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Chapter Outline: Failure: Principles of Fracture Mechanics
Chapter Outline: Failure: Principles of Fracture Mechanics
A B C
Crack
grows
90o to
applied
stress
Cup-and-cone
45O - fracture
maximum
shear
stress
(a) Necking
(b) Formation of microvoids
(c) Coalescence of microvoids to form a crack
(d) Crack propagation by shear deformation
(e) Fracture
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 8, Failure 5
Ductile Fracture
A B
Figure by
N. Bernstein &
D. Hess, NRL
Izod Charpy
h
h’
Energy ~ h - h’
Temperature
Ductile-to-brittle
transition temperature
Ductile
Brittle
V. Bulatov et al., Nature 391, #6668, 669 (1998)
Periodic and
symmetrical
about zero
stress
Periodic and
asymmetrical
about zero
stress
Random
stress
fluctuations
Nf = Ni + Np
Nf : Number of cycles to failure
Ni : Number of cycles for crack initiation
Np : Number of cycles for crack propagation
Crack propagation
¾ Stage I: initial slow
propagation along crystal
planes with high resolved
shear stress. Involves just a
few grains, and has flat
fracture surface
¾ Stage II: faster propagation
perpendicular to the applied
stress. Crack grows by
repetitive blunting and
sharpening process at crack
tip. Rough fracture surface.
shot
put C-rich gas
surface
into
compression
shot peening carburizing
Creep testing:
Furnace
Δε/Δt
tr
¾ Brittle fracture
¾ Corrosion fatigue
¾ Creep
¾ Ductile fracture
¾ Ductile-to-brittle transition
¾ Fatigue
¾ Fatigue life
¾ Fatigue limit
¾ Fatigue strength
¾ Impact energy
¾ Intergranular fracture
¾ Stress raiser
¾ Thermal fatigue
¾ Transgranular fracture