhu
jQ úÈhg foaj,a ;uhs idudkH ukqIH lïmkhla we;s lrk ;uhs iudc iïnkaO;d
isÿfkdfjk fldg iajNdjh' kuq;a isÿùula ksid we;sjk b;du wvq wh' túg;a
we;sjk udkisl;ajhla' tal t;kska bjr b;d .eUqre udkisl ;udg isÿjk hï
tal iajNdúlhs' lrkafk ke;=j È.ska lïmkhla isÿjk wmyiq;djhl§"
Left(- tÈfkod È.gu wks;a idudkH b;d úfYaI isÿùula .eàïj,§ ;ukag th
Ôú;hg ndOdjla jkjd lghq;=j,g ndOdjla ksid we;s fjk ord.ekSug neßùu
hkak ;j;a meyeÈ,s njg m;ajk udkisl udkisl ;;ajhla' tal ksid wd;au flakaøSh
lf<d;a ;;ajhla we;s jqKdu ñkSuereula oelSu" nj jeäùu ksid ishÈú
wdpd¾h yßks ;uhs" wms tal frda.S yÈis wk;=rlg kid .ekSug fm<öu'
wuriQßh(- ta lshkafka ;;ajhlao lshd ne,sh uqyqK§u" wmyrKhg 3' ;=kajk
hïlsis udkisl wd;;s hq;af;a' ,laùu" wêl jO lKavdhu ;uhs uf.a
;;ajhla ksid ta Left(- Stress jf.au nkaOkhkag f.dÿreùu Ôú;h" uf.a wf;a
;;ajh os.gu mej;Su Trauma ;;ajhka wms jeks b;d úYd, ;sfhkafk" ug ´k
ksid tosfkod lghq;= udkisl fi!LH .eg¨ lïmkhla we;s lrk fohla lrkak mq¿jka
lr.kak neßfjk tl' yeáhg wy, ;sfnkjd' isoaêhlska udkislj lsh, ys;k" Ego
idudkHfhka tÈfkod Stress yd Trauma we;sfjk m%n, ;=jd, ûu;ajh wêl& b;du
Emile Durkheim
jeä wh;a fuf,i ish ;=< n,sf;dú,a lsÍu" we;sùfï§ .eyekq yd msßñ whf.a yeisÍï'
Èúkid .kakjd' y|yka ne,Su wdÈh msßñ f,i fjkialula Bg idfmalaIj ;uhs
kuq;a wfma wjOdkh fujeks ;;ajhkays§ ;sfnkjdo@ Tyq .eyekqkaf.a
jeämqr fhduqfjkafka isÿl<d' ;udf.ka msg" wdpd¾h yßks yeisÍï fyd| fyda
fï idudkH Ôú;h ;udg jvd n,j;a wuriQßh(- f*%dhsâf.a krl f,i ú.%y
;=<u uqyqK fok n,hl ueÈy;aùu ksid úYaf,aIKh wkqj kï lf<a" ir,j lsõfjd;a
isÿùïj,u m%;sM,hla we;sjQ m%;sM,hla f,i meyeÈ,sju tfyu msßñ yeisÍug
f,i nrm;< udkisl tu ;;ajh we;s nj fjkila ;sfnkjd' fjkia yeisÍu frda.S
.eg¨j,g uqyqK fok f;areï .kak W;aidy f*%dhsâf.a Ñka;kfha ;;a;ajhla'
wh .ek' tajd b;sydih l<d' l¾uh ksid" uQ,sl wx.hla ;uhs fu;kÈ wms fjk;a
;=<;a ;snqKd' tajdg foúhkaf. leue;a; udkisl fi!LHhg me;a;lg yerefKd;a
tl tl iudcj, ksid isÿjk fohla ,sx.sl;ajfha n,mEula ldka;djka yd msßñ
uqyqK fok l%u;a úÈhg' fïl we;a;gu ;sfíh hkak' Tyqf.a udkisl .eg¨ fyda
ks¾udKh lr ;snqKd' wikSmhla f,i" lD;s wOHhkh lrk úúO yeÕSï Ndr.kakd"
ta ta l%u ld,fhka wfma YÍrh ;=< we;s úg meyeÈ,s fjkjd" ms<s.kakd wdldrh
ld,hg" ixialD;sfhka m%Yakhla f,i olskak Tyqf.a —msßñkag fjkiafk' úfYaIfhkau
ixialD;shg fjkia mgka wrka jeäl,a ;sfnk mlaImd;Slu˜ .;af;d;a ldka;djka
jqKd' WodyrKhla keye' ta lshkafka f*%dhsâ w`vk tl .eg¨jla
úÈhg YS% ,xldfõ Left(- udkisl ñksiqkaf.a idudkH fkdfjhsæ ldka;dj
isxy, ixialD;sh fi!LH .eg¨ yeisÍu f,i .;af; iudc.; lrkafku
ldka;djka bkakjd' ia;S%$mqreINdjh;a
wfma rfÜ tfia ;udgu n,mdkjd' fudlo
ydkslr .ekSug lghq;= udkisl .eàï jf.au"
l< ldka;djkaf.a tajdg uqyqK fok
fï ;;ajh we;sfj,d ;sfhkafk
isÿùï wOHhkfha§ úÈh;a fï iudcfhkau
wfma iudc wd¾Ól l%uh úisk'a fmfkk fohla ;uhs yo, ;sfhkjd' ta yo,d
oeka wfma rfÜ ;sfhk iudc Tjqka th lr.kafk" ;sfhk l%ufõoj,
zikaksfõokhlaZ ia;S%$mqreI fjki
wd¾Ól l%ufhka YsIga iïmkak i|ydh lshk tl' m%n,j ;sfnkjd'
ukqii
a fhla yokak neye' jdykh ta lshkafka ;uka fï udkisl .eg¨j,g
;;ajhg m;alrmq tfla ia;S%$mqreI fjki;a
t<jk úÈh" mdf¾ hk úÈh" jro ldg yß mjrñka n,mdkjd'
.eyekq flfkla Èyd n,k úÈh" ta whg oekùug ;uhs Left(- wms oeka
Tjqka fufia lrkafka fuf;la l;d lf<a ;ks
l;d lrk úÈh fï ish,a, ;=<ks ua lshk tl' fndfyda mqoa.,fhlag wd;;sh
m%ldY fjkafk fï iudc wd¾Ól fj,djg Tjqka tfia we;sùu ms<sn|j' kuq;a
lsÍug fmr ,smshla fyda wo udkisl wd;;sfhka
l%ufha .eg¨j ;uhs' ,shk Èkfmdf;a fyda fmf<k ñksiqka m%udKh
,sh,d ;ud fï ;;ajhg wfma iudcfha w;súYd,
m;alsÍu ms<sn| jro m%udKhla' th;a tkak
yd j.lSug wod< whg tkak by< hkjd'
th okjkak lghq;= ñksiaiq bkafka ysi.sks
lrkjd' msßñ fïjd wrf.k jf.a' t;fldg
zyeÕSïnrZ wh lshk fkdfjhs' yeÕSï m%ldY fndfydaúg ;kshu udkisl wd;;sfhka hq;a
f,an,h hgf;ahs' tksid lrk úg mjd tajd ;ud ksy`vj lr.kak foaj,a' úYd, msßila iudchl
ldka;djla we`ãu" ;=<gu ldjoaod .ekSu ldka;djka tfia bkakfldg ta iudchg
yeÕSï nrùu iudchg msßñka ;=< jeähs' Tyq yeisÍug;a iudch fudlo fjkafkæ
fyda wehg oekSu ;=< mSvkh jeäfhka ;=< ;sfnk jgmsgdj wdpd¾h yßks
wuq;a;la fkdfjhs' tla/iafjkjd lsh, n,mdkjd' fudlo wuriQßh(- we;a;gu
ldka;djka ;ukaf.a lshkak mq¿jka' ;uka wlue;s isÿùul" t;fldg fjkafka
yeÕSï msglrkjd' tal oeka ishÈú kid mßirhl È.gu bkak ta iudch;a" wr
ta w;ska fyd|hs' fudlo .ekSï .;af;d;a jqfKd;a msßñfhlag tÈfkod jev lr.kak
tal ;uka ;=<gu ,xldfõ;a" f,dalfha;a mq¿jka t;kska hkak' neß" Tlafldu wjq,a
ldjoao .kakjg jvd' foflau jeäfhkau fjk k.rhlg lr.;a; mqoa.,fhla
kuq;a msßñkag ishÈú kid .kafk .syska Ôj;a fjkak' jf.a fjkjd' wmsg wo
tfyu wjia:d wvqhs' msßñ' thskq;a ;reK rglg hkak' kuq;a iudch ;=< fmfkkak
fudlo msßñ lshk msßñ yd jhia.; ldka;djlg tfia neye' ;shk iuyr kS;s
flkd iudc.; ^úY%du hdfuka miq& weh tal tu jgmsgdj úfrdaë foaj,a" mjq,a
lr, ;sfhkafka msßñ' ;=<u úi|d .kak ´ke' wdrdjq,a" rKavq irej,a
zw`vkafka ke;s" yeÕSï kuq;a wksla w;g tksid wehf.a yeisÍï jeäùï" iudc úfrdaë
fmkakkafk ke;sZ ,xldfõ ishÈú kid by; wdldr fjkak ls%hd jeäùï" úkhla
f,an,h hgf;a' .ekSug ;e;alsÍï tal;a fya;= fjkjd' keye jf.a ;;ajhka
ir,ju lsõfjd;a .;af;d;a ^;udgu udkisl we;s fjkafk;a fï
zw`vk tlZ zmsßñluZ ydkslr .ekSu - fi!LH .eg¨ udkisl wd;;sfhka
fkdfjhs' ke;akï Self harm& tal jeä ke;akï wd;;shg hq;a úYd, msßila isàu
uDÿùu msßñlu ldka;djka w;r
fya;= úh yelshs' ug .eg.id .kak wjYH Ôú;h úkaokh lrk ms<s.ekSula oeka
fïflÈ u;la fjkjd NdKav yd fiajd ál wdlD;s yokak neye' ;sfnkjd' fï udkisl
WodyrK folla' ,nd .kak mqÿu lgql fudlo tfyu lrkak fi!LHhg iudc
tlla ;uhs Ôú;hla .; lrkak wjYH ld,h yd uqo,a wd¾Ól fldkafoais ;Èka
Èjq,msáfh fiahd fj,d ;sfhkjd' Tjqkg ke;s ksid' n,mdkjd' fï wkqj
i|ñKs lshk l=vd b;ska tfyu tuksid fï Ôú;j,g .;a;u wm rfÜ;a"
.eyekq <uhf.a isÿùu' ñksiaiqkag wfkld i;=gq fjkak lsh, f,dalfha;a ck;dj
wehf.a mjq,a miqìu .ek ys;kak fj,djla yo,d ;sfhkafk;a r¿" .uka lrñka bkafka
.;af;d;a wef.a ;d;a;d ;shkjo@ oeka n,kak laIKsl" YsIag iïmkak zi;=fÜZ ÈYdjgo@
riaid folla lrkjd" wfma iuyr wh nj wvq wdlD;s' fïl zwi;=fÜZ ÈYdjgo@
Ôú;h f.kshkak' lshkjd msgrg ñksiaiq fyd¢ka f;areï .kak wdpd¾h yßks
tksid ojd,g;a" ?g;a yßu polite ^úkS;hs&' mq¿jka ;ekla" ;uhs wuriQßh(- uu
;d;a; keye' orej ´ku foalg thank wfma niaj, odk leu;shs fu;kÈ fï
yefokafk w;a;ïu you îa;=;shs& lshkjd' isxÿ' taj we;a;gu hymeje;au lshk
<Õ' f.or;a ndf.g please ^lreKdlr,d& wyka bkak mq¿jkao@ tl ms<sn|" udkisl
yomq tlla' b;ska lshkjd' ta jf.a tajd tajdfha ix.S;h" hymeje;au lshk
wdrlaIdjla keye' lshkak;a ñksiaiqkag moje,a .dhkh b;du tl muKla fkdfjhs"
b;ska n,kak fï jf.a udkisl ksoyila cq.=maidcklhs' ta;a fmdÿfõ mqoa.,fhl=f.a
ñksiaiqkaf.a Ôú;j,g wjYHhsfka' ta ñksiaiq ck.ykfhka úYd, hymeje;au lshkafk
fldfyo i;=gla wmsg jvd cdkj,ska msßila tajd okakjd' fudllao lshk tl
;sfhkafk' wïud zúkS;Z ^polite& tajd ;uhs wfma .ek wms ,xldfõ
;d;a;d orejd tlg fj,d fkdfjhsfk' ta iudcfha ukqIHhdg lrmq m¾fhaIKhla
tlafj,d álla l;dlr f.d,a,kaf.a iudc i;=gq fjkak ;sfhk ms<sn|j lshkak'
bkak" lEu álla jgmsgdj úiskau Tjqka wdlD;sj, fmdÿ .=Kh' taflÈ wms y÷kd.;a;d
tlg lkak flda fï ta ;;ajhg m;alr,d b;ska fï ;;ajh ukqIHfhl=f.a
ñksiaiqkag fj,djla' ;sfhkjd' tf.d,a,kag we;sfj,d ;sfhkafk hymeje;au i|yd
uq¿ Ôú;hu tÈfkod jev weß,d mehla wfma iudc wd¾Ól wjYH me;s myla'
foaj,a ál iïmdokh folla fldams tlla ìî l%uh úiska' oeka wfma 1' fN!;sl
lr .ekSu fjkqfjka bkak tl m%Yakhla rfÜ ;sfhk iudc hymeje;au -
igka lrkakhs fj,d fkdfjhs' yenehs wfma wd¾Ól l%ufhka YsIag ñksfil=f.a uQ,sl
;sfhkafk' ñksiaiqkag tfyu iïmkak ukqiaifhla wjYH;d ta lshkafka
ug ks;r uqK ;;ajhla ;sfhkjo@ yokak neye' jdykh wdydr" we÷ï"
.efikjd" ;S%frdao r: keye' ñksiaiq T¿j t<jk úÈh" mdf¾ hk ksjila" fï jf.a
t<jk ;reKhka' Tjqka .sks wrka jf.a ;uhs úÈh" .eyekq flfkla foaj,a flfklaf.
iuyfrla msg m%foaYj, ;sfhkafk' b;ska Èyd n,k úÈh" l;d hymeje;aug wjYH
wh' fld<Ug weú,a, tfyu Ôú;j,g lrk úÈh fï ish,a, fjkjd'
riaidj lrkjd' i;=g fldfyduo ;=<skau m%ldY fjkafk 2' iudc
ksod .kafk;a ;S%ú,a tkafk' Tjqkag i;=gq fï iudc wd¾Ól iïnkaO;d -
r:fhuhs' ál ojila fjkak;a l%u fïflkau l%ufha .eg¨j ;uhs' ñksfilag fyd|
jevlr,d i,a,s álla yo,d ;sfnkjd' tal Left(- udkisl hymeje;aula i|yd
fidhdf.k .fï hkjd' fndfydu r¿" laIKsl fi!LHh lshk foh fyd| iudc iïnkaO;d
tal bjr jqKdu wdhs;a tlla' fudlo tu ÔjúoHd;aul idOl wjYHhs lshk tl' ta
tkjd' b;ska fï Ôú; msßig ixhufhka u;u r|d mj;skakla lshkafk mjq, muKla
fldÉpr lgqlo@ álla fj,dj wrka fkdfõh" lshk tl fkdfjhs" Bg msáka
Tjqkg tÈfkod Ôú;h ksoyfia ;ukaf.a .ek f,dalfhau fmdÿ fyd| in|;d ;sfhkak
´ke lshk tl' yeisÍï" oekqu wdÈh;a fï ksidu f,dalfha úoHd;aul me;a;la
3' mqoa., hymeje;au i|yd w¨;ska mekkÕsñka ;sfnkjd' wvqmdvqlï
fm!reIh - ;ukaf.a wjYH fjkjd' ;sfnk fohla ke;sj fkdfjhs'
mqoa., iajNdjhka tuksid flfkl=f.a ;uhs Happiness kuq;a fïfl ;sfnk
hymeje;aug fmdÿ hymeje;aug î;=gq& o¾Ylh úoHd;aul foa ;uhs
n,mdkjd' Tyqf.a fï idOl ish,a,u lshk tl' f,dalfha wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh
fN!;sl yd udkisl iïmQ¾K fjkak fuf;la ixj¾Okh" lshkafk ish,a,u
fm!reIh fï folg wjYHhs' b;ska ta ksid id¾:l;ajh uekafk fkdfjhs lshk u;h
n,mdkjd' fï idOl iïmQ¾K wd¾Ól idOlj,ska' ms<s.ekSu' wfkla
4' mqoa., n,h lr .kak ;sfnk kuq;a th m%udKj;a foaj¨;a Ôú;hg
- ta lshkafka ;udf. wjia:dj u; âccess& fkdjk nj meyeÈ,sù wod<hs lshk tl
jgmsgdjg' ;ud flfklaf.a hymeje;au ;sfnk ksid ñksiqkaf.a ms<s.ekSu' ta lshkafk
jgd isák whg hï lshk tl ke;akï i;=g ms<sn| rgl ñksiaiqkaf.
n,mEula lsÍfï wd;;sfhka f;dr o¾Ylj,g fhduqfjñka i;=g lshkafk rgl
yelshdjla ;sîu lshk Ôú;hla lshk tl ;sfnkjd' fïl fyd| ixj¾Okh lshk tlg
tl;a hymeje;aug ;SrKh fjkjd' talg fohla' jvd tyd .sh fohla
n,mdkjd' meyeÈ,sju iudc Left(- fï i;=gq lshk tl' fïflka
5' mqoa., wd¾Ól fldkafoais o¾Yl úoHd;aulo@ fyd| foaYmd,k
l=i,;dj - ;udf.a Rcqju n,mdk nj wdpd¾h yßks ixjdohla f.dvkef.
l;d lsÍfï yelshdj" wmsg meyeÈ,shs' wuriQßh(- Tõ' tajdfha kjd'
Left(- Tõ' tal isák msßila njg
we;a;' ta;a ,o fohska m;alrkak wudrehs'
i;=gqùu jdf.a wfma Left(- OfkaYajr
iudch ;=< ;sfnk isysk miafi ÿjk OfkaYj a r l%uh ;=<
u;fhka mSä;hd tal tlhs' fï udkisl udkisl mSvkh jeälrkak
;=<u yslaujkak ork wd;;shhs w;r ;sfnk
W;aidyhg jvd fï iïnkaOh .ek n,mdk m%Odku l%uh
i;=gq o¾Ylh lshk lsõfjd;a ;uhs mqo.a ,hdj ;kslrk
tl fjkia fjkak ´k wdpd¾h yßks
fkao@ wuriQßh(- OfkaYajr
tl' mqo.
a ,hd iudcfhka
wdpd¾h yßks l%uh ;=< udkisl .,j,d yqol,d ;ks ñksfila
wuriQßh(- Tõ tal mSvkh jeälrkak
we;a;' wms uq,ska lsõj n,mdk m%Odku l%uh
lrk tl' tfyu lr,d
jf.a mqoa.,fhl=f.a ;uhs mqoa.,hdj ;ukaf.a wjYH;d ;ukaf.a
iudchl hymeje;aug ;kslrk tl' mqoa.,hd
hymeje;au" ;ukaf.a
wod< jk idOl iudcfhka .,j,d
.Kk;a n,mdkjd' tajd yqol,d ;ks ñksfila id¾:l;ajh" ;ukaf.a ish¨
iemsÍu w;HjYHhs' lrk tl' tfyu lr,d
foagu j.lsjhq;fa ;a ;uka
ta;a tlalu flfklaf. ;ukaf.a wjYH;d
i;=g lshk tl ta ta ;ukaf.a hymeje;au" njg m;alÍ s u'
mqoa.,hdg fjkia' ;ukaf.a id¾:l;ajh"
oeka wms ÈhqKq rgj,a ;ukaf.a ish¨ foagu
.;a;u tajdfha Ôúf;a j.lsjhq;af;a ;uka
myiqhs' fyd| m%jdyk njg m;alsÍu' Okm;s
fiajd" fyd| mdi,a" l%ufha uQ,sl fohlafka w.ue;sks ud.%Ü ;ep¾ fjkfldg yeuflkdu
fi!LH fiajd ;sfnkjd' fm!oa.,sl;ajh lshk - 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 31 strees .ek wd;;sh
kuq;a ta rgj, ñksiaiq tl' ud.%Ü ;ep¾" îudch lsh, .ek l;d lrkjd'
i;=fgkao bkafk Okm;s l%ufha m%Odk fohla keye' bkafk depression ûdkisl
lsjqfjd;a wmsg fmakjd flfkla tal yßhgu ;ks ;ks ñksiaiq" wjmSvkh& .ek l;d
tal tfyu fkdfjhs lsjqjd' .eyekq iy mjq,a lrkjd' Okd;aul
lsh,d' fN!;sl ÈhqKqj "There is no such muKhs' ta ksid Ñka;kh positive
fl;rï ;sín;a ñksiqka thing as society. There wdKavqjlg ñksiaiq thinking .ek l;d
;Dma;su;a wh njg are individual men ;=<ska yer lsisjla lrkjd' oeka fï ;rï
m;alrkak neß njg and women, and lrkak neye' ñksiaiq Okd;aul Ñka;kh
fyd|u WodyrK there are familes and ;uka .ek fidhd n,d. ckm%sh fj,d ;sfhkafk
;uhs ialekaäfkaúhdkq no goverment can kak ´ke' ñksiaiqkaf.a wehs@ fï ;rï udkisl
rgj,a' tajdfha myiqlï do anything except j.lSu ;uhs uq,skau frda.j,g zm%;sldr l%uZ
f.dvla ;sín;a ñksiaiq through people, and ;uka .ek n,d.ekSu' m%isoaO fj,d ;sfhkafk
w;r ;kslu" udkisl people must look to Bg miafia ;ukaf. wehs@ tal;a we;a;g
wd;;sh" ishÈúkid themselves first . It's wi,ajeishd .ek OfkaYajr ks¾udKhkau
.ekSï jeähs' tuksid our duty to lookafter ne,Su'& ;uhs' ta lshkafka
fï idïm%odhsl wd¾Ól ourselves and then, fïl ;uhs udkisl wd;;sh jf.a
ixj¾Ok fudv,h also to look after your Okjdofha o¾Ykh" m%n, iudc jHqyd;aul
we;=f<a ñksiaiq neigbour" mqoa.,jdoh' fya;= ksid we;sjk
;Dma;su;a" i;=fgka ì%;dkHfha ysgmq oeka n,kak fï .eg¨jlg ke;skï
iudcfha jHqyd;aul Ñka;k foaYkj,g" 7 Steps to Happiness, ufkdaúoHdj ^Liberation
m%Yakj,g foaYmd,k jevuq¿j,g fï ;rï 5 Ways to be success psychology& tal tys
ms<s;=re fydhkjd b,aüla wfma rfÜ jf.a' Bg miafia iud. l,ska ;=,ska we;sjqKq
fjkqjg fm;s î,d" we;sfj,d ;sîfukau ïj,skau ;ukaf.a úuqla;s foajO¾uh
ufkda Ñls;aidjka fmakjd udkisl fiajlfhda Ndjkd ^Liberation theology)
^Therapy& lr,d" wd;;sh ñksiqka w;r mka;s" fhda.d mka;s" jf.a fohla' tal
counseling lr,d jeäfjñka ;sfnk nj' Okd;aul Ñka;k we;=f<a ta f.d,a,ka fï
ûfkda WmfoaYkh& kuq;a taflka lrkafk jevuq¿j,g hjkjd' isiagï tfla ;sfnk
W;a;r fydhk tl' oekg ;sfnk iudc" yenehs jD;a;Sh .eg¨;a ie,ls,a,g
mqoa.,jdoh yd fï wd¾Ól l%uh ndrf.k iñ;shla yokak fhduq .kak W;aidy
m%;sldr l%u tlg tal fyd|hs lsh, lrkafk keye' fï lrñka isákjd'
hkafk' ta lshkafk ms<swrf.k úi÷ï isiagï tl ÿjkak kï Tjqka thg lshkafka
;ukag n,md,d fydhkak' ta lshkafk ñksiaiq l%uh m%Yak ^m%cd ufkdaúoHdj&
;sfhk m%Yakj,g .eg¨j ;sfhkafk fkdlrk wfoaYmd,ksl - community
iudc" foaYmd,ksl isiagï tfla fkdfjhs¦ wh njg m;a lrkak pshychology lshk
jHqyd;aul úi÷ula ;uka .eg¨j Èyd ´ke' kuq;a óg tl' hï m%udKhlg
fidhkj fjkqjg n,k úÈfha lsh, úl,amj f.dvkeÕ=Kq ufkdaúoHdjg iudc
fïl fufyu fj,d ñksiaiqkag ta;a;= ufkda úoH;aul Ñka;k foaYmd,k lshùul
;sfhkafk ;ukaf. .kajkjd' l%u yd m%;sldr fudv, n,mEula iys;
wvqjla ksid" ta ksid n,kak f,dalh ke;=ju fkdfjhs' l%ufõohla' we;a;gu
;ukau fïlg W;a;r mqrdu fï .ek fmd;a oeka ol=Kq wefußldj fïfl wdrïN
fydhd.kak ´ke m;a ñ,shk .Kkska ;=< jHdma; fjñka m%OdkSka lsysm fofkla
lshk tl' Okd;aul ,shkjd' wf,ú fjkjd' ;sfnkjd" úuqla;s úma,jjd§ jHdmdrj,g
iïnkaOùu ksid oekquo" ñ, uqo,ao" ys;kak fm<fUkafk' fï <uhskag ;ukag
>d;kho flreKd' ke;skï ;uka .ek fudllao uf.a Ôú;fha jvd" ;uka flakaøSh
Left(- flá ys;k" ;ukag leu;s" f;areu lsh,d' wehs lreKqj,g wu;rj
m%Yakhla' fudllao fï ;uka fjkqfjka hï udj iudcfha fï ;ek okjkak" bgqlrkak"
Job stress lshkafk' msßila bkakjd lsh, ;sh,d ;sfhkafk lsh,d' fufyhjkak iudchSh"
wdpd¾h yßks oefkk úYajdifhkao@ oeka wd.u ;=<ska jqK;a ;ukaf.ka msg lreKq
wuriQßh(- ug kï wdpd¾h yßks lrk tl fohla ;uhs ;sfnkjd' ñksiaiq
fmkakkak neß woyila wuriQßh(- iudc ñksiaiq mqreÿ lrkjd" tfyu jqKdu Ôúf;ag
´l' Th woyiu oeka iïnkaO;d lshkafk ;ukag jvd f,dl= w¨;a wre;a tl;=
;j úÈylg ;sfhkjd flfklaf. Ôú;fha fohla f,dafl ;sfhkjd lr.kakjd' iudc
work life balance w;HjYHu" wksjd¾hh lsh,d' ñksiaiq wd.ug wruqKla ke;=j
lsh,' ^/lshdj yd m%Odku fldgila' lsh, jeka|g we;a;gu ñksiaiqkag Ôj;a fjkak
Ôú;h w;r ;=,s; nj& flfklaf.a iudc ñksiaiq j¢kafk ;ukag neye'
fï ixl,am fol;a iïnkaO;dj, ;sfnk jvd úYd, iudchg' Left(- wjidk
wr l,ska l;d l< .=Kd;aul nj" uu fïl myokak m%Yakh' stress ke;s
Okd;aul Ñka;kh;a flfklaf. Ôú;fha WodyrKhla lshkakï' Ôú;hla stress ke;s
Th Tlafldu tlhs' wd;au úYajdih uE; ld,h ;=<È iudchla yod.kak
oeka wms b;du kSri" f.dvkÕkak muKla isÿjQ ishÈú kid ñksiaiq lrkak ´ke foa
lgql /lshdjla lr,d" fkdfjhs" fmdÿfõ .ekSï folla .ek' fudllao@
Bg miafi taflka Tyqf.a hymeje;au fï fofokdu b;du wdpd¾h yßks
;Dma;su;a fjkafk ;SrKh lrk m%Odk ;reK by< uOHu wuriQßh(- jvd
fldfyduo@ ta ksid ta fldgi' ta lshkafk mx;sl mjq,aj,g wh;a idOdrK iudchla
/lshdfõ jgmsgdfjka flfklag mjqf,a ;reKhka fofofkla' ;=<ska ;uhs stress
we;sjqKq udkisl iïnkaO;d ú;rla fï fokaku .;af;d;a ke;s Ôú;hla yod
mSvkh" ta /lshdj ;sì,d uÈ' úúO b;d fyd| .;s mej;=ï .kak mq¿jka fjkafka'
fyda ta fiajd fldkafoais in|;d wjYHhhs' ;snqKq ixfõ§ wh' oeka ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hka
fjkia fkdlr fudlo tal;a tlalu fï ;reKhka fokak ueÈy;aùfuka
fm;sj,ska" fhda.j,ska ;uhs flfklag b;du fÄojdÖ f,i fkfuhs stress ke;s
wvqlr .kak neye' oefkafk mgka .kafk ishÈú kid .kakjd' lrkak mq¿jka
b;ska f.dvla whg ;ukag jvd fohla Tjqkag ish,a,u ;snqK fjkafk¦ iudcuh
tfyu fjkia f,dafl ;sfhkjd lshk wh' ta;a ishÈú kid ueÈy;aùulska' iudc
/lshdjla f;dard .kak" tl' iudc úoHdfõ .kakjd' uu l,amkd idOdrK;ajh ;sfnk"
t;k jgmsgdj myiq meyeÈ,s uQ,sl fohla l<d wehs ta lsh,d' uu iudc iïnkaO;d
lr.kak úÈhl=;a ;uhs ñksiaiq ;=< Bg wdikak Èkhl§ hym;a uÜgul ;nd
keye' tfyu f;dar f.dvkef.k iudchSh ÿgqjd SAITM tlg .kak mq¿jka iudc
.kak bvla keye' ta nj" ke;akï iudchg tfrysj fm<md<s hk wd¾Ól l%uhlska
ksid we;a;gu Job we;s leue;a; lshk úYajúoHd, YsIHhkaf.a muKhs" stress ke;s
stress tl wvqlr tl' (social solidarity) fm<md<shla' idudkH Ôú;hla ,nd .kak
.kak neye' taflka ;uhs flfkla mjq,aj, <uhs' mq¿jka fjkafk' tfyu
Left(- ;ukag Ôj;a úYajdi lrkak mgka yenehs ug tlmdrg ke;=j wms stress ke;s
fjkak wd;au Yla;sh .kafk" ;udg jvd ys;=K foa ;uhs fï lrkak oeka lrk
wjYHhs' fï wd;au f,dl= fohla f,dafl wh igka lrhs¦ tajd me,eia;r úi÷ï
Yla;sh flfkla ;=< ;sfhkjd lshk tl' .y.kshs' ta;a ishÈú ú;rhs'
f.dvkef.kak jeämqr tal;a tlal ;uhs kid .kafkkï ke;s
n,mdkafka thdf. ñksiaiq úÈhg wms fjhs lsh,' fudlo
udkisl fi!LH w¾nqohg
úi÷ula f.k wd yelafla"
iudcjd§ iudchla
f.dvke.Sfuka muKhs
^fuys m<fjkafka Socialist Review i`.rdj" 2017 fkdjeïn¾
ui§ t<s±lajQ Politics of Mind lD;sfha l¾;D yd ì%;dkHfha m%lg
udlaiajd§ nqoaêuf;l= jk uydpd¾h bhka *¾.shqika Îain Ferguson&
iu. isÿlrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdjl mßj¾;khls'&
m%Yakh(- fï jljdkqj
;=< fodïkia nj ^Depression&
iy ;ejq,a iys; nj Ânxiety&
ñksiqka w;r jix.;hla
uÜgñka me;sß,d ;sfnkjd'
/lshd fkdue;s wh w;r fï
;;ajh jeä nj;a idlÉPd
fjkjd' Tn is;k mßÈ udkisl
fi!LH wdY%s; .eg¨ fï ;rï
lr<shg meñKSug fya;=
fudkjdo@
ms<s;=r(- fï ;;ajhg
jeämqru n,mdk ;ks fya;=j
f,i ieu flfklau mdfya
uqyqK fok udkisl mSvkh w;s
úYd, uÜgñka by< hduhs'
fuys§ fndfyda úg /lshdjla
fkdue;s wh;a tfukau /lshd
lrkq ,nk kuq;a b;d ±ä
fiajd iqÿiqlï mÍlaIdjkag
,laùu ksid mSvkhg f.dÿre
jQ wh;a fï ;;ajhg jeämqr
f.dÿre úh yelshs' tfukau
hï myiqlï iys; ;;ajfha isg
fiajh lrk wh;a tu zfydò
/lshdjZ /l.ekSu iòyd
´kEu ;;ajhla hgf;a jev tfukau /lshd lrk ms<s;=r(- i;H jYfhkau
lsÍug fm<ö we;s ksid;a fujeks ck;djf.kq;a - úfYaIfhkau m%Odk fya;=j jQfha ±kg udkisl
udkisl .eg¨j,g ,lafjkjd' ÿmam;a yd wvq jegqma ,nk fi!LH .eg¨ iòyd nyq,j
fuh ì%;dkH ;=< muKla fldgia ;=< fuu udkisl frda.S fhdod .kakd zffjoH m%;sldrZ
fkfjhs' .%Sish ;=< mjd w;s nj jeä fjñkqhs mj;skafka' l%uh wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍuhs'
úYd, f,i fuu fodïkia thg tla fya;=jla Kh nr úh udkisl frda.S ;;ajh l=uk
iy.; ;;ajhg yd ;ejq,a yelshs' wfkla fya;=j /lshdfõ kulska ye¢kajqj;a" fodïkia nj
iys; nj hk frda.S ;;ajhkag wkdrlaIs;Ndjhhs' ^Depression& iy ;ejq,a iys;
f.dÿre jQ whf.a m%udKh by< fï ;;ajh f,dalhgu nj Ânxiety& Nskafkdakaudoh
hkjd olskak mq¿jka' tfukau fmdÿhs' ta fmdÿ idOlh ms<snò ^Schizophrenia& fjk l=ula
ishÈú kid .ekSïo by< hñka ud fï fmdf;;a idlÉPd lr jqj;a" thg ,nd fok zffjoH
;sfnkjd' fï ;;ajhg wfkl=;a ;sfnkjd' ta" fmdÿ idOlh m%;sldrZ fudv,h ilia lr
iudc lKavdhïo ;uhs kj ,snr,a iudchl Ôj;a we;af;a ck;djf.a Ôú;j,g
^/lshd lrk msßia muKla ùfï mSvkh' ta mSvkh jev isÿ fjñka ;sfnkafka l=ulao"
fkdfõ& ,laj ;sfnkjd' wêl nj ksid fyda Kh nr iudch ;=< isÿfjñka ;sfnkafka
WodyrKhla f,i ±la jqfjd;a ksid fyda /lshdfõ ±kg we;s l=ulao hkak lsisfia;au wod<
fuu frda.S ;;ajhkag ;reK myiqlï lemSu ksid fyda we;s ke;s f,ihs' ±kg f,dj mqrdu
wh f.dÿre ùfï m%jK;djh úh yelshs' ta l=uk wdldrfhka ia:dms; ù we;s udkisl frda.
úfYaIfhkau ;reKshka f.dÿre wdj;a meyeÈ,s fmdÿ idOlh iòyd jk m%;sldr l%uh úiska
ùfï m%jK;djh úYd, f,i kï Okm;s iudchl Ôj;a ùfï udkisl frda.S ;;ajh mqoa.,
by< hñka ;sfnkjd' thg iudc mSvkhhs' noaO lreKlg iïmQ¾Kfhkau
udOH Ndú; lsÍfï m%udKh;a m%Yakh(- Tn fï fmd;" fï ,>q lrkjd'
;rula ÿrg n,md ;sfnkjd' fudfydf;a ,Sfõ wehs@ wm fï l;sldj u.ska
uQ,slju fmkajd fokafka" ±kg idOlj,g tfrysj igka lsÍug fj<|du njg m;aùu mqÿuhla
mj;sk udkisl wd;;s ;;ajh" ixúOdkh ùuhs' fkdfjhs' kuq;a by; u;h
úfYaIfhkau tkak tkaku m%Yakh(- Tn l,ska ms<s;=f¾§ tf,i ;snqK;a fuu m%;sldr
udkisl wd;;shg f.dÿre jk m%ldY l< mßÈ oekg udkisl l%uh wid¾:l jQ wjia:d rdYshla
mqoa.,hska m%udKh by< hEu frda. i|yd ia:dms; ù ;sfnk ;sfnkjd' ta i|yd idlaIs
Okm;s l%uh úiska ñksiqkaf.a m%Odk m%;sldr fudv,h ia:dms; f,dj mqrd w;súYd, m%udKhla
Ôú; u; we;s lrk mSvkh yd ùug n,mE fya;= fudkjdo@ ;sfnkjd'
b;d meyeÈ,sju iïnkaO njghs' fldmuK ld,hl isg th m%Yakh(- tfia kï Okm;s
fï ms<snò jeo.;a jk ;j;a ls%hd;aul fjñka ;sfnkjdo@ l%uhg l,ska ñksiaiq udkisl
uQ,sl lreK folla ;sfnkjd' ms<s;=r(- j;auka l%uh oekg frda. ms<sn| l;d l<do@ fuu
bka tlla ;ud uE;l isg jir 150la muK ;siafia ia:dms; m%;sldr fudv,hg l,ska udkisl
udkisl wd;;sh yd udkisl m%Odk m%;sldr l%uh njg frda. .ek fjk;a m%;sldr l%u
fi!LH ms<snò m%;sM,odhl m;aù ;sfnkjd' m<uq fldgu ;snqKdo@
fjkia ueÈy;a ùula" m%Óldr th tfia ù we;af;a u;jd§uh ms<s;=r(- Okm;s l%uhg
l%fudamdhla ms<snò we;sù ;sfnk ^foaYmd,ksl& fya;= ksid' tys fyda fuu m%;sldr l%uhg fmr
ixjdoh' th uE;l§ ,kavkfha§ uQ,slu yrh jkafka udkisl ;snQ ia:dms; l%uh jQfha wd.ñl
meje;ajQ udlaiajdoh ms<snò frda.S ;;ajh iïmQ¾Kfhkau l%ufõohhs' tkï udkisl
m%o¾Ykhg fyda Tfí Socialist mdfya mqoa.,hdf.a .eg¨jla frda. we;sjkafka foúhka
Review i`.rdjg muKla iSud f,i ú.%ylsÍuhs' th b;d úiska fok ,o o~qjula f,i
jQjla fkdfõ' fuu ixjdoh w;r myiq ú.%yhla' tuÕska fuu yd th hlaIhka úiska ls%hdjg
f*%dhsâf.a l%ufõo ms<snòj frda.S ;;ajh wod< mqoa.,hdf.a kxjk fohla f,ihs' kuq;a
iakdhq úoHdj ^neuro science& fud<fha fyda Tyqf.a iodpdruh fuu wd.ñl l%ufõoj,g
ms<snò jeo.;a idlÉPd rdYshlao ÿ¾j,;djhka ksid we;sfjkakla iudka;rju ta ld,h ;=<;a
;snqKd' ud fuu lD;sh u.ska nj mokï fldg ys;kjd' tu udkisl frda. i|yd fN!;sljd§
tajdhska lsysmhla idlÉPdjg woyi wod< frda.S ;;ajh meyeÈ,s lsÍula yd m%;sldr
.ekSug W;aidy lr ;sfnkjd' we;s mqoa.,hdg oekajQ ú.iu l%u;a yßyßhgu ;snqKd' fuu
udkisl fi!LH ms<snò B<`. Tyq ;=< iajhx .¾ydjg fN!;sljd§ meyeÈ,s lsÍï ;=<ska
jeo.;a lreK jkafka" uE; ,laùula isÿfjkjd' tu.ska fuu udkisl frda.s ;;ajh
wjqreÿ lsysmh ;=<§ udkisl tu mqoa.,hd ;=<u Tyq ÿ¾j, YÍrh ;=< we;s .eg¨jla f,i
frda.S ;;ajhka ms<snò tajdfha fyda Ôj úoHd;aul fodaI iys; ú.%y l<d' WodyrKhla f,i
m%;sldrj, .eg¨ yd wdKavqfõ mqoa.,fhla f,i fyda tfia úh fufia ;snQ iuyr fN!;sljd§
fi!LH fiajfha .eg¨ ms<snò yels flfkla f,i woyila meyeÈ,s lsÍï wo ydiHckl
ta fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk ia:dms; fjkjd' ta wkqj udkisl foa f,i flfklag oefkkak
ixúOdkj,ska rg yuqjg f.k frda.S ;;ajfha uq¿ fya;=ju mq¿jka' bka tla ú.%yhla jQfha
tauhs' úfYaIfhkau wdKavqfõ wod< mqoa.,hdf.a fodaIhla njg udkisl frda. we;sjkafka YÍrh
fi!LH fiajd lmamdÿjg tfrys Tyqg;a wfkla whg;a ta;a;= ;=< we;s úúO ;r,hkaf.a
wdndê; mqoa.,hskaf.a ixúOdkh .kajkjd' iu;=,s; nj ì£hEu ksid njhs'
^Disable People Against Cuts - fuu m%;sldr l%ufha we;s fuu l%ufõoh 19jeks ishji
DPAC& bka tlla' j;auka iudc wfkla je/oao kï —f,vla jk f;lau m%n, n,mEula ;snQ
yd wd¾Ól w¾nqofha tla idOkSh we;akï thg m%;sldr o we;' l%ufõohla njg m;aù ;snqKd'
m%;sM,hla f,i ud olskafka fm;a;lska fyda fjk;a hulska uu fï lD;sfha i|yka lr we;s
udkisl frda.S ;;ajhkag th iqjl< yel'˜ hk woyi The Madness of King George
,la jQ mqoa.,hska yd Tjqkaf.a ukfia ia:dms; lsÍuhs' fï u;h - ^fcda¾Ê rc;=udf.a Wu;=j&
{d;Ska tlaù udkisl frda.S ksidu f,dj fojk úYd,;u Ñ;%mgfha fuu m%;sldr l%uh
;;ajhka ks¾udKh lrk iuyr ,dN ,nk jHdmdrh T!IO .ek fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s flfrkjd'
kuq;a úfYaIfhkau b;d m%n, we;a;gu wykak ´k m%Yakh
iudc fjkialïj,§ isÿjk —Thdg fldfyduo@˜ ^How are
ld,iSudjkaj,§ WodyrKhla wo wm Ôj;ajk you?& lsh,d fkfjhs' —Thdg
f,i jevjiï l%ufha isg fudllao jqfKa˜ ^What happend
Okjdohg iudch mßj¾;kh jQ
iudch mokï to you?& lsh,d' fïfl f;areu
ld, iSudj ;=<§" m%xY úma,jh ù ;sfnkafka tys kï Tfí Ôú;h iliajkafka
wjêfha§ jeks by;" i|yka uQ,slù ;sfnkafka th f.dvkef.kafka Tn uqyqK
l< fya;= oelaùu yd m%;sldr ñksiqkaf.a fN!;sl fok wjia:d úiska" Tfí
l%uj,g jvd m%.;sYS,S yd wjYH;d fyda w;aoelSïj,ska ñila ^100]lau
j¾ê; woyia yd m%;sldr l%u tfia fkdfõ& fjk foaj,aj,ska
ìysjqKd' úfYaIfhkau tajd u.ska
udkisl wjYH;d fkdfõ lshk tlhs'
ñksiqkaf.a udkisl mSvkfha iïmQ¾K lsÍu ;=kajk idOlh jkafka
m%udKh Tjqka uqyqK fok Ôú; uq,alrf.k ohf,la;sl m%fõYhhs' fuys
wjodkï u; ;SrKh jk nj fkfuhs' tys m%Odk me;s folla ;sfnkjd'
fuu j¾ê; woyia j,ska m%ldY uQ,sl ù ;sfnkafka th ir,j meyeÈ,s lf<d;a
jqKd' iuyr mqoa.,hka isákjd
m%Yakh(- fujeks ixlS¾K
,dNh f.dv.id Tjqkg úúO Yío wefik"
úIhhla wrUhd udlaiajd§ .ekSuhs' fï ksid ^fuh ySfkdakudofha iq,Nu
m%fõYh l=ula úh hq;=o@ Tng ñksiqkaf.a wjYH;d ,laIKhla& yd tajdg ;ud úiska
th fláfhka idrdxY lr tkï tajd fN!;sl m%;spdr oelaùu' iuyr wh tu
olajkak mq¿jkao@ jQj;a wNHka;ßl Yíoj,g ìfhkq;a" ;j;a wh hï
ms<s;=r(- udlaiajd§ m%udKhlg tajd l<ukdlrKh
m%fõYfha§ wod< jk uQ,sl
wOHd;añl jqj;a lrñkq;a fyda l=uk wdldrhlska
idOl ;=kla ;sfnkjd' ,sx.sluh jqj;a fyda m%;spdr oelaùu' ks;ru fï
m<uq jekak kï .eg¨jg tajd md.douk" wdldrhg m%;spdr oelaùfï frda.
fN!;sljd§ meyeÈ,s lsÍula úlD;s lrk yd ,laIKh i,lkq ,nkafka th
lsÍu' m<uqfjkau .;af;d;a wo mr;ajdfrdamKhg tu mqoa.,hd ;=<u jk frda.S
wm Ôj;ajk iudch mokï ù ;;ajhla f,ihs'
;sfnkafka tys uQ,slù ;sfnkafka
,lalrk tu ksid m<uq lreK u.ska
ñksiqkaf.a fN!;sl wjYH;d iudchlhs wms ñksiqka ;ukaf.a yeÕSï yd
fyda udkisl wjYH;d iïmQ¾K Ôj;afjkafk' is;eÕs ms<sn| m%dfhda.slju
lsÍu uq,alrf.k fkfuhs' tys is;Sug yd ú£ug fm<öuhs'
uQ,sl ù ;sfnkafka ,dNh f.dv. fuu fmdf;a ud i|yka lr we;s
id .ekSuhs' fï ksid ñksiqkaf.a m%Odku ;¾lhla jkafka fuhhs'
ùuhs' fuu m%fõYh u.ska ta
wjYH;d tkï tajd fN!;sl tkï wmf.a ^ck;djf.a& fmdÿ
ta ld, iSudjkaj,§ udkisl
jQj;a wNHka;ßl wOHd;añl udkisl fi!LH uÜgu iEfyk
fi!LHh ms<sn| hïhï u;
jqj;a ,sx.sluh jqj;a tajd ÿrg mx;s wr.,fha uÜgu wkqj
yd m%;sldr fudv,hka ia:dms;
md.douk" úlD;s lrk yd njhs'
jQfha wehso hkak;a" ñksiqkaf.a
mr;ajdfrdamKhg ,lalrk WodyrKhla f,i ñksiqka
Ôú; ;=<;a Ôj úoHd;aulj ta
iudchlhs wms Ôj;afjkafk' fï iuQyhla f,i hï whym;a
ta ld,hka ;=<§ hï hï udkisl
;;ajh ;uhs udkisl fi!LH fohlg úreoaOj m%;spdr
;;ajhka we;sjQfha wehso hkak;a
.eg¨ f;areï .ekSfï uQ,sl fkdolajk wjia:djkays§" Tjqka
wjfndaO lr .ekSug yelshdj
,laIKh jkafka' ;u fõokdjka yd mSvkhla
,efnkjd'
fojeks idOlh jkafka ;uka ;=<gu we;=,a lr .kakd
flfkla <Õ§ lsh, ;snqKd
ft;sydislj m%Yakhg m%fõY njhs' tfukau ñksiqka iduQyslj
wms flfkla uqK.eyqKu
l%uhg úreoaO wr., lrk" Rcqju mr;ajdfrdamK ;;ajh m%;sldrj,g" fndfyda úg ^CBT
fmr<d igka lrk wjia:djkays§ fjkia lrkak Woõ fjkjd' - Cognitive Behavioural Therapy&
Tjqkaf.a udkisl fi!LH ud fï lD;sh ;=<;a i|yka fhduq lrkjd' tu.ska fndfyda
uÜgfï hym;a j¾Okhg fya;= lr we;af;a fndfyda fofklag ÿrg isÿlrkafka b;d mqoa.,sl
jk nj f,dj mqrd ´kE;rï udkisl wd;;sh yd .eg¨ jkfia ;u p¾hdjka fjkia lr
WodyrKj,ska Tmamq ù ;sfnk we;sjkafka ;ud wirK njg .ekSug;a" ;ud m%;spdr olajk
njhs' jk" ;udg n,hla fkdue;s wdldrh fjkia lr .ekSug;a
m%Yakh(- Tfí lD;sfha tla flfkla f,ig jk yeÕSuhs' Woõ lsÍu muKhs' kuq;a th
iqúfYaIS j.ka;shla ;sfnkjd' kuq;a ñksiqkag ;udg msßila iïmQ¾Kfhkau Tn uq,ska lshQ
th kï" "From picket lines isák nj;a" ;udg hï Yla;shla —frda.hg fya;=j mqoa.,hdf.a
to worry lines!" ^Woaf>daIK yd n,hla ;sfnk nj;a oefkk jrolah˜ hk mokfï isg lrkq
fmda,sfï isg ÿlafõokd úg Tjqkaf.a udkisl fi!LHh ,nk m%;sldr l%uhla fkao@
fmda,sugæ& hkakhs' uÜgu b;d fyd¢ka by< hkjd' ms<s;=r(- iy;sl jYfhkau
ms<s;=r(- Tõ' uu ys;kj m%Yakh(- uu ys;kjd Tn fuu ufkdaÑls;ail m%;sldrfhka
th fyd| jelshla lsh,d' by; m%ldY lrk ,o foa" Tng hym;la jqfKd;a fyd|hs'
tu j.ka;sh uÕska wms oeka j¾;udkfha ffjoHjrfhla kuq;a uu CBT Ñls;ail l%uh
ienEjgu isák ;ek fyd¢ka uqK.eiSug hk udkisl frda.S udkisl wd;;sh jeälrk
fmkajd fokjd' wms ish¨ ;;a;ajhg ,laù we;s flfklag mj;sk jgdmsgdj fjkia
fokdgu wmf.a udkisl fi!LHh ,efnk m%;sl¾uj,g jvd lsÍug l,amkd lsÍu yd ls%hd
ÈhqKq lr .ekSug l< yels uQ,Od¾ñlju fjkia' fuu lsÍu fjkqjg Bg úreoaOj
;ks jeo.;au foa iduQyslj fï ffjoHjreka frda.Skag T!IO Tn iudch yd wjg foa olsk
l%uhg yd tys widOdrKhg ,nd fkdÿkak;a" fndfyda úÈh fjkialsÍu b,lal fldg
úreoaOj igka lsÍuhs' th ÿrg Tjqkag ufkda Ñls;ail .;a;la' kj ,snr,a Okjd§
u;jdofha we;s tla ,laIKhla idïm%odhsl jQ w;ru udkisl oYlfha§ yd 1940 oYlfha§
;uhs b;d m%.;sYS,S woyia fi!LH .eg¨ Tyqg fmr ;snQ tlai;a ckmohg wdkhkh lrkq
ms<sf.k" th kj ,snr,a Okjd§ l%ufõoh mßoafokau Tyq;a ,enqjd' bkamiq th f,dj mqrdu
wka;hlg .ef,fmk f,i mqoa.,dkqnoaO fohla f,i ú.%y ks, —ufkda úYaf,aIK l%ufõo˜
fjkia lsÍu' WodyrKhla f,i l<d' tfia jqj;a udlaiajd§ka njg m;ajqKd muKla fkdfjhs"
—udkisl frdayf,a iqjl< yelsh˜ w;r hï Odrdjla f*%dhsâf.a tys ;snQ /äl,a h:d¾:jd§
hk u;h iudch ;=< m%n, Ñka;kh ;=< úma,jldÍ idrhka .;s,laIK iyuq,skau mdfya
n,mEula lr ;sfnkjd' tys we;s njg úYajdi l<d' bj;ajqKd'
Okd;aul me;a; ;uhs udkisl m%Yakh(- Tõ" Tn lshQ m%Yakh(- Tn fuys idlÉPd
fi!LH .eg¨ we;s wm Ôú;h mßÈu f*%dhsâf.a hq.fha isá lrk B<Õ hq.h 1960 oYlhhs'
mqrdu tfia isáh hq;= ke;h hk m%n, udlaiajd§ka Tyq iuÕ th;a w;súYd, iudc foaYmd,k
woyi iudc.;ù ;sîu' kuq;a ksrka;r .kqfokq l<d fkao@ th wr., iys; ld, mßÉfþohla'
tys krl" m%;s.dó me;a; ;uhs ksjerÈo@ fuu hq.fha m%n, pß;hla jQfha
tu udkisl frda.S ;;ajfhka ms<s;=r(- Tõ' ksYaÑ;ju ûdkisl fi!LH lafIa;%fha&
iqjùfï j.lSu wod< mqoa.,hd reishdkq úma,j wjêfha§" R.D.Laing' Tyq kej; j;djla
u; iyuq,skau megùuhs' 1920 .Kkaj,§' fuu lD;sh uE;l§ ;rula m%isoaêhg
m%Yakh(- Tn Tnf.a lD;sh ,sùug m¾fhaIK lroa§ oek.;a m;ajQfha Tyqf.a Ôjk pß;h u;
;=<ska udkisl fi!LHh ms<sn| tla jeo.;a lreKla ;uhs mokï ù fâúâ fgkkaÜ úiska
oekg ia:dms;ù we;s m%Odk f*%dhsâf.a ufkda úYaf,aIKd;aul wOHlaIKh lrk ,o Ñ;%máh
fudv,hkag wNsfhda. lrk l%ufõohg fidaúhÜ wdKavqfõ ksihs' R.D.Laingf.a odhl;ajh
w;ru" tu fudv,hka úiska ks, wkque;shg lsÜgq ;rï Tn w.h lrkafka flfiao@
fuu udkisl fi!LH ms<sn| ms<s.ekSula ,eî ;snqKq nj" ms<s;=r(- ud olsk úÈhg
lafIa;%hg lrk ,o n,mEu;a úfYaIfhkau 1920 .Kkaj,§ f,hsx.a b;d wdl¾IKSh"
úYaf,aIKh lr ;sfnkjd' f*%dhsâf.a fmd;a uqøKh lrk m%;súfrdaë ,laIK iys;
úfYaIfhkau udkisl fi!LH ,oafoa fidaúhÜ wdKavqfõ uqøK mqoa.,fhla' udkisl fi!LH
ms<sn| f,dj m%n,u n,mEu l< wdh;kh u.skqhs' f*%dhsâg" lafIa;%fha Tyqf.a m<uq ueÈy;a
mqoa.,hd jk f*%dhsâ ms<sn|j;a" fg%dÜials" rÈla ^Radek& ùu jQfha tjlg m%p,s;j yd
Tyqf.a fidhd.ekSï" tajdfha úf.dÜials ^Vygotsky& jeks ia:dms; ù ;snQ jkpdß uÜgfï
we;s idOkSh ,laIK fukau whf.a úfõpkd;aul iydh l%ufõohla jk udkisl
ksfIaOkd;aul ,laIK .ek;a ,enqKd' frda. iqjlsÍu i|yd m%;sldr
Tn i|yka lr ;sfnkjd' c¾uksh ;=<;a fï l%uhla f,i fud<h lemSug;a
ms<s;=r(- f*%dhsâ lsisúfgl ld,jljdkqj ;=<u úYd, ^Lobotomy&" wê úÿ,s ier
úma,jdÈfhla jQfha ke;;a Tyqf.a msßila ufkda úoHd;aul we,a,Sug;a úreoaOj lrk ,o
Ñka;kh ;=< tla m%n, /äl,a wOHdmkhkays ksr; jqKd' ta ueÈy;aùuhs'
woyila ia:dms;ù ;snqKd' th w;r lemSfmfkk uÜgfï ud f,hsx.aj i,lkafka
kï iudch úiska mqoa.,fhl=f.a ldka;d ufkdaúoHd{jßhkao mSvdjg m;ajQjkaf.a kdhlfhla
,sx.sl;ajh md.doud" úhjq,a ie,lsh hq;= msßila f,ihs' ysfkdakaudoh fyda tjeks
;;ajhg m;alrkjdg wu;rj isáhd' Tjqkao f*%dhsâf.a frda.S ;;ajhg ,lajQjka hhs
wfkl=;a uQ,sl wjYH;do fuu woyiaj,ska úYd, f,an,a lr we;s ñksiqkag m%;sldr
md.douk úhjq,a ;;ajhg wdl¾IKhlg;a" n,mEulg;a lsÍug fmr Tjqkg weyqïlka
m;alrk njhs' Tyq th ,lajqKd' Tjqka w;ßka m%n, Èh hq;= hehs m%n, f,i u;hla
ye¢kajQfha kshqfrdaisia ksmoùu /äl,a úNj;djhka iys; we;s lf<a Tyqhs' fuu ñksiqkaf.a
u.ska isÿjk ;;ajhla njhs' Ñka;khla iys; wh;a isáhd' yeisÍïj,g yd is;=ï me;=ïj,g
Tyqf.a ufkda úYaf,aIK fuu ufkda úoHd{hkaf.ka n,md we;af;a yqÿ Tjqkf.a
l%ufõofha fndfyda me;s b;d msßila iy tu l%ufõohka 1930 YÍrfha fyda fud<fha isÿjk
ridhksl m%;sls%hd muKla hq.fha b;d is;a .kakd iq¿
fkdjk nj;a tajdg fya;= jk wjêhla" kj uyck jHdmdrj,
ienE Ôjk w;aoelSïj, n,mEï ûdkisl fi!LH ms<sn|& moku
wm Ôj;ajk
ksid;a Tjqka ;=< fujeks yeisÍï ù we;af;a udkisl fi!LH
is;=ï me;=ï we;sjk njg;a Tyq
fï hq.fha b;d .eg¨ we;s mqoa.,hka oeka jeä
;¾l l<d' is;a .kakd iq¿ jeäfhka frday,a .; fkdùu;a
f,hsx.aj miqld,Skj wjêhla" kj Tjqka ;u m%cdj" jgmsgdj ;=<
úfõpkhg ,lajqKd uyck jHdmdrj, Ôj;a jk .uka frda.h iqj lr
ysfkdakaudoh yeÿKq whf.a mjq,a .ekSug wjYH úúO Wmldr ,nd
ûdkisl fi!LH
iy foudmshka úfõpkh lsÍu .ekSfï m%jK;djhhs'
ksid' Tyqf.a õfõpkh jQfha
ms<sn|& moku ù udkisl fi!LH .eg¨ we;s
orejdg fyda mjqf,a flfklag we;af;a udkisl wh jeä jeäfhka udkisl
ysfkdakaudoh je<£ug fya;=j fi!LH .eg¨ we;s frday,aj, ke;sj iudcfhau
mjqf,a wks;a wh iy foudmshka mqoa.,hka oeka jeä Ôj;aùu ksid Tjqkag ixúOdkh
njhs' ud is;kafka;a th ;rula ùu l,skag jvd myiq ù
jeäfhka frday,a
ÿrg widOdrK úfõpkhla ;sfnkjd' udkisl frda.sfhla
njhs' kuq;a Tyq th tfia
.; fkdùu;a hk j¾.SlrKhg jeàfuka
njg úYajdi l<d' bkamiq Tyq Tjqka ;u m%cdj" wmlS¾u;a ;;ajhg wNsfhda.
kj jdudxYsl jHdmdr iu. jgmsgdj ;=< lrkak hdfuka mgka.;a;u th
;Èka iïnkaO jQ w;ru 1960 Ôj;a jk .uka fï ;;ajhg m;aù isák úYd,
oYlfha w.Nd.fha§ ,kavkh msßilf.a jqjukdj iïmQ¾K
frda.h iqj lr
;=< úYd, iïuka;%Khla mjd lsÍulao fjkjd' udkisl frda.S
ixúOdkh l<d' tfia jqj;a 1970
.ekSug wjYH ;;ajhg ,lajQ wh iEu ;eku
oYlh jk úg fuu lafIa;%hg úúO Wmldr úisÍ me;sÍ isák ksid Tjqka
Tyqf.a nqoaêuh odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSfï fmrg jvd ixúOdkh lsÍu myiq
wvqjQ w;ru" Tyq mqoa.,slj;a m%jK;djhhs' ù ;sfnkjd'
;Èka u;amekaj,g weíneys fï i|yd n,mdk ,o ;j;a
jqKd' tfy;a 1960 oYlfha§ lreKla jQfha wdKavqj úiska
f,hsxf.a m%Odk u;h jQ" fi!LH i|yd jk rdcH úhoï
udkisl wjmSvkhg fya;=jla wjidkfha§ Tn i|yka lrkjd lmamdÿ lsÍu ksid udkisl
we;s nj;a" th y÷kd .ekSug miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< fi!LH ms<sn| ck;d ixúOdk
ñksiqkag weyqïlka Èh hq;= mekke.=Kq uyck jHdmdrhkaf.a mq¿,a jqjd fiau tajd jvd
njg;a bÈßm;a l< u;h b;d ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn|jh' tkï igkaldóo jQjd' úfYaIfhkau
jeo.;a' tfy;a fï úoHd;aul udkisl fi!LHh fiajd ,nd. udkisl fi!LH fiajd
mÍlaIK ÈhqKq ù fkd;snqKq kakka jf.au Tn jeks /äl,a ,nkakkaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh DPAC
ld,hl f,hskaf.a úiska bÈßm;a iudc fiajd lghq;= lrk ^Disable People Against Cuts&
lrk ,o fuu u;h fï jk wh" udkisl fi!LHh ms<sn| jeks ixúOdk ;=< b;d by<
úg mÍlaIK rdYshla uÕska b;d jD;a;slhka yd úoaj;=kaf.a uÜgulg m;aù ;sfnkjd'
m%n, f,i ;yjqre ù ;sfnkakla' ueÈy;aùfuka f.dvke.=Kq Tn weiQ mßÈ fuu uyck
tkï ñksiqkaf.a udkisl uyck ixúOdk ms<sn|j' fuu jHdmdr ;=< iïmQ¾Kfhkau w¨;a
fi!LH .eg¨ yd Tjqkaf.a Ôjk kj uyck jHdmdr ilia ùug ,laIK ;sfnkjd" jf.au Tjqka
w;aoelSï iuÕ" Tjqkg isÿjk w;S;fha ;snQ uyck jHdmdrj, Tjqkaf.a merKs ixúOdkj,
wmfhdacko iuÕ b;d ;Èka n,mEu fudk jf.ao@ fuu kj fmdÿ .=Khkao w;am;a lr.ksñka
iïnkaO njhs' ixúOdkj, m%fõYh ienE f,i isákjd' fï hq.fha m%p,s;
m%Yakh(- Tfí lD;sfha fl;rï w¨;ao@ ù we;s —MAD Studies˜ ^Wu;=
ms<s;=r(- wm Ôj;ajk fï
nj wOHhkh lsÍu&ys tla fokdu tlaù ixúOdkh l<d' udkisl wd;;sh jqj;a"
Okd;aul me;slvla ù we;af;a tf,iu Social Work Action jhia .;jQ flfklag tkak
fudjqka úiska w;S;fha udkisl Net work îudc fiajd ls%hdldÍ tkaku mrudKqlrKh jk
fi!LH ms<sn| lrk wr., cd,h& yd Psychologists iudchl§ m;ajk ;kslu
wOHhkh lsÍuhs' ta w;r 1960 Against Austerity ^lmamdÿjg ksid we;sjk udkisl wd;;sh
jljdkqj;a" Bg fmr ck;djf.a tfrys ufkda úoHd{fhda& jqj;a" wms kej;;a úúO
ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn|j;a Tjqka jeks ixúOdk u.skq;a udkisl me;sj,ska t<fUkafka tlu uQ,
wOHhkh lrkjd' úfYaIfhkau fi!LH fiajd ,nd.kakka" iudc fya;=jghs' tkï wm Ôj;ajk
f,hsx.a jeks whf.a woyia yd ls%hdldÍka" ufkdaúoH{hka iy iudcfha m%Odk wruqK —wm˜
ls%hdud¾. wog .,md .kafka wksl=;a wh tlg tlaù wdKavqfõ fkdj" ñksiqkaf.a iudcuh yd
flfiaoehs Tjqka wOHhkh fi!LH fiajd we;=¿ úúO ck;d wOHd;añl wjYH;d fkdj"
lrkjd' iyk lmamdÿjg tfrysj tlaj Okh f.dv.eiSu ùu ms<sn|
ta iu.u fuu udkisl lghq;= lsÍu wrUd ;sfnkjd' .eg¨jhs'
fi!LH ms<sn| uyck jHdmdr m%Yakh(- wjidk jYfhka" tksid oekg f,dju uqyqK §
bÈßhg f.k hdhq;af;a fmdÿ Tn is;k mßÈ udlaiaf.a we;s udkisl fi!LH w¾nqohg
wr.,h yd iïnkaOùu ;=<skao" mr;ajdfrdamKh ms<sn| ienEu úi÷ula f.k wd
tfia ke;skï —wkkH;d ixl,amh udkisl fi!LH yelafla" ,dNh f.dv.ik"
foaYmd,kh˜ ;=<skao ^tkï .eg¨ iqjlsÍfï§ b;d .eUqre Okh f.dv.ik iudchla
udkisl fi!LH .eg¨ we;s wh wre;lska wod< jkafka wehs fjkqjg udkj wjYH;d
muKlaf.ka iukaú;& ms<sn| lshd Tng meyeÈ,s lrkak iïmQ¾K lsÍu mokï lr.;a
úYd, ixjdohla fuu jHdmdr mq¿jkao@ iudchla f.dvke.Sfuka
;=< mekke.S ;sfnkjd' flfia ms<s;=r(- ud fï lD;sh ;=<ska muKhs'
jqj;a ud is;k mßÈ wo iEu u;=lrk m%Odku lreK jkafka
;eklu m%n, f,i udkisl udkisl wd;;shg wod< uQ,
frda.S ;;ajhkag ,lajQ wh isák fya;=ka we;af;a" fï u;jdofha
ksid óg fmr mej;s udkisl fyda wr u;jdofha fkdjk nj;a Tyq úiska rÑ; fmd;a'
frda.Ska .¾ydjg ,la lsÍfï udkisl wd;;sfha uQ, fya;=j 1. Reclaiming Social Work:
;;ajh fjkia ù ;sfnkjd' tu we;af;a fuu iudch - tkï Challenging Neoliberalism and
ksid udkisl fi!LH .eg¨ Okm;s l%uh ;=< nj;a lshk Promoting Social Justice 2008
iys; whg muKla fjkajQ tl' fuu Okm;s iudch úiska 2' Radical Social work - 2009
jHdmdrhla fjkqjg fmdÿfõ wmg wfma Ôú; md,kh lsÍug uydpd¾h bhka *¾.shqika
fï l%ufhka mSvdjg m;ajQ ish¨ tajd wmg wjYH mßÈ yev. ì%;dkHfha ngysr iafldÜ,ka;
fokd iïnkaO lr.;a mq¿,a iajd .ekSug wmg we;s whs;sh úYajúoHd,fha iudc fiajd
nyqck jHdmdrhla f.dvke.Sug wfmka meyer .kakjd fukau iy iudc m%;sm;a;s ms<sn|
úYd, bvlvla oeka újD;ù th wmg wjYH mßÈ jgmsgdj uydpd¾hjrhd f,i fiajh
;sfnkjd' ks¾udKh lr.ekSug wjYH lrhs' 1990 uq,a Nd.fha§
úfYaIfhkau miq.sh ld,h mßÈ yev.iajd .ekSug wjYH lÓldpd¾hjrfhla f,i
;=<§ m%cd uQ,sl udkisl fi!LH foa;a wfmka Wÿrd .kakjd' iriúhg ne£ug fmr Tyq jir
fiajd lmamdÿjg yd tu fiajd tksid wm l=uk me;af;ka 15la muK m%cd uQ, ks,Odßfhla
imhk uOHia:dk jidoeóug ne¨j;a" th /lshd lrk yd iudc ls%hdldßlfhla f,i
úreoaOj rgmqrdu w;s úYd, mqoa.,fhlag jev wêl;djh iafldÜ,ka;fha lghq;= lf<ah'
Woaf>daIK m%udKhla udkisl ksid we;sjk udkisl wd;;sh tu ld,h ;=<u Tyq udkisl
fi!LH fiajd ,nd.kakka" jqj;a" mdi,a isiqka È.ska fi!LHh ms<sn| ks,Odßfhl=
jD;a;Sh iñ;s ls%hdOrhka yd È.gu uqyqK fok by< hk f,io fiajh lf<ah'
úúO iudc ls%hdOrhka ish¨ ;r.ldÍ;ajh ksid we;sjk
udlaij
a doh iy
OfkaYja r ufkdaúoHdj
ffjoH iqidka frdieka;,a
www.susanrosenthal.com/articles/health-
and-medicine/marxism-and-psychology
,smsfha mßj¾;khls
ud laia iy
tx.,aia
in|;dj, iajrEmh
fjkia lrkafkao@
lsÍug" mßj¾;kh
lsÍug iudcjd§
ufkda ffjoH úoHdj"
cdk úoHdj yd ;j;a
úiska m%d.aOkh wfkla w;g udlaiaf.a úma,jhg jvd hula fndfyda úoHdjkag
tla;rd wdldrhl fï woyi wkjYH wjYH fkdjkafkao@ wkqj mqoa.,hd ^fyda
in|;djhla f,i;a" ;rï m%Yakh idudkH j¾;udkfha mqoa.,hdf.a iuyr
Okjdoh in|;d lrKh lsÍulao@ i;H udlaiajdoh iy m%Odk bkaøshhka fyda iuyr
moaO;shla f,i;a ú.%y jYfhkau ñksidf.a Odrdfõ ufkdaúoHdj ls%hdldrlï& iudc
lf<ah' wmf.a ishü iuyr w;aoelSï yd w;r we;s uQ,sl yd wd¾Ól n,mEfuka
in|;dj, ishü in|;d iudcfha wrgqfjysu we;s .egqu f;drh' tkï fuys,d
.;s ,laIK ;SrKh n,mEfuka f;drj by; lreKqh' jk uQ,sl ms<s.ekSu
lrkafka;a" tfukau isÿúh fkdyelso@ udlaiajdohg jkafka mqoa.,hd
fmdÿfõ iudcfha tuksid wmf.a in|;d wkqj iEu ukqIH ^fyda Tyqf.a iuyr
iajNdjh ;SrKh f;areï lsÍug yd we;aoelSulau iudc w;aoelSï& ;SrKh
lrkafka;a Okjdoh f;areï .ekSug wd¾Ól miqìul ;nd jkafka Tyqf.a Ôj
úiska nj Tjqka woyia udlaiajdohg jvd ú.%y l< yelsh' úoHd;aul fyda udkisl
lf<ao@ tfiakï wu;r fohla wjYH tfy;a ufkdaúoHdj" .=Kdx. u; jk w;r"
iudcjd§ úma,jh úiska fkdjkafkao@ tfukau ufkdaÑls;ail jdoh" tajd ;SrKh jkafka
wmf.a fuu ishü wmf.a in|;d fjkia ufkda úYaf,aIKh" iudch md,kh jk
kshdu fyda uQ,O¾u u; Tmamq lr we;af;a
fkdj tajdgu wkkHjQ l=ula o@ tkï iudch
fjku kshdu yd yd ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hd
uQ,O¾u u;h hkakh' tlsfkld w;r wka;¾
tuksid fuu .=Kdx. ls%hdlrñka mqoa.,hd
úoHdj wmg Tmamq lr we;af;a
fjkia l< yelafla tla yd iudch hk
tla mqoa.,hdg iqúfYaI foflau rej iy .=K
l=ula o@ tkï iudch yd ;ks
jkfia ñi fmdÿfõ ;SrKh lrjk njhs' ;ks mqoa.,hd tlsfkld w;r
fkdfõh hkakh' WodyrKhla f,i hï wka;¾ ls%hdlrñka mqoa.,hd
tfy;a i;Hh kï lsisfjlaf.a YÍrh yd iudch hk foflau rEm
mqoa.,hd" iudcfhka muKg jvd nr kï"
iy .=K ;SrKh lrjk
fjka lsÍu" mqoa.,hd thg n,mdkafka Tyq
iudc n,mEfuka muKla fkdfõ' thg
njhs' WodyrKhla f,i hï
f;drh hkak n,mdkafka Okjdoh lsisfjlaf.a YÍrh muKg jvd
wjOdrKh lsÍu" úiska úIljd we;s nr kï" thg n,mdkafka Tyq
OfkaYajr u;jd§ Tyq jgd we;s øjHuh muKla fkdfõ' thg n,mdkafka
wjYH;djhla úkd th iïm;a yd iudc
Okjdoh úiska úIljd we;s
lsisÿ úoHdjlska ikd: jgmsgdfõ iajNdjh;a
jQjla fkdùuh' Ôú;h ñksid kue;s Ôúhdf.a
Tyq jgd we;s øjH iïm;a yd
yd Ôjk w;aoelSï mßKdóh idOl;ah' iudc jgmsgdfõ iajNdjh;a
ms<sn| mqoa., idOl iajNdúl mßirh ñksid kue;s Ôúhdf.a mßKdóh
biau;= lsÍu uÕska w;sYh úI iys;ùu idOl;ah'
isÿjkafka" tajdg ms<sld we;s ùug
wod<j we;s iudchSh n,mdk m%Odk fya;=j
idOlj, n,mEu wvq jqj;a" ks;ru isÿjkafka
;lafiare lsÍu fyda ms<sld frda.shd úiska
iudchSh idOl wm fi!LHuh fkdjk
Ôú;hg n,mEula we;s wdydr .ekSfï je/oao
fkdlrk nj fyda —ms<sld we;slrk fud<fha ridhk y÷kajkafka —msiaiqj˜
ms<s.ekSuh' ta wkqj cdk ;sîu˜ fyda — ixhq;sfha wvqmdvq˜" —T,audoh˜ jYfhks'
Ôú;h ms<sn| mQ¾K ms<sldj,g myiqfjka —ÿn, cdk˜ jeks 1918§ mej;s ufkda
fyda jeä j.lSu f.dÿre úh yels fya;= yqjdolajñks' úoHd{hkaf.a
we;af;a ;ks ;ks YÍrhla ;sîu˜ by; WodyrKj,§ uydiNdj úiska
mqoa.,hdg kï" jeks ;¾l u.ska mqoa.,hdg jro ñksiqkaf.a udkisl
Ôú;hg whym;a yd ms<sldj je<÷Kq mgjñka iudc l%uh jHdl+,;d ldKav
wjq,a isÿùfï j.lSu mqoa.,hd u; jro jrÈka ksoyia flf¾' 22la we;s nj;a" bka
jeä jYfhka Tyqf.a megùugh' fï whqßkau tu.ska ;ks ;ks ldKav 21lau tla fyda
mqoa.,sl je/oaola mr;ajdfrdamKh úiska mqoa.,hd lrk lshk ;j;a wdldrhl —
f,ig ie,lsh yels ñksiqka udkisl frda.Ska foag wjOdkh fhduq msiaiqj ye§ula˜ f,i
w;r" tuÕskao iudch" njg m;alrhs' tfia lrk w;r ;ks ;ks ks.ukh lrk ,§'
mqoa.,hdg isÿjk jqjo udkisl frda.Ska mqoa.,hd" iudch ;=< t;eka isg ñksiqkaf.a
whymym;g j. ks;ru fodaIdfrdamKhg lrk foa i,ld ne,Su fjkia fyda l,yldÍ
fkdlshk nj yd yE,a¨ lsÍïj,g w;ayrjhs' fyda p¾hdjka" ;udf.a
ms<s.ekSug isÿfjhs' ,lajkafka —Tjqkaf.a udkisl frda.SNdjh ixfõokhka fjkia
kuq;a úoHdj wmg jerÈ Ñka;kh˜" — hkak fmdÿfõ wdldrhlg f;areï
lr .kakd mqoa.,hka" YdÍßl fyda .eàïj,g uqyqK fkdue;s" ksjila
;kslu fyda mSvdldÍ udkisl jqj;a" wvq fokafka jevlrk fkdue;s ÿmam;ayq njg
;;ajhkaj,g ld¾hlaIu;djhla yd mx;shhs' m;aù isá;s'
,lajQjka yeÕSï m%ldY m%fhdackj;a wdldrhg udkislj frda.S jQ mSvdldÍ nj hkq
lrk wdldrfhka" jevlsÍug wmyiq mqoa.,fhda wêlrK Okjdofha w;HjYH
b;d m%n," ldjÈk ish¨ fokdu iudch lghq;=j,§o" ffjoH wx.hls' iudch ;=<
iq¿ w;aoelSïj,g úiska nrm;< .¾ydjg m%;sldr ,nd.ekSfï§o" úúO iudc foaYmd,k
,lajQjkaf.a p¾hdjka ,lalr jevlg ke;s iudchSh lghq;=j,§o fya;= u; mSä;Ndjhg
^Truma ;;ajhg mqoa.,hka f,i w;yer fldkaùug ,lafj;s' ,lajQ mSä;hka
,lajQjka& wd§ ish,a, oukq ,nhs' Tjqyq fndfyda fjkafjka lKavdhï
lsisÿ j.úNd.hlska ta wkqj —udkisl wjia:dj,§ jYfhka hgm;alr
f;drj —msiaiqj˜ frda.S˜ f,an,h n,y;aldrfhka md,kh lsÍu ;=<ska
hk fmdÿ j¾.SlrKhg we,jqKq ish¨ fokdu frday,aj, jid oeuQ by< md,l mx;shg
we;=,a lsÍu wdrïN Okjd§ iudch ;=< ldurj, isrlr jvd ixLHdfjka úYd,
úh' ta wkqj wr., ;j;a mSvdjg m;ajQ ;eîfukao" Tjqkaf.a jQ jevlrk mx;sh
lrk mqoa.,hkao" ck lKavdhula njg leue;a;lska f;drj fnod fjkalr md,khg
úYd, ÿlafõokdj,g m;afj;s' wfkl=;a T!IO ,nd§fukao" bvlv újr fjhs'
,laù mSvd ú¢k ishü mSvdjg m;a Tjqkaf.a Ôú; ms<sn| thskq;a udkisl frda.Ska
mqoa.,hkao" lKavdhï fukau ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSug mSvdjg m;alsÍu"
ld¾hlaIu;djh udkisl frda.Ska w;ro Tjqkg lsisu whqrlska ke;akï md,kh lr
;rula wvq mqoa.,hkao" iEu mx;shlgu wh;a bv fkd§fukao mSvdjg ;nd .ekSu Tjqkf.a
—udkisl frda.Ska˜ hk ñksiaiq fj;s' tfia ,lafj;s' udkisl is;=ï me;=ï" yeÕSï yd
f,an,h hgf;a frda.Ska jqjo wfkla mSvdldÍ frda.j,ska fmf<k wh p¾hdjka iSudlr ;nd
f,i ie,lSu wdrïN ;;ajhla ;=<§ fukau" ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hla .ekSu ms<sn| fmdÿfõ
úh' úfYaIfhkau udkisl frda.S ;;ajhg isr.;ùug ,laù iudch ;=<u jeä
j¾;udkfha§ m;ajQjka w;frkao we;s w;r" Tjqkaf.ka fm<Uùula ;sfí'
mqoa.,hdf.a .eg¨j jeäu mSvkhg yd nyq;rhla /lshdjla j;auka m%Odk
Odrdfõ ufkdaúoHdj kue;s udkisl frda.S
Okjdohg fiajh ;;ajfha ,laIKhla
lrk w;r" thg wkqj njg ish w;afmd;
úfrdaOh oelaùu" fjkia l< w;r"
hulg tfrysj tuÕska ler,s .eiQ
ke.S isàu" udkisl kd.ßl l¿ ñksiqka wd¾Ól w¾nqoh jevùu ksidu"
frda.S ;;ajhla f,i tu frda.S ;;ajfhka foudmshkag Èjd rd;S% foflau
i,lhs' úfYaIfhkau fmf<kakka f,i fyda /lshd folla lsÍug
1950 oYlfha§ m%Odk i,lk ,§' wo jk
isÿùu ksid fyda orejkaf.a
jYfhkau .Dy úg iqÿ wefußldkqjka
Ôú;fha mSvdldÍ fuka ;=ka .=Khla
wOHd;añl yd udkisl wjYH;d
;;ajh ksid l,lsÍug l¿ wefußldkqjka iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk
m;ajQ .DyKshka ish¨ ySkudkh keue;s frda. ld,h" biamdiqj yd ñ,uqo,a
fokdu —ySkudkh˜ fhka fmf<kakka njg ke;sù f.dia ;sfí' mei,aj,
kue;s udkisl —ks.ukh˜ ^f,an,a& lr
we;s oeä wOHdmk ;r.h ksid
frda.S ;;a;ajfhka ;sfí'
fmf<kakshka f,i fndfyda
orejka ;u Ôú;hg lsisÿ
kï flßKs' tfukau wjia:djkaj,§ ufkda wod<;ajhla ke;s" o;a; lg
1960 oYlfha Ñls;ailhka yd mdvï lrkqjia jid oeuQ ldur
tlai;a ckmoh ;=< ufkdaffjoHjreka" ;=< úYd, ld,hla ;nd mdvï
j¾KfNaojdohg jy¨kaf.a yd
lsÍug lrk n,mEï ksidu
tfrys wr., wdrïN úma,jldÍ foaYmd,k
jQ úg wefußldkq woyia orkakkaf.a
orejka ;=< udkisl wjmSvkh
ufkdaúoHd{ ix.uh úfrdaO;d u¾okh we;sfõ'
úiska Tjqkaf.a lsÍug Rcqj odhl
Diagnostic and ù ;sfí' Tjqka
Statistical Manual of ler,sldÍ woyia yd
Mental Disorders ^DSM& ls%hdldß;ajhla iys;
hk ku jD;a;slhkaf.a ldka;djkaf.a fud<h
w;afmdf;ys Y,Hl¾uj,g ,lalrk
tf;la ySkudkh w;r" tuÕska Tjqka lghq;= lf<dah' fid,aodÿjkag T!IO
^Schizophrenia& hkakg iu,sx.slhka njg tfukau foaYmd,k ,nd§u wo o isÿfõ'
,nd§ ;snQ ks¾jpkh m;alsÍug ork ,o isrlrejka yd fuu ufkdaúoHd{hka
fjkia lf<ah' tf;la W;aidyhka tlai;a úma,jjd§kag úúO yd ufkdaffjoHjreka
ySkudkh hkak ckmofha úYd, jO ysxid meñKùfï§ jhia.; mqoa.,hka
idudkH mqoa.,hka ;=< jYfhka jd¾;d ù ;sfí' ufkdaúoHd{hka yd yd isrlrejka ksy`vj
u;=jk lKiai,a," tfukau Tjqka" tjeks ufkda ffjoHjre ;nd .ekSu msKsi
l,lsÍu jeks hula woyia ork mqoa.,hka tajdg iydh fok Tjqkag fkdokajd T!IO
njg ks¾udKh lr —iudc ffjria˜ j,ska ,o wjia:d ´kE;rï ,ndfohs' Tjqka oÕldr
;snQ foh —igka lsÍu˜" úks¾uqla; lsÍu kdis c¾uksh ;=< <uqka ksy`v lsÍu
—m%;súfrdaOh oelaùu˜" i|yd T!IO ,nd§u fukau tlai;a ckmoh i|ydo wkqoekqulska
—j¾KfNaojdohg yd tkak;a uÕska ;=<o we;' tfukau f;drj T!IO ,ndfohs'
tfrys woyia oeÍu ishÈú f;dr lr hqoaOj,§ ;srYaÖk f,i wd¾Ól w¾nqoh
yd tajd oeäj m%ldY .ekSu Êuthanasia& ñksiqka urdoeóug jevùu ksidu"
lsÍu˜ mjd zySkudkhZ W;al¾Ihg kexùug uki iQodkï lr foudmshkag Èjd rd;S%
.ekSug yelsjk mßÈ foflau fyda /lshd
folla lsÍug isÿùu fuu orejka w;ßka ;yjqre lsÍug Wmßu fohla njg Tmamq
ksid fyda orejkaf.a orejka ñ,shk 01lf.a uykaishla .kshs' ñka ù ;snqKo" udkisl
wOHd;añl yd udkisl jhi wjqreÿ 05g tla m%Odk WodyrKhla frda.j,g m%;sldr lsÍu
wjYH;d iïmQ¾K wvq jQ w;r" orejka jkafka —udkisl j;aufkys w;s úYd,
lsÍu i|yd wjYH 250"000lf.a jhi frda.˜ j, uQ, fya;=j jHdmdrhla ù we;s
jk ld,h" biamdiqj wjqreÿ 1lg wvq úh' ÔjúoHd;aul ÿ¾j,;d ksid tu jHdmdrfha
yd ñ,uqo,a ke;sù iudcjd§ka f,i ksidh hk jHdcu;h wjYH;djhg
f.dia ;sfí' mdi,aj, wms ´kEu wdldrfha iudc.; lr ;sîuhs' .e,fmk u;jdoh
we;s oeä wOHdmk mSvdjlg tfrysj udkisl jkafka udkisl
;r.h ksid orejka ke.S isákakka fjuq' frda.j, uQ, fya;=j frda. mqoa.,hdf.a
;u Ôú;hg lsisÿ ldka;djkaf.a YÍrh ÔjúoHd;aul ffcjúoHd;aul fyda
wod<;ajhla ke;s" o;a; iajNdúlj ilia ÿ¾j,;dj hk u;fha mqoa.,sl wvqjla ksid
lg mdvï lrkqjia ù we;af;a orejka moku jkafka uki we;sjkakla nj ;yjqre
jid oeuQ ldur ;=< ìyslsÍug yelsjk ke;akï ú{dkh hkak lsÍuh' ta i|yd ksYaÑ;
úYd, ld,hla ;nd whqßka ksid" orejka fud<hg W!kKh WodyrKhla f,i"
mdvï lsÍug lrk ye§fï ^/ln,d lsÍuhs' ta wkqj 1952 § m<l< tlai;a
n,mEï ksidu orejka .ekSfï& j.lSu ´kEu udkisl frda.S ckmo udkisl fi!LH
;=< udkisl wjmSvkh wksjd¾hfhkau ;;ajhlg mÍlaId l< ms<sn| w;afmdf;a
we;sfõ' ufkdaúoHd ldka;djf.a j.lSula hq;= jkafka" m%;sldr ^DSM& udkisl frda.
jD;a;slhka úiska hhs lshk ;SrKh l< hq;= jkafka iudchSh idOl ksid;a
fujeks lghq;=j,g wms fkdms<s.ksuq' l¿ wod< mqoa.,hdf.a — Ôj;ajk jgmsgdj
tfrysj m%;spdr ñksiqka nyq;rhla fud<hgh˜ hkakhs' ksid;a" ÔjúoHd;aul
olajk orejka udkisl ÿmam;=ka ù we;af;a fuys B<Õ jH;sf¾Lh fya;= ksid;a we;sjkakla
frda.j,ska fmf<kakka Tjqkaf.a nqoaê uÜgu jk f*%dhsâjdofha nj ms<sf.k ;snqKs'
f,i;a Tjqkf.a wvq ksidh hk ;¾lh îs.auka f*%dhsâf.a kuq;a bkamiqj we;s l<
foudmshka —ÿ¾j, yd wms m%;slafIam lruq' kHdfha yrh jkafka ixialrKhka uÕska
whym;a˜ foudmshka fuu —Ôj úoHd;aul˜ ishü udkisl fuu ks¾jpkh bj;a
f,i;a jd¾;dlrKh fia fmfkk ;¾l frda.j,g uQ, fya;=j lrk ,§'
lrkq ,nhs' lsisfia;au úoHdj u; mqoa.,fhl=f.a fuu w;afmd;
fuu jD;a;slhka mokï jQ tajd fkdj ,sx.sl;ajh& hkakhs' uÕska udkisl frda.
úiska hï orefjl= wúoHdj u; mokï Tyq uki hkak we;sùug iudchSh
udkisl frda.sfhl= f,i jQ tajdh' tajd Okm;s" mqoa.,fhl=f.a idOlj, n,mEu
kï l< úg" Tjqkg cd;sjd§ m%pdrKhkag ,sxf.akaøhkag W!kkh bj;alr we;s ksid"
kshu lrk T!IO úoHd;aul fjiauqyqKq lrhs' fuu r¿ hdka;%sl tuÕska udkisl frda.
,nd§u foudmshka me<|ùula muKs' fN!;sljdoh;a" udkisl iïmQ¾Kfhkau mdfya
úiska wksjd¾hfhka l< Okm;s l%uh ie,iqï frda. iudc ft;sydisl mqoa.,hdf.a wNHka;r
hq;= w;r"th lvlsÍu iy.;ùu úoHdj miqìul ;nd ú.%y fyda mqoa.,hdf.a
tlai;a ckmofha fjkqjg wúoHdj lrk udlaiajd§ jerÈ Ñka;kh" jerÈ
kS;suh jrols' 2013 § ck;dj ;=< ;yjqre fN!;sljdoh;a p¾hdjka" fud<fha
tlai;a ckmoh ;=< lsÍug W;aidy lrk lsisfia;au tlla ridhkhkays .eg¨"
jhi 17g wvq orejka w;r" Tjqka úoHd;aulj fkdfõ' cdkuh wdndO wdÈh
ñ,shk 8la udkisl yd m%dfhda.slj i;H udkisl frda. ksid we;sjkaklah hk
frda.Ska f,i kïlr" ù we;s foa fjkqjg we;sùu meyeÈj ms<s.ekSu we;s lrhs'
Tjqkg T!IO ,nd§u Tjqkg —wjYH i;Hh˜ iudcuh idOlj, tuÕska udkisl frda.Ska
wksjd¾h lr ;sìKs' i;Hh f,i ck;djg n,mEfuka isÿjqKq ìyslrk iudc wd¾Ól
jgmsgdj fjkia lsÍu m%;spdr m< lsÍfï úfõpkh lrkafka lSuh' m%;súreoaO
keu;s uQ, fya;=j .eg¨" tkï ;ejq,a ljqo@ Tjqka ms<s.kq foa idOdrKSlrKh
fjkia lsÍu w;yer" iys; nj Ânxiety&" ,nkafka l=ulao@ yd lrk wjia:djla f,i
—fnfy;a lsÍu˜ hk udkisl wjmSvkh" Tjqka fkdms<s.kafka udkqISh ueÈy;aùï
lreKg uQ,sl wjOdkh jeks hkdÈh we;súh l=ulao@ hkak i|yd hqoaO lsÍu hk
fhduq lrhs' fï ksid yels jqj;a" bkaøsh ;SrKh fõ' jerÈ ye¢kaùu iys;j lrk
wo udkisl frda. ixfõokd ksis whqßka ixcdkkh o iudcuh wdl%uK ye¢kaúh yel'
ms<sn| wêksYaph ù f;dard fírdf.k f.dvkexùula ñi wka ienE Ôú; w;aoelSï
we;af;a T!IO ,nd§u m%;spdr oelaùug hula fkdfõ' OfkaYajr tla fohla mjioa§
yd cdk m¾fhaIK fkdyelsùu jeks .eg¨ ufkdaúoHd{hkao" thg yd;amiskau
jk w;r fufia we;sjkafka uQ,slju m%pdrK WmfoaYhkao" úreoaO fndrejla
udkisl frda.j, uQ, ÔjúoHd;aul .eg¨ l<ukdlrK we;a; f,i lSu'
fya;=j iudc jgmsgdj fya;=fjka njh' fuh úfYaI{hkao oyia ûykais ù jevlsÍfuka
fkdj mqoa.,hdf.a idjoH ;¾lhls' .Kkla j;auka l%uh ieuúgu m%;s,dN ,efí
ÔjúoHd;aul fyda ukaoh;a udkj úiska fiajfha fhdojd hkak tjekakls& wfkl
mqoa., noaO lreKqh ixcdkkh iudc we;af;a fï ,dN yd ;¾ckhls' ^jev lrkq
hk ms<s.ekSu u; f.dvkexùuls' jdis i|yd fndrej yd æ ke;skï nv.skafka
isÿlrk fohla njg iudchl m%n,j /jàu u; mokï jQ isákqæ& fndfyda ñksiqka
m;aù ;sfí' fuys§ ;yjqreù we;s woyia fuu l%uh ck;djg ;udg ms<s.; fkdyels
iuyre ork u;hla wkqj ñksiqka is;kafka —úlsKSu˜ i|ydh' foa ms<sf.k isáho"
jkafka mSvdldÍ iudc l=ulao@ ñksiqkag wjYH fndrej we;a; f,i Tjqka ienúkau thg
jgmsgdjl Ôj;aùu jkafka fudkjdo@ Tjqka m%ldY lrk tl leu;s ke;' fujeks
uÕska <uqka ;=< ñksiqka úYajdi wjia:djla jkafka —tal ;;ajhl§ iuyre
udkisl wjmSvkh" lrkafka ljqo" Tjqka ksoyia rgla˜ Ît's a free t<smsg fuhg úreoaOj
yeÕSï oekSï yd ìh jkafka ldgo" Tjqka Country& f,i mqkmqkd ke.S isáhs' ;j;a
iuyre" fN!;slj fyda tfy;a fuu ixcdkkh fkdlrhs' wjOdkh ndysr iudchSh idOlh
udkisl ,laIK uÕska wdY%s; udkisl frda.j, fhduq lrkq ,nkafka hkakh'
thg úreoaO fjhs' ,laIKh jkafka lreKq 3la flfrys iudc uÜgfï§
weíneysùïj,g fyda ;ud ;ud iu. lrk muKs' udkisl frda. we;s
ishÈú kid .ekSïj,g .kqfokqjg ndOd 1' fud<fha ridhk whg iudch uÕska
fhduq fõ' ;j;a iuyre muqKqjd" ;ud fï ixhq;sh ms<sn|" iyk fiajd ,nd§u
ienE h:d¾:fhka iu. lr.kakd iajhx 2' ÿ¾j, cdk b;d ld¾hlaIu
ñ§ îsyskuh& fjk;a idlÉPdj msg;ska tk ksjerÈ lsÍu" yd m%;sM,odhl ù
h:d¾:hlg m,d hhs' y`vla f,i jerÈ f,i 3' p¾hdjka ;sfí' lekvdfõ
ixcdkkh mokï y÷kdf.k tu y`vg md,kh lsÍu' ta ;=khs' ;o udkisl frda.S
jQ udkisl frda.S m%;spdr oelaùug hduhs' udkisl frda. i|yd ;;a;ajhkag f.dÿreù
;;a;ajhka idudkHfhka oDIHuh ixcdkkfha§ jk id¾:lu" fyd|u isá ksjdi wysñ
mqoa.,fhl= ;=< tu ia:dkfha ienEjg m%;sldrh jkafka mqoa.,hka 2000lg
j¾Okh jkafka kj ke;sfoa øjH fyda iudcfhka ,efnk iaÓr ksjdi ,nd§u
fhdjqka úfha isg ñksiqka f,i ;sfnk iykhhs' b;d úYd, uÕska Tjqkf.a udkisl
jeäysáúhg m;ajk nj jerÈ f,i f;areï frda.Ska m%udKhla frda.S ;;a;ajhka b;d
ld,iSudj ;=<§h' tu .ekSuhs' fhdodf.k tlai;a blaukska iqjm;a úh'
ld,h ;=<§ f,dalfha OfkaYajr ckmofha isÿlrk ,o tlai;a ckmofha jir
ienE iajrEmh;a" ufkdaúoHd{hka yd m¾fhaIKhlska Tmamq 8la ;siafia lrk ,o
f,dalh ienE f,i ÔjúoHd{hka fuu jQfha wvqfjka T!IO yd m¾fhaIKhlska Tmamq
;sìh hq;= wdldrh;a ixcdkkh wdYS%;j ta wdYS%; m%;sldr l%u jQfha lsisod ÿmam;a
ms<sn| udkisl we;sjk udkisl ,nk" jeämqr mqoa.,sl ke;s <ufhl= udkisl
.egqula fï ld,h frda.j,g n,mdk yd mjqf,a iydh ,nk frda.sfhl= ùug jvd 4
;=< ksrka;r j¾Okh iudchSh fya;+ka udkisl frda.Ska iqjùu" .=Khl bvla ÿmam;a
fõ' fuu m%;súfrdaOh w;ayßk w;r Tjqkag idudkHfhka isÿlrk orefjda udkisl frda.Ska
fyd¢ka f;areï .ekSug fuu udkisl frda.S T!IO yd m%;sldr njg m;aùug bv we;s
fkdyelsùu ksid iuyr ;;a;ajh iys; flakaøSh lr.;a njhs' ;j;a tjeks
wh b;d ;o wiykhg mqoa.,hd hkq — m%;sldr muKla ,nk wOHhkhlska TmamqjQfha
f.dÿrejk w;r" iEu ksjerÈ l< hq;= fodaI frda.Skag jvd jeä w¨;ska wdrïN lrk
fohlau ;Èka wúYajdi ,ehsia;=jls'˜ wod< njh' fuu iudc iydh ,o leisfkda Yd,djla
lsÍug" iellsÍug mqoa.,hdf.a Ôjk ;=<ska udkisl frda. uÕska fndakia ,nd§u
fm<fUhs' ukaoh;a ;ud w;aoelSu" Tyqf.a úi£fï l%ufõoh yryd m%foaYfha mjq,a
wjg f,dalh th úh oDIaáh yd Tyqf.a TiafÜ%,shdfõ;a" 14]la ÿmam;alñka
hq;= wdldrhg fkdù iudc wjYH;d fuu ialekaäfkaúhd rgj,;a by<g meñKs w;r"
wixfõ§ f,i Tfya jD;a;slhka úiska ;j;a rgj,a ;=<;a Tjqka ;=< ;snQ udkisl
mj;sk neúka" Tjqka fkdi,ld yßkq ,nhs' id¾:lj fhdod.ksñka frda. o fndfydaÿrg
tu ;uka wlue;s Tjqka wod< udkisl isáhs' bka ikd: jkafka wvqjQ njhs' tfukau
h:d¾:fhkau leã frda.S mqoa.,hd úiska l=ulao@ iudcfhka tu m¾fhaIKhg wkqj
fjkaù jpkfhka Tyqf.a l;d ;=<ska fyda ,efnk wjOdkh ÿmam;=kaj isg bka
m%ldY l< fkdyels yeÕSï m%ldYkh ;=<ska iy iydh u; hï ñÿkq ;;ajhg m;ajQ
—isysk rdcOdkshl fyda yeisÍï ;=<ska ixcdkkh wdYS%; <uqka w;r udkisl
ujd.;a h:d¾:hla fyda YÍr NdIdj úiska udkisl frda.sfhl= frda. m%;sY;h" lsisod
iu. .kqfokq lsÍu˜ fyda lshkak W;aidy iqjm;a jkafka kï ÿmam;a fkdjQ orejka
wrUhs' wms iefjdu lrkafka l=ulao hkak tys f;areu udkisl w;r udkisl frda.
;uka iu. l:d lruq' ms<sn| wjOdkhg fhduq frda.j,g" n,mdkafka m%;sY;hg iudk
úh' kuq;a tys wfkla fmr cd;sl fi!LH ish¨ fokd tlaj wjidkfha wLKav jev
me;a; kï È.gu fiajlhkaf.a jD;a;Sh isÿlrk ,o oejeka;u j¾ckhlg fiajlhka
ÿmam;alfï isák iñ;sfha ^NUHW& jevj¾ck jHdmdrh fm<öfuka miq Kaiser
orejka w;r udkisl idudðlhka 3300la isÿlrk ,§' tys§ k.r iud.u jD;a;Sh iñ;s
frda. uágu b;du muK tlai;a ckmofha 35l msláx jHdmdr b,a,Sï ,nd§ug tlÕ
by< w.hla .kakd we;s úYd,;u 65la isÿlrk ,§' úh' tajd kï
njhs' foudmshkaf.a ffjoH yd fyo fiajd i;shla mqrd frda.shdf.a whs;Ska yd
wdodhï jeäùu ;=<ska imhk iud.u jk meje;ajqKq fuu wjYH;d fjkqfjka
orejkaf.a wjYH;d Kaiser Permanente Woaf>daIKh ;=<§ — fmkSisàug fi!LH
jeä m%udKhla bgqlr ys ld¾hd,hg lvd Kaiser ishÈú kid fiajlhkag we;s whs;sh
§ug yelsùu uÕska jeÿfKah' iud.u .ekSï k;r lrkq˜ ms<s.ekSu" fiajlhkaf.a
tjeks orejka w;r buy;a ,dN ,enqjo hkqfjka oejeka; jegqma yd úY%du jegqma
udkisl frda. we;sùfï ffjoH yd fyo fiajd fm;aiulao w;aika whs;Ska wdrlaId lsÍu"
m%jK;djh wvq úh' iemhSug w;HjYH lrk ,§' tuÕska frda.S mÍlaIdj ks;r
Okjdoh úiska jk ld¾huKav, fyda n,mEï lrkq ,enqfha yd wLKavj isÿl<
jeä ck;djla w¾nqoh fiajfha fkdfh§u iud.u whlrk uqo,g yels mßÈ fiajd
lrd fufyhjhs' fuhg fya;=jhs' fï iß,k yd frda.shdg iemhSfï l%ufõoh
le,sf*dakshdfõ fmdÿfõ ksid tlai;a ckmofha wjYH lrk ffjoH yd fjkia lsÍu yd fiajd
uyck fiajdjka tod fuod;=r udkisl fyo fiajd ,ndfkd§u iemsÍug wjYH kj
yd udkisl frda. fi!LH fiajd imhk ksid ^,dNh wruqKq ld¾h uKav, n|jd
fiajdjka i|yd jQ uqo,a jD;a;lhka úiska tkï lrf.k& udkisl .ekSu'
lmamdÿjg tfrysj ufkda úoHd{hka" frda.Ska ie,lsh hq;= fuys§ fiajl
ck;d Woaf>daIK ufkdaÑls;ailhka" m%cd m%udKhla ishÈú whs;Ska yd frda.Skaf.a
mek keÕsKs' óg ufkdaúoHd fiajlhka" kid.ekSïj,g wjYH;d hk folu
jir fol ;=klg ufkda úoHd fyÈhka ,lajk njhs' ukdj iïnkaO lr.;a
fN!;sl yd udkisl urK fya;=j ishÈú
ord .ekSïj, Wmßu kid .ekSïh' tlai;a
iSudjg ;,a¨ lrhs' ckmofha jhi 5-11;a
tfia jevlsÍu ksid w;r l¿ msßñka w;r
wn, ÿn, jk wh ishÈú kid .ekSï
fiajfhka mylr" m%udKh 1990 isg 2016
Okm;s l%uh hgf;a udkisl
;j;a flfkl= ta i|yd jk úg fo.=K ú
frda. we;sùug n,mdk m;alrkq ,nhs' ;sìKs'
iudchSh fya;= bj;a lsÍu Okjdoh ;=<§ Wiia mdi,a
hym;a udkisl ämaf,daudOdÍ .Dy
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels fohla
fi!LHhla w;am;a uQ,slfhl= iys;
fkdfõ' ukaoh;a Okjdoh lr .ekSu l< ^tlai;a ckmofha
ilia ù we;af;a ,dNh wruqKq fkdyels fohls' mqyqKq Y%ñlhka w;r
ck Ôú;j, isÿjk my<u ldKavh Wiia
lrf.k neúka yd tu ,dNh
ffoksl lvd jeàu yd mdi,a ämaf,daudOdÍkah&
/ialsÍug ndOdldÍ jk ÿIalr;d" ksula ke;s ksjil wdodhu miq.sh
lsisjlg th bv fkdfok hqoaO" yd mdßißl jir 15 ;=<§
úkdYhka uÕska ;j;a ^WoaOukh .e,mQ
ksidfjks' ta fjkqjg Okm;s
jeälrhs' Tn Okm;s úg& 19]lska my<
l%uh isÿlrkafka weoysh jkpdß;ajhg f.dÿre nei ;sfí' fuu
fkdyels ;rï l%Er yd mSvdldÍ jqjfyd;a Tn udkislj wdodhï lvd jeàu
oeä ì|jeàulg jeäÿr wOHdmkhla
jgmsgdjl;a Ôj;aùug ñksid
,lafjhs' Tn Okm;s ke;s ueÈúfha iqÿ
mqreÿ lrk me;a;g ñksid kreu;ajh fkdoelald wefußldkqjka w;r
;,a¨ lsÍuhs' fia isàug W;aidy wêl îu;alu" u;aøjH
l<fyd;a Tng Tfí weíneysh yd ishÈú
ukqIH;ajh wysñfjhs' kid .ekSï ksid isÿjk
f,dal fi!LH urK m%udKh 22]
ixúOdkfha jd¾;d lska jeä lsÍug fya;=
wkqj f.da,Sh ishÈú mdol ù ;sfí' fuu
jevj¾ckhlaùu ksid mßj¾;kh lr ;sfí' kid .ekSfï m%udKh jhia ldKavfha urK
th by< ch.%yKhla tu m%d.aOk jqjukdjg .;jQ jir 45 ;=< wkqmd;h jeäùug fmr
,eîh' tfia jqjo wmg tÈßjk ´kEu 60]lska jeäù ;sfí' ;snQ urK wkqmd;hg
wjYH jkafka udkisl ukqIHh wjYH;djhla f,dj ishü msßñkag mej;=fka kï Ôú;
fi!LH fiajd ndOdjla f,i i,ld isÿjk m%pKavldÍ 96"000la urKfhka
,nd.ekSug we;s bj;a lsÍug Okm;s urKj,ska ishÈú .e,ùug bv ;sìKs'
whs;sh ;yjqre lr l%uh lghq;= lrhs' kid .ekSï yß wvla tfukau urK wkqmd;h
.ekSu muKla fkdfõ' Okm;s ksIamdokfha ^50]& jk w;r f,dj jeäùu wdrïN ùug
wmg wjYH jkafka iQrdlEu ;Sj%lrk" ldka;djkag isÿjk fmr ;snQ mßÈ urK
wm frda.S fkdlrk ,dN jeälrk ;j;a m%pKavldÍ urKj,ska wkqmd;h wvqùfï
f,dalhls' fudv,hla jk —Lean 71]la ishÈúkid m%jK;dj È.ska È.gu
Okm;s l%uh úiska Production˜ ^wmøjH .ekSïh' jhi 15 - 19 2016 olajdu wvq jQfha
uq¿ uy;a f,dalh wju ksIamdokh& u.ska jhia lKavfha kj kï Ôú; ,laI 05la
m%d.aOkh ksmojk tajdfha jev lrk fhdjqka úfha ;reK b;sßùug bv ;sìKs'
lïy,la njg fiajl fiaúldjka ish ;reKsfhda w;r m%Odk Okm;s l%uh
hgf;a udkisl frda. Ôj úoHd;aul oehs .Kkdjla ;siafia lïlrejkag jvd
we;sùug n,mdk ielyer lsj fkdyel' lïlre mx;sh ,nd fyd| /lshd ;;ajhka
iudchSh fya;= bj;a Okjdoh wfydais we;s miqneiSï úiska — yd Ôjk ;;ajhla
lsÍu n,dfmdfrd;a;= lsÍfuka miq yd uyck iduQysl úi÷ï˜ ms<sn| Wodlr .ekSug lrk
úh yels fohla fkdfõ' fi!LHh k.d isgjk úYajdih ì|jeà ;sfí' wr.,hu Tjqkaf.a
ukaoh;a Okjdoh md,khla ia:dms; l< iuyr iudcjd§ka fuu udkisl fi!LHuÜgu
ilia ù we;af;a ,dNh miq muKla udkisl miqneiSïj,g Tfrd;a;= f.dv ke.Sugo bjy,a
wruqKq lrf.k neúka frda. i|yd n,mdk §ug wiu;a ù ;sfí' fõ' wm udkisl fi!LH
yd tu ,dNh Ôj úoHd;aul fya;= tfukau zmqoa.,sl;ajhZ hym;a jgmsgdjla
/ialsÍug fudkjdo hkak wmg ms<sn| yeÕSu byjyd f.dvk.kafka jevlrk
ndOdldÍ jk fidhd .; yelsjkq .sh iudchla ;=< mx;sfha ñksiqka
lsisjlg th bv we;' tjeks iudchla mx;suh úi÷u u;= w;r iyfhda.S;djh
fkdfok ksidfjks' ta we;s lr.kakd f;la lsÍu yd fhdackd lsÍu f.dvk.ñka yd ish¨
fjkqjg Okm;s l%uh iudcjd§ka úiska l< b;d ÿIalrh' Bg;a fokdf.a yelshdjg
isÿlrkafka weoysh hq;af;a udkisl frda. jvd fuu ld¾hh wkqj jevlrk
fkdyels ;rï l%Er yd i|yd muKla fkdj ÿ¾j, ù we;af;a yd ish¨ fokdf.a
mSvdldÍ jgmsgdjl;a fmdÿfõ iudchSh m%;sixialrKjd§kaf.a wjYH;djhg wkqj
Ôj;aùug ñksid mqreÿ m%Yak i|yd fmdÿ —we;a;" ta;a'''˜ ^Yes, ksIamdokfha M,
lrk me;a;g ñksid m%cdjg ,efnk úi÷ï But& m%;sm;a;sh ,efnk iudcjd§
;,a¨ lsÍuhs' tys§ ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq ksidh' Tjqyq —we;a; iudchla i|yd
Okm;s l%uh úoHdj;a" lsÍuhs' tfia fkdue;sj ;uhs' ta;a'''˜ hkqfjka wjYHjk wä;d,u
m¾fhaIK;a" fhdod.kq úoHd{hka iy m%ldY lrñka iudc ilia lrñks'
,nkafka ;ks ;ks úfYaI{hka u.ska ;ks m%Yakj,g mqoa.,sl
mqoa.,hd by; l%Er ;ks mqoa., uÜgñka úi÷ï fhdackd lr;s'
yd mSvdldÍ ;;ajhka udkisl frda. úi¢h ta i|yd Tjqka úiska fï
hgf;a lghq;= lsÍu yelsh hk ufkdardðl w;rueÈ ld,hg În
ksid we;sjk udkisl woyi jerÈ nj the Meantime& kñka
frda.j,g m%;sldr wjOdrKh lsÍuhs' úúO úi÷ï bÈßm;a
lrkafka flfiao hkak udlaiajdoh yd lrkq ,nhs' ieneúkau
.ekhs' fuh udkisl ufkdaúoHdj ôekg —w;rueÈ ld,hla˜
frda. i|yd muKla m%Odk Odrdfõ& w;r ke;' ñksia j¾.hdf.a l;=jßh .ek(
fkdj ms<sld fyda fjk we;s .egqu ieneúkau meje;au ;SrKh jkafka fuu ,smsfha
´kEu frda.hla i|ydo ufkdaúoHdj .ek fyda iudcjd§ m%;sm;a;s yd l;=jßh Susan
i;H fõ' udkisl frda. ms<sn| iïm%odh iu. lïlre Rosenthal lekvdfõ
hï wdldrj, we;sù ;sfnkakla mx;sh h<s oeka oekau ffjoHjßhla fukau
udkisl frda. we;sùu fkdfõ' udlaiajdohg iïnkaO lsÍfuks' iudcjdÈkshls' wef.a
îuyr ms<sld wkqj Okm;s l%uh u¾okh yd mSvd kñka udlaiajdoh
j¾. mjd& flfrys hkq iudc iïnkaO;d lsÍu Okm;s l%ufha yd OfkaYajr
ÔjúoHd;aul fya;= ish,a, tlg fj¨Kq wksjd¾h wNHka;r ufkdaúoHdj;a fmdÿfõ
uq,a úhyels jqjo moaO;sh;a jk w;r fldgila jk w;ru fi!LH úoHdj;a ms<sn|
Ôú;h iy Ôjh tys iudch fjkialïj,g thg úreoaOj wr., ,sms wvx.= www.
mrudKql uÜgu Ndckh fjoa§ mqoa.,sl lsÍu iudcjdoh susanrosenthal.com
olajdu úiljd we;s w;aoelSïo thg wkqj i|yd lrk wr.,fha kñka fjí wvúhlao
Okjd§ l%uh ;=< tajdg fjkiajk njh' wksjd¾h wNHka;r fõ'
mjd n,mdk fya;= flfiajqjo oYl fldgils' wms
wd;;sh ke;s
iudchla'''
ìu,a r;akdhl
j ¾;udk iudcfha
Ôj;ajk fndfyda fokd
udkisl wd;;sfhka yd udkisl
ksidh'
fuu ;;ajh ÈhqKq Okm;s
rgj,§ jeä nj fmfka' kùk
fya;=j yd M,h
´kEu .eg¨jla ksjerÈj
wjmSvkfhka mSvd ú¢ñka isàu ;dlaIKsl Wmlrk jk mß.Kl úi£ug kï tu .eg¨j
;jÿrg;a ir, lreKla fkdfõ' iuÕ yqol,dj È.= l,la jev ks¾udKh lrk ienE fya;=j
fuh jydu úi÷ï fidhd .; lrk wh" ord.; fkdyels fyda fya;+ka y÷kd.; hq;=h'
hq;= iudcuh w¾nqohla njg ksIamdok b,lal iemsÍug udkisl wd;;sh yd udkisl
m;afjñka ;sfí' Okjdoh n,lrkq ,enQ ;;ajhka ;=< wjmSvkh ks¾udKh lrk m%Odk
;=< jk wêmßfNdackjdoh;a" jevlrk wh" oeä md,kdêldÍka fya;+ka wms wdrïNfha§ i|yka
fm!oa.,sl w;am;a lr .ekSï hgf;a ^Wod(- yuqod" fmd,sia& lf<uq' udkisl wd;;sh iudcuh
i|yd jk wêl ;r.ldß;ajh;a" jevlrk wh jeämqr fuu m%mxphla f,i úi£ug kï by;
iduQysl;ajh fjkqjg yqol,d ;;ajhg f.dÿre jk nj fmfka' fya;= ke;s l< hq;=h' tfy;a
ñksiqka ks¾udKh lr ;sîu;a" Bg wu;rj úNd.j, Wmßu Okjdoh ;=< Okm;s
;ks ;ksj ;u ;ukaf.a m%Yak ,l=Kq .ekSu i|yd wOHdmk m%d.aOkh hgf;a iQrdlEu mj;ajd
úi|d .ekSug n,lr ;sîu úiska wdh;kj, ^Wiia wOHdmk .ksñka by; fya;= ke;s l<
we;s lrk mSvkh;a" Ôú;fha wdh;k& bf.k .kakd isiqyqo fkdyel' Okjd§
wkd.;h ms<sn| iqrlaIs;;djh fuu ;;ajhg f.dÿre fj;s' m%d.aOkh ,dN ,eîu u; mokï
fkdue;slñka we;sjk ìh yd fuys§ tla w;lska Okm;s jk ksid;a" jeä jeäfhka ,dN
iel ixldj;a" fm!oa.,slj iud.ï ;u fiajlhska fï ,eîug kï" udkj Y%uh jeä
bgqlr .ekSug wmyiq wfmalaId ;;ajfhka uqojd .ekSug úúO jeäfhka iQrdlEu l< hq;= ksid;a"
miqmi" isysk miqmi yUd hdu;a jevigyka lrkq oelsh yel' Okjdoh ;=< isÿlrkafka udkisl
fuu udkisl ;;ajh ks¾udKh úáka úg úfkdao .uka /f.k wd;;sh ;j ;j;a jeälsÍuh'
ùug fya;= jk nj meyeÈ,sh' hdu" jevlrk wdh;k ;=< tf,i wd;;sh we;sjk ienE
fuu udkisl ;;ajh ir, ix.S;h Y%jKh lsÍug l%u fya;= tf,iu mj;ajdf.k
lreKla fkdjkafka j¾;udk ilialsÍu" úúO úfkdao wjia:d hñkau th ;djld,slj iqjlr
iudcfha fndfyda fokd fuhg ks¾udKh lsÍu ta w;r fõ' .ekSu Okjdofha wruqK fõ'
f.dÿreùu;a tysu m%;sM,hla Bg wu;rj ;;ajh nrm;< jQ by; i|yka l< WmfoaYk
f,i" Èúkid.ekSug fm<öu" úg udkisl WmfoaYk fiajdo fiajd yd udkisl mSvkh uqod
wmrdOj,g fm<öu" iudcfhka meje;afõ' yeÍug Wmfhda.S lr.; yels
yqol,dùu" iqj l< fkdyels fmdÿfõ Okjd§ iudch ;=< l%u ^úfkdao pdßld" iudc Yd,d"
udkisl frda.S ;;ajhka olajd udkisl wd;;sh ke;slsÍu i|yd leisfkda" ,sx.sl fj<|fmd<
j¾Okh ùu hk jHikhka we;s m%Odku zúi÷uZ jkafka wd§& ks¾udKh lrkafka ta
isÿùu;a ksidh' udkisl WmfoaYk fiajdjkah' wkqjh' tfy;a fuu ;djld,sl
oeka tho fj<| jHdmdrhlaj me,eia;rj,ska udkisl wd;;sh
wd;;sh yd Okjdofha ;sfí' ukao tjeks fndfyda iqj l< fkdyel' th —mh
úi÷ï udkisl WmfoaYk fiajd i|yd nrjdhg msálr fnfy;a ne£u˜
;ks ;ks mqoa.,hd ;=< uqo,a whlrk ksidh' Okm;s j¾.fha jevls' tfia;a ke;skï
we;sjQ udkisl wd;;sh l%uh m%Yakh ks¾udKh lr" tu —ysfia weïug fldÜfÜ udre
j¾;udk iudchgu w¾nqohla m%Yakhg fok úi÷ïo ,dN ,nk lrkjd˜ jeks jevls' udkisl
njg m;aj ;sfí' ta OfkaYajr jHdmdrhla lrf.k ;sfnkafka wd;;sh ienE f,iu ke;s lsÍug
l¾udka;Yd,d ;=<" wdh;k ;=< tfiah' tfy;a fï lsisjla udkisl kï th ks¾udKh lrk fya;=
jevlrk ñksiqka fuu ;;ajhg wd;;sh keu;s m%Yakhg ienE y÷kdf.k tajd bj;a l< hq;=h'
f.dÿreùu ksid tu wdh;kj, úi÷ï fkdfõ' tfy;a Okjdohg th flfiaj;a
ls%hdldß;ajhg ndOd meñfKk l< fkdyel'
iudchla ms<sn| l,amkd m, w;alr .ekSu yd Ôú;h
ksjerÈ fkdjk ufkdauQ,sl lrkafka kï tys§ fjkia l< fm!oa.,sl ù ;sfí' Okjdoh
ú.%yhka hq;af;a ñksiqkaf.a Ñka;kh ;=< ñksid iudÔh jqjukdjla
Okjd§ iudch ;=< fndfyda fyda ñksiqka is;k wdldrh fjkqfjka îenE f,i m%d.aOk
fokd is;kafka;a is;Sug fkdj" ñksiqkaf.a Ñka;kh ysñhkaf.a ,dN ,eîfï jqjukdj
fmd<Ujkafka;a fuu ;;ajh ilia lsÍug fya;=jk øjHuh fjkqfjka& jevlrk w;r" tu
is; uq,alr.;a ;;ajhla f,ih' Ôú;fha idOlh' WmfoaYk iudchu ;ukaf.a wjYH;d
udkisl wd;;sh ks¾udKh jkafka fiajdj,ska" zis; ikaiqkalrkZ fm!oa.,slj bgqlr .kakd f,i
uki uq,alrf.k nj ienEh' wd.ñl W.ekaùïj,ska" ;djld,sl Tyqg n,lr ;sfí' j¾;udk
th udkisl ;;ajhls' tfy;a th iyk ,ndfok T!IOj,ska fuu iudcfha we;s m%Odk m%;súfrdaOh
uki ;=< úhqla;j ks¾udKh udkisl wd;;sh bj;a l< thhs' iudÔh jqjukdjka i|yd
jk fohla fkdfõ¦ úIh uQ, fkdyel' ta fjkqjg l< hq;af;a ksmojk" jevlrk ñksidg ;u
lreKq úiska ;uka jevlrk fyda udkisl wd;;sh ks¾udKh lrk Ôú; jqjukdjka fm!oa.,slj
Ôj;ajk mßirfha ienE øjHuh idOl bj;alrkq ,enQ iudchla ;ksju úi|d .ekSug n,l<
h:d¾:hka úiska ks¾udKh ks¾udKh lsÍuh' úg" Tyq bgqlrk iudcuh
lrkakls' tneúka is; ikaiqka ld¾h fjkqfjka Tyqg iudcfhka
lr .ekSu i|yd Wmfoia §fuka" yqol,dfõ isg ,eìh hq;= foa fkd,efnk úg ta
Ndjkd lsÍfuka" jk.; ùfuka" iduQysl;ajhg fjkqfjka fm!oa.,slj fjfyi
iudch w;ayer yqol,d ùfuka b;du fláfhka yd Rcq ùug;a" yUd hdug;a isÿjk úg
fuu ;;ajh úi¢h yels fkdfõ' f,i mjikafka kï" j¾;udkfha wd;;sh ks¾udKh fõ' ta ksid
ukao udlaiajdohg wkqj ñksidf.a fÄocklhlaj ;sfnk udkisl iudch fjkqfjka jevlrk
Ñka;kh ks¾udKh lrkafka wd;;sh ke;s l< yelafla mj;sk ñksiqkaf.a wjYH;djhka iudch
øjHuh Ôú;h úiska ksidh' iudc wd¾Ól l%uh fjkqjg f.dv úiska iemsßh hq;=h' tjeks
ñksidf.a uki" Ñka;kh fjk;a kÕkq ,nk kj iudc wd¾Ól ksIamdok l%uhla yd ksIamdok
ndysr n,fõ. úiska fufyhjkq rgdjla ;=< yd kj ñksfila in|;djhla fkdue;sj udkisl
,nkakla fyda øjHuh jgmsgdfjka f.dvkeÕSu ;=<h' wd;;sh iqjl< yels fkdfõ'
úhqla;j isÿjkakla fkdj øjHuh ñksid iudcuh i;ajfhls' fuh ;j;a ir, yd
idOl uÕska yiqrejkakls' Tyq i;=ka fuka fidndoyfuka idrdxYh l<fyd;a j¾;udkfha
ñksidf.a øjHuh Ôú;h fyj;a hefmk wfhla fkdj ;u Okjdoh ;=< mj;sk ,dNh
i;a;dj ;SrKh lrkafka Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djhka ksIamdokh keu;s i|yd ksmoùu fjkqjg ñksia
is;sú,sj,ska fkdjk nj jrla ls%hdj,sh uÕska bgqlr .kafkls' wjYH;d i|yd ksmoùu we;súh
f,kska m%ldY lf<a fufiah' — j¾;udkfha jkúg ñksia hq;=h' j¾;udkfha mj;sk iudc
øjHuh Ôú;fha ksIamdok l%uh wjYH;d /ila mj;sk w;r" tu ksIamdokfha m%;s,dN w;f<diaila
úiska iudcuh" foaYmd,kuh yd wjYH;d iemsÍu i|yd NdKav w; ixflakaøKh jkjd fjkqjg
ffp;isl Ôjkfha ls%hdoduhka yd fiajd ksIamdokh l< hq;=h' iudÔh ksIamdokfha m%;s,dN
fmdÿ jYfhka yev.iajkq ,efí' ksIamdokh yd fnodyeÍu hkq ish¨ fokd w;r idOdrK f,i
ñksiqkaf.a i;a;dj ks¾Kh yqol,d fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhla fn§hk l%uhla wjYH jkafkah'
flfrkafka Tjqkaf.a ú{dkh fkdfõ' f,dj lsisu ñksfil=g tfiau ta w;ru iïm;a f.dv
úiska fkdfõ' Bg m%;sl+, jYfhka yqol,dj fm!oa.,slj zfrdìkaika .eiSfï jeämqr N=la;s ú£fï
Tjqkaf.a ú{dkh ks¾Kh lDDfidaZ flfkl= fuka Ôj;a úh OfkaYajr udkisl;ajh jk
flfrkafka Tjqkaf.a iudc fkdyel' ñksid iudÔh i;ajfhla lEor mßfNdackjd§ udkisl;ajh
i;a;dj úisks'˜ ^f,kska - f;da'lD' jkafka ta ksidh' tfy;a .eg¨j ù fjkqjg wjYH;djhg wkqj
1 fj¿u 20-21 msgq& ;sfnkafka l=ulao@ Okjdoh ;=< mßfNdackh lsÍfï udkisl;ajh
tu ksid wd;;sh fkdue;s ksIamdokh iudcuh jk w;r ck;dj ;=< we;s l< hq;=h' fï
ish,a, tlsfklg iïnkaê;h' iudchl§ ksIamdokfha M, wd;;sfhka fmf<k"
ñksid ;=< wê mßfNdackjdoh fmdÿfõ idOdrK f,i iudchg udkisl wj mSvkfhka fmf<k
ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkafka ,dN ,efnk yd ta nj ñksiqkag oefkk ñksfil= fjkqjg iudch
,eîu tlu wruqK lr.;a iudchl§" jevlsÍu ;jÿrg;a ;=< i;=áka isák iudcYS,S
OfkaYajr fj<| NdKav jOhla fkdj i;=áka lrk ñksfil= ks¾udKh l< yelafla
ksIamdokh úisks' ,dN ,eîu iudcuh ld¾hhla jk úg§" meyeÈ,sju Okjdohg fkdfõ¦
tlu wruqKla lr.;a Okm;s kùk ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï ñksidf.a zOkjdoh fjkia lr f.dvkÕkq
fj<| NdKav ksIamdokh fjkqjg Y%uh jeä jeäfhka iQrelEu ,nk iudcjd§ iudchl§
ñksia wjYH;d i|yd mdßfNda.sl i|yd fkdj ñksiqkaf.a lghq;= muKs' w;S;fha iudcjdoh ;=<
NdKav ksmojk l%uhl§ ñksiqka myiq lsÍug fhdojk iudchl§" fidaúhÜ mqrjeishdf.a Ôjk
;=< wêmßfNdackjd§ yeÕSï ;ukaf.a fyg oji ms<sn| ú,dYh úiskao" j¾;udkfha mjd
we;slsÍu wjYH ke;' tfiau ielhla ke;s" iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu fkdfhla ndOd ÿIalr;d ueo
ksIamdokfha tlu wruqK z,dN iudcuh /ljrKh jqj;a iudcjd§ rgj, ck;djf.a
,eîuZ fkdjk úg ñksiqka zjy¨ka iy;sl flfrk iudchl§" Ôú;h úiskao m%dfhda.slj;a
f,iZ iQrdlEug wjYHjkafkao fm!oa.,sl;ajfha ;r.h fjkqjg fmkajd we;af;a udkisl wd;;sh
ke;' tjeks ;;ajhla ;=< wd;;sh iduQysl;ajh j¾Okh jk bj;a l< yelafla iudcjdohg
we;sùfï fya;= wfydais fjkq we;' iudchl§" uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;d muKla njh' tneúka ñksid
myiqfjka bgqlr .; yels mr;ajdfrdamKfhka uqod wd;;sh
iudcjdoh ;=< ñksid iudchl§" ñksiqkaf.a wdl,am ke;s iudchla fj; f.k hd
m%d.aOkh úiska ñksiqka fm!oa.,sl wd;aud¾:ldñ;ajfha hq;= kï" th l< yels jkafka
wudkqIsl f,i iQrd fkdlk isg fmdÿ iudc idOdrK;ajh iudcjd§ iudc mßj¾;khka
iudchl§ ;ukag ord.; olajd fjkia flfrk iudchl§ uÕska muKlah hkak wNsfhda.
fkdyels ;rï jev b,lalhka zudkisl wd;;shZ ixl,amh l< fkdyels i;Hh fõ'
^,dN i|yd& ,nd fkdfok w;=reoyka jkq we;'
udlai(a
f,dalh fjkia lrk uÕ fy<s l<
1818-2018
od¾Yksl mßmQ¾K;ajh
OkqIal y¾IK úl%ur;ak
ù 'whs' f,kska úiska
udlaia ms<sn|j fufia
mjid ;sfí' —udlaia udkj
ishjia tl yudrlg jeä ld,h
;=< jv jvd;a ksje/È nj
;yjqre jQjd ñi th flfrys
<ud yd YsIH udlaia
udlaiaf.a od¾Yksl Ñka;k
fmr<sh jgyd .ekSug
j¾.hdf.a b;du ÈhqKq rgj,a jk úYajdih ÿ¾j, jQfha ke;' fmrjokla jYfhka Tyqf.a
;=kg wh;a idïm%odhsl c¾uka tfy;a OfkaYajr yd wjia:djd§ mjq,a mßirh yd <ud ld,h
o¾Ykh" ì%;dkH iïNdjH mx;s i;=rka úiska tod fuod ms<sn|j ì|la úuid n,uq'
foaYmd,k w¾:Ydia;%h ;=r —udlaiajdoh ys;¿jla udlaia Wm; ,nkafka Okjd§
iy m%xY OfkaYajr úma,j muKs' th mj;sk h:d¾:hg c¾uksfha ^tl, m%ishdj&h' Tyq
uQ,O¾uhkao iuÕ tla jQ m%xY mgyeKsh' iudcjdoh ñ:Hdjls˜ Wm; ,o rhska m<d; ta jk úg
iudcjdoh hk oykjjeks hehs ;yjqre lrkakg fkd.;a m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM,hla f,i
ishjfia m%Odk u;jd§ ;e;la ke;' tneúka udlaia ro< n,h ÿn, jQ m%foaYhla
Ñka;khka ;=k bÈßhg f.k úiska bgq l< ft;sydisl úh' tf;la m%xYh úiska
f.dia mßmQ¾K l< nqoaêu;dh'˜ ld¾hNdrh l=ulao hkak iel wE|df.k ;snQ udlaia Wmka
udlaia hkq hqfrdamfha m%Odk yer wjfndaO lr.ekSu" iudc á%h¾ k.rh iajdëk;ajhg
OfkaYajr rdcHhka ;=fkys ixj¾Okhg wod<j m%.;sYS,s m;a jQfha ta wdikakfha§uh'
ìysjQ iïNdjH Ñka;k Odrdjka Ñka;khlg yd Ndú;hlg rhska m<d; l¾udka;j,ska
;=k Tiafia f,dalh jgyd fjr orkakkag w;sYh wdVH OfkaYajr j¾Okh iys;
.ekSfuka Tíng f.dia th jeo.;ah' úfYaIfhkau" ÿn, m%foaYhla úh' ìysfjñka mej;s
fjkia lsÍfï kj Ñka;khla fukau uy¨ tfy;a ;ju;a ks¾Ok mx;sho OfkaYajr
fm< .eiajQ od¾Ykslhdh' imqrd wjika fkdl< iudc úma,jhg Wrÿka w;r tjlg
ta wkqj udlaia ohf,la;sl ;;ajhka fya;=fjka l,a w,a,d m%.;sYS,S Okm;s mx;sho ìysjQ
fN!;sljd§ o¾Ykho" isák Okjdofha iod;ksl .ukau úh'
foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdjo" w¾nqoh úiskau úl,am kj udlaia úma,jjd§ mjq,l
úoHd;aul fldñhqksiaÜjdoho iudchla b,a,d isák ta i|yd Wm; fkd,o kuq;a" Tyqf.a
ìys lrñka ks¾Ok mx;shg jk wr.,fha w;HjYH;djh mshd uOHu mx;sl nqoaêuf;ls'
;u úuqla;sh Wfoid oelaula jv jvd;a b,a,d isák fuu udlaiaf.a mjq, wd¾Ól jYfhka
ìys lf<ah' tys wfkla w;g wjêfha tjka wOHhkhlg Yla;su;a tlls' udlaia ms<sn|
mx;s iudch wfydais fldg kj nqoaêuh uÕ fmkaùula iemhSu mjqf,a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j
f,djla f.dv k.k wr.,fha fuu ,smsfhys wruqK fõ' jQfha Tyq W.f;l= fyda
oelaug iÔùNdjhla fok fuu igyfkys udlaia úiska uydpd¾hjrfhl= ùuh'
ks¾Ok mx;sh keue;s øjHuh od¾Yksl yd foaYmd,k wd¾Ól iudcjd§ jHdmdrj, ksh,Su yd
n,fõ.h fidhd.;a m%dfhda.sl úoHd;aulj fukau úoHd;aul foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHd úIh
Ñka;lhdh' iudcjdoh hk úIh m:hka yeoEÍu fkdlg hq;a;la nj
ld,a udlaiaf.a foish jeks Tiafia ;u Ñka;kh mq¿,a l< mjqf,a úYajdih úh'
ckau Èkh t<Uqfka 2018 wdldrh fm<.iajd ;sfí' ;reK udlaia ;=< l%ufhka
jif¾ uehs mia jeks Èkgh' udkj j¾.hdf.a hym;
udlaiaf.a od¾Yksl Ñka;kh yd fjkqfjka fjfyish hq;=h
foaYmd,k Ndú;h" f.ù .sh hk woyi fudaÿ jkakg
úh' th Tyq úiska tjlg uÕ fmkaúh hq;= m%Odk fyda lemS fmfkk lúhl= úh
Wiia wOHdmkh yeoErE uQ,O¾uh kï ukqIH yelsh¦ tfy;a mßmQ¾K iy
úoHdh;kfha § 1835 ixy;sfha iqNisoaêh iy ieneúkau fY%aIaG ñksfil= ùug
iema;eïn¾ 24 Èk ,shk wmf.au mßiudma;shhs' kï Tyqg fkdyelsh'˜
,o —jD;a;shla f;dard .ekSu fuu W;aiql;djhka fol —ukqIH ixy;sh Wfoid
.ek ;reKfhl=f.a woyia˜ tlsfkl .efgk nj fyda jeäfhkau odhl;ajhla l<
kï ,smsfhka ukdj Tmamq fõ' tlla úiska wfkl jkid yels jD;a;shla wm úiska
tjlg Tyqf.a jhi wjqreÿ oeñh hq;= hehs fyda fkdis;sh f;dard.kq ,en we;s l,ays"
oyy;ls' iu jhfia fndfyda hq;=h' Bg m%;smlaIj" ;u lsisÿ nrlg wmj ìug
.egjrhska ;=< m%lg fkdjk iudcfha mßiudma;sh iy md;a l< fkdyelsh' ukao"
mrd¾:ldó" udkjys;jd§ iqN isoaêh Wfoid lghq;= tajdo ish,a,kaf.au hym;
woyila tys .eífõ' udkj lsÍu uÕska muKla ;ukaf.au Wfoid l< mß;Hd.hka jk
j¾.hdf.a mßmQ¾K;ajh ;=<ska mßiudma;sh idOkh lr.; neúks' túg wm lsisÿ mgq"
Tyqf.a iqNisoaêh ie,ish hq;=h yels jk mßÈ ñksidf.a iSñ;" wd;aud¾:ldó i;=gla
hk mßK; oelafï uQ,îchka iajNdjh ieliS we;'˜ w;afkdú¢kq we;' wmf.a i;=g
fï ;=< úh' tu .egjr udlaia —;uka i|yd muKla ,laI ixLHd; ckldhlg wh;a
fufia mjihs' mqoa.,fhla lghq;= lrhs jkq we;' wmf.a l%shdjka ksy~
—flfia jqjo jD;a;shla kï Tyqg we;eï úg m%lg jqjo iodld,slju mj;skq we;'
f;dard .ekSfï§" wmg Ydia;%{hl=" uyd m%d{fhl= wmf.a NIaudjfYaIhka u;
W;=ï ñksiqkaf.a WKq l÷¿ wdrïNl wjêfhah' OfkaYajr lrkakg ffO¾hhu;a úh'
je.sfrkq we;'˜ m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy cd;sl 1836 miq ¨âú.a fmdh¾ndya
miqj" jhi oy kjfha§ úuqla;s jHdmdr úiska jevjiï foajjdoh úfõpkh lrñka
udlaia mshdg tjQ ,smshlska l%uh mrojñka ;snqKs' <ore øjHjdoh fj;g yefrkakg
Tyqf.a iïNdjH o¾Ykh wjia:dfõ jqjo mx;s igk úh' Tyq úiska ;u øjHjd§
ms<sn| m%fõYh y÷kd.; OfkaYajr l%uh ;=< fudaÿ oelau —ls%ia;shdks O¾ufha
yelsh' tu ,smsfhau ;j;a fjñka tkakg úh' ks¾Ok idrdxYh˜ iy —wkd.;
;efkl fh!jk;ajfhka mx;shg ixúOdkd;aul o¾Ykfha uQ,O¾u˜ hk lD;s
ls;s lefjk ;u Ñka;kh" kdhl;ajhla fkdùh' frdnÜ uÕska m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah'
úoHd;aul oelau yd o¾Ykh ´jka wd§kaf.a ufkdardðl tneúka udlaia jeks m%.;sYS,S
úiska le<UjQ wdldrh olajhs' iudcjd§ woyia me;sfrkakg ;reK Ñka;lfhda fmdh¾ndya
bka Tyqf.a Ñka;kh" wkd.; ;sìK' wevï iañ;af.a iïNdjH fj;g keUqre jkakg jQy' th
o¾Ykhlg msúfik kj foaYmd,k woyia me;sfrñka f,kska úiska udlaia ms<sn|j
wOHhk fodrgq fj; fhduq ùu úh' fï ish,a, iuÕ c¾uksh ,shk ,o ,smsfha i|yka Wmqgd
ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ' mshd fj; úma,jjd§ jHdmdrfha jeo.;a .ekSfï jk tx.,aiaf.a my;
1937 fkdjeïn¾ 17 ,shk ,o ia:dkhla njg m;a úh' jvd;au m%ldYfhka meyeÈ,s fõ' —fï
tu ,smsfha fufia i|yka fõ' jeo.;a ldrKh jkafka" .%ka:hkaf.a úuqla;sldÍ n,h
—ud wikSmj isá ld,fha§ udlaiaf.a ;reK wjÈfha flfkla w;aoelsh hq;= úh' wms
fy.,a uq, isg w. olajdu c¾uksfha od¾Yksl úma,jhla ^tkï udlaia we;=¿ jdudxYsl
lshjd f;areï .;a;d muKla isÿfjñka mej;Suh' fy.,af.a fy.,ajd§yq& ish¨ fokd
fkdj Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhkaf.a ú{dkjd§ oelau tl, W.;a tljru fmdh¾ndyajd§yq ùuq'˜
lD;so uu lshùñ' iag%f,days jQ ;reKhska w;r ckm%sh úh' 1844 iema;eïnrfha wyUq
uf.a ñ;=rka iuÕ /iajQ fï w;ßka jdu fya.,ajd§ka f,i tx.,aia uqK.eiqKq ;eka
/iaùï lsysmhl m%;sM,hla yd ksoyia fya.,ajd§ka jvd isg fuu Ñka;lhska fofok
f,i uu WmdêOdÍkaf.a m%.;sYS,S úh' ;reK udlaiao ta uyd od¾Yksl Ñka;kh
ix.uhl idudðl;ajh jdu fya.,ajdÈhl=j fya.,a úldYkh lrkakg úh' 1845
,nd .;sñ''' tu ix.ufha wOHhkh lrkakg úh' fmnrjdßj, ,shk ,o zY=oaO
idlÉPdj,§ mriamr úfrdaë fy.,a meje;s jQ mjq,Z lD;sh uÕska ;reK
u; rdYshla u;=jQ w;r tajd m%ishka rdcHh w.h l< fy.,ajd§kaf.a ú{dkjd§
uf.ka ñ§ h;ehs uu ìhfjñka n¾,ska úYajúoHd,fha o¾Ykh fmdämÜgï flßKs'
isáñ' iuld,Sk o¾Ykh ud uydpd¾hjrfhls' tfy;a ks¾Ok mx;shg kjuq oelaula
jvd;a ;Èka je<| .;sñ'˜ udlaia ;u o¾Yk úYdro bÈßm;a lsÍfï uQ, îch tys
Wmdêh fjkqfjka ,shk úh' zb;sydih f.dvkÕkafka
ú{dkjdofhka ,o —äfudl%áiaf.a iajNdúl f;dard.;a iqúfYaIS mqoa.,hska
fN!;sljd§ o¾Ykhg o¾Ykh yd tmslshqriaf.a úiska fkdj ck;dj úiskahZ
udlaiaf.a foaYmd,ksl iajNdúl o¾Ykh w;r m%fNao˜ hkak tys wka;¾.; fõ'
yd úoHd;aul yev.eiaùu hk ;siSifhka ;u iajdëk iudch fjkia lrk n,fõ.
wdrïN jkafka" Okjdofha od¾Yksl oelau bÈßm;a hla f,i ks¾Ok mx;sfha
ft;sydisl ld¾hNdrh úIhla f,isks' 1842-1843
Tyq tu lD;sh ;=<ska úoyd jirj,§ —frhsksIa fIhsgqx˜
olajhs' zc¾uka oDIaájdohZ ienúkau mqj;amf;a l;=jrhd yeáhg
wd§ lD;s ;=<ska udlaia iudc udlaia tjlg Bkshd øjHuh jqjukdjka .ek
ixj¾Okh;a" tys§ ks¾Ok meje;s iïNdjH woyila bÈßm;a lsÍug isÿùu
mx;sfha ld¾h Ndrh;a" ks¾Ok tx.,ka; wd¾Ól ksid ug tla;rd wiSre;djhlg
mx;sh n,hg m;aùu .ek;a uQK mEug isÿúh' rhska
úoHdj bka Tíng
od¾Yksl yd iudc úoHd;aulj ,kagd.a iNdfõ§ oej o~q
zfoaYmd,k wd¾Ól
ú.%y lrhs' wjik c¾uka fidrlï lsÍu iy bvï len,s
iïNdjH o¾Ykjdoh u.ska
úoHdjZ kï lsÍu wrNhd jQ ks, újdo
tfy;a th w;sl%uKh lrñka mßmQ¾K;ajhg tjlg rhska m%foaYfha Tfn¾
udlaia úiska kj od¾Yksl f.k wdfõh' — iNdm;sjrhdj isá y¾ fmdka
Ñka;k uÕla fy<sfmfy<s øjHuh Ôú;fha Idm¾ fudfia,aiays f.dùkaf.a
lrk ,§' udkj iudcfha Wiia ksIamdok úêh ;;ajh .ek —frhsksIa fIhsgqx˜
ixj¾Okh iuÕ iumd;j iudcuh" mqj;am;g úreoaOj újdohla
;jÿrg;a j¾Okh jk foaYmd,kuh yd wdrïN lf<ah' wjidkfha§
od¾Yksl mßmQ¾K;ajhla lrd ksoyia fj<|du iy wdrlaIl
nqoaêuh Ôú;fha
udkj Ñka;kh f.k tkakg ;Sre nÿ wrNhd jQ újdo ksid
l%shdoduh fmdÿfõ
Tyq fY%aIaG lemùula lrk ,§' ug wd¾Ól m%Yak wOHhkh
ilia lr,hs'˜ lsÍug isÿ úh''' uu fï
foaYmd,k wd¾Ól hk Tyqf.a oelau wdOqksl;ajhg tfrysj ke.S
úoHdfõ mßmQ¾K;ajh u; foaYmd,k isáfhñ'˜
m%ishka úYajúoHd,j, wd¾Ól úoHdj ienúkau udlaia tjlg
ksoyia Ñka;khg bvla f.dvke.=Ks' meje;s iïNdjH tx.,ka;
fkdue;s nj w;aÿgq udlaia" wd¾Ól úoHdj bka Tíng
Ydia;%Sh Ôúld jD;a;shl zfoaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdjZ kï
kshef,k woyi w;ayer úiska Tyq ;u wd¾Ól úoHdj mßmQ¾K;ajhg f.k wdfõh'
—frhsksIa fIhsgqx˜ ^Rheinische ms<sn| oelafï jk ÿ¾j,;djh —øjHuh Ôú;fha ksIamdok
Zeitung - rhska .eiÜ& kñka y÷kd .kakg úh' t;eka mgka úêh iudcuh" foaYmd,kuh
jQ mqj;a m;g iïnkaO jQfha zfoaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdjZ kï yd nqoaêuh Ôú;fha l%shdoduh
ck;d fiajh Wfoidh' miqj úIh j¾Okh jkafka udlaia fmdÿfõ ilia lr,hs'˜ hk
udlaia tys m%Odk l¾;D w;sks' Tyq th ;u —foaYmd,k Tyqf.a oelau u; foaYmd,k
OQrhgo m;aúh' tu mqj;am; wd¾Ól úoHdjg úfõpkhla˜ wd¾Ól úoHdj f.dvke.=Ks'
ck;djd§ iy úma,jldÍ lD;sfha ix{dmkfhys fufia OfkaYajr wd¾Ólfha yrh
úh' ck;d m%Yak w<,d ,sms i|yka lrhs' —uf.a úIh jQfha W¨mamd olajñka Tyq w;sßla;
ieliSug lrk yeoEÍïj,§ kS;s úoHdjh' tfia jqjo ud jákdlu hkak fidhd.ekSu
Tyq iudch ms<sn| mq¿,a th yeoErefõ o¾Ykjdoh uÕska jevlrk ck;djf.a
oelaulg msúisfhah' ;jo fuh iy úoHdj iuÕ wm%Odk úuqla;s ud¾.h fidhd.;af;ah'
tx.,aia udlaiaf.a fidfydfka§ úoHd;aul Y%uh úiska udkqIsl nj
l< l:dfjka mejeiQ mßÈ fldñhqksiaÜjdÈhd ìys l< nj;a" Y%ufha ish¨
fujka fidhd.ekSï folla udlaiaf.a Ñka;kh ilia wdldrfha ysñlï wysñ lsÍu
muKla jqjo ñksfil=f.a jk fh!jk wjêfha m%xYfha uÕska Okjdoh ñksidg ñksid
Ôú; ld¾hNdrhg iEfya' mx;s igka wdrïNj ;sìK' tu wysñ fldg ;sfnk nj;a" mx;s
OfkaYajr iQrdlEu yd tys wr.,hka ;=<ska rdcHh hkak úrys; fldñhqksiaÜ iudcfha§
yrh ks¾oh f,i ixlaIsma;j l=ulao tys ld¾hh l=ulao" tys h<s Y%ufha úuqla;sh ,efnk
yd idys;Huh f,i bÈßm;a brKu l=ulao hkak jgyd neúka udkqIsl nj ia:dms;
l< udlaiajd§kaf.a w;afmd;la .kakd ,§' tys j¾Okhla jk nj;a Tyq ukdj meyeÈ,s
jkafka zfldñhqksiaÜ f,i mx;s igk hkak iudc lf<ah' fldñhqksiaÜ iudcfha
m%ldYkhhs'Z bka fkdkej;S úoHd;aul wOHhkhlska miq m<uq wÈhr iudcjd§ wjêfha
uq¿ uy;a Èúhu lemfldg j¾Okh l< udlaia Okjdoh mx;s wfydais lrñka tys by<
frda.d;=rj wdhqld,h yd hkq wjika mx;s iudch nj;a wjêfha§ Y%uh hkak ksYaÑ;
fmdrnoñka ,shk ,o OfkaYajr iudcjdoh mx;s rys; iudcfha ld¾hhlg iSud fkdjQ ñ,la
l%uh ms<sn| mq¿,a wd¾Ól m<uq wjêh nj;a ú.%y lrk fkdf.jk" mqreoafoa n,fhka
úYaf,aIKh jk zm%d.aOkhZ ,§' OfkaYajr iudch ì| kshf,k idudkHlrKh jQ
uy;a Ôjk ÿIalr;d ueo bgq ouk n,fõ.h f,i jevlrk l%shdj,shlah hkak udlaiajdoh
l< iudc ld¾hhls' ck;dj;a" iudch fjkia lrk kHdhslj Tmamqfldg ;sfí'
m%d.aOkh fldgia ;=fkka o¾Ykh jk udlaiajdofha ufkdardðl iudcjdofhka
iEySulg m;a fkdù w;sßla; øjHuh n,h ck;dj nj;a fjkiaj mx;sfha ÈhqKq n,fõ.
jákdlu ms<sn|ju fmd;a Tyq y÷kd.kakd ,§' udkj hkaf.ka ieÈ mlaIhl
;=kla Tyq úiska ,shd ksu lrk iudcfha mßmQ¾K;ajh tkï kdhl;ajfhka mx;sh n,fõ.
,§' jhi yegmfya§ Tyq ixj¾Okfha by<u wjêh hla f,i ixúOdkh lsÍfuka
frda.Sj ñh hkafkao fuu uy;a fldñhqksiaÜ iudch nj;a Tyq ;;ajhka t<eô úg rdcH
ld¾hhgu ish Èúh lem l< Tmamq fldg fmkajk ,§' n,h mx;sh w;g .ekSfuka
neúks' iudcjdoh f.dvke.Su
wdrïN jk nj úoHd;aul 1849 uehs 19 od olajd
fldñhqksiaÜjdofha uQ,O¾uhhs' Tyq zkj rhska mqj;am;Z m<
fï uyd oelau yd lf<ah' fï mqj;amf;a m%Odk
l%shdms<sfj; bÈßm;a lsÍu —1848 fmnrjdß l¾;D OQrho Tyq úiska Wiq,k
i|yd udlaia ;u i.hd úma,jh mek ke.s ,§' 1848 - 1849 w;r jQ
jk tx.,aia iuÕ fndfyda wjia:dfõ udlaia úma,jldÍ isoaê ud,dfjka
w;aoelSï Wlyd .kakd ,§' fn,aðhfuka kj kHdh lÈu f,i ikd:
fldñhqksiaÜ m%ldYkh 1848 úh' tjla mgka yd fï jk
msgqjy,a lrkq
bÈßm;a lrk úg udlaia rdcH ;=re f,dj ish¨ rgj, isÿ
,eîh' Tyq
ms<sn|j oek isá wjfndaOh flreKq ish¨ ks¾Ok mx;sl yd
1871 meßia fldñhqkh
fmr<d meñKsfha m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHdmdrhkaf.ka
iuÕ úYd, mßj¾;khlg meÍishghs' ud¾;= tu kHdh ikd: úh' ch.;a
,la lf<ah' zfjk;a mx;shl úma,jfhka miq m%;súma,jjd§yq udlaiag
jqjukdj fjkqfjka idod ksul< Tyq meÍish yer úreoaOj kvq mejÍug wkqn,
rdcHhla ks¾Ok mx;s jqjukdj lafhd,aka k.rhg ÿkay' ^1849 fmnrjdß
fjkqfjka fhdod.; fkdyels .sfhah'1848 09jeksod Tyq ksoyia úh'&
njZ udlaia miqj meyeÈ,sju cQks 01od isg bkamiq ^1849 uehs 16 fjksod&
m%ldY lf<a ta wkqjh' Tyq c¾uksfhka msgqjy,a lrkq
1849 uehs 19 od
fldñhqksiaÜ ix.uh ,eîh' bka miq Tyq uq,skau .sfha
olajd Tyq zkj
f.dvke.Su i|yd iy m<uq meÍishgh' 1849 cQks 13jeksod
jk cd;Hka;r lïlre ix.uh
rhska mqj;am;Z fm<md<sfhka miq Tyq h<s;a
f.dvke.Su iy th úoHd;aul m< lf<ah' fï jrla meÍisfhka fkrmd yßk
fldñhqksiaÜjdoh ;yjqre lsÍu mqj;amf;a m%Odk ,§' wk;=rej udlaia ,kavkhg
i|yd iqÿiq ixúOdkhla njg l¾;D OQrho Tyq .sfhah' tod mgka ñh hk ;=re
m;alsÍfï ld¾hfha§ udlaia úiska Wiq,k ,§' Tyq úiqfõ ,kavkaj,h'˜
kshuq ld¾hNdrhla bgq lf<ah' 1848 - 1849 w;r fufia udlaia kï fuu uyd
jQ úma,jldÍ isoaê Ñka;lhd ;u hq.fha j.lSu
igkaldó udlaia ud,dfjka kj yd ld¾hNdrh fjkqfjka
udlaia od¾Ykslhl= muKla Wr§ lghq;= l< wdldrh yd
kHdh lÈu f,i
fkdj igkaldñfhls' ta ksidu Tyq udkj iudcfha m%.ukh
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ikd: úh' fjkqfjka jQ odhl;ajh
úh' ta ksidu Tyq wêlrKh flá igyklska mejeish
bÈßhg mjd f.fkk ,§' fkdyelsh flfia fj;;a udlaia
wjik msgqjyf,la njg m;a lrkq ,eîh' Tyq fmr<d úiska ks¾Ok mx;shg uÕ
úh' ta ms<sn|j f,kska fufia meñKsfha meÍishghs' ud¾;= lshk udlaiajd§ o¾Ykh;a"
mjihs' —1848 fmnrjdß úma,jfhka miq Tyq meÍish foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdj;a iy
úma,jh mek ke.s wjia:dfõ yer lafhd,aka k.rhg úoHd;aul fldñhqksiaÜjdoh;a
udlaia fn,aðhfuka msgqjy,a .sfhah'1848 cQks 01od isg ìyslsÍug ;u iuia; Èúh
lem lf<ah' tu oelau wkq.ukh lrñka f,dj mqrd
fndfyda úma,j yd wr., mek ke.=Ks¦ mek kef.
ñka ;sfí' Okjd§ oelaug tfrysj tlu úl,amh
f,i udlaiajdoh ch.ksñkao miqnisñkao iudc
ixj¾Okfha Èidj Tiafia bÈßhg
wefoñka ;sfí'
wjidk jYfhka fï uyd m%d{hd
fï ish,a, fjkqfjka fm!oa.,sl
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lshfjk udlaia ms<sn| f,kskaf.a
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ksido" udlaiaf.a fi!LH ;;ajh jvd;a
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yeoErefõh' tfy;a zm%d.aOkhZ ,shd
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idudÔh iy ú,shï fydalskaia wjodkï njh' tu ksid ke;fyd;a iudcjdoh
mßird;aul jYfhka ^Stephen William tu isÿùug fmr ñksid f;la bÈßhg njh'
wjq,aiy.; ;;ajhla Hawkins&h' jhi fjk;a .%yf,djl fyda iaàjka ú,shï
mj;sk f,dalhl ñksia wjqreÿ 76la Ôj;a .%yf,dalj, mÈxÑ fydalskaia iqúfYaIS
ixy;sh ;j wjqreÿ jQ Tyq miq.sh ud¾;= jqjfyd;a" ñksia j¾.hd mqoa.,hl= jQfha by<
100la mj;skafka 14jeksod ish Ôú;fhka úkdY fkdjk nj .Kfha nqoaêu;l=
flfiao@˜ wka;¾cd,hg iuq.;af;ah' Tyq i|yka lf<ah' ksidu fkdfõ' úYajh
újD; m%Yakhla f,i by; i|yka l< by; m%Yakh Tyq ms<snoj kj fidhd
ñksia j¾.hdf.a m%Yakh fhduq lrñka wka;¾cd,fha m< lr .ekSï lsysmhla l<
meje;au iïnkaOfhka Tyq igyka lr ;snqfKa" ;snqfKa 2006§ jqjo ksiduo fkdfõ' idudkH
jQ fuu m%Yakh fhduq fuu m%Yakhg ms<s;=r wogo th tlfia nqoaêu;l=g jvd
lr ;snqfKa tla;rd ;ud fkdokakd nj;a" wod<h' úfYaI lreKq lsysmhla
iqùfYaIS mqoa.,fhls' fï .ek iEu fokdu ñksia ixy;sh Tyq i;= úh' tlla
Tyq wka lsisjl= fkdj is;sh hq;= nj;a" wmg fl;rï wjodkulg kï nrm;< wikSm
uq¿ f,dfõu m%isoaêhg ;sfnk wk;=r .ek uqyqKmd isào hkak ;;ajhlg jhi wjqreÿ
m;aj isá ffioaOdka;sl wjOdkfhka isáh fmkakqï lrk fuu 21§ f.dÿre jqjo ;u
fN!;sl úoHd{hl= hq;= nj;ah' kHIaál m%Yakh ;j;a m%lg ld¾hNdrh fjkqfjka
^Theoritical Physicist& hqoaOhlska" cdk m%ldYhla wmg isys. jQ ffO¾hh uol=ÿ
iy úYaj úoHd{hl= bxðfkare úoHdfjka kajhs' jfrl udlaia wvqlr fkdf.k Bg
^Cosmologist& jQo" ksmo jQ ffjrihlska" m%ldY lf<a udkj uqyqK§uh' fojekak
flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fha f,dj WKqiqï ùfuka iudchg b;sßj we;af;a kï ;ud fidh.;a
ffioaOdka;sl úYaj fyda ñksid fuf;la f;dard.ekSug udj;a oekqu ir,j f,dj
úoHdj ms<sn| m¾fhaIK fkdo;a fjk;a wk;=rla folla muKla njh' ck;dj iu. fnod
uOHia:dkfha wOHCI ksid fyda fmdf<dj tkï ïf,aÉP;ajh yod .ekSug lghq;=
lsÍuhs' f;jekak ckau Èkfhka jir § Tyq b;d Wkkaÿfjka w;r ,l=Kls' tu ksid
kï fu;rï úoHdj 139 f.jqK ;ek ùuo wOHdmk lghq;= lrñka mÍCIljreka úiska Tyq
yd ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq wmQ¾j iumd; ùïh' ix.S;hgo we¿ï iïuqL mÍCIKhlg
ù ;sìh§;a iudch fydalskaia <ud lr YsIH YsIHdjka le|jkq ,en ;sìKs'
fj<df.k mj;sk ld,fha§ wOHdmksl w;ro ckms%h ù we;' Tyqg m<uq mka;sfha
uejqïjdo" woaN+; oCIlï fmkajd ke;' Tyq úYajúoHd,hSh idud¾:hla msßkud
n,fõ. jeks ishü Tyq mjid we;af;a" fndaÜgq ix.ufha we;af;a bka miqjh'
ñ:Hd úYajdihkag Tyq mka;sfha w. isg fndaÜgq me§fï oCIhl= mYapd;a Wmdêh i|yd
tfrysj úoHd;aul ;=kajekshd jQ njh' úh' úYajúoHd,hSh Tyq f;dard .;af;a
i;Hhka fy<sorõ tfy;a" l%ul%ufhka wjidk mÍCIKhg flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,hhs'
lsÍug fkdìhj lghq;= úoHd úIhhka i|yd ffioaOdka;sl fN!;sl mYapd;a Wmdêh
lsÍuh' oCI;d fmkaùug úoHdfjka we;s yodrk iufha§ Tyqg
Tyq Wm; ,nkafka mgkaf.k we;' jhi m%Yakj,g muKla nrm;< iakdhq frda.hla
kQ;k úoHd;aul wjqreÿ 17§ Tlaia*¾â ms<s;=re iemhSug je<÷Ks' 1963§ je<÷k
mokfï ks¾ud;D jk úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ jQ Tyq ;SrKh lr we;' fuu frda.h isrer
.e,S,sfhda .e,S,sf.a Tyqg ish mshd Wmfoia úNd.hg fmr Èk wls%h jk motor neuron
urKfhka 300 jirla § we;af;a" /lshdjla rd;s%fha Tyq ks¢ jrd kï frda.S ;;ajh
f.jqK ;ek fyj;a fidhd .ekSug myiq isá ksid b;du;a úh' fï ksid ffjoH
1942 ckjdß 08jeksod jk ksid ffjoHjrhl= oCI f,i ms<s;=re ks.ukh jQfha" Tyqf.a
ùu;a" fuf,dúka Tyq jk f,ih' tfy;a" Tyq iemhSug Tyq wiu;a Ôú;dfmalaIdj udi 18la
kslau hkafka Tyqg fmr fN!;sl úoHdj yeoErE úh' ta ksid Tyqg ,eî njh' kuq;a fkdie¿Kq
uyd úoaj;d f,i kï w;r" m<uq jir yd ;snqfKa m<uq mka;sfha Tyq ;u wOHdmk
oerE idfmalaI;djdofha fojeks jir Tyqg kSri idud¾:hlg;a" fojeks lghq;= fkdlvjd
ks¾ud;D whskaiaghskaf.a ù we;' ;=kajeks jif¾ mka;sfha idud¾:hlg;a isÿ lf<ah'1965§
Tyq újdy úh' fï
ld,fha§ úYajfha
iïNjh ms<sn|j uyd
msmqreïjdoh ^Big Bang
Theory& iy wp,
;;ajjdoh ^Steady
State Theory& hk
jdo folu bÈßm;a ù
;sìKs' fï ksid Tyq
;u mYapd;a Wmdê
ksnkaOfha ud;Dldj
f,i f;dard.;af;a"
l¿ l=yr uOHfha
we;ehs ie,eflk
;ks wmQ¾j;djka
^Singularities& iy
wjldY ld,fha
cHdñ;sh ms<sn|
ud;Dldjls' tfiau
fuys§ Tyq lafjdkagï
.=re;ajh .eko"
lafjdkagï hdka;s%l lrk ,§'
úoHdj .eko wOHhkh isrer wls%h ù frdao
lf<ah' mqgqjlg iSud jqjo
1970 § .Ks;{fhl= ;j;a Wml,amkhla f,i fydalskaf.a fud<h
yd fN!;sl úoHd{fhl= wls%h jQjla fkdùh'
jk fmafrdaia ^Roger
úYajfha wjldYhg yd ieneúkau isÿjQfha th
Penrose&iu. ujd.;a;d jQ ld,hg iSudjla b;du;a ;shqKq fjñka
tl;=ù" uq¿ úYajhu fkdue;s nj fydalk s i
a a fidhd ls%hd lrkak mgka
;ks wmQ¾j;djlska .ekSuh' ffjoHjreka
^Singularity& wdrïN
.kakd ,§' fuhska fmkajkafka lS wdldrhg Tyq udi
jkakg we;ehs hk úYajh mgka.;a wdldrh 18lska ñh fkd.sho
isoaOdka;h bÈßm;a iy meje;au iïmQ¾Kfhkau frda.h ksid uq¿ isreru
lf<ah' tfiau Tjqyq wm%d‚l ù frdao mqgqjg
whskaiaghskaf.a
úoHd;aul kS;s u.ska md,kh iSudjQ Tyqg l;d lrkak
idfmalaI;djh ms<sn| jkakla njh' ta wkqj mjd yelshdjla fkdùh'
uQ,O¾uh u.ska uyd idfmalIa ;djdoh iy lafjdkagï tfy;a m¾fhaIK lsÍu
msmsrefuys wdrïNhg yd fmd;m; ,sùu
wod<j wjldYhla
hdka;l s% h tlg tla lsÍfuka u|lskaj;a keje;ajQfõ
yd ld,hla ;sìh hq;= fldiafudf,dð fyj;a úYajh Tyq fkdfõ' 1974§ Tyqg
njg;a" l¿ l=yrj,g ms<n
s | úoHdj iïnkaOfhka ;ksju lEu .ekSugo
wjidkhla ;sìh we|g hduggo fkdyels
hq;= nj;a fmkajQy'
kj isoO a dka;hla fidhd.ekSfï jQ w;r 1984§ Tyqg
fuu m%;sM, ksid f.!rjh ysñjkafka Tyqgh' yßyeá l;d lsÍug
20jeks ishjfia uq,a fkdyels úh' 1985§
w¾Ofha isÿjQ wfkla Tyqf.a l:k yelshdj
úoHd;aul ÈhqKqj jk uq¿ukskau wysñ úh'
idfmalaI;djdoh yd ta;a Tyq wffO¾hhg
fldkagï uQ,O¾uh jif¾ fidhd.;a fuu md,kh jkakla njh' ta m;a jQfha ke;' t;eka
tl;= lr wOHkh l< ixisoaêh Tyqf.a kñka wkqj idfmalaI;djdoh isg Tyq wkHhka yd
hq;= nj fmkS .sfhah' kï flßKs' th — iy lafjdkagï ikaksfõokh lf<a
1974 § fuu uQ,O¾u fydalska f¾äfhaIka˜ hdka;%slh tlg tla l:k W;aidyh y~
folu tl;=fjka fyj;a —fydalska lsÍfuka fldiafudf,dð njg fmr<Sug yels
fydalskaia úiska" l¿ úlsrKh˜ hkqfjka fyj;a úYajh ms<sn| mß.Klhla Ndú;
l=yr iïmQ¾Kfhkau ye¢kafõ' úoHdj iïnkaOfhka lsÍfuks' ta i|yd 1997§
l¿ fkdjk nj;a" l¿ tmuKla fkdj ;j;a kj isoaOdka;hla bkafg,a iud.fuka
l=yrj,ska ksrka;rfhka Wml,amkhla f,i fidhd.ekSfï f.!rjh imhk ,o frdao mqgqfõ
Yla;sh ldkaÿ jk úYajfha wjldYhg yd ysñjkafka Tyqgh'1979§ w;l /|jQ geí,ghla
nj;a" tjd u.ska ujd.;a;d jQ ld,hg fydalskaia flaïì%Ê Ndú; lrk ,o w;r"
úlsrKhla ksl=;a lrk iSudjla fkdue;s úYajúoHd,fha .Ks;h ACAT kï újD; udOH
nj;a" tu úlsrK miqj nj fydalskaia fidhd ms<sn| uydpd¾h Oqrhg jevigykla u.ska
l%ul%ufhka ke;sù .kakd ,§' fuhska m;a úh' fï ld,fha ;srfha h;=re o¾Ykh
hk nj;a tkï tajd fmkajkafka úYajh § úYajfha iïNjh lsÍu u.ska ish reÑh
Y=kHh ialkaOhla mgka.;a wdldrh iy ms<sn|j ;j;a wkaoul mßÈ wl=re f;dard
njg m;ajk njo meje;au iïmQ¾Kfhkau lafjdkagï isoaOdka;uh .ekSu lïuqf,a p,khka
fidhd .;af;ah'1974 úoHd;aul kS;s u.ska m¾fhaIK Tyq úiska isÿ u.ska isÿúh' bkamiq
fydalska l;d lf<a mjd ixpdrh lsÍug iuÕ .eàuh' 1990§ je.sfrk úgo Tyq
frdao mqgqjg iïnkaO leue;s úh' Tyq Ñ,s fydalskaia fÊka fkdmels<j f,dalh
tu úfYaI mß.Klh rdcHh" ol=Kq wms%ldj" w;ayer Tyqf.a id;a;= yuqjg meñKsfhah'
u.sks' ta mß.Klh iamd[a[h" lekvdj fiaúldjl jQ fïika Tyqf.a fm!reIh
ls%hd lrkafka fydalska jeks rgj, ixpdrh kue;s wh iuÕ Ôj;a uq¿ukskau ieÕù
wefika yd fud<fhka l< w;r" wefußldfõ ùug f.dia ;sfí' 1995§ ;snqfKa Tyqf.a nqoaêuh
ksl=;a lrk ix{dj,sks' lsysm jrlau ixpdrh fÊkaf.ka Èlalido jQ m%Ndfõh' Ydia;%Sh
me;a;lg we< jQ lr we;' Tyqf.a fydalskaia fïika újdy f,dalfhka jßka
ysi" úÿ,s n,fhka wdndOh ksid Tyq ;u lr .;a kuqÿ 2006§ jr ñÿKq Tyq The
l%shdlrk frdao mqgqjg fcÜ hdkh ixpdr fuu újdyho wid¾:l Simpsons" Red Dwarf
isr.; jQ Ôú;h" l:k i|yd fhdodf.k we;' úh' bkamiq Tyq ñh hk iy îîiS rEmjdysksh
p,k wkqj ;srh u; — 1965§ ;u fmïj;sh f;lau kej;;a m%:u Tiafia úldYh jQ The
fjdhsia iska;ihsirhl˜ jQ fÊka iuÕ újdy ìß| iuÕo" orejka Big Bang Theory jeks
wdOdrfhka Èiajk jQ fydalskaia orejka iuÕ o" uqKqmqre rEmjdyskS jevigyka
Tyqf.a woaù;Sh Ñka;k ;=kafofkl=f.a mshd ñKsmsßhka iuÕo lsÜgq Tiafia ish oekqu
Yla;sh úiska uydpd¾h njg m;a úh' uq,a iïnkaO;d mj;ajd we; idudkH ck;dj iu.
iaàjka fydalskaia ld,fha § id¾:l f,i fndfyda úoaj;=ka fnod yod .;af;ah'
wmg fmkajd ÿkafka" .; l< újdy Èúh fuka iaàjka fydalska tu jevigykao
fN!;sl YÍrhla fyj;a l%ufhka wid¾:l úh' .; lf<a ieÕjqKq fma%alaIlhka w;r
ialkaOhla ;=< isr.; fuhg m%Odk fya;=j Èúhla fkdfõ' pd,l woaù;Sh f,i ckm%sh
ù we;s Ôj Yla;shg ù we;af;a" fÊkaf.a kshqfrdak frda.h úh'
fl;rï wisßu;a foa m%n, ls%ia;shdks wd.ñl fya;=fjka ish we, 1988 § m< l<
l< yelso hkakhs' u; fydalskaiaf.a jQ uqúka md,khla —w î%*a ysiagß T*a
Tyq msgrgj, wd.ï úfrdaë u; fkdue;sj fÄgh ghsï˜^ld,fha o<
b;sydih&kï úYajfha iyuq,skau ,Sfõ" m<fldg ;sfí' fï ke;s nj;a" tajd w÷rg
Wm;" meje;au yd iajrd,fha ie;alula úYsIag Ndú;dj ksid nh ñksiqkag lshk ,o
wjidkh ms<sn|j isÿlsÍfuka wk;=rej we,an¾Ü whskaiaghskaf. iqrx.kd l;d muKla
,shejqKq fmd; iu. ùu úfYaI;ajhls' ka miq fuf,dj my< nj;a˜ h'
iaàjka fydalskaia" tu.ska fjdhsia jQ úYsIag;u fN!;sl 2011§ zäialjßZ
f,dal wjOdkhg ,la iska;ihsirhl úoHd{hd f,i ^Discovery& kd<sldfõ
úh' msgm;a ñ,shk wdOdrfhka" fnd,a fydalskaia wújdofhka jevigykl § Tyq
20la muK wf,ú ù y~lska msgjk jpk" ms<s.efka' mejiqfõ" —wmg leue;s
jd¾;d ;enQ ˜w î%*a tfõf,au mß.Kl Wm;ska ls%ia;shdkshl= fohla úYajdi lsÍug
ysiagß T*a ghsï˜ ;srhla u; igyka jQ Tyq uq,a ld,fha wmg ksoyi we;' uf.a
fmd;" w;sYh ixlS¾K lsÍfuks' 2002 jif¾§ § foúhka jykafia woyi kï" foúhka
kHdhsl-fN!;sl úoHd Tyq ish fojk .%ka:h fkdisák nj fl<ska jykafia flfkl= ke;s
^theoretical physics& jQ Universe in a Nutshell u m%ldY fkdl< njh' úYajh lsisjl=
ixl,am b;du ir,j t<soelaùh' kuq;a" miqj foúhka úiska ks¾udKh lrkq
idudkH ckhdg idfmalaI;djdoh" jykafia fkdisák nj ,en ke;' wmf.a
f;areï.; yels l¿l=yr yd úYajfha o" ;ud fN!;sljdÈhl= wkd.;h lsisjl=f.a
wdldrhg ,shQjls' Wm; meje;au yd ^Rationalist& nj o ;SrKhla fkdfõ'
fun÷ ixlS¾K wjidkh ms<sn|j m%isoaêfha m%ldY lf<ah' iaj¾.hla fyda urKska
ixl,amhka úoHdj È.ska È.gu m¾fhaIK wd.ñl u; ÿre l< u;= Ôú;hla ke;'˜
ms<sn|j Wkkaÿjla meje;ajQ uydpd¾h Tyq m%ldY lf<a úYajh hkakh'
olajk iEu fokd iaàjka fydalskaia mj;skafka úoHdfõ kshu j;auka iudc rgdj
w;rgu f.k hdug ish Ôú; ld,h u; njhs' —wdêm;Hh ;=< ñksia Ôú;h
Tyqf.a rpkd fya;= ;=< fN!;sl úoHdj Âuthority& u; mokï fl;rï wjodkï
úh' Tyq tu lD;sh ms<sn|j fmd;a 15la jQ wd.u yd ksÍCIK ;;ajhlg uqyqKmd
iy ;¾lh u; mokï isào hkak Tyq f,djg
jQ úoHdj w;r uQ,sl ish úoHd oekqu
fjkila we;' úoHdj Wmfhda.S lrf.k
ls%hd;aul jk ksid th fmkajd ÿkafkah' ta
ch .kS˜ hehs Tyq mejiS ;j jir 100la j;a
h' z.dähkaZ ^Guardian& fï wkaoug f,dalhg
kue;s mqj;a m; iuÕ bÈßhg hd fkdyels
meje;a jQ idlÉPdjl nj m%ldY lrñks'
§ Tyq mejiqfõ fud<h j;auka iudch Tyq l<
mß.Klhlg iudk fï nrm;< m%ldYh
nj;a" tys ix>gl wjOdkhg f.k ;sfnk
ì|jegqKq miq th wls%h m%udKh ms<sn|j o
jk nj;a" wls%h jQ lsisfia;au iEySulg
mß.Klj,g iaj¾.hla m;aúh fkdyel'
fyda kej; Ôú;hla
fla" ud¾fida yd
lmqgd kï fld,a,d
fla' nKavdr
wfmalaIdNx.;ajhg jeks yeÕSï fya;=fjka tl;ek kj;d ;enqjdla .ekSfï wr.,hl ksr;
yd wêm;sjd§;ajfha WmÈk wiSñ; ú|ùul fuks' ùÈ ish,a, ysfuka fõ' wd;¾ yd fcrñhd
l=ßrelï fkdbjiSu f.dÿrlaj ish Ôú;h jeiS ;sîu yd n,fldgqj ;ud úiskau fla fj;
ñksfil= urd oeñh îdhksl fkdjk ksrka;rfhkau y÷kajd fok ,nkafka
yels nj lshdmdk f,dal wdlrhg jqjo& wjika óÿfuka jeiS ;sîu Tyqf.a iydhg meñKs
idys;Hfha wurKSh lr .;af;ah' fya;=fjka ish,a, w÷f¾ fofofkl= jYfhks'
kjl;dj jkafka *%dkaia *%dkaia l*aldf.a isÿfõ' ke;fyd;a tfy;a" Tjqka i;H
l*aldf.a n,fldgqj ióm;u ñ;=rd jQo" kjl;dlref.a oDIaáhg jYfhkau fla fj;
kjl;djhs' tlS brKfï l*aldf.a jhi wjqreÿ wkqj fla hkq w÷f¾ Wmldr msKsi meñKs
f.dÿrla njg m;ajkafka 41 la jQ flá Ôú;h w;m; .dñka ish njla Tjqkaf.a yeisÍï
fla h' tõfõ ljqoehs ld,h wjika l< wka;su wkkH;dj fidhd.ekSug ;=<ska .uH fkdfõ'
fkdokakd yd yuq úh leue;s m;%fha j.ka;s fjfyfikafkls' Tjqka Tyqg m<uqjrg
hq;af;a ljqoehs fkdokakd W,a,x>kh lrñka mdGlhdg újrKh uqK .efikafka Wmldr
.ukl fhfok" woaN+; Tyqf.a ks¾udKj, jk mßÈ fla hkq wjeisu fudfyd;l jk
mqoa.,fhl= úiska mjrkq m%ldYlhdo njg m;a n,fldgqj úiska w;r ysu msreKq ùÈhl
,enQ ld¾hhla bgq jQ uelaia ífrdaaâg wkqj fiajhg le|jkq ,enQ w;=reokaj hEu yer
lsÍug" ;ud úiskau n,fldgqj hkq ksu ñkskafodarefjls' Tyq ish wka fiajhla fkdie,fia'
ñkskafodarefjl= f,i fkdl< kjl;djls' rdcldß wdrïN lsÍug la,dï fyj;a n,fldgqfõ
y÷kajd .kakd fla fla Tng yuq wêldßfha wjirh wëlaIlhd jYfhka
úisjk ishjfia f,dalhu jkafka *%dkaia l*aldf.a ,efnk f;lan,d isáhs' fmkS isákakd .ïuqkaf.a
fj<d.;a ika;dmh" n,fldgqj ^The Castle& uQ,slju Tyqf.a ld¾hh wiSñ; f.!rjdorhg
ixldnß; yeÕSu" kjl;dfõ§h' th n,OdÍyq m%;slafIam ,la jQ ;eke;a;d jk
wfmalaIdNx.;ajh" n,fldgqfõ wKilg lr;s' th ish wkkH;dj w;r Tyq úiska flag
l,lsÍï" fkdi,ldyeÍu" hg;a jQ l=vd .ïudkhls' wysñùula nj is;k n,fldgqjg msúfikakg
úrd.h" Nardka;sh" kjl;dfõ ld,h .uka fla" t;eka isg ish we;s wjia:d ys;du;du
idxldj yd lau:h lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ' th wkkH;dj fidhd wyqrd je<elaùug
bka ñ§ug wjldY
fkd,eîuhs'
fuu ;;ajh j¾;udk
ixialD;sl iudch ;=<
ks;e;skau yuqjk nj
ióm ksÍlaIKhlska
f;drj jqj ikd: fõ'
wm ksrej;aj uqyqK md
isákafka fla ÿgq óÿfuka
jeiqKq n,fldgqjl
wdêm;Hhg nj jgyd
.ekSug .eUqre nqoaêhla
wjYH fkdjQjo th
n,fldgqjla jYfhkau
f.k Bg hg;aùfï
wkqrd.fhka fmf<k
ñksiqka msßila ueo
Ôj;aùfï wNd.Hhg
uqyqK md isák úl,am
Ñka;khlg ysñlï
lshk ish,af,dau fï
wjdikdfõ k.ak
f.dÿre njg m;aj
l%shd lrk njla .uH Tyqf.ka wE;a fõ' n,fldgqj yd ;ud ;nk isá;s' fjkila
fõ' fujka miqìul n,fldgqj hkq iEu mshjrla bÈßfhau fjkqfjka lrk nrm;<
fla újD;ju fukau mrdð;Ndjfha yd wiykldÍ ndOlhla wr.,hka fl<jr
idyislj wêldÍ;ajhg udkisl ì|jeàfï jk nj fla m%;HlaI wfmalaIdNx.;ajhg
yd tu wêldÍ;ajhg l;djls' lrhs' wdêm;Hhg m;ajk wfma mrmqf¾
Nh mlaImd;Slï olajk n,fldgqj kjl;dj hg;aj Ôj;aùug ñksiqkag wLKav
.eñhkag wNsfhda. m%Odk pß; folla jgd ;ud ;=< jk fm%arKh wr.,hla fjkqfjka
lsÍug mgka .kshs' úldYkh fõ' m<uqj u;= fkdj fiiq ish¨ ish Ôú;hu lem lrk
tfy;a" ta ish,af,au mdGlhdg tys ùrhd fkd ñksiqka tlS fm%arKh yd hg;aùu m%;slafIam
wjika m,h fla úYajdi tfia kï fï l;dfõ ;=<g n,y;aldrfhka lrñka m,d hEu
l< yd ie,iqï l< flakaøSh pß;h yuqfõ' fyda kïud .ekSug úl,amhla jYfhka
ish,a, Tyqg wysñ ùu fojkqj l;d kdhlhdf.a fojrla fkdis;k .e;s f;dard fkd.ksñka fla
jk w;r Tyq" ;udgu ish¨ wNsm%dhka yd wkqldrljd§ka msßilf.a m%lg lrk ùr;ajh
wysñ fjk njla .uH wNsfm%arKhkaf.a n,mEu fyj;a mSvkh uekúka jgyd .ekSu
fõ' Tyq n,fldgqfõ iqmsß ndOlh jk n,fldgqj jYfhka wk;=rej fla jeo.;ah' fla ;=<ska
n,j;d jk la,dïf.a yuqfõ' flakaøSh pß;fha fj; n,fldgqfõ mSvkh l*ald lshkafka ir,
fmïj;shg wdorh lrk wfmalaIdNx.;ajh .,d ths' jvd;a jeo.;a m%ldYhls' Tng úl,am
w;r weh újdy lr flfrys mdol jk ldrKh wdêm;Hhg ke;af;a fkdfõ' fndfyda
.ekSug mjd ie,iqï ysfuka jeiS .sh n,y;aldrfhka hg;a úl,amhka ke;;a
ilia lrhs' tfy;a" Tyq k.rhl" óÿfuka jeiS jk msßi muKla fkdj" úl,amhka we;' Tng
úiska ;ud zmdúÉÑZ lrk we;s neúka mshú weiska tlS wdêm;Hhg tfrysj hg;a úh yelsh' ySk
nj jgyd .kakd weh oel .ekSug wiSre wr., lrk flag mjd §k úh yelsh' wd;au
;dlaIKh yd uqiq úiska l< msgia;rhd
l< fï hqoaO úiska mßj¾;kfha wvx.=fõ
udkjjd§ yeÕSï rys; we;' tkï" msgia;rhd
jQ wjldYhl ñksidg hd kjl;dfõ bx.%Sis
yels l=ßrelfï È. m<, mßj¾;kh i|yd isß,a
iïnkaOfhka hula is;sh fldk,s úiska imhk ,o
yels ñksidg n,fldgqj m%ia:djkdjhs' ^msgia;rhd"
ie,lsh yelafla ixfYdaê; uqøKh
l*aldf.a jvd;a iqkaor 1990" tia' f.dvf.a iy
fukau jvd;a yeÕSïnr ifydaorfhda&
kjl;dj jYfhks' msgia;rhd kjl;dfõ
Tyqf.a mQ¾j.dó kjl;d miqìu ,;ska weußldkq
jk kvqj ^The Trial&" YsIagdpdrhg f.dÿre jQ
;Skaÿj ^The Judgment& W;=re wm%sldkq m%foaYhls'
yd rEmdka;rKh th wixialD;sl Y+Ial
^Metamorphoses& Bgu mßirhls' isß,a fldk,s
wdfõKsl .eUqrlska yd mjik wdldrhg
yoj; wdl%uKh lrk we,anhd leuQ hkq
ßoauhlska iukaú; jqjo we,aÔßhdfõ mÈxÑhg
tajd n,fldgqj fuka .sh m%xY mqrjeisfhls'
fYdalS yeÕSula wm ;=< uOHOrKS ñksfils'
cksl lrkafka ke;' tfy;a Tyq idïm%odhsl
m<uq f,dal hqoaOfha uOHOrKS ixialD;sh
n,mEu n,fldgqj w;aúkafoa ke;' we;eï
kjl;dfjka m%lg úg Tyq iú{dkslju
Yla;sh mdjd Èh yelsh' úisjk ishjfia isÿjQ jkafka hï fiao Bg th m%;slafIam l<d
yDo idlaIsh wysñ jQfjl= m<uq yd fojk f,dal fkdfofjks whqßka fojk jkakg mq¿jk' Tyqg
jYfhka Ôj;a úh yelsh' hqoaO muKla fkdfõ' f,dal hqoaOh w;r;=r oywgjk ishjila
ta ish,a,g tfrysj tfy;a" ixLHd;aulj isÿjQ ñksia ixydrfha ;snqfKa ke;' nfrdla
wdêm;Hhg tfrysj jeäu ñksiqka msßila n,mEu we,anhd leuQf.a l,djla ;snqfKa ke;'
wLKavj mrdchka >d;kh l< hqoaO jQfha msgia;rhd kjl;dfjka Tyqg wkqj" mqkreo
,nñka jqj igka l< fuu f,dal hqoaOhkah' m%lg fõ' iuhla meje;sfhao
yelsh' tfia ñksiqka >d;kh n,fldgqj ke;' l=rei hqoaOfha
fla úiska f;dard lsÍug hqoaOhg iïnkaO kjl;dfjka wmg yuq l%Er;ajh fyda ndfíß
.kq ,nkafka fï jQ fomd¾Yajhgu wjldY jkafka urKh lrd fjrf<a iqkaor;ajh
w;sYh ÿIalr wjika ,efnkafka Tjqka ta jk nf,ka ;,aÆ lrkq Tyq w;aúkafoa ke;'
úl,amhhs' idhksl úg Bg fmr lsisÿ hqoaO ,enQ ñksfil= jk w;r Tyqf.a wjOdkhg k;=
fkdjk urKhlg kdhlfhl=g ysñlr msgia;rhd kjl;dfjka jQfha frdau wêrdchfha
f.dÿre fjñka jqjo Tyq .ekSug fkdyels jQ urK o`vqju ,efnk ì| jeàu" ;=¾ls yd
kjl;dj wjidkh f;la ;dlaIKhla w;am;a f;la uÕ n,d isák uqi,audkajrekaf.a
wLKav wr.,hl ksr; lrf.k isá neúks' uqrKavq ñksfil= wmg .rd jefgk rc
jkafka ta Wodr;ajh ie,iqï lsÍu" m%pdrKh" yuqfõ' fuu kjl;dj fm<m;a" m%xY
m%lg lrñks' jHdma;sh" m%jdykh" ms<sn|j ukd ixlaIsma; úch.%yKh yd ;=kajk
ñksia b;sydifha isÿjQ >d;kh" iuQy >d;k ú.%yhla uydpd¾h m%xY iuQydKavqfõ
oreKqu ñksia ixydrh jeks ish¨ l=ßrelï fidaur;ak nd,iQßh wKmk;a yd fj<|du"
bia,dóh kgnqka ueo ,enQ iudchg by<ska
n,y;aldrfhka isgjkq ke.S isàugo Tyqf.a
,enQ wdldrh muKla nj ffO¾hfhka yd nqoaêuh
isß,a fldk,s mjihs' zurK o`vqjug hg;a lrk ,o m%Ndjfhka tu iudch
we;eï úpdrlhska ke;sNx. lr oeóugo
mjikafka" msgia;rhd
;eke;a;d wd;au >d;lhdg wjia:dj ,efí'
;ud ;=<ska iuia; uOHu jvd tkï ;ukaf.au Ôú;h fufia ñksid u;
mdka;sl ixfõok ud¾. úkdY lr .kakd ;eke;a;dg ks¾oh whqßka uqod
fhkaf.a úh<S hdu yßk fuu mSvkh
iy mqkreo ñksidf.a
jvd ksoyia ñksfil=Z nj ks;ru mlaImd;S yd
iïmQ¾K msßySu we,anhd leuQ msgia;rhd ;=<ks a .;dkq.;slh' l%ufhka
olajk njhs' mqkreo wjOdrKh lrk lreKls' wNdjhg hk wd.u yd
ñksid hkq ld¾ñl ixialD;sh u; mokï
úma,jfhka wk;=rej
wd;au >d;lhd ìhiq,f a ,ls' jQ iqpß;jd§kaf.a
m%fõKsodiNdjfhka Tyq ;udf.au jQ Ôú;h yd iglmglï yd mqyq
ñ§ uOHu mdx;slfhl= fmdrne§u w;ayÍ' wdfgdamfhka Ôj;ajk
njg W!Kkh lrkq ks,Odß me,eka;sfha
,enQ ñksidh' isß,a ujd.;a Od¾ñIaGlï
fldk,sg wkqj ud¾fida úiska msgia;rhd
ksfhdackh lrkafka jrolrefjl= lrkq
wfoajjdÈhdh' Tyq ,nhs' leuQ ksielju
i;Hh úYajdi lsÍug fõokdjlg ,lajk nj
bkaøshf.dapr jk w;r wjOdrKh lrk mßÈ"
yd mejiSug Tyq ;=< wfoajjdÈhd úYajdi
hym;a fÉ;kdfjkao iïu;h ;=< isák
jk fkdu`äkd ,o wdYdj lrhs' úYauhckl i;=g
hqla; flfkls' Tyq ñksiqka lrk nrm;<
úiska ksrka;rfhkau we;af;a ixlS¾K yd
Ôú;h iu. .eUqre jerÈ" ir, lreKla
wNd.Hiïmkak brKula ÿIalr foa w;am;a lr
wdorhlska ne£ isáhs' fia .kakd kS;sh" ish
lrd Tyq le|jdf.k hkq .ekSu ;=< fkdj ir,
wEkqul isg iakdkhla mka;shg tmssáka isák
,nhs' foa úkaokh lsÍu ;=<
olajd jQ wjuhlska ñksfil=f.a iq¿ jrolg
ud¾fida urK o`vqju nj leuQ wjOdrKh
mQ¾K ;Dma;shla ,eîug nrm;< o`vqjula mekùu
yuqfõ fkdief,k lrhs'
bf.kf.k isáhs' Tyq" ksielju wfmalaId l<
yeisÍu f;areï .ekSug zurK o`vqjug hg;a
is;a ;ejq,lska f;drj hq;a;ls' wm Ôj;a jkafka
kï we,anhd leuQ urKh lrk ,o ;eke;a;d
ikd;k j¾;udkhl remsh,a mka oyfia
iïnkaOfhka olajk wd;au >d;lhdg jvd
Ôj;afjhs' hula w,a,i ,nd.;a ñksiqka
woyi f;areï .; hq;=h' tkï ;ukaf.au
wuq;=fjka is;Sug fyda jir .Kkdjl isr
leuQ wfoajjdÈhd ish Ôú;h úkdY lr
woyia m< lsÍug wjYH o`vqjulg hg;a lrk
wjika brKu w;am;a .kakd ;eke;a;dg jvd
fkdjk nj úYajdi lrk yd nrm;< jxpdjka lr
lr .ekSfï§ m%lg ksoyia ñksfil=Z nj
Tyq" iajNdjO¾uhg iuj kS;sh bÈßhg meñK
lrk ffO¾hh Wiia we,anhd leuQ msgia;rhd
Tyq t<U isák iïuq;sfha úh hq;= n,iïmkak
fldg i,lhs' zÔú;h ;=<ska wjOdrKh
fkdaäla fyj;a —wehs˜ hk wmrdOlrejkag
Wiia ;;ajhg f.k lrk lreKls' wd;au
jpkh Tyqf.a Ndú;fha wfmalaIs; wem ,nd
tk yeu fohlau ta >d;lhd ìhiq,af,ls'
ke;' iïu; ñksiqka fok iudchl neúka
;rugu wiïu;jd§ Tyq ;udf.au jQ Ôú;h
;rfha úYajdi lrk msgia;rhd u;= lrk
njlao m< lrhsZ hkak yd fmdrne§u w;ayÍ'
jdKsc iodpdrh fjkqjg ;¾lh wog;a tlfiau
Tyqf.a u;hhs' u,aj, flfia fj;;a urKhg
iajlSh wdlD;shlg j,x.=h' h:d¾:h
fukau ia;%shf.a iam¾Yh lem lrk ,o mqoa.,hdg
wkqj Ôj;aùug yd yd i;Hh fjkqfjka
wysñ ù hEfuka urKSh ;ud jrolrefjl= lrkq
ks¾Nhj fmkS isákakd ilia l< hq;=h' ta nqoaêuh jYfhka ;lalä we÷ug iudkh' Tyq
ksielju msgia;rfhls' fjkqfjka m<uqj l< jQ iudchla w;a ú¢k n<¨kag m%sh lrkafkla
leuQ wjOdrKh lrkafka hq;af;a Ôú;h wNsruKh we,anhd leuQ úYo muKla fkdj n<,a .;s
fujka iudchlg lrk wdldrh tu l< Ôjk o¾Ykh hï wkqlrKh lrkafkls'
;jÿrg;a bÈßhg .uka ñksiqkag lshd §u fyj;a úuqla;shla wfmalaId tla ;SrKd;aul
l< fkdyels njhs' Tjqka oekqj;a lsÍuhs' lrk ,oafoao th fu;la wjia:djl Tyq úiska msys
ta nj isß,a fldk,s iem; hkq ksielju w;am;a lr .ekSug mdr folla wek fcdkS
ish igyfka fufia oekqj;alu nj;a" oekqu udkj m%cdjla jYfhka fjdal¾ >d;kh lrhs'
wjOdrKh lrhs' yd iem; hkq folla wm wiu;a nj lshdmdk l*ald ;uqrd fyj;a
—ta flfia fj;;a fkdj tlla nj;a lD;shla jYfhka fuu fuu kjl;dfõ wfkla
l=ula fyda fkdmudj Bg wh;a m%;HlaIùï kjl;dj fmkajd Èh l;d kdhlhd hkq ish
isÿ úh hq;=h' tfia ish,a, w;sYh mdßY=oaO yelsh' mshdf.a wkdjelsh ikd:
isÿù iem;" lreKdj nj;a w.h lr i,lk fuu kjl;dj lrñka jhi wjqreÿ
yd hqla;sh ms<sn|j ;;ajhlg ñksid m;a úh wdrïNfha§u kjl;dfõ 15 § ksjiska m,d .sh
jk ,íêhla ñksiqkag hq;=h' l;d kdhlhka fh!jkhls' kl;d
,nd Èh hq;=h' tf;la" oekqj;a ñksid fofokdf.ka wfhl= jk úiska ñksid urdouk
msgia;rhd jkdyS ta fm<k la,u:fhka Tyqg kl;d ñkSurefjla njg wjia:dj oEiska olsk
i|yd fõÈldjla muKs' .e,ùula ke;af;ah' m;a fõ' th kjl;dj Tyq ta fudfydf;au
Tyq uOHu mka;sl 21 jk Y;j¾Ifha úiska u;= lrk udhdfõu fjk;a ia:dkhl Iskaf;da
wdpdrO¾uhkaf.a cmka kjl;dlrefjl= È.=jla jYfhka ie,lsh Yaßka tll isáhs' kl;d
ksiaidr;ajh fmkajd,k jk yrels uqrldñf.a hq;=h' kl;d hkq n<¨ka úiska urd oukq ,nkafka
úkdYldÍ ksfIaOkd;aul l*ald uqyqÿ fjrf<a urd Tjqkaf.a w;=kqnyka iqm%isoaO m%;sud Ys,amsfhl=
n,fõ.hls'˜ yqfola wm kjl;dj *%dkaia l*ald lEug mqreÿ ù isákafkls' jk Tyqf.a mshdh' tkï"
úiska Ôú;h wNsruKh yd we,anhd leuQ fidhd Tyqf.a we÷u iqm%lg fldhsÉ ;uqrdh' fmd,sish
lrkq fjkqjg ish,a,kag hk Ôjk o¾Ykh iafldIa úials j¾.hla Tyqf.a >d;kh fjkqfjka
Ôú;h wNsruKh l< ;jÿrg;a úia;SrKh jk fcdkS fjdal¾j, f.oßka m,d .sh mq;d
yels jd;djrKhla lrkakls' l*aldg jvd isák mqoa.,hd we| isák w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug
fidhhs' w;r m%Odk ;ekla .kS'
fuu pß; fol ;=<ska tfy;a tlS ks¾udKh
uqrldñ u;= lrkafka j¾;udkfha wm Ôj;ajk mky oYlhg tmsg
j¾;udk f,dalfha iudcfha fndfyda fofkla uqyK
q ks¾udKh jQ l*aldf.a
wkkH;dj wysñ yd we,anhd leuQf.a
lr.;a ñksiqka ms<sn| fok .eg¨jla jkafka wkkH;d ks¾udK fyda úis tlajk
l;dka;rhhs' fuu wysñùfï .eg¨jhs' fuh Y;j¾Ifha ks¾udKh
urKfha wNsryi ;=<ska wiykldÍ iudc Ôú;fhau jk yrels uqrldñf.a
fï jk úg ish uj l*ald uqyqÿ fjrf<a
jk fyda fkdjk woaN+; m%;M
s ,hla nj fuu kjl;d kjl;dj fuka nrm;<
ia;%shla jk fials fkdakd ;%;
s j
a h wm yuqfõ ;nk iudc lïmhka wm ;=<
iu. wE; m<d;l isák i;Hhhs' we;s lf<a ke;' Bg
l*aldf.a wdOHd;añl fya;=j" fuu ,smshg
iajNdjh ms<sn|j jia;= úIh jk kjl;d
m%jdohla f.dvkxjhs' ;%s;ajfha l;=jreka
j¾;udkfha wm ;=< meje;s od¾Yksl
Ôj;ajk iudcfha ksrjq,aNdjh ,xldfõ
.fõIKh l< i;Hh" lrk wdldrh tu
fndfyda fofkla kjl;dlrejka ;=<
kshu yd ksjerÈu ñksiqkag lshd §u fyj;a
uqyqK fok .eg¨jla fkdùu nj is;ñ' ud
i;Hho hkak kej;;a Tjqka oekqj;a lsÍuh'
jkafka wkkH;d WoyrK jYfhka .;a
is;d ne,sh hq;= njhs' iem; hkq ksielju
wysñùfï .eg¨jhs' ks¾udK w;ßka tlu
úfYaIfhkau uqrldñ oekqj;alu nj;a" oekqu
fuh wiykldÍ iudc Ôjudk kjl;dlre
fuu i;Hh flfrys yd iem; hkq folla
Ôú;fhau m%;sM,hla jk .=Kodi wurfialr
fy<kafka fjkia fkdj tlla nj;a
nj fuu kjl;d od¾Ykslj wo fmkS
ne,auls' zuqrldñg Bg wh;a m%;HlaIùï
;%s;ajh wm yuqfõ isákafka taldêm;s
wkqj i;Hh mj;skafka ish,a, w;sYh mdßY=oaO
;nk i;Hhhs' ñksidg kdhlfhl= n,hg m;a
nrm;< iSud ;=< nj;a w.h lr i,lk
iudcfhka úhqla;j lr .ekSu fjkqfjks'
.d,a l< udkj NdIK ;;ajhlg ñksid m;a
yqol,d Ôú;hhla taldêm;sfhl= yd
f,dalfhka msgia;rjhZ úh hq;=h'
ms<sn| isysk oelSu myiq wkqrd.slj nef|k
^l*ald uqyqÿ fjrf<a" furg kjl;d
kuqÿ th h:d¾:hla od¾Ykslfhl=g"
.dñKS úhkaf.dv" ks¾udK ;=< fujeks
lr .ekSfï§ ndysr wdêm;Hfha mSvkh
úfÊiQßh m%ldYk iel ixld ;=<ska
iudcfha n,mEfuka oefkkq we;af;a ish
2007&' tu ixl,amh mrdð; yeÕSï iys;
ñ§ug wjldY fkdue;s wNsu;d¾: uqÿkam;aùula
wm kej;;a le|jdf.k ñksiqka /ilf.a Ôú;
nj fuu kjl;d jYfhka ñi mSvkhla
hkq ,nkafka msgia;rhd újrKh flfrk
;%s;ajhu kej; kej;;a jYfhka fkdfõ' tys§
iïnkaOfhka m< wjia:d yuq fõ' tÈßùr
wjOdrKh lrk tlS ks¾udKlref.a
l< u;h fj;g ùu irÉpkaøf.a u<.sh
lreKls' fõ.fhka ks¾udKh ;=<ska
wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' we;af;da yd u<jqkaf.a
ixj¾Okh jk f,dalhl iudchg ldkaÿ fjkq
tkï" yqfola wm úiska wjqreÿ od" ud¾áka
ishjilg wdikak ld, we;af;a Tyq ú¢k
Ôú;h wNsruKh lrkq úl%uisxyf.a úrd.h"
mrdihla ;=< ,shjqKq fï w¾O-jdkr udkisl
fjkqjg ish,a,kg .=Kodi wurfialrf.a
kjl;d ;%s;ajh ix{d ika;¾mKh jk w;r
Ôú;h wNsruKh l< lreulaldrfhda" isß
lrkafka lsishï iudk udkjjd§ iqiudo¾Yhka
yels jd;djrKhla ilia .=Kisxyf.a fyjke,a,"
lreKla kï" bka woyia úh fkdyelsh'
l< hq;=h' ta fjkqfjka uvj, tia' r;akdhlf.a
jkafka wm iudchla
m<uqj l< hq;af;a wlalr my jeks uq,a
yd f,dalhla jYfhka
Ôú;h wNsruKh hq.fha kjl;d fï
ckm%
j do
rdclShkaf.a
wd;;sh iqÔj Èidkdhl
j ¾;udk iudch
foi n,k úg iEu
;rd;srulu mdfya mqoa.,hka
l=fõKs kï hCI f.da;%sl
ldka;dj ;u mrïmrdj mdjd §
úch rcqg ,xldfõ ;ïuekakd
úÿreÈj lvñka l=fõKs .,a
lrñka˜
hkqfjka ta ;;ajh jd¾;d
f.dÿre ù we;s frda.s ;;ajhla m%foaYfha n,h ,nd.ekSug lr ;sfí' udkisl jYfhka we;s
f,i udkisl wd;;sh i,lkq bv § we;af;a wehj újdy lr jkakd jQ wd;;sh mqoa.,hka
,efí' wfkla frda.s ;;ajhka .kakd fmdfrdkaÿ msgh' úch urKh olajdu m%n, jk nj
fuka T!IO Ndú;h u.ska iqj rcq l=fõKshf.ao iydh we;sj ta fï l;d mqj; ;=<ska ;yjqre
lr.; yels frda.s ;;ajhlao jk úg furg n,h orñka isá fõ' j¾;udkfha jqjo udkisl
f,io fuh ie,lsh fkdyelsh' hCIhka urd tys n,h ,nd.;a jYfhka we;s jkakd jQ wd;;ska
wo fukau b;sydifhao tjeks nj fmfka' kuq;a flá l,la we;eïúg fl<jr jkafka mqoa.,
udkisl wd;;skag f.dÿre jQ .; jQ ;ek úch rcq l=fõKsh >d;khka yrydh'
ck kdhlhka fukau idudkH t,jd oud mdKavH rfgka úcdhs udkisl wd;;sfhka lghq;=
ckhdo isákakg we;' Y%S kï l=udßhla f.kajd f.k l< ;j;a rfcla jYfhka fojk
,xldfõ b;sydih jd¾;d l<jqka n,h ;yjqre lr.;a nj fmfka' rdcisxy rcq y`ÿkajdÈh yelsh'
rdclShkaf.a b;sydih muKla fï isÿùfuka l=fõKsh udkisl l%s'j' 1635 § fiakdr;ak rcqf.a
,shd oelaùu ksid rdclShka wd;;shg m;ajq nj rdcdj,sfha Wml%uhl m%;sM,hla u; uykqjr
f.dÿre jQ udkisl wd;;ska ms<snò tk l;d mqj; ;=<ska ;yjqre fõ' k.rfha n,hg m;a fudyqg
y`ÿkd .kakjd ñi idudkH ta wd;;sh hgf;a isá weh thg ;%sisxy,dêIajr ùfï wjYH;djhla
ckhdf.a ;;ajhka ms<snò wmg oelajQ m%;spdrh jQfha úch wdrïNfha mgkau ;snQ nj fmfka'
wjfndaOhla ,nd.; fkdyelsh' rcqf.ka m<s.ekSuh' th fkd,efnk nj yeÕS hk úg
udkisl jYfhka we;sjk —l=fõKsh t<jd m`ä ìij fï md,lhd udkisl wd;;sfhka
wd;;sh ksid ñksia is;a i;ka w. fufyiqka lr i;a ishhla lghq;= l< nj fmfka' fï ksid
;=< úúO jHdëka yg .ekSug .Ekq msßjrd fhdaOhskav mdjd § rcq b;du;a oeä md,khla Wvrg
bv we;s nj ffjoH úoHd;auljo rcq Tgqkq ord Wka i| l=fõKs m%foaYhka ;=< mj;ajd f.k f.dia
fidhd f.k we;' tjka udkisl úÿreÈj ujd úch rc urkav we;' tu md,khg tfrysj Wvrg
jHdêhla je<÷Kq rc pß;hla wd úg nqÿka ,laÈj Ndrlrÿka ckhd l%s'j' 1664 § rcqg tfrysj
ms<snò rdcdj,sh kï .%ka:fha ksid Yl% n%yau ufyaYajr lsys/,s le/,a,lao we;s lrk ,§' rcq
uq,skau wmg wikakg ,efí' Wmq,ajka iuka fndlai,a l;r.u ks,a,fU ud,s.fha isáfh§ Tyqj
ta úch l;d mqj; ;=<skah' lkaol=udr úch rcqg wrlaf.k >d;kh lsÍug W;aidyhla f.k
we;' bkamiq le/,a, uev,d yelsh' rdcisxy rcqf.a uydêldruf.a
ler,slrejka w;s nyq;rhlg rcq tfukau iS;djl rdcisxy Woõfjks' ms,su;,õfõ wêldru
úiska urK o`vqju ,nd § we;' rcq ;u wjidk ld,fhaÈ wßÜG fudyqj n,hg f.k tñka woyia
tfukau le/,af,a kdhlhd jQ lSfjKavq fmreud,a keu;s lr we;af;a ;udg ßis mßÈ Wvrg
wUkafj, rd, keue;a;dg fo;sia mqoa.,hdf.a nyg wjk;j nqÿ md,kh fufyhjd .ekSuh' kuq;a
jOh uÈhehs is;d rcq w¨;a o`vqjï oyu w;yer Ysj wd.u je<|.;a Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq tf,i yeisÍ
l%u ks¾udKh fldg Tyqg o`vqjï nj lshfõ' flfia fj;;a wd.ula ke;'
,nd§u i|yd ,kafoaiska fj;g weoySu fyda fkdweoySu mqoa.,hd fï ksid ms,su;,õfõ yd
msg;a lr yßk ,o nj lshfõ' i;= whs;shls' tfy;a rcq Ysj Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;r
ta ;=<skau fï le/,a, rcq ;=< wd.u je<| .ekSfuka miq nqoaOd. úril;djhla we;s ù ;sfí'
we;s lr ;snq udkisl wd;;sh ug fukau ta yd iïnkaO wd.ñl th fl;rï m%n, jQfhao h;a
fln÷oehs wmg y÷kd.; yelsh' kdhlhkag úreoaOj lghq;= ms,su;,õfõ wêldru tla
fojk rdcisxy rcq ish l< wfhla úh' ;udg tfrysj fudfyd;l ì%;dkHhka fmd,Ujd
wfmalaIdjka Nx.;ajhg m;a jQ l=uka;%Kh lf<ahhs mjid rcq Wvrg wdl%uKh lrùugo lghq;=
miq ish wjidk ld,h yqol,dj le,Ks .fÕa lKueÈßhka jf,ys lr we;' thska miq rcq ro,hka
.; l< njo lshfõ' ta yqol,d .s,ajd NsCIqka jykafia,d 80 kula ms<snò ielfhka lghq;= lrkakg
nj ksidu Tyq wìx keu;s >d;kh lrkafkao Tyq ;=< ;snq jQ nj lshfõ' ta u.ska we;s jQ
u;aøjH úfYaIh Ndú;hg mqreÿ jQ udkisl jHdl+,Ndjh ksid nj wd;;sfha fl<jr jQfha iel l<
njo iòykah' udkisl jYfhka lshfõ' tfukau rdcisxy rcq ro, kdhlhka .Kkdjlau rcq
wd;;shg m;a we;eï wh t;=<ska ;u wjidk ld,fha§ rc f.or w;ska >d;kh ùuh' ms,su;,õfõ"
ÿreùu iòyd fuf,i u;aøjH ks,Odßka yd úrilj lghq;= l< mqiaje,af,a" f,õfla" rcqf.a
Ndú;hg fm<fUk njo lshfõ' njo lshfõ' udkisl jYfhka wd;;sfha m%;sM, jYfhka >d;kh
iS;djl rdcisxy fyj;a álsß we;sj ;snq tu wd;;sh ksid jQjkah'
nKavdr rcqo furg b;sydifha rcq foaYSh ks,Odßka fjkqjg Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq
udkisl wd;;sfhka fm¿Kq rc úfoaYSh ks,Odßka ;u md,k weyef,afmd< uydêldruf.a
pß;hla nj m%ldY l< yelsh' lghq;= iòyd iïnkaO lr.;a ìßò jQ weyef,afmd< l=udßydñ
l%s'j' 1582 j¾Ifha§ Tyq lkao njo fmfka' ta u.ska we;s jQ iu. inòlula we;s lr.ekSug
Wvrg rdcOdksh wdl%uKh lr w¾nqohka fl<jr jkafka" rcf. W;aidy .;a nj b;sydih
lr,shoafoa nKavdr rcqg wh;aj or ks,OdÍka úiska rcqg úI yodrkakl=g y÷kd.; yels
;snq tu ìug fmardfoksfha nkaojd Tyq >d;kh lsÍfuks' i;Hhls' fï W;aidyh
ùriqkaor nKavdr keu;s Wvrg rdcHh wdl%uKh fldg wid¾:lùfuka miq weyef,a
mqoa.,fhl= md,lhd f,i m;a mrdð;j wdmiq iS;djl n,d toa§ hk jpkh mjd rcqg bjiqï
lr we;' kuq;a l%s'j' 1585 § fm;xf.dv§ WK lgqjla wekS fkdÿkakla jqKs' tys m%;sM,h
Tyqj fndre fpdaokd k.ñka ;=jd, ,nd isá rcqg Tyqf.a m%Odk jQfha uykqjr k.rh ;=< olakg
f.d,Efndlal kï ia:dkfha ffjoHjrhd jQ fodvïfma .Ks;hd ,enqKq wei< .ia mjd rcqf.a
fndre j,l oud >d;kh lr úiska fuf,i úI nkaojd wKska lmd bj;a lsÍuh' tu
we;' rcq tf,i ùriqkaorj urKhg m;a lrjd we;' l%shdj ;=<skau rcqf.a wd;;sfha
>d;kh lr we;af;a ;udg jvd uykqjr rdcOdksfha wjidk ;ru y÷kd.; yelsh' Y%S úl%u
Tyq Wvrg m%foaYhkays ckm%sh rcq f,i i,lk Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq ish wjidk ld,fha§
pß;hla njg m;a jQ ksid nj rdcisxy rcq furg b;sydifha ;udg we;s j ;snq udkisl
lshfõ' j¾;udkfha§o we;eï wd;;sfhka fm¿Kq ;j;a m%n, wd;;sfhka ñ§ug wêl f,i
mqoa.,hka ;uka wNsnjd bÈßhg pß;hls' lkakidñ kñka l=vd u;amekg f,d,aj lghq;= l<
.uka lrk mqoa.,hka oel l, ye`Èkajq fudyq Y%S úl%u njo iòykah'
udkisl wd;;shg m;aj Tjqkag rdcisxy kñka Wvrg rc jkafka
tfrysj lghq;= lrkq oelsh ms,su;,õfõ keu;s rdcdê
iskud
wei ÿgq
cd;sjdoh
fydafuda idmshka hk úoHd;aul kdufhka y÷kajkafka ñksiqkah' ta" jdkr

mQ¾jchkaf.a isg ñksid olajd mßKduh jQ i;ajhdh' fï j¾.fha ish¨ zi;=kaZ"
zWiia ukila we;a;dZ hk woyiska zñksidZ hk fmdÿ kdulrKfhka y÷kajd
.kq ,efnk kuqÿ we;euqkag wkqj ish¨ ñksiqka tl ziudkZ fkdfõ¦ Tjqkaf.a
cd;sjd§ ú.%hkag wkqj ;uka Wiiah" wfkld my;ah' Tjqka isákjdkï isáh
hq;af;a zwfma wkqlïmdj u;h¦ wms lshk yeáhghæ neßkï isáh hq;= wkaou
lshd§ugo wmg yelshæZ'
flfia jqjo wm Ôj;a jkqfha nyq;r udkj m%cdj ;ju;a ;uka
ukqIHhska f,i y÷kd .kakd f,dalhlh' Tjqkaf.a Wiia ukia cd;sjd§ u<
ne£ ke;' fï f,dal iskud mg wmg lshkafka" ta u< fkdne÷Kq ukiaj,
l;djh¦ udkj ne£ï úkdY lrkq fjkqjg tajd f.dv ke.Su i|yd l,djg
odhl úh yelsh hkakh'
ñiag¾ wekaâ ñisia whsh¾
^Mr. & Mrs. Iyar&
ud¾.h jid oud ;snQ fyhska
ßhÿrd fjk;a uÕlska hEug
W;aidy l<o wi, m%foaYj,
cd;sjd§ .egqï fya;=fjka
nih jdyk ;onohl k;r
lsÍug isÿfjhs' rdcd ;ukaf.a
uqia,sï wkkH;dj idïm%odhsl
l=,j;a yskaÿ n%dyauka óklaIsg
wkdjrKh lrhs' Tyq ,nd ÿka
c,h mdkh lsÍu .ek weh
lïmdjg m;a fjhs' fuhska
wmyiq;djhg m;a jk rdcd nia
r:fhka neihdug is;=jo .egqï
fya;=fjka we¢ß kS;sh mkjd
we;s nj m%ldY lrk ixpdrl
fmd,sia ks,OdÍka msßila nifha
/f|k f,i mji;s' fmd,Sish
m%foaYfhka bj;aùfuka miq
yskaÿ wd.ïjd§ka lKavdhula
n,y;aldrfhka nihg we;=,aù
fnx.d,s cd;sl iqm%lg wdikak ksñ;a; ù ;snqKo u.Skaf.a wd.ñl wkkH;djhka
ks<shla yd wOHlaIjßhl jk fmdÿfõ fuys we;=<;a cd;sjd§ mÍlaId lsÍug mgka .ks;s'
wm¾Kd fika úiska ;sr rpkh .egqï bkaÈhdj cd;sl;aj iSud ielhla we;sjQ wjia:dj, Tjqyq
fldg wOHlaIKh lrk ,o wkqj fnod fjkaflreKq 1947 flfkl= iqkak;a lr we;aoehs
zñiag¾ wekaâ ñisia whsh¾Z ld,h f;lau Èjhhs' mjd n,;s'
Ñ;%mgh 2002 jif¾§ ;sr.; fuu Ñ;%mgfha l;d mqj; fuys§ iqkak;a lr ;sîu
jQjls' rdyq,a fndaIa" l=kal=kd f.dv k.d we;af;a wd.ñl fya;=fjka ;uka wdrlaId ùug
fika I¾ud ^weh wOHlaIjßhf.a yd cd;sjd§ .egqï nyq, f,i is;+ hqfoõ cd;sl tla u.sfhla
ÈhKsh& m%Odk k¿ ks<s hqj,h' weúf<k bkaÈhdfõ yskaÿ l,yldÍkaf.a wjOdkh uy¨
bkaÈhdfõ§ fukau yjdhs yd uqia,sï .egqula mj;sk uqia,sï hqj,la fj;g fhduq
cd;Hka;r iskud Wf<, we;=¿ wjia:dfõ uÕS nihl ish l=vd lrhs' lKavdhfï kdhlhd uy¨
iskud Wf<, lsysmhl§ iïudk orejdo iuÕ .uka lrñka isák hqj, nia r:fhka msg;g wÈk
/ila ysñlr .;a zñiag¾ wekaâ fou< yskaÿ" n%dyauka újdyl w;r Bg tfrys jQ ;reKshlg
ñisia whsh¾Z wd¾Ól jYfhkao ldka;djl ^óklaIs whsh¾& msßi myrfohs' rdcd ke.S isàug
id¾:l;ajhg m;afjñka iy uqia,sï ;reKfhl= ^rdcd iQodkï fjoa§ óklaIs ;u orejd
fm%alaIl m%;spdr ,enQjls' pjqoaß& w;r f.dvkef.k udkj Tyqf.a Wl=f,ka ;nkafka Tyqf.a
2001 foieïn¾ udifha ne£ula mokï lr .ksñks' uqia,sï wkkH;dj ieÕùugh'
bkaÈhdkq md¾,sfïka;=jg l,algdys ;u ieñhd lrd hk l,yldÍka Tjqka fofokdf.a
t,a, jQ ;%ia; m%ydr iy 2002 óklaIs iy orejd n,d .kakd wd.ï úuioa§ óklaIs kdhlhdg
fmnrjdßfha .=crdgfha yg.;a f,i óklaIsf.a fouõmsfhda ;uka whsh¾ uy;añh nj;a rdcd
yskaÿ - uqia,sï .egqï fuu rdcdf.ka b,a,d isá;s' fï uÕS ;ukaf.a ieñhd nj;a lshhs' fï
Ñ;%mgh ks¾udKh ùfï,d nia r:fha .uk w;ruÕ§ ìysiqKq w;aoelSfuka miqj u.Syq
nia r:h ;=<u YS;, ndr§ msg; ksod .ekSu ;u ieñhd meñKSfuka wOHlaIjßh iu;aj
rd;%sh .; lr;s' f;dard.kS' flfia miq rdcd Tyqg y÷kajd isà'
miqÈk u.Syq jqjo miqÈk wi, fokafka we¢ß kS;sh tfiau Ñ;%mgfha
kjd;eka fidhñka .ïudkfha§ yuqjk yuqfõ yskaÿ .eyekshl l;d msgmf;a fonia
wi, .ïudkhg h;s' nia r:fha meñKs jk ;ukaf.a Ôú;h yeisrùfï§ NdId
rdcd yd óklaIso ;reK ;reKshkaf.a fírd ÿka rdcd pjqoaß lsysmhlskao l;d lsÍu
;u ;uka zñiag¾ úuiSug wkqj Tjqyq kï uqia,sï ñksid u.ska ^yskaÈ fou<
iy ñisia whsh¾Z újdyh olajd jQ f,ih' rcd ;ukaf.a bx.%Sis fnx.d,s& m%Odk
f,i y÷kajd .ksñka ;ukaf.a wdor l;dj .ufka PdhdrEm iys; ckfldgia ksfhdackh
kjd;eka fidhoa§ laIKslj ks¾udKh lr leurd o< fiahd mg lrk fmdÿ njla we;s
fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla lshd isá;s' kej;;a frda,la óklaIs w; lsÍu;a úúO cd;Ska"
Tjqkaf.a iyhg meñK nx.,dfõ kjd;eka ;nhs' úúO wd.ï woyk
w;ayer oeuQ jk wvú f.k isák w;r;=r iudch úiska ñksiqka wh" úúO jhiaj, wh
nx.,djl kjd;eka l;dnfya§ Tjqyq ;u ;=<g ldjoaojd ;sfnk we;=<;a nia r:hla
fidhd fohs' tys ;ukaf.a wd.ï ms<sn|j cd;sjd§ yd wd.ñl f;dard .ekSu u.ska
mdúÉÑ l< yelafla mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,n;s' wka;jd§ úIj,g háka bkaÈhdkq iudcfha
tla ldurhls' rdcd ta rd;%sfha l,yldÍka ienE udkj .=Khka yrialvla ksrEmkh
iu. ;ks ldurhl msßila úiska isÿlrk mj;sk nj;a tlsfkldg lsÍu;a cd;sjd§
isàu m%;slafIam lrk ìysiqKq >d;khlska fjkia ixialD;Skaj, .egqula f;aud lr.;a
óklaIs wuq;af;l= óklaIs lïmkhg fjkialï ;sìh§u Ñ;%mghl tys ìysiqKq
iu. meñKSu ms<sn|j ,lafjoa§ weh wdmod wjia:djkays§ nj fm%alaIlhdg okjk
;ukagu fodia mjrd ikijkafka rdcdh' tajdg tlaj uqyqK§fï§ w;ru fm%aufha udkj
.kS' rdcd wef.a l=,h miq Èkfha Tjqyq tlsfkld we;s ne£ïj, yd mßirfha
yd wd.u iïnkaO yuqodfõ iyh we;sj lr.kakd ne£ï fi!kao¾h u;=lr
wOdk.%dyS wdl,am ÿïßhfmd<g f.dia we;sjk wdldrh;a ;eîug iu;aj ;sîu;a
úfõpkh lroa§ we;s .ukdka;h jk l,algd b;du fi!kao¾hd;aulj fuu Ñ;%mgfha úfYaI
jk u; .egqñka miq n,d h;s' l,algd yd ixhuhla iys;j ,laIK f,i y÷kd .;
Tyq wehg ldurh ÿïßhfmdf<a§ óklaIs bÈßm;a lsÍug yelsh'
1947( w¾;a
^1947: Earth&
bkaÈhdkq mdlsia:dkfha Wm; bkaÈhdjg ksoyi njg ^mdlsia:dkh&
iskudfõÈkS §md fï;d ,o md¾is cd;sl;aj m%odkh lroa§ rgj,a fjkaù .sfhah' fuu
úiska wOHlaIKh lr iïNjhla we;s folla ks¾udKh lf<a ;;ajh wvq jeä
1998§ ;sr.; lrk ,o f,aÅldjf.a 1947 yskaÿ yd uqia,sï wd.ñl jYfhka wo olajdu
w¾;a Ñ;%mgh cd;sjdoh j¾Ifha bkaÈhdj mokñks' 1947 wf.daia;= mej;=Ko fuu iskud
iy wd.ïjdoh úiska fn§hdu ms<sn| zwhsia 15 bkaÈhdj wd.u mgfhau lshkq ,nk
len,s lrk ,o lekaä uEkaZ kï mokï lr.ksñka f,a wdldrhg zb;sydifha
bkaÈhdkq foaYfha úhre kjl;dj ^1988& mokï .,dhk" iuQ, >d;khka úYd,;u iy ìysiqKqu
ms<sìUqjla f.kyermdhs' lr.;a;ls' isÿjk yd tlsfklg udkj yqjudrejZ isÿù
th" nmais isoajd kï ì%;dkHhska i;=re rdcH folla we;af;a bkaÈhdj iy
mdlsia:dkh ks¾udKh kdufhka wfkld urd we;=<;a úúO wd.ïj,g ta" wef.a fouõmshka
ùfï§h' oeóu mdmhla fkdjk wh;a l=vd lKavdhula iu. wdydr .ekSug
w¾;a iskud nj;a is;Sug jeä l,la ^fndfyda fokd meñKs isla cd;sl
mgh fuu jHikh hkafka ke;' f,kSf.a mjqf,a fiajl wi,ajeisfhl= jQ isx
olskafka j¾;udkfha iskud mgh 1947 fiaúldjkah& WoHdkfha uy;d iy ì%;dkH
mdlsia:dkhg wh;a" ld,fha ,dfydarfha oji .;lr;s' cd;sl frdc¾ kï
tl, hg;aúð; ksjil fmda,sfhda frda. tfy;a fï w;r fmd,siam;sjrhd w;r
bkaÈhdfõ ,dfyda¾ fhka fmf<k f,kS Èkl bkaÈhdj we;sjk l,yfhks'
k.rfha ñ;=re kï wgyeúßÈ md¾is mdlsia:dkh kñka neK w`v.id.ekSï"
lKavdhulf.a oeßhlf.a w;aoelSï" fjkaùhdu;a iu. ú§j, uy fikÕ
weiaj,sks' fudjqka w;r wef.a jeäysá ld,fha uqia,sïjreka /.;a y`vk.d igkamdG
uqia,sï" yskaÿ" isla" isg wdj¾ckh lsÍula ÿïßhla m%foaYfha lSï olajdo .sks;eîï
md¾is fukau l%sia;shdkq f,i .,dhhs' frda.S ÿïßhfmd<g <Õd olajdo jHdma; ù hhs'
Nla;slhskao isák weh wdorfhka n,d. fjhs' th ;=< jQ ish¨ tlaÈkl fldam jQ
w;r Tjqka tlsfkld kakd wef.a Okj;a u.Ska >d;kh lr yskaÿjreka ,dfydarh
yd iqyo;djfhka Ôj;a md¾is fouõmsfhda we;s nj oek.ekSu;a l,Ujoa§ B<Õ Èkfha
jkafka fuu mrudo¾YS weh /ln,d .ekSug iu. úúO wd.ñlfhda fldam jQ uqia,sïjre ùÈ
;;ajh iodl,a mj;skq Ydka;d kï mshlre tlsfklg tfrysj wú nis;s' tfy;a ;ju;a
we;ehs flfkl=g yskaÿ ;reKsh wdhd wfudard .ks;s' k.rh fï WKqiqu fkdoefkk
isf;k wkaoñks' tfy;a ;k;=f¾ ;n;s' Ydka;dg blauKskau hqo msáhla f,kSf.a ksji ;=<
fndfyda wd.ñlhska wdorh lrk uqia,sï njg yef¾' f,kSg wef.a uj nkaá wehg
is;k mßoafoka Tjqkgo cd;sl È,a kjdia kï wkqj .eg¨j m<uqj fjda,aÜia kegqï mqyqKq
;ukaf.a wd.u Wiiau rileú,s fjf<kaod iy mqmqrd hkafka ,dfydarfha lrhs' rileú,s
nj;a ;ukaf.a wd.fï yidka kï iïndylhdo wef.a ksji ;=<uh' fjf<kaod ,dfydarh
l<Uñka i;=rkaf.ka f,kS fkdokakd w;r ñksiqka fjkia yeÍfuka iy Tjqkaf.a
m,s.kakd fikfÕka merKs ñ;=rkaf.a lsÍug;a l%Er;ajhg fnod fjkalr md,kh
flfkl= njg m;afjhs' uy;a fõokdiy.; fmr<Sug;a wd.ñl ^Divide and rule& lsÍfï
ifydaor;ajfhka isák mjd§ulska wk;=rej úYajdi u.ska isÿjk m%;sm;a;sh ;=< ks¾Ok
f,i ;u ñ;=rkaf.ka isÿjk fÄojdplhlska n,mEu úia;r lrhs' mx;sh cd;sl;ajhka yd
wheo isákafka Ydka;d w¾;a ksudj olS' tfiau th cd;sjd§ wd.ï wkqj fn§fuka
iu. fm%aufhka isák idufha iqkaor;ajh;a yd wd.ïjd§ mokñka we;s jQ fÄojdplh
iïNdylhd muKs' th wysñ ùfuka rgj,a len,slsÍfï§ úoyd olajhs'
uqia,sï ;reKfhl= ks¾udKh jk we;s úh yels ;;ajh
iy yskaÿ ;reKshl fÄojdplh;a ukdj ì%;dkH hg;aúð;jd§ka
w;r fuu in|;dj ms<sìUq lrk w¾;a úiska ys;du;d fkd;ld
fydfÜ,a rejkavd
^Hotel Rwanda&
zfydfÜ,a rejkavdZ iq¿;r ^15]& gqÜis
Ñ;%mgh ì%;dkH" b;d,s ler,slrejka úiska
iy ol=Kq wm%sldkq fjä ;nd ìu fy<kq
yjq,a ksIamdokhls' ,eîfuka miq yqgq
m%lg cd;Hka;r Ñ;%mg wka;jd§ zbkagryïfõZ
Wf<, lsysmhl§u ikakoaO lKavdhu
iïudkhg md;% jQ tys gqÜis ck.ykh
wOHlaIjrhd fgß iuQ, >d;kh lsÍfï
fcda¾Êh' 1994 j¾Ifha ie,iqula Èh;a lrhs'
Èk ishhl ld,hla oY,laIhlg
rejkavdfõ gqÜis wdikak ck;djlg ure
cd;sl;ajhg tfrysj le|jQ fuu NSu iufha
yqgq cd;sl;ajhg wh;a >d;lhkaf.ka
wka;jd§ka úiska f.k fírd .ksñka
.sh jd¾.sl ixydrh cd;sl;ajhka folgu
miqìï lr.kakd wh;a oyilg jeä
zfydfÜ,a rejkavdZ irKd.; ck;djlg
Ñ;%mgh" f.da;%jd§ /ljrKh ,nd§ug
iuQ,>d;khka" ¥Is; yqgq cd;sl;ajhg wh;a
foaYmd,kfha N+ñldj fydag,a l<ukdlre
iy NSIKfha m%;súmdl fmd,a refiidnd.skd
fmkajd fohs' wiSre fufyhqula
wfm%a,a udifha isÿlrhs' fuu i;H lr.ksñka ks¾udKh ù udkqISh fufyjr Tijd
06jeksod nyq;r ^85]& isÿùu iy iuld,Sk we;s zfydfÜ,a rejkavdZ" ;nhs'
yqgq ckdêm;sjrhd rejkavdfõ hqo fmd,a refiidnd.skd fmd,a refiidnd.skd
iys; .=jkahdkh w;aoelSï mdol fydag,a l<ukdlref.a yqgq cd;sl;ajhg wh;a
w;r Tyqf.a ìß| gqÜis .ekSu;a fydag,fha nj olS' gqÜisjreka w;ßka Tjqyq gqÜis
cd;sl;ajhg wh;ah' idudkH l%shdldß;ajh Nd.hla oekgu;a urd ler,slrejka isák
Tjqka fofokdf.a mj;ajd .ekSu;a hk oukq ,en we;s njg m%foaYhlg wdrlaIs;j
újdyh mjd yqgq ixlS¾K l%shdj,shla fcda¾Ê úiska lrk ,o fiakaÿ fj;s'
wka;jd§kaf.a úfrdaOhg fmda,a u; mejf¾' m%ldYh ksjerÈ nj Ñ;%mgh wjidkfha
fya;= jQjls' úfYaIfhka Èkla fmda,a Tyqg f;areï hhs' miq igykaj, fmd,a
fydag,fha NdKav fydag,fha iemhqï t'cd' idu idOl refiidnd.skd fiajh
iemhqïlrefjl= jk /f.k tau i|yd yuqodj bkagryïfõ l< zfydfÜ,a via
fcda¾Ê reg.kavdf.a fcda¾Ê reg.kavd ^Tyq ixúOdkhg tfrysj ñ,af, fld,skaiaZys
úfrdaOh thg ta jk úg bkagryïfõ mshjr .ekSug isg fírd .kq ,enQ
m< jk w;r Tyq yqgq ñ,SIshdfõ Wm wiu;ah' .egqïj,g 1"268la jk rejkavd
oreKq bkagryïfõ iNdm;sjrhdh& fj; ueÈy;aùu iy iuQ, irKd.; msßfika
yqgq ñ,SIshdfõ hhs' m%dKwemlrejka >d;kh j<lajd,Su .Kkdjlf.a ia;+;sh
m%dfoaYSh kdhlfhls' f,i f.k we;s Tjqkg ;ykï fõ' m<lsÍï i|ykah' fmd,a
ckdêm;sjrhdf.a gqÜisjrekag yqgq úfoaYslhka bj;a jkafka refiidnd.skd ish
>d;kh iu. rg ;=< ñ,SIshdj úiska rejkavd cd;slhska mjq, iu. fn,aðhfï
foaYmd,k w¾nqoldÍ wudkqIsl jO nkaOk w;ayer ouñks' Ôj;a jk nj;a 2002
;;ajh W.%fõ' j¾. muqKqjk wdldrh Tyq fmda,af.a mjq, we;=¿ jif¾ t'cd' hqo wmrdO
>d;k l%shdj,sfha isheiskau olS' iEu irKd.;hska msßila mÍlaIKfha§ fcda¾Ê
wdrïNh f,i gqÜisjrfhlau ñh hkq bj;a lr .ekSug reg.kavd iy fckrd,a
;ukaf.a wi,ajeishkag we;s neúka —i,a,sldr t'cd' yuqod ork T.iaáka jrolrejka jQ
w;ajk brKu olsk lerfmd;a;kaf.a˜ W;aidyhla jg,Eula nj;a 1994 cQ,s udifha
Tyq ;ukaf.a mjqf,a uqo,aj, jákdlula fya;=fjka jH¾: fõ' iuQ, >d;kh wjika
wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka ke;s jkq we;ehs irKd.;hska wdrlaId jk úg ñksiqka oY
n,j;a mqoa.,hkag fcda¾Ê fmda,ag lshhs' lr.ekSug fmda,a ,laIhla ñhf.dia isá
uqo,ska yd u;amekaj,ska gqÜisjreka urd wjika ork wjika W;aidyh nj;a tys oelafõ'
w,a,ia fohs' isú,a lsÍug yqgq wka;jd§kag jkqfha rejkavd yuqod cd;sl;ajfha mgq
hqoaOh weröu;a iu. yelshdjla we;ehs fckrd,a T.iaákaf.a iSudj,g fldgq jQ
fmda,a iy Tyqf.a fmda,a úYajdi fkdlrhs' iyh me;Suh' wka;jd§kaf.a f,a jels
wi,ajeishka rejkavd tfy;a fcda¾Ê lshkafka fmd,af.a w,a,ia ixydrh ms<sn| lshk
yuqod ks,Odßfhl=f.a ;uka oekgu;a .ukska m%udKj;a fkdjk fydfÜ,a rejkavd"
;¾ckhg ,laùfuka wvla f.dia we;s njh' fudfydf;a Tyq ;ukag tjeks ;;ajhka ;=<
miq Tjqka ish¨ fokd fcda¾Ê fhdackd Woõ fkdl<fyd;a jqjo fjkia f,i is;k
fydag,hg /f.k ths' lrk mdrla Tiafia hqo wmrdO fpdaokd ñksfil=g ukqIH;ajfha
tfiau tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ßhÿfrl= iu. fmda,a hgf;a o`vqjï ,efnkq wiSre fufyhqula Èh;a
irKd.; l|jqrej, wdmiq fydag,hg we;s njg ;¾ckho l< yels nj lshkafka
iy r;= l=rei meñKskafka l¿jr iy lrhs' bkamiq Tyqf.a ish¨ fokdf.a is;aj,g
l|jqrej, bvlv >k óÿu uOHfhah' tla mjq,g;a fydag,fha cd;sjdohg" wka;jdohg
m%udKj;a fkdùu;a wjia:djl§ ;uka jerÈ irKd.;hskag;a fl;rï ïf,aaÉP úh
iu. irKd.; úYd, mdrl meñKs nj is;k t'cd' r: fm<l ke.S yelso hkak ta;a;=
msßila fydag,fha fmda,a jdykh ;j;ajk jg,d ;snQ fydag,fhka .kajñks'
/ljrK m;;s' yqgq f,i ßhÿrdg lshhs' hEug wjia:dj
fin¿ka wdmiq yrjd Tyq msg;g meñK weúo ,efí' m,dhñka isák
heùu;a ish mjq, iy n,oa§ .Õnv ud¾.h irKd.; ck;dj
irKd.;hka /ln,d ñkSj,ska msÍ f.dia we;s iy ñ,SIshd fin¿ka
wd¾Ü
Short Story h.a.ymsáh yryd

f,aje,a,
OkqIal y¾IK úl%ur;ak
yegmia úh;s ndn¾ wfí whshf.a ie¿ka rÊcqrefjda ;uhs fj<|dfï wdj wmsg isxy,
lduf¾ fodr Èkm;d jeiS hkafka ksje/Èju .Ekq nkao,d fufya mÈxÑ lf<aZZ hkak uialfâ
iji yhgh' fujeks mqreÿ ksidu ióm;uhska ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a uqúka hï hï ire b;sydi
Tyq y÷kajkafka m%;sm;a;s wfí kñkah' ;;amrhl l;d ueoafoa mejfik idvïnr jelshls' Tyqf.a
fjkila fkdue;sj iji yhhs ;syg nqÿ.=fKa nvmsiaiS fyj;a nd,u ÈhKsh ol=Kq wf;a
u,a,sf.a lismamq fmdÜ tl fyj;a ndn¾j;af;a je,ñg <Õska my< fldgi wysñj Wmkakshls'
fidfydk <Õ m%;sm;a;s wfí whshdf.a m%d¥¾N+;ùu tu Wmkaf.hs fodaIh fkdjkakg weh b;d rEu;a
iajhxkS;shls' tfiau ffokslj WoEik y;hs isÕs;a;shls' —wfma ñksyd uia lmk yskaoo okafka
;sy jk úg ie¿ka lduf¾ uq,af,a nqÿ myk ;shd kE fkdakd" fl,a,g fufyu jqfKa'˜ hehs ojila
wjika ùu Tyqf.a rdcldßhls' l,d;=rlska yer uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a ìß| fyj;a ;siay;a
iqmqreÿ mßÈ uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,s isxy, úhe;s kdmdk fudfydïuÿ uqÈhkafia,df.a md;sud
m;a;f¾ n,kak ie¿ka tlg meñfKkafka WoEik whsId úiska ñâjhs*a fkdakdg mjiñka y~kakg
y;hs y;<sygh' T¾f,daiq lKqjla mjd fkdue;s úh' —msiaiqo@ ;d;a;d uia lmkjg ÿj w; ke;sj
hla.ymsáh ykaÈfha Èkm;du jdf.a fï ish,a, bmfokafka fudk wd.fï kS;shlgo@ ´jd cdk
;;amrhg ksje/È f,iu isÿfõ' úlD;s ñi fjk wyj,a fohlao@˜ ñâjhs*a fkdakd
—wfí whsfha''''"wo kï /jq, fIamaukaÜ tlla wehg ier jerhg l;d lf<a is; ikikakg
od,d miafia fmamf¾ n,uq fkao@˜ lshdf.k muKla fkdj ñ:Hdj flfrys jk fldamh m%ldY
uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,s tlajku ie¿ka mqgqfõ lrkakgh' —fohshkaf.a leu;a; ;ud fkdakd˜
jdä úh' y;<sia foyeúßÈ Tyq fojeks rdcisxy uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a ìß| md;sud whsId
rÊcqrefjda jf.a f;aciaù È.= iqiqula msg l<dh' —WU,f.a fohshkag
/jq,la kv;a;= lrkafkls' —fojk rdcisxy msiaiqo@ fï wysxilSg o~qjï fokak'˜ ñâjhs*a
fkdakd fldamfhka neK jÈñka hkak .shdh' —kshfmd;= fkd.y ysáfhd;a fír.kak mq¿jka'
kQ.;a .eyekshl jQ weh ñâjhs*a fkdakdf.a tal ;ud fnfy;˜ ñâjhs*a fkdakf.a uy;a;hd
woyig .re l<;a ;ukag f;areï .ekSug myiq" m;a;f¾ n,k .uka ;u w;aoelSu ffjoH
;ukag iqmqreÿ u;fhau t,an .;a;dh' tfy;a WmfoaYhla f,i uqod yeßfhah'
uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,s wehg jvd oekqï f;areï —w,a,d''''ya æ kshfmd;= fkd.y fldauo@ lykag
we;af;ls' lykag udr bkagriaÜ tlla ;sfhkafka ñiag¾'
—fudlo Wfoau m;a;fr;a fkdn,u fIaõ mehlg w; .kak ysf;kakE ´x'˜
.kafka' ÿr .ukla hkak jf.a'˜ ie¿ka wfí whshd —ta jqKdg leis,a, bjr jqKdu fldfyduo
ojfia m<uq ld¾hh f,i jk uialfâ ßiajdka oeú,a,@˜ ñâjhs*a fkdakf.a uy;a;hd k<, /,s
uqo,d,sf.a m;a;r n,k m%;sm;a;sh ì£u ms<sn|j lrka weia jidf.k lñi fld,rh háka w; oud
ish úfrdaOh m%ldY lf<a tf,iskah' ldg;a ryiska ;u ol=Kq Wrysfia ooh jï wf;a
—tÉpr ÿrla kE' fï <Õu ;uhs' wr ueo.s,af,ka msßuÈkakg úh'
mkai,aj;af;a f.or lmqjf.a fl,a," talS f,dl= —we;a;" we;a;' lyk fldg wd;,a ;ud'
fj,d' talg fmdä mdá tlla' okakeoao b;ska nq,;a wïud''' Bg miafia ;ud oeú,a,' t;fldg kx
fldf<a §mq kïnqjg ;E.s fmdâvla §,d tkak b;ska lismamq ;ud fohshd'˜ tf,i mjiñka wfí
tmdhe' ta jqKdg b;ska ´jd f,daflg w~fnr whshd f;d, lg Èfjka f;;a lrkakg úh'
.y,d lrkak ´k taj;a fkfjhsfka'˜ —jefâ lshkafka ´hs ofoa álla fõ¨ku tal
—ug;a kï nq,;a fld<hla §, ;snqKd' Tkak ;snqk kï udr .;s lsh,d ysf;kjd' t;fldg
Tfya fld,a,kaf.a wïud hhs' ug b;ska oj,a ldf,a wdfh;a lykjd' .Eksg jvd ux fï ofoag wdofrhs
fu;k rdcldßfka' tal b;ska foajldßhg jvd ´x'˜ ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a fmr¿Kq f;d,a w.g j,a
f,dl= ke;E'˜ yskdjla we£ .sfhah'
—tal fkfjhs wfí whshd" ;uqfif.a wr —tfykï b;ska fnfy;a tmd' È.gu lykj,d'
je,ñfÜ ;snqK mKqofoa oex fyd|gu fydòhso@ ly ly wd;,a .kakj,d'˜ ñâjhs*af.a uy;a;hd
talg uf.a msá m;=f,a ;shk tl kï uyd ;j fudk fudkjfoda uqKq uqKq .dñka ;ksju
jkhlau ;ud ´hs'˜ w;HjYHfhkau oek.; hq;= iskdfiñka fi,ajf.a f;dai lfâ foig msgj
ldrKhla fuka i,ld uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,s hkak úh' .ïuq mjik f,i le,E frdah,a fyj;a
ie¿ka wfí whshdf.ka tla jku tu mekh m%d:ñl mdif,a bx.%Sis fkdakd tl jif¾ bf.k
úuiSh' tu isysle|ùu iuÕu uialfâ ßiajdka .kak pQá nndf.a fldKafâ lmd.kak lsh,d
uqo,d,sf.a ol=Kq w; fkdokSu ;u msám;=, ie¿ka tlg f.dvjqfKa tu wjia:dfõ§uh'
me;a;g fhduqjqfKa laIKhlsks' uialfâ ßiajdka —m%;sm;a;s wfí udfï" n,kakflda fï fmdä
uqo,d,sg w;a yeÍug fkdyels ;on, wíneys tlS fldKafâ lmkak nEu lshkjd' talsg
folls' tl" Èjghs há ;,a,ghs w;r we;ehs È.g f.d;kak ´k¨'˜ bx.%Sis fkdakd fkdalalvq
isf;k uk#l,ams; iïmg,h Èfjka weo o;aj,ska iajrfhka meñKs,a, újD; wêlrKfha bÈßm;a
iemSfï fkduo wdYdjhs' fol j<¨lr <Õ jßka lf<ah'
jr u;=jk h<s hg hk ksudjla ke;s wd;,a ooh —b;ska bx.%Sis uevï" fmdä fíìg fldKafâ
f,a .,k ;=re leiSfï wdYdjhs' È.g ;sínu yßu ,iaikhs fka'˜ ie¿ka wfí
—fïjd lreu f,v ´hs' fudkjo fkdlf<a' whshd /já,s iajrfhka W;a;r ÿkafka fmdä tlS
fnfy;a lrk fldg fyd|hs' keje;a;=ju wdhs ikikakgh'
u;=fjkjd'˜ ie¿ka wfí whshdo je,ñg w;.d —fudk msiaiqo wmamd@ ? oj,a Wl=fKda
n,kak wu;l lf<a ke;' fífrkjd' iafldaf,a hklïj;a fï fldKav nQfia
fyd|g fldglr,d lmuq'˜ bx.%Sis fkdakdg fõ,d.;a mqia .|e;s ;=jdhla fíìf.a lr jgd
;ukaf.a ysfiyso Wl=Kka ÿjkakdla fuka t;Sh'
oefkkak .;a neúka ;ek fkd;ek fkdn,d —yß" fldKavh lmk .uka uu fíìg
weh oE;skau ysi likakg úh' fï w;r ßiajdka ,iaik l;djla lsh,d fokakïflda˜ hehs
uqo,d,s ie¿ka mqgqfjka nei nxl=fõ jdä jqfKa mjiñka wfí whshd fldKavh lmk lg¾ tl
m;a;rh n,kakgh' wfí whshd fmdä tlS w;g .;af;ah'
ie¿ka mqgqfõ Tijd ;enqfõ bx.%sis fkdakdf.a —wfí whshd fldKafâ lmkag' uu lshkakï
wKg hg;ajh' bka miq fidaod ke;;a wõfõ fíìg fyd| l;djla'˜ uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,s
iyhg bÈßm;a úh' lshkafka T¿j lkmsg yereKq T¿j l=,mamq
—wïumd''''isxyf,kao ke;a;ï'''@˜ bx.%Sis fjÉp ßjia tlg hk hla if;la' Nd.hla
fkdakd úiq¿ iajrfhka jqK;a isf;a ieÕjqKq hld' Nd.hla ;sßikd' yenehs fï h.a.ymsáfha
wlue;a; m%ldY l<dh'' wfí udud jf.au fï uu ßiajdka" ta lshkafka
—kE fkdakd isxyf,ka fkfjhs ;ïìkaf.a ;ïì udud wms ljqre;a hfll=gj;a nh kE'
NdIdfjka' ;ïì NdIdfjka' yya yya yya' yß bx.sßia nn;a hfll=gj;a nhfjkak tmd ´x'˜
yß Tkak mq;d okakjo fï ykaÈhg h.a.ymsáh fï w;r —wo h.a.ymsáh yryd f,aje,a, wghs
ku yeÿk yeá' kE fkao@ fïl wfma uq;a;d ld, nia tl kE jf.a˜ mjiñka u.shl= ndn¾
ta lshkafka lr;a;uv uäf.a uqÈhkafia,df.a idmamqjg jeo ysi mSrkakg úh'
fudfyduâ isoaêla f,ífí ;uhs wmsg lsh,d
ÿkafka' f.dvdla biair ldf,a rfÜ m%isoaO )))
chfiak lsh,d pKaäfhla ysáh¨' ta jf.au
m%isoaO fhdaofhla ysáh¨ f.daGhsïnr lsh,d' ßiajdka uqo,d,s fndaê.,ska uialfâg
chfiak lshkafka n,.;= hflla' yenehs fï f.kdj f.dka jiaid ;j ;r lrkakg is;d
fokakd hd¿fjda'ZZ W!g ál l,la id;a;= lrkakg l,amkd lf<ah'
fï w;r iefjdu fjkqfjka l;djg yQñá tkuq;a fï i;d msx f.dfkla lrkak uqo,d,sf.a
;shk j.lSu bx.%Sis fkdakd Ndr.;a;dh' jHdmdßl {dkh bv ÿkafka ke;' ta fjkqjg W!
—b;ska ojila fï chfiak" f.daGhsïnrf.a mÜá f.dfkla lrkak Tyqg yels úh' oeka Tyq
fkdakg le; l;djla lsh,d ;sfhkjd' hd¿fjda Wf.ka hï .;ukdjla fidhd.kafkah' lD;s%u
b;ska ud¿fjda fjkj¨fka' tal ÿr È. .syska isxpk uy;a;hf.a m%;sldfrka WmÈk megjqkag
fokak j,shg fiÜ jqKd¨'˜ jvd f.dfklag cd;lj WmÈk yrla kSfrda.sh
—fudk nïnqjlao ´hs lshkafka" fï fmdä tlS hk u;h .fï m%pdrh lf<ao uialfâ ßiajdka
okakjo j,sh lshkafka fudllao lsh,d'˜ ie¿ka uqo,d,suh' wfkl lD;%su isxpkfhka WmÈk
wfí úfrdaOh mEfõ ;ukaf.a l;kaorhg l< ;rula WmÈkafka f.dka jiaikah hk uia lfâ
ndOdj ksid we;sjQ fkdalalvqj is; ordf.kh' ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a lg l;dj w;sYh id¾:l
—yß yß" j,sh;a fkfjhs nïnqj;a M, f.k ÿkafkah' lsßfld,a,f.a wïud hehs
fkfjhs kï wms talg ikavq irej,a jqKd .fï m%isoaO y;<sia mia yeúßÈ fliÕ tfy;a
lshuqflda'''Tkak ;ryska msmsfrk f.daGhsïnr wdl¾IKSh fmkqula iys; ;<t<¿ isrerla ysñ
Wv mek,d ÿkak mhska mdrg chfiakf.a iS,j;Sf.a kdUrjeiaish fudrfokakg jkafka
fn,a, .e,ú,d T¿j .syska úisfj,d jegqk¨ oekg ojilg muK fmr isgh' talsf.a ire
f.dvd'''la ÿrg' ´x ta T¿j jegqKq ;ekg tod ldf,a meñK ;sfnk nj lsßfld,a,f.a wïud
boka lshkafka y,aT¿j lsh,d' fn,a, .e,jqKq m,mqreoafoka okS' tfy;a mY= ffjoH ld¾hd,h
;ekska f,a .,df.k .syska uyje,s .x je,a, fï jefâg iïnkaO lr.ekSu lror f.dvlg
f,a mdg jqKd¨' t;k ;uhs oeka f,aje,a, iy w,dNhlg fya;= jk nj okakd weh w,a,mq
lshkafka' wr chfiak hldg f.daGhsïnr .ymq jefÜ ßiajdkaf.a mÜá f.dkdg lsÜgq fldg
;ek ;uhs fï wms bkak h.a.ymsáh' miafia jeiaiS Èf.,s lf<a ys;du;duh' wd>%dKfhka
fn,a, .e,jqK chfiak .ek wkqlïmd ys;s,d Ôj úoHd;aul wjYH;djh bj jegqKq ßiajdka
f.daGhsïnr j,ia T¿jla .,j,d chfiakg uqo,d,sf.a mÜá f.dkd l=,mamq úh' tfy;a
yhslrd¨' tal yÈiaishg wks;a me;a;g yrj,d W! .yg ne¢ lUh thg tlu ndOdj úh'
;uhs fn,a,g yhs jqfKa' tod b|ka uyfidakd jeiaisho Wf.a fyda¾fudak l%shdldß;ajh
Wmßu uÜgfï jQ neúka f.dkd fj;gu YÍf¾ lshd úuiSh'
wdl¾IKh úh' iEfyk fjr ùßhlska miq —uqo,d,sf.a f.dkd lfò lvdf.k'˜ fld¨jd
m<uqj lsßfld,a,f.a wïud hka;ug .eg .eiq ;u oKysig w;a fol ;nd isrer jdre fldg
;reK jeiaishf.a lUh ,syS .sfhah' fojkqj y;s oukakg úh'
úfialdr f.dkd .eg.id ;snQ Yla;su;a lUh —wmamg yqvq" f.dkd lfò lvd .;a;u .Ekq
leã .sfhah' f.dkdo jeiaisho ;uka yiqrejk fudlgo .y.kafka'˜ wfí whshd m%Yak lf<ah'
isxyf,ka is;k iy uqia,sï - fouf<ka is;k —ta uÈjg wfma jeiais;a lfò lvdf.k
udkj in|;d fkdi,lñka iajNdjoyug W! miafiauhs'˜ lsßfld,a,d Wvq f;d, u;g
wkql+,j wkq.; jQy' wyïfnka fuh ÿgq fífrk Yaf,aiau,h kdih by<g wÈñka ;u
ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a ìß| uy;a fldamfhka lvd m%jD;a;sh iïmQ¾K lf<ah'
jeÿfKa lsßfld,a,df.a wïud fj;gh' —wE —wE fld,af,da WU,f.a wr l=,mamqj yeÈ,
hflda iS,j;S" WU uy lmá .EkS' Wfò jeiais ysáh jeiaiso@ w,a,dya''' wms lfrd;a ìiakia
fyñkau ,sy,d tjqjd fkao wfma f.dkd <Õg@ tlla mskgu ;uhs' ke;a;ka Khg' huka huka
Thsg jvd fyd|hs ´l <Õg WUu'''˜ n,kag' wmsgufka fufyu fjkafka'˜ fofokd
—urlal,S ug lshkag l,ska f;da oek.ka ;u ;ukaf.a ksfjia foig Èj .sfhdah' tkï
f;df.a f.dkd yßhg ne|,d ;shd .kak'˜ tlu jeg udhsu wi,g Èj .shy'
iS,j;S Wkaoef.a ta l;dfõ jHx.hlao úh' fï w;r f.dkd wi,ska oejfgk jeiaish
—Tõ uu okakjd" Wfò uy f,dl= iSf,a' ksid jQ w,dNhg jvd lsßfld,a,f.a wïud
WUg i,a,s f.k;a fokfldg yïnfhda fyd|hs' iS,j;Sg jqK ,dNh ms<sn| oefjk B¾IHdfjka
w,a,dya" ug bkafk;a f.dka ñksfylafka'˜ uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a ìß| ;rul
ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a ìß| w¨;a l;kaorhg .,lska iS,j;Sf.a jeiaishg oud .eiqjdh'
mrK fldaka;rhlao tla lrkakg úh' b,lalh je/§ ., jeÿfKa YS,j;S wlaldf.a
—f,aje,a,'''f,aje,a,˜ wghs y;<siamy oK fmd,a lÜfÜh'
h.a.ymsáh yryd f,aje,a, nia r:fha —nqÿ wïfuda''' fukak yïnfhda wmsg
fldkafodia;r ;reKhdf.a y~ fï neK .ykfjda'˜ hehs fudrfoñka weh ysi w;a nod
w~.y .kakd .eyekq fofokdf.a f.daIdfjka f.k ìu fmr¿Kdh'
hgm;a úh' bka fldamj weÕs,s w.ska Èj kud —wfma wïud uf,da'''';ïì .Eks wfm
Woafõ.lr úis,a myrla foñka fldkafodia;r wïud uerefjda'''˜ ., jeÿfKa ysigh is;d
;reKhd fiñka .uk wdrïN l< nia ßfhys bka uj ñh hkq we;ehs ìhm;a lsßfld,a,d
t,a,sK' fudrfokakg úh' ìfhka yd fldamfhka
lsßfld,a,d úiska uialfâ ßiajdkaf.a ìß|
))) md;sudg oud .eiQ .,a lene,a, je/§ f.dia
uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a ooh ;snQ msá m;=,
—fl<u,shhs' u,fl<shhs' wfma wïuhs u;gu jeÈK' thska ke.s fõokdj uialfâ
uialfâ ßiajdka uduf.a kekaohs wkak ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a ysia uqÿfkka msg úh'
wfrfya Y=oaO isxy,' fokakf.u frÈ lf¾' —Tfya ysgq mrhd" uu wo f;da uia lrkag'
wevïia Tka,s ´x' mq,au mq,a wevïia Tka,s ´x'˜ f;da f;df.a wmamg .eyqjd lsh,d ys;d.ka mr
lsßfld,a,d ie¿ka tlg mekafka y;s uqkska n,a,d'''˜
odf.kh' ìhm;aj Èj hk lsßfld,a,d yUd hk uia
—fudllao fld,af,da fya;=j'˜ uqo,d,s iQodkï lfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,sg ìß| bÈßfha ;u lg
je/ÿkdoehs pls;hlao we;s úh' flfia jqjo —lula kE b;ska ´ld ugu úl=Kmka' WUg
fldamfhka uqim;a Tyq ;uka okakd isxy, yd mdvqjla kE' wksl ´lf.ka Nd.hla fldau;a
fou< wiNH joka je,lau ysia wjldYhg uqod uf.a'˜
yeßfhah' bka blaì;s úisy;r mehlg muK —ta fudk l=Kq l;djlao@ fïld uf.a
miq h.a.ymsáh hl=ka kegQ ìula fuka Èia jeiaisf.fka' ;uqfif.a f.dkd fïlsg
jkakg úh' uqia,sï ksfjiao tys jQ tlu m,a,sho n,y;aldrlï l<dg jeiais fudkjd lrkako@˜
.,a myrg yd .skakg yiq ù kgnqka njg m;aj —we;a;" we;a;" uf.a f.dkd ke;a;ka Wfò
;sìK' ta w;r lsßfld,a,f.a wïud iS,j;Sf.a jeiaisg Th jiaid fldfykao@ uu ´ld fyd|
ksjio oeùf.dia ;sìK' ta flfiaoehs okafka ñ,lg .kakï' f,dl= jqKdu ugu úl=Kmka
wehu muKs' rch h.a.ymsáhg weÈß kS;sh i;d'˜
mekjQ neúka —h.a.ymsáh yryd f,aje,a,˜ —ta f,dl= jqKdufka'˜ mjiñka lsßfld,a,f.a
nih ;djld,slj Odjkh kj;k ,§' ta w;r wïud iS,j;S w¨f;ka yeÿ wehf.a lgqueáfhka
;u úis foyeúßÈ nd,u mq;d .sks oe,ajQ fmg%,a l< ksji ;=<g .shdh' jeiaish ;u megjd
fndaïnhla m,a,shg oud .ioa§ tu .skakg yiqj ;=re¿ fldg f,jlkakg jQfha ñksia .kqfokq
nrm;< ;=jd, ,en urKdikak jQ neúka yd ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla fkdue;sjh' tfy;a hï Èkl
iuia; isÿùfuka lïms; jQ ie¿ka wfí whshd fï jiq megjd uialfâ ßiajdka uqo,d,s <Õ"
tla wxYhla jdre fkdue;sj ioygu T;am, m<uqj mÜá f.dkl= jYfhkao fojkqj uig
úh' ñâjhs*a fkdakdf.a uy;a;hd .egqug yok .jhl= jYfhkao wf,ú jkq we;' ta
iïnkaO isxy," uqia,sï ish,a,kagu úreoaO ffojh ksid fyda Wf.a leue;a; u; fyda fkdj
jQ neúka .egqfï isxyf,kau muKla is;k ñksiqka - ñksiqka w;r we;sjk uqo,a in|;d
md¾Yajh Tyqg —´ld isxy, ;ïìhd˜ hehs kula fya;=fjks' tu in|;djhkays jk ye, yemamSï"
mg nekafodah' bx.%Sis fkdakd kï f.dkdgo ,dN w,dN u; hla.ymsáh kej;o f,aje,a,la
jeiaishgo yïnhkago isxy,hkago tlfia njg m;a úh fkdyelshehs iy;slhla lsisjl=g
fodia ;nñka h.a.ymsáh ykaÈfha by<g my<g fkdue;' ta lsisjla ms<sn| jf.a j.la fkdue;s
hñka isákq ÿgq nj .ïuq miqj l;d nyg ,la f.dka jiaid ienE ;sßikl= fia ujf.a ;k
lf<dah' mqvq fõokd fok f;la Wrd î l=i mqrjd f.k
iykhla m;d ;u m<uq uq;%d oyr uyfmd<jg
))) fy¿fõh' th úh<s l¾lY fmd<j u; my;a
;eka fidhñka .,d .sfha ji wefudakshï
bka udi lsysmhlg miq oeù .sh ßiajdka .kaOhla m;=rjñks' uia lfâ ßiajdka
uqo,d,sf.a ksfji msgqmi iS,j;Sf.a jeiaish uqo,d,sf.a mÜá f.dkd fuu ykaÈfha ñka fmr
megfjl= jeÿjdh' ßiajdka uqo,d,sf.a nd, lsisjlau isÿ fkdjQ mßoafoka ál fõ,djlg
fl,a, .skafkka miq w¨f;ka ie¥ ksjfia msgqmi fmr nqÈñka isá úh<s mr~e,a m;a h<s judrd
isg fuh ÿgqjdh' lñka wruqKlska f;drj ,e. isákakg úh'
—jdmamd'''' jdmamd'''' iS,j;S kekaof.a jeiaiS
megõ .ykfjda'˜
ßiajdka uqo,d,so iS,j;So tu Yíohg
Èjf.k wfjdah'
—Ñla ú;rla fï mdr;a jyq meáfhlaZZ iS,j;S
meáhd foi n,d mrdð; iajrfhka mejiSh'
ixialrKh
fjfyi ;=<uh myi ;,;d .=Kfialr
ßÿu ;=<uh i;=g
Bfh Èhù .shd ta jqK;a läkñka
ta jf.u ojila weú;a wêfõ.S .uk
.eUqre yqiaula fy<d iuqføau kej;=Kd
i|
wêfõ.S Ôjk uÕ ud msïfï ÿjhk
yqremqreÿ whqßka h<s;a
o fkdfmfkk
f,dj foi ud flf<i n,ñ ug udj
biafÜifuka msgg Bfh ÿgq úÈygu
fikÕ je,a ,syqKd ieKska i|
úúO ú,jqka iqj| ySka n;auq,a iqj|
f.di kef.kd
<d riafk ysre /ia ueÈka yeu yolu hqo msáhls ks;ru rK
.ka miq lrkd
ñ;=frla ke; y;=frla ñi wê fõf
fldgqfj ms,u Wvg fmfkhs Y%u yuqodj
wefikd
.=â fudakska ggd ndhs lrÉpf,a y`v
oi w;g weúÈhs ÿjhs
ysia yereKq w; ÿjk oi oyia ffjj¾K iq hkakd
jeiq yo fodr úhfk jeà tajd wdm
lä-l=yqUq-Èñ frd;= jekshs
gkd
kej;=ula fld;ek fjo fï igk - fï .uk SMS wd, yçka lka wä fol ysßjef
.sks msôkd
fï ú÷u fï ÿl lsuehs ú¢kq flf<i ú|jkq ñi yo ir;ei
ishqï is;=ula msfm; wjÈ fjhs mshú is;
Trjkafka
oeyeklg ld,h fkdfjhs mdr fomi u,a fmdl=re;a ;ryska ug
sfha Èjhkafka
uÕ iqkaor ;ekla fkdue; ,ys ,y
Trf,daiq lgq iuÕ Ôú;h hd hq;=h
fuf;la ÿr .EgQ f,fia ñil
bisUq ,k fygla .ek mrK jqK me;=u wo wêfõ.S Ôjk u. úhre jeà ÿjkq
yßkq flf,i
wÈis msKs ì÷jhs wefia ks,a ;re wrKl kej;S úvd .suka
w÷r tk;=re fkdisg úkao hq;=fõ i;=g
f.fjk;Zr fï Ôúf;a ruKs ux.,sld foKsmsáh
fjfyi ;=<uh myi - ßÿu ;=<uh i;=g
.uk ;=< kej;=u wef;a'''
,laYdka; w;=fldr<
a mq;
—l=vd .evú, e;
g mqreoaola k
.evús" ,a¨
Wo¿ ;,hl
y÷kf.k .a j;
< i y f kdl< Wkaf
—msh;=uk mi ir e l
dhkafka f.k
lsuo wm fk ;j ;j;a ydr
jma uÕ=,a Wf
<,g .s,S hkq ñi
w÷re uv ;=<
wo l=Uqrg fj;
rc;=u;a taú by< t<suyk
uqKsj; mq;'''˜
yermshd fï Tjqkg hEu kqiqÿiqh
s h d m E h q ; = fkdfjo Tn
l
wm úiska j
rejka nkaÿÔ
neõ fï mi
idrj;a l< ys|˜
df < da l = y r h ;=< ieÕj
fm
fu.d wyi hg
^kdgHlrKfha fhfok iyDohl= fu.d fj<|
ie<la bÈßmsg úlg we÷ulska ieriS fj<|
m%j¾Okfha fhfokq ÿáñ'& .efgk ´kE tmdlï
fikÕ W;=rd yef,k wïnreú
fld<U f,daÈh ye,sh ys£
fy<df.k
kqf.af.dv tl yxÈhla <Õ bysreKd nKaä f.dhug mkskakg fk;a
mqj;a fkdoeku fuie< wi f;rmqKd''' fl; ueo
mUhd
fkdúlsfKk lsisjlau Tyq oel
fkdue;s ta wyi hg lshhs fufyu
laIqø ta ñksiqka fu.d isysfkl meg¨Kd
fu.d lglska isxÿ mdrg úisjqKd
—ìï kÕd foyS yd
WU Woõ jQ ksid
fkal nyqrE flda<ï
ug fufya
j; mqrd r;= idhï
uqj yhd .;a iskd úÿ,sh fldgñkd ? oj,a
iq<x msrjQ rejla ¥ú,s l<Ukd ksÈjrd
;ks fj,d
d
rÕ ujk úiq¿ rej Wv n,d f.dhï fl; /l n,
k;r úh fudfyd;lg tl ;eku bkag ù ;sfnkjd'''
fu.d weismsh ksfïIhlg mshjqKd
kqyqre uqyqfKa mqreÿ oEila yskeyqKd''' yßu wdihs
ug;a
¥,s óÿu ueÈka WU jf.a
úi,a wä ;sh ;shd ksoyfia
úiq¿ rej È.= wä ;nd ug <xjqKd
ys;=uf;a
woy.kq fmr oE; È.=lr yskeyqKd'''
ÿgq wf;a
ÿgq wf;a
Wÿ, rÕ l¿ w;r
.u mqrd weúÈkak"
ido f;mq,ska Èf,k
iqn isysk /i úvdnr wei f;rmqKd'
rÕyf,a kskakdo u;lh weyereKd''' —m,hka T;kska wylg
§mka ug nqÈhkav bv˜
.u ;du n,ka we;s f.drjhs ó yrld
Bämia tk;=rd
a
k.d w;a wms WUg ke.= f.di isysjqKd'' f.dúhd ÿjf.k ÿjf.k weúÈk
ta w;au Th ¥,s oEf;a isrjqKd''' weUq,a fmd,a ms;af;ka ;,d
ó yrlg
Ôúf;a uyd nr t<jd W! wylg fl<ska lrhs
weÕs,s ;=vlg wrka we,jqKq mUhd'''
yskefyoaÈ WU" udj f.d¿jqKd''
.sysx tkakx lshd tkakg u,a,sfha" wu;l jqKd'''
wdßhjxY rKùr
ud,;S l,amkd weïfn%daia
oekqfukaTíng
<uhd iy ;drld ud¿jdæ ;drld ud¿fjd fjrf< ysáfhd;a ta f.d,af,d

Tlafldu ueß, hdú˜ orejd lSh'
WoEik jHdhdu i|yd fjrf<a weú§ug .sh
—tal msiaiq woyila orejd' fï
uy¨ mqoa.,fhla l=vd msßñ <ufhl= fjrf<a
f,dafl'''fjr<j,aj, ñ,shk .Kkl ;drld
fudkjdfoda weys¢ñka" uqyqo foig úislrkq
ud¿fjd bkakjd' Thd Th lrk jefvka lsisu
ÿgqjd' bka l=;=y,hlg m;ajqKq fuu uy¨
fjkila fjkafk kE'˜ uy¨ mqoa.,hd lSfõ
mqoa.,hd ;j;a <xù neÆ úg Tyq meyeÈ,sj
;udf.a woyi .ek úYajdifhks'
ÿgqfõ l=vd msßñ <ufhla je,af,a isák ;drld
—ke;af; kE' tal fï ud¿jg n,mdkjdæ˜
ud¿jka ,S lene,a,l Wmldrfhka uqyqo foig
lshñka orejd fkdkj;ajdu ;drld ud¿jka
úislrk njhs'
uqyqog úislsÍu isÿ lrf.k .sfhah'
ñka mqÿuhg m;a uy,a,d" —fudllao fï
—fï ud¿jg;a n,mdkjdæ˜
lrkafk orejd˜ hs úuiSh'
—fï ud¿jg;a n,mdkjdæ˜
—br mdhk fj,dj fjkfldg;a fï
87 yeúßÈ iriú isiqúhæ

iriúfha uf.a m<uq Èkfha wmf.a uydpd¾hjrhd ;ukaj y÷kajd fok
.ukau wmg wNsfhda.hlao ,ndÿkafkah' ta ;uka fuf;la y÷kkafka ke;s
isiq isiqúhka y÷kdf.k ta wh .ek lreKq bÈßm;a lrk f,ih' ud ke.sg
jgmsg ne,Sug W;aidy lrk úgu uf.a Wrysi u; uDÿ f,i hful= w;
;nkq oeksKs' ud ta w; w,a,df.ku ta w; meñKs Èidjg yerefKñ' ug
§ma;su;a weiska hq;= YÍrfhka l=vd" uy¨ ldka;djlaf.a uqyqKla ÈiajqKs'
wef.a iskyfjka uqyqK muKla fkdj wef.a uq¿ YÍrhuo wdf,dalu;a ù
;sìKs'
—uf. iqkaor fl,a,' uf.a ku frdais' uf.a jhi wjqreÿ 87hs' uu Thdg
ydÿjla fokako@
—Tõ" we;a;gu Tng mq¿jka˜ uu mejiSñ' weh ta ieKskau fhdaO
ydÿjlska ud weh fj; weo .kakjd fuka oeksKs'
—uu úYajúoHd,hg wdfj fmdfydi;a iajdñ mqreIfhla fydhdf.k lido
ne|, orefjd lsysm fofkla yokak˜ weh úys¿fjka ms<s;=re ÿkakdh'
—Tn Th lshkafk ienEjguo@˜ mqÿuhg m;ajQ uu wehf.ka úuiQ w;r
ish,a,gu jvd fujeks jhil§ weh iriú wOHdmkh ,eîug fhduq jQ
fya;=j oek.ekSug úYd, l=;=y,hla we;s úh'
oekqfukaTíng
—uu mqxÑ ldf, b|,u —oeka uu fld< ál weys| we|g fj,d ysáfhd;a
ySkhla ;snqKd úYajúoHd,hl .;a;;a uu iQodkï lrf.k wjqreoaolg miafia jhi
bf.k.kak' oeka uf.a ta ySkh wdmq l;dj lrkak nE' ta ksid 88g hkjd' ´k flfkla
ienEfj,d ;sfhkafk'˜ uu oeka uu okak fohla .ek jhig hkjd' talg úfYaI
foaYkj,ska miq wms Tng lshkakïæ yelshdjlaj;a" iqÿiqlula j;a
fofokdu iriú fNdackd.drhg wms ish¨ fokdu wehf.a ´k kE'
f.dia fpdl,Ü îu tlla l;djg isky jQ w;r weh ;o ta;a jefvkjd lshkafk
f.k yqjudre lrf.k mdkh úYajdihlska hq;=j wef.a lg Bg jvd iyuq,skau fjkia
lf<uq' wm hy¿jka njg y~ wjÈ l<dh' fohla' jefvkjd lshkafk
m;a jQfhao tÈkuh' tod isg —wms lS%vd lsÍu k;r yeu fj,dfju fjkia fjkak
bÈß udi ;=fka§ wms iEu lrkafk wms uy¨ ksid wjia:djla Wodlr .kak tl'
Èkhlu foaYk wjika ùfuka fkdfjhs' wms uy¨ jkafk ljodj;a taflka lk.dgqjla
miq tlg fNdackd.drhg .sh we;a;gu wms lS%vd lrk tl we;sfjkafk kE'
w;r fkdkj;ajdu l;d lrk k;r lrk ksid''' idudkHfhka jhig .sh wh"
fyd|u hy¿fjda njg m;aùuq' È.gu ;reKlu ;shd.kak uy¨ wh ;uka lrmq foaj,a
uu iEu úgu fï zld, hdkhZg kï" .ek ÿlafjkafk kE' kuq;a
jYSù wef.a uyd id.rhla n÷ È.gu i;=áka bkak ´ke ÿlafjkafk Tjqka lrmq ke;s
w;aoelSï yd oekqug jYSù kï" foaj,a .ekhs' urKhg ìh
weyqïlka§ug mqreÿù isáfhñ' id¾:l;ajh we;slr .kak fjkafk wkak tfyu whhs'
wjidkfha wm wfma ´ke kï" lk.dgq fjkafk tfyu whhs'˜
mdGud,dfõ wjidkhg <Õdù talg n,mdk ryia y;rla weh ish l;dj wjika lf<a
;sìKs' wjika Èkfha§ iriúfha ;sfhkjd' wms yeuodu yskd —The Rose˜ keu;s .S;h .dhkd
jdrdjidkfha ixúOdkh fjkak ´ke' úys¿ lrkak ´ke' lsÍfuks' weh wm ieug tys mo
lrk uyd iNd /iaùfï§ m<fjks ryi ;uhs wmsg fma,s mdvï lr .kakd f,i;a" ta
l;djla meje;aùug wehg ySkhla ;sfnkak ´ke' Tng wkqj ieuodu Ôj;ajk f,i;a
wdrdOkd lf<uq' weh tys§ l< ySkhla ke;sjqfKd;a" Tn b,a,d isáhdh' jir wjidk jk
l;dj;a" wmg W.ekajQ foa;a ñhhdú' l, weh jir .Kkdjla ;siafia
iodkqiaurKSh jQ w;r th fuys wms w;r oyia.Kka ñksiqka fmreï mqr mqrd isá mdGud,dj
igyka lrñ' isákjd' Tjqka weúÈkjd jqKdg wjika l<dh' wfma Wmdê
ksfõolhd úiska wehg we;a;gu ñh.syska' Tjqka ;uka m%Odfkda;aijfhka i;shlg miq
fõÈldjg wdrdOkd l< miq weh ñhf.dia we;s nj okafk kE' weh kskafoau ñhf.dia ;sìKs'
fifuka kuq;a úYajdifhka jhig hk tlhs" jefvkjd wehf.a wjux., W;aijhg
msÍ.sh uqyqfKka hq;=j lshk tlhs w;r f,dl= fjkila iriúfha fooyilg wêl isiq
uhsfl%df*dakh <Õg ;sfnkjd' isiqúfhda ish¨ fokd iyNd.s
mshke.=jdh' Tng jhi wjqreÿ 19hs kï" jQy' ta" weh iriú Wmdêhg
weh l;dj wdrïN lsÍug Tn wjqreoaola ;siafi lsisu jvd úYd, jákdlula we;s
iQodkï jkjd;a iuÕu weh m%fhdackj;a fohla fkdlr Ôú; Wmdêhla wm ieu fj;
l;djg wod< igyka ,shdf.k Tfya we|g fj,d ysáfhd;a Thd ,ndÿka ksidh' ta Wmdêh kï
meñKs fld< ál ìu jeáKs' wjqreoaolg miafi 20g hkjd' Tng l< yels fia fmfkk
weh bka l,n, jQ w;r ug wjqreÿ 87l flfkla' lsisjlg Tn m%udo ke;s njhæ
wmyiq;djhlg m;ajQ nj wm uu wjqreoaolu lsisÿ î;H isÿùuls&
ldg;a fmfkkakg ;sìKs' m%fhdackj;a fohla fkdlr
fialr ÿgq f,v lrjk iudch
fvdlag¾ æ ysf;a f,vg fí;la fodia;rf.a lSu wy,
;j yqÕ ojila f,dfõ fldfyaj;a kE f,vd jdf. nqÈhdf.k'
ug fufy bkav fjhs o@ mjq,a ldrfhla ux oeka iSkqj;a .eyqj'
tfyu lf<a ug wehs@ Thd b;ska f.or hkav'
z;j udihla folla'Z fufya bkav ug nE
f.or hkav ´kE ta lsõjg ux fldfyduo
Tyq uf.a is;g lshhs' álÜ lmd f.k ux we|gu fj,d bkafk'
l÷,la ud weiska ye,S fyg Wfoag hkavo lsisu f,vla ke;=j'
fldÜgh ;=< ls|d niS' C/o not sick
¬ b;ska hkj" Lungs Clear
W! okak bá f.äh whsfia' no Gallop
foudihla Wkd wog fldÉpr lsõj;a ;uqfig fïl kslx jd; wudrejla fjkave
f,fâ fydhd .kav ;ju neß Wkd¨ isxy, f;afrkafk keoao mmqfõ weú,s,a,la'
ke;s f,v fldfyduo fydhkafk@ TÉpr okakj kï fufy kEú;a f.or b|ka
uu okakj fuydg wdfõ fudlg o@ isoaOd¾; f;,a fmdâvla .Ejd kï
ug kE lsisu f,vla' todu weß,d hkj'
;uqfi f,vd'
fuydg wdod b|,d fodia;r uu' Tlafldu fndre'
wo fjk l,a M B B S ^,xld&" F R C S, M D ^,xvka& uu hkjd fyg Wfoau
nv Tnkj f.or hkav'
má fj,kj f,vla ;sfhkjdo keoao iQÜ flaia tl;a wrx
k,dj ;sh,d n,kj' uuhs okafk' is.rÜ tll=;a .yf.k
.+ msgg fmfkkafka ke;=jg mqf;h jdf.
yqÊc ;uqfig uy oreKq f,vla' nia tflka ux
f,a tfla yeá tfyu ;uhs
yerj lsisu f,vla ke;=jd lsh,hs wdhs;a wikSm WfKd;a
ta Tlafldau;a n,kj' ys;kafk' fl<skau hkjd háhk
ta Wkdg fjo rd<ydñ <Õg'
,shqlSñhd Wka ysá .uka yefohs t;fldg tl lidhlska bjrhs'
ke;fyd;a wekSñhd Wka ysá .uka uefrhs zwd@
.%ekshqf,d ihsfgdmSkshd wksla fj,djg fkdau,a' ´lg nh fjkav tmd æ
f;%dïfnda ihsfgdmSkshd f.or hkav ´kE kï ´l kslx nfâ WIafK'
wka;sug ta tllaj;a fkfjhs hkjd æ weÕ ksfjkav fí;la fnduq'
Bg;a jvd fndfydu oreKq f,vla uf.a fudlo@ lidh ye,s fol ;=klska
Bg;a jvd È.g kula ;shk weß, hdú'Z
fldfyduo Thd okafk
fldÉpr oreKq o lSfjd;a fodia;r,dg jeäfh @ uhsl,a
f,fâ ;ju fydhdk kE fï ysáhd jdf.a fufy tkjd'
talg kul=;a kE' ;j ál ojila bkavfld ug fkúlÜ melÜ tlla wrka tkj
tal ksid wo b|,d fyd|g u .=K fjk l,a' ;j''' lsß f;a tll=hs
l;d lsÍu;a ;ykï Thd Bfh weúoaod¨ uialÜ lE,a,l=hs
wef|ka neySu;a ;ykï biamsß;d,h mqrdu' flda,sl=Ügq f.ä foll=hs'
leu;a îu;a ;ykï uykais fjkav tmd ta jdf.a
wrl;a fïl;a ;ykï' W!hs' W!hs'
fudloE Th yeá uqrxvq Tkak yeÿK'
b;sx fldrm,a,fld we|g u fj,d bkav Tkak yeÿK'
fodia;r uy;a;hf. lSu wy,d fufy tkjd uhsl,a
fodia;r uy;a;hd wkak tkj' ta úÈhg lfâ hkav ´kE kE'
ysg f.k bkav tmd mßiaiï kQfKd;ska flda æ
blauka lr we|g hkav wdhs;a ierhla yefoaú' z;uqfig uy oreKq f,vlaZ
oelafld;a wmg;a nKSú' wdhs;a ierhla yeÈ,d tßf;%da í,diafgdaisia *sfÜ,aia"
fyd| <uhd jf.a b;sx we|g .sysx ^tfy u WfKd;a iqj lrkav wudrehs fodia;r uy;a;hd bkakjdo@
f,fvla jf.a ksod .kav' ¨& blauka lr tlal tkj"
how are you mister ...@ Thd uf<d;a ñiS" ñiS"
wkd; fjkafk udhs ore meáfhdhs W!hs æ W!hs æ
lsisu f,vla fkdyeÈ ysla' ysla' ysla'
wf.ag uu ysáhd uy.u fialr
f,vla we;ehs lsh,d Tkak Tkak' zfkdñfhñZ
udj f,vd flrefõ Thd fudlgo w`vkafk@
.f;a f,vla ug kE fyd|hs' fyd|hs'
ysf;a f,vla yeÿjd we|g fj,d bkakï uu
jqu
j ejr
—wfma'''ldjg chfõjd' wfma'''ldjg mrdð; wrdðl;ajh kj;ajk wruqKska

chfõjd' wfma'''ldjg chfõjd'˜ ;uhs wms'''˜ msú;=re oka;df,am yskd odk
chf.daid ú;rla kï uoehs wr Wmdil fmdr ,;djg l;dj lshkak
r;s[a[;a odkak .;a;d' fmdaßido .;a;d'
fï f.daidfjka j,au;a fj,d kskafoa —tfykï nïnqjgo ´hs y;r jfgkau
fkdkskafoau fldkal%SÜ nxl=fjka ìug fl< fj,d ;shk jej rjqfï wmsg
jegqKd' wefykak zldjgZ chfõjd lshkafka'
—ljqo hflda fï fnßyka fokafka'˜ fudldo Th zldjdZ'˜
fmdaßido fmaõukaÜ tfla jeÈ,d —mskaj;a uy;auhdfkks" zldjdZ
yu.sh je,ñg msi od, iru;a hka;x lshkafka ldf.k ldf.k hk lDñ
mg,jf.k jgmsg ne¨jd' úfYaIhla fkdje' fï ta zldjdZ fkfjhs'
—fmïj;a udkjlh" fyda''''õ fyda'''õ fï fj,dfõ wms lshkafka '''ldjg
fyda'''''õ" wfka''' fidßu fõ'''''jd" chfõjd lsh,d' tal foaYdkqrd.fha
iudju Nckh lrkq uekú fmïj;a WÉp;u wjia:djla' rg fírd.;a;d
fkfjhs msxj;a udkjlh" fldam fkd.kq lsh,d wms;a Th lgg wdjg lshmq uyskao
uekú' fï wmf.a jHdhduh yqfola rc uy;a;hg;a neßjqK jevla lr.kakfka
iem msKsi fkdj weu;s iem msKsih'˜ fï yokafka' tal b;ska jrolahe wfma
uQK mqrdu lg ú;rla ;sfhk Wmdil uy;a;fhda'˜
mdÜ ydofhla fmdaßidog mkdj oeïud' —t;fldg wr lE.yk tld weußlka
fmdaßido u[a[xu u[a[x jqKd' fldäh jkkafka wehs@ W! weußlka
—wmamgo fnd, lsõj¨" chfõjd lshk ldrfhlao@˜
.uka fudlo mqiafjä odkafka''''' wehs —jrojd jgyd .kak kï tmd Tkak'
wehs wfma l%slÜj;a Èk,o@˜ fmdaßido Th l| mqrdu m;< foaYfm%añfhla'
weyqj ta m%Yafkg fmdaßidou fï úÈyg fudk ;rïo lshkjd kï .uka n,m;%u
W;a;r ÿkakd' fol ;=klau wyqfj,d ;sfhkjd' ;j
—wfka b;ska wmsg fldfyo l%slÜ wmsg wyqfjkak;a ;sfhkjd' Th tu ue;s;=ud"
b;ska úlÜ ú;rfka˜ weußlka fldäh jkkfldg we;a;gu
—wkak wkak Tn;=udf.a ksje/È jefkkafka ,xldfõ fldäh'˜ wr msú;=re
oelau' yßhg yß' wkak Th rfÜ mj;sk oka;df,am iskd lg lshms'
—flda fldfyo ,xldfõ fldäh' jkkafku kdu,af.a f,dl= whahd fkdje' b;ska wfm;a
weußlka fldähfka'˜ fmdaßido u[a[x whshd'˜
u;ska ikaiqkaj weyqjd' —fldfyo uQ tmd lshoaÈ ÿjkafka'˜
—we;a;gu Th tkafka li' kegqï miaig' —wr úisfjks ixfYdaOfka˜
cd;sudul" foaYfm%añ" weußlka mqrjeis —b;ska b;S'''ka'˜
f;u" fmrg f.fkk cd;sudul" foaYfm%aó —wms wr úisfjks ixfYdaOfkag úreoaOj
weußlka w~yerh fkdje fï' wfma wNsfhda. lrdfka r;a;kag'˜
ldjg'''''weußldjg chfõjd'˜ —b;ska b;Ska'''˜
—wmamgo fnd,' wmsg fldfyo weußlka —talhs Th whshd yegg yefÜ ÿjkafka˜
iqÿ ndmam,d' rg yokak ysÜ,¾ flfkla —f.aug tkag¾ fjkako@˜
´kuhs lsh,d nqoaO mq;%fhl=;a lsõj¨fka'˜ —kE Wkakefya' ta wfma cd;sudulhshd"
b;du úplaIKYS,Sj úiaig tfrysj fõf.ka
³³³ miq nyskjd' n,kak t;=uf.a Wmdh {dkfha
;ru'˜
—wfka whshd'''''hkak tmd whshd'˜
fmdaßidof.a kskao fkdkskao w;r wd;,a tl ³³³
ì¢ñka jejrjqu jfÜ tflla fjk;a ojil
ú,dm foñka ÿjkak .;a;d' —yQ yQ'''''fï fï'''' f.dïuka whshfka'''
—ljqo hflda fï uy ? ú,dm fokafka'˜ fudlo fï msg mdfrkau oelald fkdoelald
fmdaßidof.a fldamh biams,a lrkak .;a;d' .dKg udrefjkafka'˜
hdka;ka wv w÷f¾ mQ^fmda&iamdÜ fmdrla —kE kE uu fï oel oelu udre jqfKa
miafia iqog iqfoa we|mq tflla *f,da lrkjd' ksy;udkS lug fkdje˜
—Tfya ysgq" ljqo Th uf.a kskao lvmq —ta fudlo ta l;dj' tfykï f.dïuka
tld˜fmdaßido ú,dm fok tld biairyg whshd" úiai ixfYdaOk wNsfhdaf.a Èkqj wE@
mekakd' r;a;kag ÿkako fmdß yef,kag˜
—idka;shlau fõ''''jd" fï uu wdhsfndajkav —ÿkakd u,a,s" ÿkakd wdfha jeá jeà
uu fï msú;=re''''˜ ú,dfm kj;a;,d ñksyd ÿjkag' uu m%Yak fod<ylau oeïufka
lkafl¢ß .dkak f.d; .ykak .;a;d' wïumd'''˜
—yß yß ug f;areKd" ug f;areKd fï —wmamgo fnd," tllgj;a W;a;r ,enqfKa
wr fidaok inka'''''˜ keoao@˜
—wfmda kE' wfma jefâ wmq,a,k tl —msiaiqo u,a,s" fldfyo Wka wka;sug
ú;ru ;uhs' tA jqKdg wms we,aj;=r;a ksj,d m%Yak fod<ygu tlska tlg ÿkakfka W;a;r
fndkafka ´x'˜ ,iaikg'˜
—wmamgo fnd," fï f.dka uka ms,fka' —t;fldg Èkqfõ ljqo tfykï wE@˜
ljqo ;uqfia lshk Th whshd'˜ —ljqo b;ska wr wr wr bys bys bys yS'''''˜
—whshd lSjg whshu fkfjhs fï mq;hd"

2018 Left May

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2018 Left May

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wr.

There is such thing as society!

ud.%Ü ;ep¾f.a urKh isÿjQ wjia:dfõ wehf.a ck;d fødayS ls%hdjka

È. i udch ms<s.;a" —mqoa.,hka wrf.k' ta .ek ug

fjkqfjks' Tjqkg iudc úoHd{jßh ;u njh' jev hkq ;u fuys m%;sM,h

fydafuda idmshka hk úoHd;aul kdufhka y÷kajkafka ñksiqkah' ta" jdkr

Short Story h.a.ymsáh yryd

ud,;S l,amkd weïfn%daia

<uhd iy ;drld ud¿jdæ ;drld ud¿fjd fjrf< ysáfhd;a ta f.d,af,d

87 yeúßÈ iriú isiqúhæ

—wfma'''ldjg chfõjd' wfma'''ldjg mrdð; wrdðl;ajh kj;ajk wruqKska

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