Department of Public Works and Highways

Cost Estimation Process

Planning Design Procurement

Identify and Prepare Perform Prepare Receive

Feasibility Studies Detailed Design Bidding and
and Preliminary Documents Evaluate
Design Bids
The Cost Estimation
Process as it evolves to
specific stages of project
development.

Estimate for
BBPEE BBDEE
the ABC

Planning Service, PMO- Implementing Offices POCW with the assistance

Feasibility Studies PMOs, ROs and DEOs from PMOs, ROs, DEOs
 Cost Estimation Process

Review/Study Design Drawings

Data Collection Field Surveys

Labor Equipment Materials Materials Sources Labor

Maintenance Pay Item Quantity

Activities Evaluation/processing of Data Calculation (Bill
of Quantities)

Maintenance Unit Cost Estimate Construction Pay

Rates Unit Price Analysis Items Unit Rates

Maintenance Cost Project Cost

 Project Estimation Phase
Project Estimate Components BBPEE BBDEE ABC
A. Direct Cost √ √ √
Materials √ √ √
Labor √ √ √
Equipment √ √ √
Dayworks √ Per DO 46 s2007
Provisional Sum √ Per DO 46 s2007
B. Indirect Cost Per DO 57 s2002 Per DO 57 s2002 Per DO 57 s2002
OCM √ √ √
Profit √ √ √
Mobilization/Demobilization √ √ √
C. VAT 12% (A+B) 12% (A+B) 12% (A+B)
D. Total Civil Works Cost A+B+C A+B+C A+B+C
E. Contingency 10% of D 10% of D 5% of D
F. Engineering Costs Per NEDA Per NEDA
Detailed Engineering 4-6% (D+E)
Construction Supervision* 8-10% (D+E) 8-10% (D+E)*
Administrative Cost 3.5% (D+E) 3.5% (D+E)
G. Feasibility Cost (Optional for Pre-FS) 1-3% (D+E)
H. IROW Acquisition Cost √ √
I. Total Estimated Project Cost D+E+F+G+H D+E+F+G+H D+E
*Construction Supervision only applies to foreign-assisted projects
Basic Consideration or Basis of Cost Estimate
•  Work type – proposed improvement works of the project
•  Location of the project – includes terrain types and
embankment and aggregate material sources
•  Design plans and specification – working drawings and
DPWH Standard Specifications Vol. II, Ed. 2004
•  Equipment rental rates – ACEL Guidebook, ed. 22, yr.
2003
•  Labor rates and fringe benefits – DOLE, Regional Wage
Board, SSS, Philhealth, Pag-Ibig, & bonus
•  Construction Materials List and Material Sources Map
•  DPWH Department Orders – DOs relevant to cost
estimation
•  NEDA Circular – Circular/memo relevant to cost
estimation
 Unit Price Analysis

Two Main Parts:

•  Direct Cost
•  Labor
•  Materials
•  Equipment

•  Indirect Cost (% of Direct Cost as defined in DO 57)

•  OCM (overhead, contingency & miscellaneous)
•  profit
•  Mobilization/Demobilization
 Unit Price Analysis
Elements of the Direct Cost
•  Labor
•  basic wage
•  fringe benefits
•  bonuses
•  social security & other social charges Production Rate
•  Equipment
•  bare hourly & rental operating cost
•  fuels & lubricants
•  repairs & maintenance
•  labor

•  Materials
processing & transport
•  labor
•  equipment
 Unit Price Analysis
Labor Categories

Labor Category Labor Index

1.  Foreman, construction 1.80
2.  Leadman 1.65
3.  Operator, Heavy 1.50
4.  Operator, Light 1.40
5.  Labor, Highly Skilled 1.40
6.  Driver 1.30
7.  Labor, Skilled 1.30
8.  Labor, Unskilled 1.00
 Unit Price Analysis

Basic Labor Rates Calculation

•  Monthly Wages based on 314 days per year, 8 hours per day (Basic Daily
Wage x (314/12))
•  Leave, vacation and sick = Basic Monthly Pay / 12
•  Bonus, 13th Month Pay = Basic Monthly Pay / 12
•  SSS, Medicare, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing
Employer's Contribution, Graduated Scale
•  Pag-ibig, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing Employer's
Contribution, (2% of Basic Monthly Wage or P100 max.)
•  Rate per Hour = Total rate per month x (12/314/8)
 Unit Price Analysis

Take the value of

non-agricultural
sector
Unit Price Analysis

Take the values under the

column of total monthly
contributions in reference
with range of compensation
Unit Price Analysis

Take the values under the

column of total monthly
contributions
Unit Price Analysis
 Unit Price Analysis
Equipment Category
• Earthmoving equipment
• Compaction equipment
• Lifting equipment
• Excavating equipment
• Foundation equipment
• Asphalting equipment
• Concreting equipment
• Hauling equipment
• Air equipment
• Pumping equipment
• Power generating equipment
• Shop equipment
• Special support equipment
• Miscellaneous equipment
• Plants
• Offshore equipment
• Cable stringing equipment
• Others
Sample Equipments
– wheel loader, grader, tractor dozer
– vibratory steel drum, plate compactor
– cranes, forklifts
– backhoe, trenchers
– pile vibratory driver, pile hammer, drill rig
– asphalt paver/finisher, asphalt distributor
– paver/finisher, mixer, transit mixer
– dump truck, cargo truck, trailer
– compressor, pneumatic breakers handheld
– submersible pump, diaphragm pump
– generator set
– welding machine, shop machine
– truck water wagon/pump
– joint sealer, rebar cutter/bender
– asphalt concrete plant, concrete batching plant
– dredger, crane barge, tugboat
– cable tensioner/puller, splicing machine
– chip spreader, power broom
 Unit Price Analysis
Equipment Unit Rate Analysis

Basic Calculation
•  Bare Month Rental – Bare monthly rate ÷ 200h/mo.
•  Repair & Miscellaneous
•  Repair - 6.3% of Bare Rental
•  Spare Parts – 5.1% of Bare Rental
•  Miscellaneous – 0.6% of Bare Rental

•  Fuel
•  Fuel – Price/lit. x HP x 0.1514
•  Oil & Lubricant – Price/lit. x HP x 0.003

•  Labor
•  Operator or driver – Labor rate/hr
 Unit Price Analysis

Sample calculation of
adjusted equipment
rates in spreadsheet
 Unit Price Analysis
Materials Category
• Commercial Materials
• Contractor’s processed materials
Sample Materials
– Portland Cement
– Reinforcing Steel Bars (RSB or Rebars)
– Lumber
– Plywood
– Tie Wire
– Structural Steel
– Common Wire Nails (CWN) assorted sizes
– Emulsified Asphalt (SS-1)
– Cut-Back Asphalt (MC-70/MC-250)
– Asphalt Cement Penetration 85/100
– Joint Sealer
– Reflective Paints
– Metal Beam Guard Rails,
– Guard End Pieces
– Reflective Pavement Stud (raised or low profile)
– Fuel (Diesel/gasoline/premium gasoline
– Lubricants
– Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert (RCPC)
– Base/Subbased Courses
Unit Price Analysis

Sample of contractor’s process

materials
 Unit Price Analysis
Hauling Unit Rate Analysis
•  Basic Consideration
–  Terrain type
–  Road condition
–  Dump truck capacity
–  Selection of loader capacity, output, bucket fill factor and operating
factor (to estimate loader production rate)
–  Material type

•  Cycle time
•  Loader
Total Cycle Time, T

– Load bucket and shift gears

– Turn and dump the load
– Travel distance and time from dumping to loading position and return to
the loading position
 Unit Price Analysis
Hauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.)
•  Cycle time
•  Dump Truck
– Average hauling distance
– Terrain type
– Loading time
Total Cycle Time, T

– Loaded travel time

– Initial traveled distance during acceleration
– Succeeding traveled distance at an average speed
– Final speed at a distance until it stops
– Unload and maneuver
– Return empty
– Same as loaded but at a greater speed
– Allowance for delay

•  Number of dump truck trips, n

 Unit Price Analysis
Hauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.)
•  Number of dump trucks

•  Average hauling output

•  Total hauling cost per hour

– Equipment
1 – Wheel loader, ___ m3/hr -------------- _____ P/hr
N – Dump trucks, ___ m3 ------------------ _____ P/hr
– Labor
1 – Leadman, rate --------------------------- _____ P/hr
2 – Laborers, rate --------------------------- _____ P/hr
Total Cost per hour _____ P/hr
•  Total unit cost per m3, (loose volume)
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample of hauling cost analysis using spreadsheet
 Unit Price Analysis
Production Rate Derivation of a Pay Item
 Unit Price Analysis
Elements of the Indirect Cost
•  Profit – contractor’s profit
•  Overhead Expenses
•  Office Expenses (office equipment and supplies)
•  Engineering and Administrative Cost
•  Transportation allowances
•  Contractor’s All Risk Insurance
•  Premiums on Bid Security and Performance Security
•  Premium/charges/fees on credit lines
•  Contingencies
•  Miscellaneous Expenses
•  Laboratory Tests
•  Other expenses
•  Mobilization/Demobilization
 Unit Price Analysis
DO 57 s 2002
Indirect Cost % for OCM Total
and Profit (Maximum Maximum
Estimated Ranges) % Cost for Indirect
Direct Cost Mob/Demob Cost % for
(EDC) OCM (% of Profit (% of (Maximum) OCM, Profit
EDC) EDC) and Mob/
Demob

Up to P1Million 13 15 1 29
Above P1M to
12 14 1 27
P5M
Above P5M to
12 13 1 26
P10M
Above P10M to
11 12 1 24
P20M
Above 20M to
11 11 1 23
P50M
Above P50M 10 10 1 21
 Unit Price Analysis
Cost Currency Components:
•  Foreign Cost Component
•  imported equipment & spare parts
•  foreign currency component of locally goods
•  & services
•  wages of expatriate personnel
•  foreign overheads & profits
•  Local Cost Component
•  local materials
•  equipment & supplies
•  wages, local supervision
•  transport & freight
•  overhead & profits
•  Tax Component
•  revenue for the government derived from each item
 Unit Price Analysis
Cost Component of Selected Construction Items
Components
Description Foreign Local Tax
(%) (%) (%)
Heavy Equipment 68 10 22
Light Equipment 65 15 20
Reinforcing Steel 54 35 11
Structural Steel 85 4 11
Lumber 33 57 10
Asphalt 76 2 22
Cement 40 45 15
Diesel fuel 60 13 27
Engine oil 60 13 27
Tires 47 43 10
Imported Miscellaneous Materials 64 7 29
Locally Produced Miscellaneous Materials 17 69 14
Skilled Foreign Labor 65 25 10
Unskilled Labor 0 90 10
Royalty 0 90 10
 Unit Price Analysis
Quantity Calculations for Pay Items Bill of Quantities

Pointers in the conduct of quantity calculations:

•  Based on the design plans and specifications
•  Units of measurement are all in metric based on
DPWH Standard Specifications.
•  Solid mensuration is extensively used and other
mathematical formulae.
•  Used of computer softwares in calculations.
•  Used of calculators (simple or scientific)
•  Conversion factors
•  Rates of application of materials such as, liquified
asphalt materials, paints, etc.
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample Formula of Plane Shapes & Figures

Area of a Triangle Area of a Parallelogram

A = ½ x base x height = ½ (bh) A = ½ x base x height = ½ (bh)
Perimeter of a Triangle Perimeter of a Parallelogram
P = side1 + side2 + side3 P = 2a + 2b

Area of a Rectangle Area of a Circle

A = width x length = (wl) A = πr2
Perimeter of a Rectangle Circumference of a Circle
P = 2(lwidth) + 2(length) = 2(w) + 2(l) C = 2πr = πD π = 3.14 159
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample Formula of Solid Geometric Figures

Volume of Rectangular Solid Volume of Cube Volume of Sphere

V = abc V = a3 V = 4/3 πr3
Surface Area Surface Area Surface Area
SA = 2(ab + ac + bc) SA = 6a2 SA = 4πr2

Volume of Circular Cone Volume of Circular Cylinder

V = 1/3 πr2h V = πr2h or πD2 ÷ 4
Surface Area Surface Area
SA = πr2 + πrl SA = 2 πrh + 2πr2
Unit Price Analysis
Sample Typical Road Sections
 Unit Price Analysis
Methods of Estimating Work Output
●  Estimating the work output of a piece of equipment is determined in 2 ways:
•  Using work output formula based on the cycle of operation and other factors which
controlled production.
•  Using tables based on past experiences of average work output under varying conditions for
different operations.

●  To calculate earthmoving equipment consider the volume changes in earth caused by

handling. These volume changes have the following terms, to wit:
•  Swell – increase in volume of earth that results when it is dug from its natural position.
•  Shrinkage – decrease in volume of earth when compacted.
•  Loose yards – volume of earth after it has been removed from its natural location and swell
has taken place.
•  In-place yards – volume of earth in its natural location before handling.
•  Compacted yards – volume of earth that has been properly compacted in embankment on
fill.

●  Basis of calculations for excavation and fill

•  Loose yards – are used to express the carrying capacity of earth moving equipment.
•  In-place yards – are converted to compacted yards to determine the volume of materials in a
fill that will be realized from a given amount of materials in its natural location.
•  In-place yards – are converted to loose yards to determine the amount of earth moving
equipment required to handle the materials.
•  The output of equipment in loose yards must be converted to compacted yards to determine
the final volume of fill
 Unit Price Analysis
Illustrations of Soil Handling

1.0 m3 in natural condition 1.25 m3 after digging 0.9 m3 after compaction

(in-place yards) (loose yards) (compacted yards)

Volume Changes in Common Earth Caused by Handling

Bowl Capacity of Dozer

 Unit Price Analysis
Formula for Earthmoving Equipment Work Output

The working capacity of construction equipment is expressed by

the work practically done by the operation of equipment per unit
time ( 1 hour or day)

where:
Q = bowl capacity in loose cubic meters
f = soil conversion factor
60 = minutes per hour
E = efficiency factor
Cm = total cycle time in minutes
 Unit Price Analysis
Bowl Capacity of Dozers (loose yards)
Tractor Model Bulldozer Angle Dozer
D4 1.25 m3 1.82 m3
D6 1.44 m3 2.01 m3
D7 2.20 m3 2.58 m3
D8 2.40 m3 2.97 m3

Conversion Factors, f
Converted to
Soil Type Present
Condition In-place Loose Compacted
Sand In-place 1.00 1.11 0.95
Loose 0.90 1.00 0.86
Compacted 1.05 1.17 1.00
Common Earth In-place 1.00 1.25 0.90
Loose 0.80 1.00 0.72
Compacted 1.11 1.39 1.00
Clay In-place 1.00 1.43 0.93
Loose 0.70 1.00 0.63
Compacted 1.11 1.59 1.00
Source: Construction Equipment Manual, BRS/DPWH
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample Calculation for Work Output
Given: Average haul distance one way – 30 m
Soil type - common earth
Efficiency factor (E) - 80%
Speed - 2.5 kph
Required: Determine in place cubic meters moved per hour if D7 tractor dozer is to be used.
Solution:
Step 1. From conversion factor table, the soil conversion factor (f), soil type common earth loose to in-place,
f = 0.80
From dozer bowl capacity table, D7 tractor dozer, Q = 2.2 m3
Step 2. Determine fixed time
@ 2 gear shift @ 10 sec. per shift = 20 sec = 0.33 min
Step 3. Determine variable time
Travel forward 30 m @ 2.5 kph

Travel backward 30 m @ 5.0 kph

Step 4. Add fixed and variable time

Total cycle time, Cm = 0.33 + 0.72 + 0.36 = 1.41 min.

Step 5. Substitute in work output formula

 Unit Price Analysis
Sample Typical Cross-Section of Drainage Structures

Sample Quantity Calculation for Volume of Excavation:

Sample: Given a RCPC 1220mmØ and a length of 5.0 meters, compute volume of excavation.
Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mmØ:
width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m
Volume = w x h x l = 1.6 x 2 x 5 = 16 m3 compacted volume (stated in the plans)
Applying the soil conversion factor, common earth from compacted to loose, use
factor, f = 1.39 the excavated loose volume = 16 x 1.39 = 22.24 m3
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample Quantity Calculation
Volume of Backfill and Bedding Materials:
Sample: Using the same sample, calculate backfill and bedding materials
Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mmØ:
width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m
Volume of trench = w x h x l = 1.6 x 2 x 5 = 16 m3

Volume of bedding materials at compacted state, using thickness of 15cm

= 1.6 x 0.15 x 5 = 1.2 m3
Using soil conversion factor, compacted to loose, f = 1.17
Volume of bedding materials required to purchase = 1.2 x 1.17 = 1.404m3
Volume of backfill = Voltrench – (VolRCPC + Volbedding) = 16 – (7.371+1.2) = 7.429 m3
Applying conversion factor, compacted to loose, f = 1.39
Volume of backfill required = 7.429 x 1.39 = 10.326 m3
 Unit Price Analysis
Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures

This composition of concrete is used for concrete batching plant.

 Unit Price Analysis

Concrete Proportion

Mixture Sand Gravel

Class of Proportion Cement
in Bags cu. m. cu. m.
Concrete

AA 1:1½:3 12.0 0.5 1.0

A 1:2:4 9.0 0.5 1.0
B 1:2½:5 7.5 0.5 1.0
C 1:3:6 6.0 0.5 1.0

This concrete proportion is used for manual mix.

 Unit Price Analysis
Cement and Sand Proportion for Mortar and Plastering
Mixture Cement Sand
Class of Proportion in Bags cu. m.
Concrete 40 kgs.

A 1:2 18.0 1.0

B 1:3 12.0 1.0
C 1:4 9.0 1.0
D 1:5 7.5 1.0

Sample Calculation:

Given: Volume = 10 m3 of mortar, use class A

Solution: Refer to the above table
Cement = 10 x 18 = 180 bags
Sand = 10 x 1.0 = 10 m3
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample Calculation for Asphalt Concrete Pavement:

Given: Carriageway width = 6.7m, Length = 1 km., thickness = 50cm,

use 301(1) - MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt

Solution:

Determine Item 301(1) - Bituminous Prime Coat

Determine Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid (AC – Asphalt Concrete)

The derived quantities are then summarized in the bill of quantities and subsequently,
manually entered in the estimated construction cost spreadsheet which are multiplied by
the unit prices to come up with total cost of that item and summed up all the pay items to
calculate the total direct cost. After which, indirect cost is applied to determined the total
estimated project cost.
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample of Bill of Quantities
Item Number Description Unit Quantity

100(1) Clearing and Grubbing ha. 20

102(1) Unsuitable Excavation m3 1,000
102(2) Surplus Common Excavation m3 11,000
103(3) Foundation Fill m3 2,000
103(6) Pipe Culverts and Drainage Excavation m3 1,858
104(1) Embankment m3 7,500
105(1) Subgrade Preparation (Common Material) m2 3,000
105(3) Subgrade Preparation (Unsuitable Material) m2 5,000
200 Aggregate Subbase Course m3 10,455
201 Aggregate Base Course m3 12,156
301(1) Bituminous Prime (MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt) ton 30,780
310 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid m2 5,689
500(1) RCPC 610mmØ l.m. 3,105
Unit Price Analysis

Sample of unit
price analysis in
spreadsheet
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample of Summary of Construction Pay Items Unit Prices
Unit Price Analysis
Sample of Total Estimated Project Cost
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample of the Program of Work (POW)
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample of the Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC)
 Unit Price Analysis
Sample of the Minimum Equipment Requirement
 Maintenance Cost

Highway Maintenance

- is defined as the act of preserving and keeping each

highway type of highway as nearly as possible in its
original conditions as constructed or as subsequently
improved. It does not include rehabilitation, betterment
and improvement

Two calculation methods for maintenance cost

- EMK (Equivalent Maintenance Kilometrage)
- Traffic Dependent Method
 Maintenance Cost
Two Categories:
•  Routine Maintenance
•  vegetation control
•  cleaning and repairing culverts General Cost
•  cleaning ditches
•  cleaning and repairing traffic signs
•  climatic loss of gravel on shoulder
•  Periodic Maintenance
•  road surface repairs
•  resurfacing
•  shoulder repair & resurfacing
Maintenance Cost AADT
0
EMK Factors

Basic Formula:
Road:
MCR = EMKbudget x Ft x Fw x Length AADT

where:
MCR = maintenance cost for road
EMKbudget = annual allocation
Ft = factor for surface type
Fw = factor for carriageway width
Length = in kilometer

Bridge:
MCB = EMKbudget x Fb x Length
where:
MCB = maintenance cost for bridge
EMKbudget = annual allocation
Fb = factor for bridge type
Length = in meter

Source: BOM/
DPWH
 Maintenance Cost

Traffic Dependent Method

Traffic volume in terms of vehicle units:

•  Light vehicles → 0.4 vehicle units
•  Buses → 2.5 vehicle units
•  Trucks → 3.0 vehicle units
 Maintenance Cost
Basic assumptions in calculating routine maintenance unit rates :
•  Vegetation Control
•  0.5 ha/km/year
•  400 m2/crew day
•  2 - knapsack movers
•  2 - unskilled laborers

•  Cleaning and Repair of Culverts

•  1 – 4 number units/day/km
•  1 – dump truck
•  3 – unskilled laborers
•  Materials

•  Replace, Clean and Repair Traffic Signs

•  2 – 5 units repaired, repainted or replace daily
•  1 – pick-up vehicle
•  Materials

•  Clearing Side Ditches

•  40 – 1000 l.m./day (half by grader and half by hand or manual)
•  1 – grader
•  3 – unskilled laborers
Source: Road Maintenance Manual, BOM-DPWH
 Maintenance Cost
Periodic Maintenance
•  Road Surface Repair
•  Regravelling gravel road and gravel shoulder
•  Grading & reshaping gravel road
•  Joint & crack sealing for PCCP
•  Pothole repair (spot regravel) for gravel road
•  Patch potholes for ACP
•  Crack sealing for ACP
•  Edge break for ACP

•  Resurfacing
•  Asphalt Concrete Overlay

•  Shoulder Repair & Resurfacing

•  Regravelling
•  Grading and reshaping
•  Asphalt Concrete Overlay
 Maintenance Cost
Sample of routine maintenance unit
price analysis
Maintenance Cost
Periodic Maintenance Task
 Maintenance Cost

General Formula for Maintenance Cost Calculations

•  Routine Maintenance (peso/km)
–  Maintenance Task = Qtytable x Lshoulder x W x 365 days x unit rateactivity
–  General Cost

•  Periodic Maintenance (peso-vehicle unit/km)

–  Maintenance Task = (Qtytable x L x W x 365 days x unit rateactivity) ÷ Frequencyvehicle

where:
L = length in meters
W = width in meters
Qtytable = Periodic Maintenance Task Table
unit rateactivity = maintenance unit price analysis
Frequency = benchmark of traffic volume in terms of v.u. as shown in Periodic
Maintenance Task Table
 Maintenance Cost
Sample of Summary Routine Maintenance Unit Cost

Routine Maintenance Unit Cost

Road Segment Economic Financial
a.  Vegetation control P 5,312.58/km P 6,498.57/km
b.  Cleaning and repair culverts 4,880.19/km 7,055.90/km
c.  Replace, clean and repair traffic signs 5,384.64/km 6,667.53/km
d.  Clearing side ditches 10,813.92/km 13,250.68/km
Total per annum P 26,391.34/km P 33,472.67/km

Routine Maintenance Unit Cost

Bridge Segment Economic Financial
a.  Concrete bridge P 568.79/l.m. P 721.41/l.m.
b.  Steel bridge 3,714.14/l.m. 4,710.72/l.m.
 Maintenance Cost
Sample of Summary of Periodic Maintenance Unit Cost

Maintenance Tasks Unit Cost

Economic Financial
1.  Gravel ( Surface ) P 481.87/m3 P 579.45/m3
2.  Regrade and Reshape
a.  Carriageway 5.14/m2 6.29/m2
b.  Shoulder 15.41/m2 18.87/m2
3.  AC Resurfacing ( 3 cm.) 94.36/m2 113.28/m2
4.  AC Overlay ( 5 cm. ) 135.51/m2 162.25/m2
5.  Replacement of Failed Bay
a.  t = 230 mm 2,527.25/m2 3,089.00/m2
b.  t = 200 mm 2,197.69/m2 2,686.20/m2
6.  Repair of Cracks/Joints 18,066.78/m2 22,123.42/m2
7.  Patching and Pothole Repair
a.  Pothole Repair ( Gravel ) 498.56/m3 598.08/m3
b.  Pothole Repair (AC) 494.06/m2 597.05/m2
c.  Sealing and Patching (AC) 510.81/m2 617.50/m2
8.  Road Stripping (painted lines) 48.53/m 57.48/m
 Maintenance Cost
Sample of Summary Maintenance Cost

Summary of Maintenance Costs

Maintenance Category
Road Type
Routine Periodic
Economic Financial Economic Financial
Gravel Roads (5.0m roadway) 49,521.08 61,286.05 737.36a 896.59a
AC with gravel shoulders
a. 0.5+6.1+0.5 31,210.03 39,267.13 80.05a 96.33a
b. 1.0+6.1+1.0 36,028.73 45,061.58 100.55a 121.40a
c. 1.5+6.1+1.5 40,847.42 50,856.03 121.06a 146.47a
d. 3.0+6.7+3.0 55,303.51 68,239.39 186.01a 225.81a
PCC with gravel shoulders
a. 0.5+6.1+0.5
t = 230 mm 31,210.03 39,267.13 62.77a 75.81a
t = 200 mm 31,210.03 39,267.13 62.12a 75.01a
b. 1.0+6.1+1.0
t = 230 mm 36,028.73 45,061.58 83.27a 100.88a
t = 200 mm 36,028.73 45,061.58 82.62a 100.08a
c. 1.5+6.1+1.5
t = 230 mm 40,847.42 50,856.03 103.77a 125.95a
t = 200 mm 40,847.42 50,856.03 103.12a 125.15a
d. 3.0+6.7+3.0
t = 230 mm 55,303.51 68,239.39 166.34a 202.43a
t = 200 mm 55,303.51 68,239.39 165.69a 201.63a

Note: a = vehicle unit, v.u.

Sample of Summary of
Work Unit Cost used
in HDM-4