Periodic Table (Theory) PDF

ELBAT CIDOIREP
ecaferP
rieht esoporp ot stsitneics eht ot degaruocne stnemele fo rebmun egral yrev fo yrevocsid ehT
dna stsitneics fo sisehtopyh ynam tuoba nrael lliw uoy retpahc siht nI .meht gnignarra rof saedi
.elbat cidoirep fo mrof nredom ro gnol eht yllanif
elbat cidoirep s'ffeledneM tuoba wonk ot elba eb dluohs uoy retpahc siht gnihsilpmocca retfA
yticidoireP tuoba wonk ,stnemele suoirav fo noitacifissalC tuoba wonk ,mrof deifidom sti dna
& ytiniffA nortcelE , laitnetoP noitasinoI tuoba wonk ,stnemele fo suidar cimotA dna
.retpahc siht ot detaler smret suoirav dnatsrednu ,ytivitagenortcelE
eht ni devlovni stpecnoc eht lla fo snoitanalpxe lacitcarp & lacitiroeht fo stsisnoc koob sihT
era ereht ,trap yroeht eht fo dne eht tA .noitartsulli fo reddal a yb dewollof elcitra hcaE .retpahc
.retpahc siht fo stpecnoc elpitlum fo noitacilppa eht evlovni hcihw selpmaxe devlos suoenallecsim
retteb epoleved ot redro ni selpmaxe devlos eseht lla hguorht og ot desivda era stnedutS
.ssalc eht ni level gnipsarg retteb evah ot dna retpahc eht fo gnidnatsrednu
: era elbaT cidoireP ni snoitseuQ fo rebmun latoT
01 ............................................................ selpmaxE retpahC nI
41 .................................................................. selpmaxE devloS
42 ......................................................... snoitseuq fo .on latoT
1 ELBAT CIDOIREP 9514342-4470 :hP ,).jaR( atoK ,AIPI ,1.oN daoR ,rewoT PC :eciffO etaroproC
9514342-4470 :hP ,).jaR( atoK ,AIPI ,1.oN daoR ,rewoT PC :eciffO etaroproC
elb aT cid oireP eht f o m roF gn oL r o d edn etxE
st n e m e l E k c o l B- s
stnemelE kcolB-p
sesag elboN slateM AI
)1( puorG
slatem noN 1 do ireP
V AIV AV AVI AIII AII H 1
( )61( )51( )41( )31( sdiollateM )2( 9 7 0 0. 1
ne g or d y H
8 7 6 5 4 3
O N C B stnemelE kcolB-d eB iL 2
9 9 9. 5 1 700.41 11 0. 2 1 11 8. 0 1 2 2 1 0. 9 0 4 9. 6
n e g or t i N n eg o rt i N n obr a C n or o B m u il l yr e B m u i ht i L
61 51 41 31 21 11
S P iS lA BII BI IIIV BIIV BIV BV B VI BIII gM aN 3
6 6 0. 2 3
r uh p l u S
479.03
s uro p s o h P
680.82
no c il i S
2 8 9. 6
m ui ni m ulA )21( )11( )01( )9( )8( )7( )6( )5( )4( )3( 5 0 3. 4 2
m uis e n g a M
0 9 9. 2 2
m ui d o S
43 33 23 13 03 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 02 91
eS sA eG aG nZ uC iN oC eF nM rC V iT cS aC K 4
6 9. 8 7 229.47 16.27 3 2 7. 2 6 9 3. 5 6 645.36 3 9 6. 8 5 339.85 7 4 8. 5 5 839.45 6 9 9. 1 5 149.05 7 6 8. 7 4 659.44 8 7 0. 0 4 890.93
m ui n e l e S c in e sr A m u ina mre G m uill a G c ni Z r ep p o C l ekci N t lo b o C n or I e s e n a n g a M m un i m or h C mu i d a n a V m u i n at iT m ui d n ac S m uicl a C m ui s s at o P
25 15 05 94 84 74 64 54 44 34 24 14 04 93 83 73
eT bS nS nI dC gA dP hR uR cT oM bN rZ Y rS bR 5
0 6. 7 2 1 67.121 1 7. 8 11 28 . 4 11 14 . 2 11 78.701 2 4. 6 0 1 19.201 70.101 89 4 9. 5 9 609.29 4 2 2. 1 9 639.88 26.78 8 6 4. 5 8
m u ir u l l eT c in e sr A n iT m u i d nI m ui m d a C re vl i S m ui d a l l a P m u id o h R m ui n e h t u R m u i te n h c eT munedbyl oM mun edb ylo M mu i n o c r iZ m u ir tt Y m u i t n ort S m ui di b u R
48 38 28 18 08 97 87 77 67 57 47 37 27 75 65 55
iB iT gH uA tP rI sO eR W aT fH *aL aB sC 6
012 89.802 2. 7 0 2 95.402 95.002 79.691 22.291 32.091 1 2. 6 8 1 48.381 59.081 94.871 33.731 19.231
A m ui n o l o P h t u msi B daeL m ui l l a h T y r u cr e M dl o G m u i d ir I m ui ms O m ui n e h R n e t s g n uT mulat n aT m ui n f a H m ui r a B m uis e C
211 111 011 901 801 701 601 501 401 98 88 78
elbat siht ni desu 901-401 stnemele rof slobmys ehT uuU nuU enU onU snU hnU pnU qnU **cA aR rF
lacimehC naciremA eht yb desoporp esoht era 772 272 622 322
7
CAPUI yb desoporp 211-011 dna yteicoS mu i b n u n U m ui n u n u n U m ui d a R m u i c n a rF
ELBAT CIDOIREP
stnemelE kcolB-f
96 86 76 66 56 46 36 26 16 06 95 85
mT rE oH yD bT dG uE mS mP dN rP eC seireS edinahtnaL* 6
3 9. 8 6 1 6 2. 7 6 1 3 9. 4 6 1 05.261 3 9. 8 5 1 52.751 6 9. 1 5 1 63.051 541 42.441 19.041
Y mu i l u h T m u i br E mu i ml o H m u i s or p s y D m u i br eT m u in i l o d a G m ui p o r u E m ui ra m a S
101 001 99 89 79 69 59 49 39 29 19 09
dM mF fC kB mC mA uP pN U aP hT seireS edinitcA ** 7
852 752 152 742 742 442 732 3 0. 8 3 2 40.132 40.232
N m u i mr eF m u i n of i l a C m ui l e kr e B m u ir u C mu i n o t ur P m ui n u t p e N mu i n a r U m ui r o hT
stekcarb ni nevig era stnemele fo spuorg fo snoitangised CAPUI
2
9514342-4470 :hP ,).jaR( atoK ,AIPI ,1.oN daoR ,rewoT PC :eciffO etaroproC
SPUORG DN A D OI RE P EHT NI SEITREPOR P TN EREFFID FO DNERT L ARENEG
SDOIREP
sesaer ceD suidar cimotA
sesaercnI laitnetop noitasinoI
sesaercnI ytivitagenortcelE
ytiniffa nortcelE
sesaercnI sedilah fo retcarahc tnelavoC
sesaer ceD retcarahc cillateM sesaercnI
sesaercnI erutan gnisidixO sesaer ceD
sesaer ceD erutan gnicudeR sesaer ceD
sesaercnI tceffe gnineercS sesaer ceD
sesaercnI )ffeZ( egrahc raelcun evitceffE sesaer ceD
sesaercnI negyxO .t.r.w ycnelaV sesaercnI
sesaer ceD sedixordyh fo retcarahc cisaB sesaer ceD
sesaer ceD sedirdyh fo retcarahc cisaB sesaercnI
sesaer ceD sedixO fo retcarahc cisaB sesaercnI
sesaercnI sdica yxo fo htgnertS tnatsnoC
sesaer ceD etahplus fo ytilibats lam rehT tnatsnoC
sesaer ceD setanobra c fo ytilibats lam rehT sesaercnI )slateM(
sesaer ceD etartin fo ytilibats lam rehT sesaercnI )slateM( sesaerceD )latem noN(
sesaer ceD edixordyh fo ytilibats lam rehT sesaercnI
rced neht sesaercni tsriF ytisneD
ELBAT CIDOIREP
sesaer ceD
sesaer ceD ytivitisop ortcelE sesaercnI
sesaercnI
sesaercnI
sesaercnI
sesaercnI
sesaercnI
3
R EB MEME R OT ST CAF TN ATRO PMI
sC : ytivitagenortcele tsewoL .1
F : ytivitagenortcele tsehgiH .2
eH : laitnetop noitasinoi tsehgiH .3
sC : laitnetop noitasinoi tsewoL .4
sesag elboN : ytiniffa nortcele tsewoL .5
enirolhC : ytiniffa nortcele tsehgiH .6
F : tnemele evitisoportcele tsaeL .7
gH : latem .tp .m tsewoL .8
)netsgnuT( W : latem .tp .b dna .tp .m tsehgiH .9
eH : latem non .tp .b dna .tp .m tsewoL .01
negordyH : tnemele suoirotoN .11
negordyH : tnemele tsethgiL .21
H : ezis cimota tsellamS .31
sC : ezis cimota tsegraL .41
–I : ezis cinoina tsegraL .51
+H : noitac tsellamS .61
sC : tnemele evitisoportcele tsoM .71
ytivitagenortcele htiw tnemelE .81
negyxO : eniroulF ot txen
.on mumixam gniniatnoc puorG .91
puorg oreZ : elbat cidoirep ni stnemele suoesag fo
stnemele suoesag fo rebmun latoT .02
)nR ,eX ,rK ,rA ,eN ,eH ,lC ,F ,O ,N ,H( 11 : elbat cidoirep ni
ni stnemele diuqil fo rebmun latoT .12
)buU ,rF ,gH ,sC ,rB ,aG( 6 : elbat cidoirep
–H : noina tsellamS .22
rF : erutan evitcaoidar fo tnemele diuqiL .32
ni stnemele evitcaoidar fo rebmun latoT .42
52 : elbat cidoirep
buU ,gH ,dC ,nZ : stnemele kcolb-d elitaloV .52
H : nortuen on gniniatnoc tnemelE .62
negyxO : htrae no tnemele tnadnuoba tsoM .72
)enitatsa( tA : htrae no tnemele tseraR .82
lA : htrae no latem tnadnuoba tsoM .92
ycnednet mumixam gnivah tnemelE .03
nobraC : noitanetac rof
)dnomaid( nobraC : .tp .b ,.tp .m tsehgih gnivah latem noN .13
)8+( sO : rebmun noitadixo tsehgih gniwohs slateM .23
FsC : dnuopmoc tnelavortcele tsoM .33
3OC2sC : etanobrac elbats tsoM .43
HOsC : ilakla tsegnortS .53
O2sC : edixo cisab tsegnortS .63
gA : slatem gnoma rotcudnoc yticirtcele tseB .73
etihparg : slatem non gnoma rotcudnoc yticirtcele tseB .83
)muinotulP( uP : tnemele suonosiop tsoM .93
rB : slatem non diuqiL .04
suorohpsohP : retaw ni tpek tnemelE .14
)iL tpecxe( tnemele puorg AI : enesorek ni tpek stnemelE .24
2I : gnitaeh no emilbus stnemelE .34
.cte .tP ,uA : slatem elboN .44
bP ,nS ,lA ,nZ ,eB : latem ciretohpmA .54
iS : latem non ciretohpmA .64
bS ,eG ,tA ,eT ,sA ,iS ,B : stnemele sdiollateM .74
enidoI ,etihparG : erutsul cillatem gnivah slatem noN .84
muinarU : tnemele gnirucco yllarutan tseivaeH .94
dnomaiD : yticirtcele fo rotcudnoc tserooP .05
dnomaiD : tnemele gnirucco yllarutan tsedraH .15
iL : latem dilos tsethgiL .25
,2OnS ,OnS ,2ObP ,ObP ,OnZ ,3O2lA ,OeB : sedixo ciretohpmA .35
.cte 3O3sA ,3O2bS
O2N ,O2H ,OC ,ON : slatem non fo sedixo lartueN .45
2O2H : rehcaelb yrD .55
2OC diloS : eci yrD .65
)muicinhceT( 34cT : tnemele edam nam tsriF .75
)stnemele 2( tsI : doirep tsellamS .85
)stnemele 23( ht6 : elbat cidoirep ni doirep tsegraL .95
)stnemele 23( BIII : elbat cidoirep ni puorg tsegraL .06
eF : latem kcolb-d tnadnuba tsoM .16
aC : latem kcolb-s tnadnuba tsoM .26
rI ,sO : )slateM( ytisned tsehgiH .36
noroB : )slateM noN( ytisned tsehgiH .46
negortiN : erehpsomta ni sag tnadnuba tsoM .56
negordyH : esrevinu eht ni tnemele tnadnuba tsoM .66
E L BAT CI DOI REP
NOITCUDORTNI .1
ralimis fo stnemele eht taht yaw a hcus ni seitreporp rieht ot gnidrocca stnemele nwonk eht lla fo tnemegnarra ehT
.elbat cidoirep dellac si mrof ralubat a ni rehtegot depuorg era seitreporp
ELBAT CIDOIREP FO TNEMPOLEVED .2

]7181[ ELUR DAIRT RENIEREBOD 1.2
.DAIRT dellac seitreporp lacimehc ralimis gnivah stnemele eerht fo spuorg edam eH )i(
.tnemele driht dna tsrif fo thgiew cimota egareva eht ot lauqe si tnemele elddim fo .tw .ta ,dairt reniereboD nI )ii(
I rB lC .g.e
721 + 5.53
2.18 = 721 0.08 5.53
2
aB rS aC
731 + 04
5.88 = 731 5.78 04
2
K aN iL
93 + 7
32 = = aN fo tw .tA 93 32 7
2
)aL ,Y ,cS( ,)lC ,F ,H( ,)eT ,eS ,S( ,)bS ,sA ,P( ,)sC ,bR ,K( – selpmaxe rehtO )iii(
s el pm ax E
sdai rT fo waL s' r eni ere boD n o de s ab
- ot elbacilppa si sdairt fo wal ehT 1.xE

I ,rB ,lC )D( bR ,K ,aN )C( N ,O ,H )B( O ,N ,C )A(
)D( .loS
- no elbacilppa ton si sdairt fo wal ehT 2.xE

aB ,rS ,aC )D( eT ,eS ,S )C( bR ,K ,aN )B( I ,rB ,lC )A(
)B( .loS
]5681[ ELUR EVATCO DNALWEN 2.2

tnemele ht8 yreve fo seitreporp taht evresbo dna ssam cimota rieht fo redro gnisaercni eht ni stnemele eht degnarra eH )i(
.noitaton slewov lacisum fo esac eht ni ekil .eno ts1 eht ot ralimis saw
aS eN ahD aP aM aG eR aS
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
.nwonk ton erew sesag treni emit taht tA )ii(
H
F O N C B eB iL
lC S P iS lA gM aN
aC K
.no os dna gM ot ralimis era eB ,aN .e.i tnemele ht8 ot ralimis era iL fo seitreporp ehT )iii(
: noitatimiL ro kcabwarD
81 fo ecnereffid si ereht tnemele kcolb-d fo ecneserp ot eud aC retfa esuaceb .aC otpu ylno dilav si elur sihT )a(
.tnemele 8 fo daetsni stnemele
h t
os latem ilaklA morf tnemele 8 eht semoceb ti elbat cidoirep eht ni dedulcni dna sag trenI fo yrevocsid eht retfA )b(
.tuo deppord eb ot dah wal siht
.S dna O htiw smota decalp neeb sah eF sa slatem reivaeh fo esac eht ni deliaf eH )c(
]9681[ EVRUC S’REYEM REHTOL 3.2

.stnemele tnereffid fo emulov cimota dna .tw cimota neewteb evruc a dettolp eH )i(
- evruc eht morf edam eb nac noitavresbo gniwollof ehT )ii(
.evruc eht no snoitisop kaep eht ypucco ).cte sC ,bR ,K ,aN ,iL( slatem ilakla .e.i stnemele evitisoportcele tsoM )a(
.evruc eht fo noitisop gnidnecsed eht ypucco )aB ,rS ,aC ,gM ,eB( latem htrae enilakla .e.i evitisoportcele sseL )b(
.evruc eht fo trap mottob ypucco slatem noitisnart dna ).cte tA ,eT ,sA ,eS ,B( sdiollateM )c(
.evruc eht no noitisop ralimis ypucco seitreporp ralimis gnivah stnemelE : e t o N
era stnemele eht fo seitreporp lacisyhp eht taht desoporp reyeM rehtoL evruc siht fo sisab eht nO : noisulcnoC
.elbat cidoirep s’ feledneM fo esab eht emoceb dna .tw cimota rieht fo noitcnuf cidoirep
sC
bR
K
rB
aN
emuloV cimotA
aC
I rS lC iL
aB
F
eB
gM
slatem noitisnart dna diollateM

th gieW cimotA
]9681[ ELBAT CIDOIREP S’VEELEDNEM 4.2

rieht fo noitcnuf cidoirep eht era stnemele fo seitreporp lacimehc dna lacisyhp ehT - waL cidoireP s’veeledneM )i(
.tw cimota
- elbaT cidoireP s’veeledneM fo citsiretcarahC )ii(
.tw cimota no desab si tI )a(
.derevocsid ton erew sesag elbon ,nwonk erew stnemele 36 )b(
lacitrev ni dna swor latnoziroh ni .e.i rennam citamatsys a ni stnemele eht yfissalc ot tsitneics tsrif eht saw eH )c(
.snmuloc
.elbat cidoireP s’veelednem ni sdoirep 7 erew ereht dna sdoirep dellac era swor latnoziroH )d(
.elbat cidoireP s’veelednem ni spuorg 8 erew ereht dna spuorg dellac era snmuloc lacitreV )e(
’B‘ dna stnemele lamron dellac era tnemele spuorg bus ’A‘ .spuorgbus B & A otni dedivid si htIIV otpu puorg hcaE )f(
.stnemele noitisnart dellac era stnemele spuorg bus
.)puorg slatem lanoitisnarT( swor eerht ni stnemele 9 fo stsisnoc saw puorg htIIIV ehT )g(
.seitreporp ralimis tibihxe puorg emas ot gnignoleb stnemele ehT )h(
- elbat cidoirep s’veeledneM fo segatnavda ro stireM )iii(
.seitreporp ralimis rieht ot gnidrocca spuorg ni deifissalc erew stnemele nwonk lla emit tsriF - stnemele fo ydutS )a(
.stnemele fo reisae emoceb seitreporp eht fo yduts oS
tfel erew spag emos sa stnemele wen fo yrevocsid eht ot tnemegaruocne evag tI - stnemele wen fo noitciderP )b(
.ti ni
)muitenhceT(cT ,)muinamreG( eG ,)muillaG( aG ,)muidnacS( cS
seitrevocsid rieht erofeb neve veeledneM yb denifed erew seitreporp dna noitisop mohw rof stnemele eht erew
.elbat sih ni meht rof secaps knalb eht tfel eh dna
tnemele dna )nocilis ekil seitreporp snaem( nocilis akE dellac saw puorg nocilis ni 27 .tw cimota ta ecaps knalB -.g.e
.muinamreG deman saw retal dertevocsid
.erew elbat cidoirep veelednem retfa derevocsid stnemele rehto ylralimiS
)cS( muidnacS - noroB akE )aG( muillaG - muinimula akE
)cT( muitenhceT - esnegnaM akE )eG( muinamreG - nociliS akE
.stnemele emos fo .tw cimota ni enod erew noitcerroC - sthgiew cimota luftbuod fo noitcerroC )c(
.thgiew tnelaviuqE × ycnelaV = .tW .tA
ereht dna 5.31 saw eB fo thgiew eht os ,)3 = V( tnelavirt si ti dna 5.4 si eB fo .tw tnelaviuqe taht dnuof saw ti ,yllaitinI
V( tnelavid yllautca si eB taht dnuof saw ti ,noitcerroc retfa ,oS .tnemele siht rof elbat s’veeledneM ni ecaps on si
ni tnemele siht rof B dna iL neewteb ecaps a saw ereht dna 9 = 5.4 × 2 emaceb eB fo thgiew eht ,oS .)2 =
.elbat s’veeledneM
.tP ,uA ,nl ,eB ,U – era stnemele fo .tw .ta ni enod erew snoitcerroC –
- elbat cidoirep s’veeledneM fo stiremeD )vi(
os seitreporp ni )AIIV( snegolah eht dna )AI( slatem ilakla eht ,htob selbmeser negordyH - negordyh fo noitisoP )a(
.ti ecalp ot erehw ediced ton dluoc veeledneM
s’veeledneM ni noitisop tnereffid ni decalp evah dluohs yeht ,sreffid sepotosi fo .tw cimota sA - sepotosi fo noitisoP )b(
.elbat s’veeledneM ni sepotosi rof secalp hcus on erew ereht tuB .elbat cidoirep
fo redro gnisaercni eht wollof ton did hcihw stnemele fo riap emos erew erehT - stnemele fo sriap suolamonA )c(
.stw cimota
.sthgiew dimota rehgih gnivah tub ,elbat cidoirep eht ni ylevitcepser iN dna K erofeb decalp erew oC dna rA . g e
 I eT   K rA 
   
 721 5.721 1.93 9.93 
 aP hT   iN oC 
   
132 232   6.85 9.85 
.spuorg tnereffid ni decalp erew stnemele ekiL )d(

ni decalp erew tub seitreporp ralimis evah hcihw )uA( dloG dna )tP( munitalP ekil stnemele emos erew erehT
.elbat s’veelednem ni spuorg tnereffid
uA tP
BI IIIV
.puorg emas ni decalp erew stnemele ekilnU )e(
ts
puorg I
BI AI
iL
aN
evitcaer sseL uC K e vitcaer eroM
latem nioC gA bR lat em ilaklA
tnemele noitisnarT uA sC stnemele l amroN
rF
ni ralimis ylnO( seitreporp rieht ni ereffid yeht elihW .cte K ,aN htiw gnola puorg tsI ni decalp uA dna gA ,uC –
)noitarugifnoc cinortcele 1sn gnivah
)ELBAT CIDOIREP VEELEDNEM DEIFIDOM( ELBAT CIDOIREP NREDOM .3

.yelesoM yb desoporp saw ti )i(
.rebmun cimota no desab si elbat cidoirep nredoM )ii(
deniatbo dna secafrus latem tnereffid no nortcele deeps hgih dedrabmob eh hcihw ni tnemirepxe na did yelesoM )iii(
.syar-X
syar-X fo ycneuqerf = ν erehw Z ∝ ν taht tuo dnuof eH
cidoirep era stnemele eht fo seitreporp lacimehc dna lacisyhp eht taht dedulcnoc yelesoM ,tnemeirepxe siht morf
rieht fo redro gnisaercni eht ni degnarra era stnemele eht nehw taht snaem tI .rbmun cimota rieht fo noitcnuf
sa nwonk osla si sihT .lavretni raluger a retfa detaeper steg seitreporp ralimis gnivah stnemele rebmun cimota
.’waL cidoireP nredoM‘
c i m o t a e h t f o n o i t c n u f c i d o i r e p a e r a s t n e m e l e f o s e i t e p o r p l a c i m e h c & l a c i s y h p e h T - waL cidoireP nredoM )vi(
.rembun
- elbaT cidoireP nredoM fo scitsiretcarahC )v(
.spuorg dellac snmuloc lacitrev 9 )a(
.sesag treni fo puorg 0+ puorg IIIV ot htI )b(
.yasmaR yb elbat cidoirep ni decudortni erew sesag trenI )c(
.sdoirep dellac seires latnoziroh 7 )d(
ELBAT CIDOIREP NREDOM FO MROF TNESERP/MROF GNOL 1.3
)spuorg( snmuloc lacitrev 81 dna sdoirep latnoziroh 7 fo tsisnoc tI )i(
.puorg ht81 ot tsI sa deman era snmuloc lacitrev 81 .C.A.P.U.I ot gnidroccA )ii(
nevig era elbat cidoirep fo mrof nredom ni dna elbat cidoirep fo mrof gnol ni spuorg eht neewteb noitaler-oc ehT )iii(
.woleb
0 AIIV ,AIV ,AV ,AVI ,AIII .BII ,BI IIIV ,BIIV ,BIV ,BV ,BVI ,BIII ,AIII ,AI
|—————|
81 71 61 51 41 31 21 11 01 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
.ralimis era seitreporp rieht os llehs tsomretuo eht ni snortcele fo .on emas gnivah puorg emas ot gnignoleb stnemelE )vi(
:sdoirep fo noitpircseD
doireP fo emaN tnemelE stnemele fo .oN llehs buS n doireP

tsetrohS eH2 ,H1 2 s1 1 -1
trohS eN01 – iL3 8 p2 ,s2 2 -2
trohS rA81 – aN11 8 p3 ,s3 3 -3
gnoL rK63 – K91 81 p4 ,d3 ,s4 4 -4
gnoL eX85 – bR73 81 p5 ,d4 ,s5 5 -5
tsegnoL nR68 – sC55 23 p6 ,d5 ,f4 ,s6 6 -6
etelpmocnI buU211 – rF78 62 d6 ,f5 ,s7 7 -7
– SPUORG FO NOITPIRCSED
: slatem ilaklA/AI/ts1
1s1 = H
1s2 ,2s1 = iL
1s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = aN

1 s4 ,6p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 =K
)llehs fo rebmuN = n(1sn = noitarugifnoc cinortcele lareneG
1 = –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmuN
: slatem htrae ilaklA/AII/ dn2

2s2 ,2s1 = eB
2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = gM
2s4 ,6p3 ,2s3 ,6 p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = aC
2s n = n o i t a r u g i f n o c c i n o r t c e l e l a r e n e G
: ylimaF noroB/AIII/ht31
1p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 =B
1p3 ,2s3 ,6 p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = lA
1 p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = aG
1pn 2sn = noitarugifnoc cinortcele lareneG
: ylimaF nobraC/AVI/ht41
2p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 =C
2 p3 ,2s3 ,6 p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = iS
2 p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = eG

)aeru sa rezilitref ni desU( : negocinP/ylimaf negortiN/AV/ht51
3p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 =N
3p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 =P
3p4 ,01d3 ,2 s4 ,6p3 ,2 s3 ,6p2 ,2 s2 ,2s1 = sA
)gnimrof erO( : negoclahC/ylimaf negyxO/AIV/ht61

4p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = O
4p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = S
4p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6 p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = eS

)gnimrof tlaS( : snegolaH/ylimaf negolaH/AIIV/ht71

5p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 =F
5p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = lC
5p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6 p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = rB

: sesag elboN/sesag trenI/puorg oreZ/ht81

6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = eN
6p3 ,2 s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = rA
6p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = rK

)eH .tpecxe( 6pn 2sn = noitarugifnoc cinortcele lareneG
: stnioP tnatropmI )v(

era )B ,eB ,iL( os ,)iS ,lA ,gM( stnemele doirep dr3 htiw pihsnoitaler lanogaid swohS )B ,eB ,iL( stnemele doirep dn2 )a(
swohs yeht eulav )suidaR/egrahC = laitnetop cinoI( laitnetop cinoi emas fo esuaceB .stnemele egdirB dellac
.seitreporp ni ytiralimis
B eB iL
iS lA gM aN
fo seitreporp eht tneserper yeht esauceb stnemele lacipyt dellac era )lC ,S ,P ,iS ,lA ,gM ,aN( stnemele doirep dr3 )b(
.puorg evitcepser rieht fo tnemele rehto
)f & d ,p ,s( dedulcni era stnemele fo sepyt lla doirep ht6 nI )c(
.doirep ht7 ni sag treni oN )d(
.sdoirep lla ni tneserp stnemele lamroN )e(
.68 si tnemele sag treni tsal fo .oN cimotA )f(
.snoitrop ruof otni dedivid eb nac elbat cidoirep nredom fo mrof gnoL )g(
.kcolb-s – AII & AI – noitrop tfeL .1
.kcolb-p – puorg O + AIIV ot AIII – noitrop thgiR .2
.kcolb-d – BII BI + IIIV + BIIV ot BIII – noitrop elddiM .3
stnemele kcolb-f – BIII – noitrop mottoB .4
PUORG AI – stnemele evitisop ortcele tsom gniniatnoc puorg ehT )h(
PUORG AIIV – stnemele evitagen ortcele tsom gniniatnoc puorg ehT )i(
PUORG )ht81( OREZ – stnemele suoesag fo rebmun mumixam gniniatnoc puorg ehT )j(
OREZ PUORG )ht81( – ycnelav OREZ yllareneg evah stnemele hcihw ni puorg ehT )k(
– elbat cidoirep eht nI )l(
)sesag elboN + lC ,F ,O ,N ,H( 11 - stnemele suoesaG fo rebmuN
)buU ,rB ,gH ,aG ,rF ,sC( 6 - stnemele diuqiL fo rebmuN
.mrof diuqil ni stsixe hcihw latem-non ylno eht si enimorB
)501 era stnemele derevocsid fi( 98 - stnemele diloS fo rebmuN
)211 era stnemele derevocsid fi( 59 -
.sdoirep ht7 dna ts1 ni stnemele kcolb-p oN )m(
)eH ,H( mrof suoesag ni stnemele eht lla sah doirep tsI )n(
.mrof suoesag ni stnemele eht lla evah puorg 81/0 )o(
eN ,F ,O ,N : 4 era yehT .stnemele suoesag fo rebmun mumixam sniatnoc doirep dn2 )p(
sedinitcA 41 dna sedinahtnaL 41 gnidulcni stnemele 23 gnivah puorg tsegnol dellac si puorg dr3/BIII )q(
cS
Y
)41( sedinahtnaL ............... aL
)41( sedinitcA ............... cA
: stnemele fo erutalcnemoN )iv(

- swollof sa 001 .oN cimota evoba stnemele ot seman evag CAPUI )a(
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
nne tco tpes xeh tnep dauq irt ib nu lin
mui - si xiffus stnemele eht lla nI )b(
.g.e
lobmyS emaN CAPUI .oN cimotA
unU muinU lin nU 101
bnU muib lin nU 201
tnU muir t lin nU 301
qnU muidauq lin nU 401
pnU muitnep lin nU 501
hnU muixeh lin nU 601
snU muitpes lin nU 701
onU muitco lin nU 801
enU muinne lin nU 901
nuU muilin nu nU 011
- elbat cidoirep fo mrof gnol fo stireM )iiv(
ni ecalp emas ta decalp eb nac sepotosi tnereffid os ,ralimis era sepotosi fo .oN cimotA - sepotosi fo noitisoP )a(
.elbat cidoirep
.rebmun cimota fo redro gnisaercni ni won era )I - eT( )iN - oC( )K - rA( )b(
.puorg BIII ni era sedinitca dna sedinahtnaL )c(
.slatem non dna sdiollatem ,slatem tuo setarapes enil lanogaid elbat cidoirep nredom nI )d(
.llehs tsom retuo fo noitarugifnoc cinortcele fo alumrof lareneg emas evah puorg emas fo stnemelE )e(
- elbat cidoirep fo mrof gnol fo stiremeD )iiiv(

.laisrevortnoc llits si negordyh fo noitisoP )a(
.stnemele sag treni rehto naht noitarugifnoc cinortcele tnereffid sah ti tub sag treni a si ’eH‘ )b(
.emarf niam ni decalp ton llits era sedinitca dna sedinahtnaL )c(
.elbat cidoirep ni ecalp emas evah tub seitreporp lacisyhp tnereffid evah sepotosI )d(
STNEMELE FO NOITACIFISSALC .4
. n o i t a r u g i f n o c c i n o r t c e l e f o s i s a b e h t n o s t r a p r u o f n i d e d i v i d e b n a c s t n e m e l E - noitacifissalc rhoB )A(
- stnemele sag trenI )i(

.stnemele sag treni dellac era pu dellif yltelpmoc si tibro etamitlu hcihw ni stnemele ehT )a(
)2s1 = eH tpecxE( 6p2sn si noitarugifnoc cinortcele lareneG )b(
.sag treni ro sag elbon sa nwonk ecneH .evitcaer ssel yrev era yeht ,noitarugifnoc elbats tsom fo esuaceB )c(
.elbat cidoirep fo doirep ht6 ot 1 dna puorg ht81 ro puorg ’0‘ ni tneserp era stnemele esehT )d(
nR ,eX ,rK ,rA ,eN ,eH )ht6 otpu doirep hcae ni enO(6 era stnemele sag treni fo rebmuN )e(
- stnemele evitatneserpeR ro lamroN )ii(

.stnemele lamron dellac era etelpmoc era stibro etamitlunep elihw ,etelpmocni si tibro etamitlu hcihw ni stnemele ehT )a(
: si noitarugifnoc cinortcele lareneg riehT )b(
AIIV AIV AV AVI AIII AII AI
5
pn2sn 4
pn2sn 3
pn2sn 2
pn2sn 1
pn2sn 2
sn 1
sn
5–1
pn2sn sn 2–1
ht7 ot tsI doirep dna AIIV ot AI puorg ni seil stnemele esehT )c(
.stnemele egdirb sa nwonk doirep dn2 fo stnemelE )d(
.srebmun ni 7 era esehT .stnemele lacipyt dellac era )lC dna S ,P ,iS ,lA ,gM ,aN( doirep dr3 fo stnemelE )e(
- stnemele noitisnarT )iii(

ni ro etats cimota ni rehtie etelpmocni era )1 – n( sllehs etamitlunep sa llew sa )n( etamitlu htob hcihw ni stnemele ehT
.stnemele noitisnart dellac era etats noitadixo emos
etelpmocni evah ton od yeht esuaceb stnemele noitisnart ton era buU dna gH ,dC ,nZ ,tpecnoc siht ot gnidroccA :etoN
.etats noitadixo emos ni ro etats cimota ni rehtie llehs etamitlunep
2s4 01d3 ]rA[ = nZ
01d3 ]rA[ = 2+nZ
BI + IIIV + BIIV ot BIII – puorg )a(

ht7 ot ht4 – sdoireP
2 ro 1 sn 01–1d)1 – n( noitarugifnoc cinortcelE )b(
04 = stnemele kcolb-d fo rebmun latoT )c(
)buU dna gH ,dC ,nZ tpecxE( 63 = stnemele noitisnart fo rebmun latoT
.stnemle noitisnart ton era stnemele kcolb-d lla tub stnemele kcolb-d era stnemele noitisnart llA : etoN
- stnemele noitisnart rennI )vi(

)2 – n( etamitlunepitna ro erp dna )1 – n( etamitlunep )n( etamitlu si taht sllehs eerht eht lla hcihw ni stnemele ehT )a(
.stnemele noitisnart renni dellac era etelpmocni era llehs
1f4 ,1d5 ,2s6 ]eX[ = C
85
- noitarugifnoc cinortcelE )b(
2sn 1 ro 0d)1 – n( 41 – 1f)2 – n(
.rebmun ni 82 era esehT )c(
BIII – puorG )d(
ht7 & ht6 – doireP )e(
.seires owt otni dedivid era stnemele noitisnart rennI )f(
)stnemele 41 17uL – 85eC( senonehtnaL/stnemele htrae eraR/seires edinahtnaL )A(
.munahtnaL ton & muireC si seires siht fo tnemele tsrif ehT
.llehsbus f4 otni sretne nortcele tsal ,stnemele eseht nI
.elbat cidoirep eht fo doirep ht6 dna puorg BIII ni tneserp era yehT
.erutan ni evitcaoidar dna citehtnys si hcihw edinahtnal ylno eht si )mP16( muihtemorP
)stnemele 41 301wL – 09hT( senonitcA/stnemele edam naM/seires edinitcA )B(

.muinitcA ton & muirohT si seires siht fo tnemele tsrif ehT
.llehsbus f5 otni sretne nortcele tsal ,stnemele eseht nI
.elbat cidoirep eht fo doirep ht7 dna puorg BIII ni tneserp era yeht
.erutan ni evitcaoidar era sedinitca eht llA
.erutan ni citehtnys era srehto elihw erutan ni dnuof era )U ,aP ,hT( stnemele eerht tsriF
: esuaceb stnemele cinarusnart dellac era stnemele sdrawno pN39 morf .e.i 29U retfA
.muinaru naht reivaeh era yehT
.snoitcaer raelcun yb muinaru morf devired era yehT
SRETNE –e TSAL HCIHW NI LLEHS BUS FO SISAB EHT NO NOITACIFISSALC .5
- stnemele kcolb-s )i(

.llehsbus-s ni sretne nortcele tsal stnemele eseht nI )a(
)ylno eH( puorg O + AII ,AI – spuorG )b(
|ht7 ot 1 – doireP )c(
2 – 1sn – noitarugifnoc cinortcelE )d(
7 ot 1 = n puorg AI
7 ot 2 = n puorg AII
)eH dna H gnidulcni )41( era stnemele kcolb-s latoT )e(
latem-non si H ,)H gnidulcxe( )21( era slatem kcolb-s latoT )f(
: stnemele kcolb-s fo scitsiretcarahc lareneG
.tniop gniliob dna gnitlem wol evah stnemele eseht yhw si taht ,latem tfos era stnemele kcolb-s )a(
.erutan ni cisab era sedixordyh dna sedixo riehT )b(
.tnega gnicuder sa tca yehT )c(
.dnuopmoc cinoi mrof yeht ,os evitisoportcele ylhgih dna ygrene noitasinoi wol yrev evah yehT )d(
.ruoloc tnereffid gniwohs fo ytreporp eht evah stnemcele eseht fo emalF )e(
- stnemele kcolb-p )ii(
–e
llehs bus-p ni sretne t s a L )a(
)eH tpecxe( )81( puorg 0 + )71(AIIV ot )31( AIII – puorG )b(
ht6 ot dn2 – doireP )c(
6 – 1pn 2sn – noitarugifnoc cinortcelE )d(
)03( – stnemele kcolb-p latoT )e(
: stnemele kcolb-p fo citsiretcarahC
.sdiollatem dna slatem-non ,slatem .e.i stnemele ot dnik eerht lla sessessop kcolb-p )a(
.erutan ni cidica era slatem-non fo sedixO )b(
.yltsom sdnuopmoc tnelavoc mrof yeht )c(
.erutan ni gnidixo era yehT )d(
- stnemele kcolb-d )iii(
–e
llehsbus d)1 – n( ni sretne tsaL )a(
)CAPUI( 21 ot 3 puorg ro BII ,BI ,IIIV ,BIIV – BIII – puorG )b(
ht7 ot ht4 – doireP )c(
2 ro 1sn 01 – 1d)1 – n( – noitarugifnoc cinortcelE )d(
)04( – stnemele kcolb-d latoT )e(
.elbat cidoirep ni dedulcni era stnemele 211 fI .)63( – stnemele noitisnart latoT
.stnemele noitisnart ton tub stnemele kcolb-d era )buU ,gH ,dC ,nZ( stnemele BII )f(
– stenmele kcolb-d fo scitsiretcarahc lareneG
.tniop gniliob dna gnitlem hgih gnivah drah yrev era hcihw ,slatem era lla yehT )a(
eil stnemele kcolb siht fo retcarahc eht oS .stnemele kcolb-p dna ’s‘ neewteb ni detautis kcolb siht fo stnemelE )b(
stnemele kcolb-p dna s neewteb
7+nM ,6+ nM ,5+nM ,4+nM ,3+nM ,2+nM = nM .ge ,etats - noitadixo elbairav wohs yehT )c(
.htob dnob tnelavoc dna cinoi mrof yehT )d(
.sdnuopmoc xelpmoc mrof dna yticirtcele dna taeh fo rotcudnoc doog era yehT )e(
.msitengamarap wohs snortcele deriapnu evah hcihw ,slateM )f(
.tsylatac sa tca stnemele eht fo tsom dna syolla mrof yehT )g(
- stnemele kcolb-f )vi(

.llehsbus f)2 – n( ni sretne –e gnitaitnereffiD )a(
BIII – puorG )b(
ht7 dna ht6 – doireP )c(
2s6 1 ro 0d5 41 – 1f4 seires edinahtnaL ; doirep ht6 ,17 - 85 .on .ta morF )d(
2s7 1 ro 0d6 41 – 1f5 seires edinitcA ;doirep ht7 301 - 09
)82( – stnemele kcolb-f fo rebmun latoT )e(

.stnemele evitcaoidar era sedinitca eht llA )f(
)301wL – 39pN( stnemele edam nam era sedinitca cinarusnarT )g(
.slatem htrae erar dellac era eseht os htrae no ylerar dnuof era sedinahtnaL )h(
- stnemele kcolb-f fo scitsiretcarahc lareneG
.slatem yvaeh era stnemele kcolb-f eht llA )a(
.tniop gniliob dna gnitlem hgih swohs tI )b(
.3+ si stnemele eseht fo etats noitadixo nommoc tsom ehT )c(
.erutan ni evitcaoidar era seires f5 fo stnemele ehT )d(
- tnemele na fo puorg dna kcolb ,doirep fo noitanimreteD
.llehs ecnelav eht fo )n( .on mutnauq lapicnirp eht morf detciderp eb nac tnemele eht fo .on doirep ehT - .oN doireP )i(
: si enidoi fo noitarugifnoc cinortcele .g.e
noitarugifnoc llehs ecnelav eht sa 5 si enidoi fo rebmun doirep eht eroferehT .5p52s5 ,01d46p42s4 ,01d36p32s3 ,6p22s22s1
.5p52s5 si
.on kcolb sa nwonk nortcele tsal eht seviecer hcihw latibro fo epyt ehT - .oN kcolB )ii(
eht ni sretne nortcele tsal eht sA .8d32s46p32s36p22s22s1 si noitarugifnoc cinortcele sti sah ’X‘ tnemele nA .g.e
.tnemele kcolb-d a si ti erofereht ,latibro-d
.swollof sa llehs etamitlunep dna llehs ecnelav eht ni snortcele fo rebmun eht morf detciderp si tI - . o N p u o r G )iii(
sag elbon eht retfa llehs ecnelav eht ni snortcele fo rebmun eht ot lauqe si rebmun puorg ,stnemele kcolb-s roF )a(
.eroc
ti dna llehs ecnelav ni nortcele owt sah 2s4 ]rA[ ro 2s46p32s36p22s22s1 noitarugifnoc cinortcele gnivah ’Y‘ tnemele nA .g.e
.2 puorg ot sgnoleb ti eroferehT .tnemele kcolb-s a si
.llehs ecnelav ni snortcele fo rebmun + 01 ot lauqe si rebmun puorg eht ,tnemele kcolb-p roF )b(
dna llehs ecnelav sti ni snortcele evif sah 3p42s401p36p32s36p22s22s1 sa noitarugifnoc cinortcele htiw ’Z‘ tnemele nA .g.e
.kcolb-p ot sgnoleb
.elbat cidoirep s’veeledneM eht fo AV puorg ot sgnoleb tI .51 = 5 + 01 si rebmun puorg sti eroferehT
ecnelav dna llehs-bus d)1 – n( ni snorcele fo rebmun eht ot lauqe si rebmun puorg stnemele kcolb-d roF )c(
.llehs
.sa noitarugifnoc cinortcele gnivah ’A‘ stnemele nA .g.e
.11 = 1 + 01 eb lliw rebmun puorg sti oS .1s401p36p32s36p22s22s1
– ylimaf ro puorg a ni rebmem evisseccus eht fo .on cimota gnitciderP

– srebmuN cigaM )i(
nevig gnidda yb stnemele tneuqesbus eht fo .on .ta taht etirw nac ew ,puorg a fo rebmem tsrif eht fo .on .ta eht gniwonK
elpmaxe roF .on cigam
81 71 ,61 ,51 ,41 ,31 21 ,11 ,01 ,9 ,8 ,7 ,6 ,5 ,4 3 2 1 puorG

pg’0‘ IIV IV V VI AI II BI II A II AI
8 – 2 +I
DOIREP
8 8 8 8 + II
81 81 8 8 +I II
81 81 81 81 81 81 +VI
23 23 23 81 81 81 +V
– – 23 23 23 23 +IV
IIV
– swollof sa eb lliw tnemele rehto fo .on .ta 1 si H fo .on cimotA – AI puorg nI )ii(
55 = 81 + 73 bR 73 = 81 + 91 K 91 = 8 + 11 aN 11 = 8 + 3 iL 3 = 2 + 1 1H
3442441 3 442441 3 442441 3 4424 41 34241
81 81 8 8 2 .on cigaM
YTICIDOIREP .6
yticidoirep dellac si doirep a ni thgir ot tfel morf dna puorg a ni mottob ot pot morf seitreporp ni noitadarg raluger ehT )i(
.seitreporp ni
.sesaercni yllaudarg –e fo .on eht tub ,emas niamer tibro etamitlu eht ,doirep a nI )a(
.sesaercni n fo seulav eht tub ,emas sniamer tibro etamitlu eht ni –e fo .on eht ,puorg a nI )b(
- yticidoirep fo sesuaC )ii(
ta gnimnoc noitarugifnoc cinortcele llehs tsomretuo emas eht ot eud si seitreporp ni yticidoirep fo esuac ehT )a(
.slavretni raluger
era srebmun esehT .23 dna 81 ,81 ,8 ,8 ,2 fo slavretni ta rucco seitrepoep ralimis htiw stnemele ,elbat cidoirep eht nI )b(
.srebmun cingam sa dellac
SEITREPORP CIDOIREP .7
: YCNELAV 1.7
”aitnelaV“ drow nailatI na morf devired si ycnelav drow ehT .stnemele eht fo yticapac gninibmoc eht sa denifed si tI
.yticapac gninibmoc sanem hcihw
dnalknarG : yb neviG : tpecnoc dlO
1 = H fo ycnelaV : enirolhC dna negordyH ot tcepser htiw ycnelaV

.tnemele ralucitrap a hitw dehcatta smota enirolhC ro negordyh fo rebmun eht sa denifed si tI
lC-H S2H 3HP 4HiS 3HlA 2HgM HaN
lC-lC 3lCP 3 CiS
l 3lCP 3lClA 2lCgM lCaN
1 2 3 4 3 2 1 ycnelaV
.1 ot sesaerced niaga neht dna 4 otpu sesaercni doirep eht ssorca H .t.r.w ycnelaV :etoN
2 = 'O ' fo ycnelaV : negyxo ot tcepser htiw ycnelaV
.mota ralucitrap a htiw dehcatta smota negyxo fo rebmun eht eciwt sa denifed si tI
7O2lC 3OS 5O2P 2OiS
OgM O2aN 3O2lA
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ycnelaV
puorg eht ot lauqe si ’O‘ .t.r.w ycnelaV .doirep eht ssorca 7 ot 1 morf sesaercni negyxo ot tcepser htiw ycnelaV :etoN
.rebmun
AVI ot AI rof ycnelav tpecnoc siht ot gnidroccA .noitrugifnoc cinortcele eht no desab si tpecnoc sihT : tpecnoc weN
.])–e ecnelav fo rebmun( –8[ si ti ,puorg orez ot AV morf dna –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmun ot lauqe si stnemele puorg
)–e ecnelav fo .o N – 8 ( = ycnelaV –
e ecnelav fo .oN = ycnelaV
0 I IV A IV AV AVI A III A II AI
4
2
pn2sn 5
pn2sn pn2sn 3
pn2sn 2
pn2sn 1
pn2sn 2
sn 1
sn
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 –
e llehs ecnelaV
0 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 ecnelaV
0 = )8 – 8( 3 = )5 – 8(
.snortcele llehs ecnelav fo rebmun emas evah yeht esuaceb seicnelav emas evah puorg a fo stnemele eht llA : e t o N
:YTISNED 2.7
cimota naht erom sesaercni thgiew cimota tub thgiew cimota htiw gnola sesaercni mota na fo emulov puorg a nI )a(
.puorg a ni sesaercni ytisned oS ,eulov
M ssaM
= = )D( ytisneD
V emuloV
-p ot kcolb-d ,sesaercni kcolb-d ot kcolb-s( .sesaerced neht dna mumixam llit sesaercni tsrif ytisneD - doirep nI )b(
)sesaerced kcolb
ylraluger sesaercni ytisned puorg a ni mottob ot pot morF - puorg nI )c(
)ytisned woL( sesag era lC dna F - pg AIIV nI .g.e
)3–mc/mg 91.3 ytisned( diuqil si rB
)3–mc/mg 49.4 ytisned( dilos si I
.sesaercni dnob fo htgnerts dna yticapac gnikcap kcolb-p ot kcolb-s morF )d(
llehs renni yb denialpxe eb nac sihT .ylevitcepser aC dna K naht retaerg si gM dna aN fo ytisned ehT - snoitpecxE )e(
: noitarugifnoc
AII AI
eB iL
1s36 p22s22s1 aN gM aN
1 s40d36p3 2s36p22s22s1 K aC K
– – d r 0 1
cimota latibro ytpme ot euD . e8 ylno sah ti tub e81 dloh ot yticapac eht sah tibro 3 ,tnacav si latibro d3 ,K nI
sesaerved ytisned os dna sesaercni semulov
K > aN > aC > gM
.nwonk latem tsethgil eht si iL )f(
)cc/mg 6.31(gH latem diuqil dna )cc/mg 6.22( sO dna )cc/mg 36.229 rI latem dilos fo ytisned tsehgiH )g(
stnemele fo ytisned fo redrO )h(
}sllehs renni ni slatibro-d ytpme ot eud ssel si ytisned aC dna K nI{ sC < bR < aN < K < iL
rS < eB < gM < aC
aL < Y < cS
fH << rZ < iT
gH < dC < nZ
: STNIOP GNITLEM DNA STNIOP GNILIOB 3.7

.mota elgnis a fo ton dna smota fo etagergga fo ytreporp a si tI )a(
.ytreporp ralucelom a si ti yhw .e.i
.sesaerced neht sesaercni tsrif .P.M dna .P.B thgir ot tfel morf doirep eht gnolA - doirep nI )b(
).P.M & .P.B wol( CCB erutcurts latsyrC – slatem ilaklA
).P.M & .P.B hgiH( CCF ........ “ ........ – slatem noitisnarT
)ecrof llaw rednaV ( .P.M & .P.B tsewoL...... ......... sesag trenI

.P.M tsehgiH ...... .........stnemele noitisnarT
)C º0143 ( .P.M .xaM ) notsgnuT ( W

slateM
)C º83− ( .P.M tsewoL )yrucreM ( gH
)C º7273 ( .P.M tsehgiH ) dnomaid fo mrof aht nI ( nobraC

slateM noN
) º 072−( .P.M tsewoL muileH
- puorg nI )iii(
.puorg eht nwod sesaerced .P.M & .P.B stnemele kcolb-s nI )a(
)diuqil( rF ,sC → )dilos( aN ,iL
.dnob cillatem eht snekaew hcihw snortcele gnidnob-non fo noisluper erom ot eud si tI
dna sesaercni ffez ,noitcartnoc edinahtnal ot eud( puorg eht nwod sesaercni .P.M & .P.B stnemele kcolb-d nI )b(
)sesaercni ygrene dnob ecneh
stnemele kcolb-p nI )c(
nwod sesaercni .P.M & .P.B ,puorg ’0‘ ot AV morf dna uorg eht nwod sesaerced .P.M & .P.B puorg AVI – AIII morF -i
.)ecrof llaw rednav α tw ralucelom ro cimotA( .puorg eht
.snegolaH < puorg ’0‘ .selucelom cimotaid naht ressel era selucelom cimotaonom fo .P.M dna .P.B -ii
.dnob tnelavoc gnorts ot eud .P.M dna .P.B rehgih sah iS dna C ,B ekil slatem non dilos cimotA -iii
.2I .ge selucelom gnoma ecrof llaw rednav rekaew fo esuaceb ssel era sdilos ralucelom fo .P.M & .P.B -vi
EZIS CIMOTA .8
: suidar cimotA
.suelcun dna –e tsomretuo neewteb ecnatsid si tI )a(
.suidar cimota sa denifed si smota owt neewteb ecnatsid raelcun eht fo flaH )b(
ot desu era sdohtem murtceps )RMN( ecnanoser citengam raelcun dna dohtem noitcarffid –e ,noitcarffid yar-X )c(
.htgnel dnob ro ecnatsid raelcunretni enimreted
ecnat sid raelcun retnI
= suidar cimotA
2
: era esehT .elucelom a ni smota neewteb dnob lacimehc fo epyt eht no sdneped suidar cimotA )d(
suidar s’laaw rednaV )vi suidar cillatem )iii suidar cinoI )ii suidar tnelavoC )i
)suidaR tnelavoC dednoB elgniS RCBS( : suidar tnelavoC )i(

.slatibro cimota fo gnippalrevo yb demrof era sdnob tnelavoC )a(
.esac siht ni muminim si ecnatsid raelcunretnI )b(
raelcunretni .g.e smota omoh dednob ylgnis owt neewteb ecnatsid raelcunretni eht fo flah eht si suidar tnelavoC )c(
neht Ar si suidar tnelavoc dna )A – Ad( si elucelom )2A(A–A fo ecnatsid
Ar2 ro Ar + Ar = A – Ad
A −A d
= Ar
2
89.1
Å 99.0 = = lCr os Å 89.1 si ecnatsid raelcunretni ,elucelom 2lC nI – .g.e
2
.ylevitcepser 6H2C ,4H2N ,2O2H gnikat yb denimreted eb nac stnemele .cte C dna N ,O fo RCBS )d(
.ecnereffid .N.E .on htiw elucelom cimotaoreteH roF - I esaC
I – C .g.e lauqe yletamixorppa era B & A fo seitivitagenortcelE elucelom B – A roF
Å31.2 si I – C fo ecnatsid raelcunretni )5.2( lauqe xorppa era I & C fo .N.E
)Å77.0 si Cr( 1r + Cr = 1–Cd
Å63.1 = 77.0 – 31.2 = 1r ∴
: erom ecnereffid .N.E ∆ htiw elucelom cimotaoreteH - II esaC
: wal sosnevetS dna rekamehcS
eb lliw htgnel dnob lautca nehT .ecnereffid erom evah B – A fo seitivitagenortcele elucelom cimotaid a ni fI
.decuder
seitivitagenortcele ni ecnereffid eht no sdneped htgnel dnob ni noitcuder ehT – nosnevetS & rekameohcs rep sA
- rennam gniwollof yb smota fo
)BX – AX( 90.0 – Br + Ar = B – Ad
B fo .N.E si BX & A fo .N.E si AX ereH
.Å47.0 = 2H fo htgnel dnoB ,Å44.1 = 2F fo htgnel dnob fI - .g.e
)1.2 si H fo NE ,0.4 si F fo NE( ? F – H fo htgnel dnob eht tuo dniF
)HX – FX( 90.0 – Hr + Fr = F – Hd - noituloS
Å73.0 = 2/27.0 = H–Hd ,Å77.0 = 2/44.1 = F–Fd Q
)1.2 – 0.4( 90.0 – 73.0 + 77.0 = F–Hd ∴
Å919.0 = 171.0 – 90.1 = )9.1 × 90.0( – 90.1 =
s el pm ax E
s ui daR tn elavoC n o de s ab
- si A mota na fo suidar )tnelavoc( cimota ehT . Å 4.1 si A – Ad latot esohw 2A dnuopmoc nevig A 3.xE
)A( .snA Å 1.0 )D( Å 2.0 )C( Å 5.0 )B( Å 7.0 )A(
A − Ad
Å 7 . 0 = 2/4.1 = = Ar .loS
2
ecnatsid ehT .Å 2 dna 4 era B dna A fo suidar cimotA . 9.1 si ecnereffid ytivitagenortcele esohw BA dnuopmoc A 4.xE
– si B – Ad snaem B & A neewteb
)B( .snA Å 5.7 )D( Å 9.6 )C( Å 28.5 )B( Å 27.6 )A(
Å4= Ar neviG .loS

Å2 = Br
9.1 = x∆
)x∆( 90. – Br + Ar = B – Ad alumrof eht yB
9.1 × 90. – 2 + 4 =
171.0 – 6 =
Å 28.5 =
: suidaR cinoI )ii(

: suidar cinoitaC )A(
–e
)noi degrahc ev+( noitac otni strevnoc ti sesol mota lartuen na nehW )a(
suidar cinoitaC > suidar cimotA
ecneh ,sesaercni ffeZ sti ot eud ,emas sniamer snotorp fo .on tub ,secuder fo .on –e gnisool retfa esuaceb
–e
eht morf snorcele eht lla gnisool retfa revoerom ,sesaerced suidar cimota dna suelcun sdrawot sllup snortcele
.sesaerd ezis os suelcun ot reraen si hcihw llehs etamitlu semoceb llehs etamitlunep ,llehs tsom retuo
1
∝ noitac fo eziS )b(
ffeZ ro e gra hc eht fo edutingaM
3+eF > 2+eF > eF .g.e
4+bP > 2+bP
7+nM > 6+nM > 5+nM > 4+ nM > 3+ nM > 2+nM > nM
: suidar cinoinA )B(
noina otni strevnoc ti –e sniag mota lartuen nehW )a(
suidar cimotA > suidar cinoinA
,sesaercni noisluper cinortcele retni dna ,secuder egrahc raelcun evitceffe os snotorp naht erom era –e noina na nI )b(
.sesaercni osla noina fo ezis dna sesaercni suelcun dna –e neewteb ecnatsid oS .tceffe gnineercs sesaercni osla hcihw
9 si eniruolf fo Z .g.e
–F F
9 9 notorP
–e
01 9
9 9 Z
F > –F fo ezis os F naht ssel si –F fo ffeZ sA 9.0 = 1= = os
01 9 e
: seiceps cinortcele osi fo eziS )c(
.seires cinortceleosi smrof egrahc raelcun tnereffid tub –e fo .on emas gnivah seiceps esohT –
egrahc raelcun ni esaerced htiw sesaercni suidar cimota eht seiceps cinortceleosi rof –
–lC 2–S 2+aC +K
rA
71 61 81 02 91 Z
81 81 81 81 81 e
71 61 81 02 91 z
81 81 81 81 81 e
3 + 2 + 2 + – – 2 – 3 2 + + – 2 –
) lA > gM > aN > eN > F > O > N( ,) aC > K > rA > lC > S( :suidar fo redrO
: suidar cillateM )iii(
.erutcurts ecittal enillatsyrc ni smota cillatem tnecajda owt neewteb ecnatsid raelcun eht fo flaH )a(
slatibro cimota fo gnippalrevo on si erehT )b(
suidar tnelavoC > suidar cillatem os )c(
1
∝ suidar cillateM )d(
htgnerts dnob cillateM
htgnerts dnob ssel → gnikcap latsyrc esool → suidar cillatem eroM )e(
)gnikcap dertnec ydob(
htgnerts dnob hgiH → CCF gnikcap latsyrc thgiT → suidar cillatem sseL )f(
)gnikcap esolc lanogaxeH(
: suidar s’laaW rednaV )vi(
emoc ot ecrof evitcartta kaew a secneirepxe ,rehto hcae htiw dednob ton era hcihw )sesag elbon ekil( smota esohT )a(
.reraen
s’laaW rednaV si sag elbon a fo etats dilos ni smota decalp yltnecajda fo ielcun eht neewteb ecnatsid eht fo flah eht )b(
.suidar
.suidar tnelavoC > suidar laaW rednaV )c(
.suidar laaW rednaV ylno evah sag trenI )d(
.stsixe suidar laaW rednaV dna tnelavoc htob slatemnon fo selucelom nI )e(
lC
2
2 lC
sel ucem om 2l C
Å9 9.0 = suid ar t nelav o C
Å0 8.1 = suid ar l aaW re dnaV
suid ar t nelav o C
ec natsid l aaW re dnaV
suidar tnelavoc 2 = suidar laaW rednaV
R tnelavoC > R cillateM > RWV )f(
)sesag treni ni( thgiew cimota ro .tw raluceloM ∝ noitcartta fo ecrof laaW rednaV )g(
.seserced RWV thgir ot tfel morf doirep a nI )h(
.sesaercni seulav sti mottob ot pot morf puorg a nI )i(
: era ezis cimota gnitceffa srotcaF )v(
1
F > O > N > C > B > eB > iL ∝ suidar cimotA )a(
egrahc raelcun evitceffE
sC < bR < K < aN < iL sllehs fo .oN ∝ suidar cimotA )b(
tceffe gnineercS ∝ suidar cimotA )c(
1
4+nM > 3+nM > 2+nM > nM ∝ ezis cimotA )d(
egrahc ev + fo edutingaM
2– O < –O < O egrahc ev − fo edutingaM ∝ ezis cimotA
1
N ≡ N > – N = N – > < N – N > redro dnoB ∝ suidar cimotA )e(
: ezis cimota fo noitairav cidoireP )iv(

sesaercni egrahc raelcun sa doirep a ni thgir ot tfel morf sesaerced tI – doirep a ssorcA -i
eN < F > O > N > C > B > eB > iL .g.e
sesaercni llehs fo rebmun sa puorg a ni mottob ot pot morf sesaercni tI – puorg a nI -ii
sC < bR < K < aN < iL .g.e
stnemele noitisnarT : snoitpecxE
sesaerced ton seod ezis cimota tub ,sesaercni ylsuounitnoc ffeZ seires noitisnart tsrif ni 03nZ ot 12cS morF )a(
.ylsuounitnoc
sesaerced ezis 52nM ot 12cS morF )b(
tnatsnoc tsomla ezis 82 iN ot 62eF morF )c(
~ egrahc raelcuN
tceffe gnineercS −
.tceffe gnineercs naht evitceffe ssel si egrahc raelcun s .sesaercni ezis 03nZ ot 92uC morF )d(
: noitcartnoC edinahtnaL )iiv(
si stnemele noitisnart renni fo noitarugifnoc cinortcele tsomretuO )a(
)7 ot 6 = n 2sn ,1–0d6p2 s)1 – n( ,41 – 1f)2 – n(
slatibro f )2 – n( ni sretne –e )b(
latibro-f fo erutcurts detacilpmoc fo esuaceb ,ssel yrev si –e fo tceffe gnineercs lautuM )c(
ylthgils stnemele eseht fo ezis cimota os sedinitca dna sedinahtnal ni )1+( eno yb sesaercni egrahc raelcuN )d(
.noitcartnoc edinahtnal sa nwonk si ti .sesaerced
.tceffe gnineercS > egrahc raelcuN ereH
dr3 dna dn2 tsI seires notisnart nI )e(
BVI BIII
sesaercni ezis ↓ iT cS ezis
 rZ Y
noitcartnoc edinahtnal ot eud lauqE  sesaercnI
 fH aL
.B drIII tpecxe d5 ≈ d4 < d3 iidaR
- iidar cinoi dna cimota fo sredrO )iiiv(
–H < H < +H
–I < I < +I
fH ≈ rZ < iT
aL < Y < cS
–F < eN < +aN
aN < iL < eB
nZ < uC < iN
rC > V > iT > cS
lC > aN > rA
gA < uA < uC
YPLAHTNE NOITASINOI RO YGRENE NOITASINOI RO LAITNETOP NOITASINOI .9
suoesag detalosi na morf etats dnuorg ni –e llehs tsom retuo dleh ylsool tsom evomer ot deriuqer ygrene muminiM )i(
.laitnetoP noitasinoI sa nwonk si mota
.E.I evisseccuS )ii(
- swollof sa era seigrene noitasinoi evisseccus ,M mota na roF )a(
– +
1PI = 1E e + M 1E + M
– 2 + +
2PI = 2E e + M 2E + M
– 3 + 2 +
3PI = 3E e + M 3E + M
1PI > 2PI > 3PI

rof deriuqer ygrenE ,mrof suoesag ni trevnoc ot sah ti ,mota na fo etats dilos morf devomer eb ton nac –e )b(
.ygrene noitamilbuS dellac si etats suoesag ot etats dilos morf noisrevnoc
)ev+ = H∆( ssecorp cimrehtodne na syawla si PI )c(
elom/JK ro elom/lac.K ro )mota/tlov nortcele( mota/Ve ni derusaem si tI )d(
: laitnetop noitasinoi gnitceffa srotcaF )iii(
tsomretuo eht sesaercni mota fo ezis eht taht ot eud si tI .P.I eht si rellams ,ezis cimota eht regraL : ezis cimotA )A(
eb nac ecneh dna snortcele taht no noitcartta eht sesol suelcun dna suelcun eh tmorf yawa rehtraf –e snortcele
.devomer ylisae
1
∝ PI
ezis cimotA
snortcele tsomretuo neewteb egrahc raelcun ni esaercni eht htiw sesaercni .P.I : )ffeZ( egrahc raelcun evitceffE )B(
.suelcun dna
eht morf noitcartta ssel sesuac snortcele tsom retuo eht no tceffe gnineercs eht si rehgiH : tceffe gnineercS )C(
.P.I fo eulav rewol eht ot gnidael si hcihw ,devomer ylisae eb nac dna suelcun
1
∝ PI
tceffe gnineercS
: sllehs bus fo rewop noitarteneP )D(
f > d > p > s - si )rewop noitarteneP( .suelcun sdrawot llehsbus fo noitcartta fo redrO )a(
. f & d , p o t n o i s i r a p m o c n i –e e v o m e r o t d e r i u q e r e b l l i w y g r e n e e r o m o s s u e l c u n o t r e s o l c e r o m s i l l e h s b u s - s s A )b(
f > d > p > s si PI gnisaerced fo redrO )c(
B fo 21PI > eB fo 1PI elpmaxE
) p2 s22s1(
1 2 )2s22s1(
.eB naht erom si B fo PI dn2 os ,eB fo noitarugifnoc cinortcele sniatta B ,–e eno gnisool retfA
eB > B fo 2PI
: slatibro dellif ylluf dna dellif flah fo ytilibatS )E(
.ygrene erom seriuqer ti os srehto naht elbats erom era 41f ,01d ,6p ,2s dellif ylluf ro 7f ,5d ,3p dellif flaH )a(
F ,O ,N ,C nI .g.e
F<N<O<C si redro 1PI
.O naht rehgih si )ytilibats( ygrene noitasinoi sti ,N ni slatibro-p dellif flah fo esuaceB )b(
gM < lA < aN redro 1PI –
.)lA( latibro-p naht rehigh osla si rewop noitartenep sti dna dellif yletelpmoc si gM ni latibro-s esuaceB )c(
+aN +lA +gM
< < redro 2PI
)8 ,2( )2 ,8 ,2( )1 ,8 ,2(
: etats noitadixO )F(
. g . e l a i t n e t o p n o i t a s i n o i e v a h l l i w e t a t s n o i t a d i x o h g i h h t i w n o I . m o t a n a f o e t a t s n o i t a d i x o ∝ .P . I
eF > 2+ eF > 3+eF
: elbat cidoireP & PI )vi(
.esaerced EI os esaercni eziS : puorg a nI
sC bR K aN iL
→
     
sesaercni eziS
sesaerced EI
: noitpecxE
)noitcartnoc noitisnarT ot eud si ti puorg eht nwod sesaerced .P.I elihW( aG fo .P.I = lA fo PI –
rZ fo PI > fH fo PI −
)puorg eht nwod sesaerced dluohs .P.I elihW( 
 d4 d5
noitcartnoc edinahtnal ot eud si tI –
EI dna tluciffid emoceb nortcele fo lavomer os sesaercni ffez dna sesaerced ezis cimota doirep a nI : d o i r e p a n I
.sesaercni
eN F O N C B eB iL
→        
,sesaerced ezis cimota
sesaercni ffez
.sesaercni EI
iL > B > eB > C > O > N > F > eN = EI
: laitnetop noitasinoi fo noitacilppA )v(
: retcarahc cillatem non dna cillateM )A(
).cte bR ,K ,aN( woL .P cillateM
).cte rB ,lC ,F( hgiH .P.I cillatem non
1
∝ .P.I
ytreporp noitasinoI
: ytivitcaeR )B(
1
∝ retcarahc gnicudeR
retcarahc noitasinoI
etats suoesag ni stnega gnicuder gnorts era yeht os .P.I muminim sah puorg AI )a(
)sC < bR < K < aN < iL(
)I > rB > lC > F( stnega gnisidixo gnorts era yeht os .P.I mumixam sah puorg AIIV )b(
- setats noitadixo fo ytilibatS )D(
.elbats si etats noitadixo rewol neht Ve61 ≥ .P.I evisseccus owt neewteb ecnereffid eht fI )a(
 PI +
aN →
 aN .g.e
Ve 7.24  1
2+ +
 2PI aN →
 aN
.elbats si +aN oS
.elbats si etats noitadixo rehgih 11 ≤ .P.I evisseccus owt neewteb ecnereffid eht fI )b(
 PI +
gM →
 gM .g.e
Ve 4.7  1
2+ +
 2PI gM →
 gM
.elbats si 2+gM oS
+ lA lA
elbats si +lA oS Ve 8.21
2+ lA + lA
elbats si 3+lA oS Ve 0.6
3+ 2+
lA lA
etats suoesag ni ylno elbats si +lA
.etats dilos dna diuqil ni elbats si 3+lA

senortcele dleh ylesool htiw stnemele fo ytreporp si tI – erutan cisaB )E(
1
∝ .P.I
ytrepo rP cisaB
O2iL > O2 aN > O2K > O2 bR > O2sC ,2)HO(gM > HOaN ,OgM > O2aN ,OM > O2M
s el pm ax E
ygr en E noita si noI n o de s ab
- si 1–elom Jk ni mota H fo .E.I ehT .J81–01 × 81.2 si mota H eno fo .E.I 5.xE
1–elom Jk 0131 )B( 1–elom Jk 5051 )A(
)B( .snA enoN )D( 1–elom Jk 8061 )C(
mota 32 01 × 20. 6 J 81− 01 × 81. 2

. 1–elom Jk 0131 = 1– elom J 601 × 13.1 = × = .E.I .loS
elom mota1
- htgnerts gnicuder fo tcerroc si redro gniwollof eht fo hcihW 6.xE

sC > bR > K > aN > iL )B( iL > aN > K > bR > sC )A(
)C( .snA eseht fo enoN )D( aN > K > bR > sC > iL )C(
,elbats tsom si ).qa( +iL dna hgih yrev si ti fo laitnetop noitadixo esuaceb puorg AI ni tnatcuder tseb eht si iL .loS
.ylisae srucco ssecorp evoba eht ecneH . ygrene noitardyh retaerg evah yehT .noitac llams si +iL ecnis
YPLAHTNE NIAG NORTCELE / YTINIFFA NORTCELE .01
.mota suoesag detalosi na fo llehs ecnelav eht ot dedda si nortcele nehw derosba ro desaeler ygrene fo tnuoma ehT )i(
.A.E + – X –e + X
.ytiniffa nortcelE sa nwonk

.A.E tsrif fo ssecorp eht ni desaeler si ygrene yltsoM )ii(
1 AE + –X –e +X
)ev – = )yplahtne niag nortcele( H ge ∆( neht cimrehtoxe si 1AE fI )iii(
evitisop yltsom si 1AE –
.noina sti fo .P.I ot lauqe si mota lartuen fo AE )vi(
–
}noina morf e evomer ot debrosba ygrenE{ = }noina ot mota lartuen trevnoc ot .A.E ni devlove ygrenE{
AE –
ygrenE + – X e+X .e.i
PI
–X n o i n a n i n o r t c e l e d n 2 g n i d d a n O
2–X –e
2AE – + –X
2–X –e
+ –X
2 AE + ro
neewteb noisluper esuaceb ,noina na ni nortcele dn2 ecudortni ot nevig ot sah ygrene .e.i ,ssecorp cimrehtodne si ge∆ )v(
.nortcele dn2 dna )–X( noina no egrahc evitagen
: ytiniffa nortcele gnitceffa srotcaF )iv(
1
∝ AE – ezis cimotA )a(
ezis cimotA
1
∝ AE – tceffe gnineercS )b(
tceffe gnineercS
– )ffeZ( egrahc raelcun tceffE )c(
ffeZ ∝ AE
- slatibro dellif flah ro dellif yletelpmoc fo ytilibatS )d(
si tI .nortcele yna ecudortni ot nevif si ygrene ro orez ro ssel yrev si latibro dellif flah ro dellif fo ytiniffa nortcelE
.ytilibats sti fo esuaceb
doirep nI )iiv(
.ezis cimota ni esaerced dna ffeZ ni esaercni ot eud doirep eht gnola sesaercni ytiniffa nortcelE )a(
.nortcele eno gniniag retfa dna ffez mumixam dna ezis llams ot eud ytiniffa nortcele mumixam ssesop snegolaH )b(
.noitarugifnoc sag treni elbats a niatta yehT
.orez si sesag elbon dna AII fo ytiniffa nortcelE )c(
hcihw N7 ni tneserp slatibro dellif flah fo esuaceb ,sesaerced ytinffa nortcele fo eulav N7 ot C6 morf doirep dnII nI )d(
.elbats erom si
.P ni tneserp slatibro dellif flah fo esuaceb ,P naht rehgih si iS fo ytiniffa nortcele fo eulav doirep drIII nI )e(
.slatibro-p ylluf ot eud orez si sesag treni fo ytiniffa nortcele fo eulav ehT )f(
eN F O N C B eB iL
rA lC S P iS lA gM aN
orez sseL oreZ
eN > eB > N > B > C > O > F
rA > gM > P > lA > iS > S > lC
– puorG nI )iiiv(
.ssel si nortcele lanoitidda no noitcartta dna esaercni ezis eht sA .puorg eht nwod sesaerced ytiniffa nortcelE )a(
evitcepser eht fo stnemele doirep dn2 fo ytiniffa nortcele naht retaerg si tnemele doirep dr3 fo ytiniffa nortcelE )b(
.puorg
5p22s2 F
5p32s3 lC
erom sreffus nortcele gnimocni ehT .sesercni suelcun eht dnuora ytisned nortcele ,eniroulf fo ezis llams ot euD
fo ytiniffa nortcele fo redro gnisaerced ,ezis egral ot eud sesaerced ytisned nortcele enirolhc fo esac nI .noisluper
I > rB > F > lC .negolah
N>P>O>S
N > P > C > iS
.noitarugifnoc dellif flah elbats ot eud ytiniffa nortcele wol evah P & N
- ytinffa nortcelE fo noitacilppA )xi(
erutan gnisidixO ∝ ytiniffa nortcelE )a(
.laitnetop noitcuder dradnats erom sah F esuaceb lC naht rewop gnisidixo erom sah F tuB
ytivitcaeR ∝ ytiniffa nortcelE )b(
nortcele gniniag yb snoina mrof yehT –
cinoi si erutan dnob riehT –
ytivitagenortcele ∝ ytinffa nortcelE )c(
erutan ni cidica era hcihw ,sedixordyh dna edixo mrof ytiniffa nortcele hgih fo stnemelE )d(
AE dna NE neewteb ecnereffiD )x(
ytiniffA nortcelE ytivitagenortcelE
ot dedda si nortcele na nehw desaeler ygrenE – elucelom a ni mota na fo ycnedneT –
mota suoesag detalosi lartuen snortcele dednob eht tcartta ot
mota na fo eulav etulosbA – mota na fo eulav evitaleR –
ylraluger segnahc ton seod tI – doirep a ni degnahc ylraluger tI –
puorg ro
1–lom JK ro mota/Ve ni derusaem si tI – tinu on sah tI –
1–elom lac.K ro
)NE( YTIVITAGENORTCELE .11
.ytivitagenortcele dellac si flesti sdrawot snortcele derahs tcartta ot mota na fo ycnednet ehT )i(
ytivitagenortcele sa erehW .smota detalosi rof si ytiniffa nortcele tub snortcele tcartta ot ycnednet evah htob AE dna NE )ii(
.smota dednob rof si
nekorb eb yam B – A fo dnob cinoi ro tnelavoc ralop A )iii(
+B + : –A
)B NE > A NE( B – A )a( sa
–B: + +A
)B NE < A NE( B – A )b( ro
.nortcele dednob tcartta ot ycnednet rieht no gnidneped
ygrene na ton mota dednob a fo ycnednet si NE sa ytivitagenortcele fo tinu on si erehT )vi(
.emit tsrif ti denialpxe gniluaP )v(
– era ytivitagenortcele emas tsomla gnivah stnemele ,elacs s’gniluaP nI )iv(
0.3 = lC = N
5.2 = I = S = C
1.2 = H = P
7.0 = rF = sC
5.1 = lA = eB
– swollof sa era stnemele rehto emos fo NE )iiv(
H
1.2
F O N C B eB iL
0.4 5.3 0.3 5.2 0.2 5.1 0.1
lC S P iS lA gM aN
0.3 5.2 1.2 8.1 5.1 2.1 9.0
rB K
8.2 8.0

I  bR
8.0
5.2 
 sC
 7.0


 rF
 7.0
.smota regral naht NE erom gnivah yllamron era smota llamS –

: ytivitagenortcele gnitceffA srotcaF )iiiv(
- ezis cimotA )a(
1
∝ ytivitagenortcele
ezis cimotA
- )ffeZ( egrahc raelcun evitceffE )b(
ffeZ ∝ ytivitagenortcelE
- mota na fo etats noitasidirbyH )c(
mota desidirbyh ni retcarahc s fo % ∝ y t i v i t a g e n o r t c e l E
3ps > 2ps > ps
%52 %33 %05 retcarahc s
5.2 57.2 52.3 ytivitagenortcelE
.sesaerc ni osla NE ,etats noitasidirbyh ni retcarahc-s gnisaercni yb os suelcun ot reraen si latibro-s esuaceB
- etats noitadixO )d(
etats noitadixo ∝ y t i v i t a g e n o r t c e l E
7+nM < 4+nM < 2+nM
+O < O < –O
3+eF 2+eF
< < eF
.sesaercni NE ,seiceps noitac fo etats noitadixo gnisaercni yb sesaerced suidar cimota sA –
O< –O < 2–O si ytivitagenortcele fo redro eht ,seiceps cinoina nI –
dednob tcartta ot ycnednet a si ti esuaceb ,slatibro dellif flah ro dellif no sdneped ton seod ytivitagenortcelE )e(
.edis tuo morf nortcele niag ot ton ,nortcele
: ytivitagenortcelE & elbat cidoireP )xi(
.puorg eht nwod sesaerced ytivitagenortcelE )a(
.sesaercni NE thgir ot tfel morf gnivom no doirep nI )b(
- snoitpecxE
.elucelom mrof ton od sag treni esuaceb ,orez syawla si puorg ’0‘ fo ytivitagenortcelE – p u o r g ’ O ‘ –
llehs eno ylno rF78 ot sC55 morf esuaceb si ti ,lauqe era )AI( doirep ht7 dna ht6 si rF dna sC fo ytivitagenortcelE )c(
.23+ yb sesaercni )notorp fo .oN( egrahc raelcun tub sesaercni
.llehs fo rebmun ni esaercni fo tceffe eht decnalab egrahc raelcun fo tceffe oS )d(
F > lC fo ytiniffa nortcele tub lC > F fo ytivitagenortcelE
.tnemele peehs kcalB dellac si eniroulF oS
edinahtnal fo esuaceb ,puorg eht nwod sesaercni ytivitagenortcele fo eulav )gH ,dC ,nZ( stnemele BII fo puorg nI )e(
noitcartnoc
noitcartnoc noitisnart fo esuaceb ,puorg eht nwod sesaercni ytivitagenortcele fo eulav ,puorg AIII nI )f(
)egrahc 81 +(
lA fo NE > aG fo NE
: ytivitagenortcele fo noitacilppA )x(

- erutan cillatem non dna cillateM )A(
slateM ytivitagenortcele woL
slatem noN ytivitagenortcele hgiH
.doirep a gnola sesaerced tub puorg eht nwod sesaercni retcarahc cillateM
- htgnel dnoB )B(
1
∝ NE∆
htgnel dnoB
smota dednob fo seitivitagenortcele ni ecnereffid = NE ∆ e r e H
IH < rBH < lCH < FH
.F dna H fo seitivitagenortcele eht ni ecnereffid hcum fo esuaceb htgnel dnob muminim sah FH –
.sesaercni ygrene dnob ecneh dna sesaerced htgnel dnob NE∆ gnisaercni yB - ygrene dnoB )C(
ecnereffid ytivitagenortcelE ∝ y g r e n e d n o B
IH > rBH > lCH > FH
- sedirdyh fo htgnerts cidicA )D(
.elucelom fo ytilibats ∝ )htgnertS( ygrene dnoB
si sedilahordyh fo ytilibats fo redrO –
- eb lliw htgnerts cidica rieht fo redro os dna IH > rBH > lCH > FH
IH < rBH < lCH < FH
- puorg AV nI –
sesaerced ytilibats lamrehT* 3 HN
sesaerced retcarahc cisa B* 3H P
sesa ercni retcarahc cidicA* 3 HsA
dna sesaerced ygrene dnob rieht os ,BX dna AX fo setivitagenortcele eht ni ecnereffid ssel si ereht 3HsA dna 3HP nI
.sesaercni )noi +H gnisol( retcarahc cidica ecneh
- ytivitcaeR )E(
1
∝ ytilibatS ∝ ygrene dnoB
ytivitca eR
seitivitagenortcele fo ecnereffid ∝ ygrene dnob sA
1
∝ y t i l i b a t S ∝ ytivitagenortcelE ∆ , o S
ytivitca eR
IH < rBH < lCH < FH
→       
ytivitca eR
.sedilahordyh lla gnoma dica tsegnorts ro sedilahordyh evitcaer tsom si IH –
- sdnob fo erutaN )F(
- alumrof htimS & ynnaH yb denimreted eb nac tI )a(
2) X – X( 5.3 + ) X – X(61 = % cinoI
B A B A
A fo ytivitagenortcelE = AX ereH
B fo ytivitagenortcelE = BX
dnob cinoI .e.i %05 > % cinoI 1.2 ≥ BX – AX fI
dnob tnelavoc .e.i %05 < % cinoI 1.2 ≤ BX – AX fI
- era seulav latnemirepxe sillaG )b(
cinoI 7.1 ≥ BX – AX
tnelavoC 7.1 ≤ BX – AX
F – F ,H – H .g.e ,ralop non eb lliw B – A neht ; BX = AX fI –
neht llams si NE fo ecnereffid dna BX > AX fI
tnelavoc ralop eb lliw dnob +δB —— –δA
)+δH —— –δO —— +δH( O2H .g.e

cinoi ro ralop eb lliw dnob + B –A ,neht hgih si NE∆ BX – AX dna BX >> AX fI –
–lC+aN .g.e
.dnuopmoc tnelavoc si ti neht neve ,7.1 naht erom si hcihw ,9.1 = BX – A X ,FH nI –
- sedixordyh fo erutaN )G(
.erutan ni cidica si ti neht )latem noN( 7.1 naht erom si A fo ytivitagenortcele fi HOA nI ,sillaG rep sA )a(
erutan ni cisab eb lliw HOA neht )latem( 7.1 naht ssel si ’A‘ fo ytivagenortcele fI )b(
HOlC HOaN .g.e
0.3 9.0 AX
cidicA cisaB erutaN
HX – O X ≥ OX – AX fI )c(
sa pu kaerb lliw dna ralop erom eb lliw dnob OA neht
–
HO + +A HO A
erutan cisab wohs tI
HX – O X ≤ OX – AX fI )d(
–
OA + +H H O—A
e ruta n c idica wohs tI
HOaN nI .g.e
)4.1( HX – 0X > )6.2( aNX – 0X
cisab si edixordyh oS
– HOlC nI
)4.1( HX – OX < )5.0( lCX – OX
cidica si edixordyh oS
OA edixo na redisnoC - sedixo fo erutaN )H(
edixo cisaB 3.2 > OX – AX fI
edixo ciretohpmA 3.2 = OX – AX fI
edixo cidicA 3.2 < OX – AX fI
.sesaercni erutan cidica doirep a gnolA )a(
sesaercni erutan cisab puorg eht nwoD )b(
F O N C B eB iL
lC S P i S lA gM aN
3.2 < OX – AX 3.2 > OX – AX

cid icA 3.2 = OX – AX cisaB
ciretohpmA
.sesaercni retcarahc cisab ,sesaercni negyxo dna tnemele eht neewteb ecnatsid eht elbat cidoirep ni nehw .e.i
O2 K > OnZ > 2ON
sesaerced retcarahc cidica
.sedixo ciretohpma era .cte 3O2bS ,2ObP ,2OnS ,ObP ,OnS ,OnZ ,3O2lA ,OeB –
.sedixo lartuen era O2N ,ON ,O2H ,OC –
NE ∝ dicayxo dna edixo fo htgnerts cidicA
5O2 N 2 OC 3 O2 B
→         
esaercni erutan cidica ,esaercni NE
3ONH < 3OC2H < 3OB3H

NE 4OS2 H 3 OS
cidicA 4 OeS2 H 3OeS
4 OeT2 H 3OeT
4 ObS3 H > 4OsA3H > 4OP3H
3OSeT2H > 3OeS2H > 3OS2H

IOH > rBOH > lCOH > FOH
4OIH > 4OrBH > 4OlCH
5O2sA > 5O2P > 5O2N
3O2bS > 3O2 sA > 3O2P > 3O2N
etats noitadixo ∝ e r u t a n c i d i c A
tnemele na fo etats noitadixo gnisaercni htiw sesaercni seitreporp cidicA

OlCH > 2OlCH > 3OlCH > 4OlCH
2ONH > 3ONH
3OS2H > 4OS2H
3O2N > 3OS
5O2N < 2ON < ON < O2N < 5O2bS < 3O2bS
tnemele rehtO = A erehW - XA fo sisylordyH )I(
negolaH = X dna
.XH eb lliw tcudorp sisylordyh no neht A fo ytivitagenortcelE > X fo ytivitagenortcele fI )a(
B fo NE > lC fo NE ,)3lCB( elpmaxe nI –
– –δ
HO +
H lC
– –δ +δ
3 )HO( B + l C H3 HO +
H + lC B
– –δ
HO +
H lC
3OP3H + lCH3 HOH3 + 3lCP

3lCOP + lCH2 O2H + 2lC .3lCP
4OP3H + lCH3 HOH3 + 3lCOP
)dica suolahopyh( XOH eb lliw tcudorp sisylordyh no neht A fo ytivitagenortcele < X fo ytivitagenortcele fI )b(
O2lC .g.e
+δ
lC
–δ
l C > O fo ytivita gen ortcele ereH O
+δ
lC
– sisylordyh nO oS
+ +δ
H –
OH lC
–δ
O2H + l CO H2 + O
+ +δ
H –
OH lC
⌧
ytivitag enort celE
- sdnuopmoc gniwollof ni mota lartnec fo ytivitagenortcele fo redro tcerroc eht eviG 7.xE
H C ≡ H C , 2H C = 2H C , 3 H C – 3H C
)c(
)b( )a(
- si redro tcerroc ehT
)C( snA a > c > b )D( a > b > c )C( b > a > c )B( c > b > a )A(
retcarahc -S- % .loS
% 52 =3ps = 3HC –3HC ni
% 33.33 =2ps = 2HC =2HC ni
% 05 = ps = HC ≡HC ni
: si redro ytivitagenortcele eht ,oS
3HC – 3 HC > 2HC = 2HC > HC ≡ HC
- htgnel dnob fo eulav tsehgih sah dnuopmoc gniwollof eht fo hcihW 8.xE
)C .snA( lCsC )D( IsC )C( rBsC )B( FsC )A(
.muminim si IsC fo .N.E ∆ ehT .loS
dnob F dna H ni retcarahc cinoi tnecrep ehT .ylevitcepser 1.2 dna 0.4 era H dna F fo seitivitagenortcele ehT 9.xE
- si
)A( snA 93 )D( 49 )C( 43 )B( 34 )A(
34 = 2)1.2 – 0.4( 5.3 + )1.2 – 0.4( 61 = retcarahc cinoI % .loS
- ytreporp cidica rof tcerroc si redro gniwollof eht fo hcihW 01.xE

S2H = 3HP = 4HiS )B( S2H > 3 HP > 4HiS )A(
)D .snA( S2 H < 3HP < 4HiS )D( S2H > 3HP < 4HiS )C(
.slatem-non rof doirep a ni esaercni sedirdyh fo retcarahc cidica ehT .loS
SELPMEXE DEVLOS
dna .N.E dna .A.E ,tnemele na rof taht devresbo si tI - gniwollof eht ni tcerroc si hcihW 1.Q
nehw ecneH .noitcerid emas eht ni yrav yllausu .P.I +lC fo taht elihw ,Å 99.0 si smota lC fo suidaR )A(
.N.E sesaercni osla .P.I eht esaercni .N.E dna .A.E Å 45.1 si noi
.A.E dna .P.I fo deulav naem eht sah aN fo taht elihw ,Å 99.0 si smota lC fo suidaR )B(
.A.E + .P.I Å 45.1 si mota
= .N.E –lC fo taht elihw ,Å 59.0 si smota lC fo suidaR )C(
2
0 = .A.E – .P.I – .N.E2 ro .A.E + .P.I = .N.E2 ∴ Å 18.0 si noi
+aN fo taht elihw ,Å 59.0 si smota aN fo suidaR )D(
cinortcele llehs ecnelav lanoitpecxe sah dP 6.Q Å 45.1 si noi

- fo rebmem a si tI .0s501d4 fo noitarugifnoc oslA .doirep eht gnola sesaerced suidar cimota ehT )B(.snA
01 puorG ,doireP ht5 )A( smota tnerap rieht naht rellams syawla era snoitac
21 puorG ,doireP ht4 )B( .mota tnerap rieht neht rgral syawla era snoina dna
01 puorG ,doireP ht6 )C(
41 puorG ,doireP ht5 )D( - 2OC htiw cinortceleosi si ′N fo edixo hcihW 2.Q
stI .dP fo noitarugifnoc lanoitpecxe eht si 0s501d4 )A(.snA ON )B( 2ON )A(
.2s5 ,8d4]rK63[ eb dluohs noitarugifnoc cinortcele O
3 2 N )D ( O2N )C(
sti suhT .2OC htiw cinortceleosi si O2N )C(.snA
ht5 = doireP
snortcele d)1 – n( + sn = puorG eht yllaciremun eb dluow aN fo laitnetop noitazinoI 3.Q
01 = 8 + 2 = - sa emas
+aN fo ytiniffa nortcelE )A(
+aN fo ytivitagenortcelE )B(

,2s1 si tnemele na fo noitarugifnoc cinortcele ehT 7.Q
tnemele eht fo rebmun cimota ehT .4p32s3,6p22s2 eH fo ytiniffa nortcelE )C(
cidoirep eht ni tnemele evoba eht woleb tsuj tneserp gM fo laitnetop noitazinoI )D(
- elbat ev+ = aN fo EI ;e + +aN → aN )A(.snA
43 )B( 63 )A( ev– = aN fo EI ;aN → e → aN
23 )D( 33 )C( erutan ni etisoppo tub lauqe era htoB
)S(61 = .oN .tA )B(.snA
rebmun cimota sah tnemele siht woleb tnemele txeN ,1.7 era tnemele na fo 5 PI dna 4PI ,3PI ,2PI ,1PI ehT 4.Q
43 = 81 + 61 = si tnemele ehT .ylevitcepser Ve2.261 ,8.64 ,5.43 ,3.41
- eb ot ylekil
eerht trevnoc ot dedeen ygrene eht etaluclaC 8.Q
iS )B( aN )A(
ot etats suoesag eht ni smota muidos fo selom
si muidos fo ygrene noitazinoi ehT .snoi muidos aC )D( F )C(
.1–lom Jk 594 lavomer suht dna 5PI ni tsixe seulav PI ni pmuj ehT )B(.snA
Jk 594 )B( Jk 5841 )A( suhT .llehs renni morf srucco nortcele htfif fo
ycnelav sti ni snortcele ruof sniatnoc tnemele
enoN )D( Jk 5.841 )C(
.llehs
ot )g( muidos fo elom 1 trevnoc ot dedeen ygrenE )A(.snA
Jk 594 = snoi muidos
- tcerroc si noitaler gniwollof eht fo hcihW 5.Q
ot )g( aN fo elom 3 trevnoc ot dedeen ygrene ∴
Jk 5841 = 3 × 594 = snoi +aN 0 = .N.E – .A.E – .P.I 2 )A(
0 = .A.E + .N.E – .P.I 2 )B(
- si gniwollof eht gnoma seiceps citengamarap ehT 9.Q 0 = .A.E – .P.I – .N.E 2 )C(
+3eF ,+uC ,+2nZ ,+aN 0 = .A.E – .P.I – .N.E )D(
+2nZ )B( +aN )A( sdnats .A.E ytivitagenortcele rof sdnats .N.E erehW )C(.snA
+3eF )D( +uC )C( noitazinoI rof sdnats .P.I dna ytiniffa nortcele rof
.laitnetop
lartuen emos rof snoitarugifnoc cinortcele ehT 21.Q deriapnu eno tsael ta evah seiceps citengamaraP )D(.snA
: woleb nevig era smota dna noitarugifnoc cinortcele eht etirW .nortcele
1s3 ,6p2 2s2 ,2s1 )ii( 2s3 ,6p2 2s2 ,2s1 )i( .latibro deriapnu eht evresbo
3 p3 2s3,6p2 2s2 ,2s1 )vi( 2p32 s3 ,6p2 2 s2 ,2s1 )iii( : deriap lla – 6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 : +aN
tsehgih eht evah ot detcepxe si eseht fo hcihW )11(
? yplahtne noitazinoi dnoces deriap llA – d3 p3 s3 , p2 s2 , s1 ; 2nZ
0 1 6 2 6 2 2 +
)ii( )B( )i( )A( )03(

)vi( )D( )iii( )C( 0 1 6 2 6 2 2
deriap llA – d3 p3 s3 , s2 s2 , s1 : uC +
seriuqca nortcele tsomretuo gnisol retfa mota B )B(.snA )92(

.)noitarugifnoc elbats( noitarugifnoc sag elbon slatibro deriapnU – 5d36p32s3 ,6 p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 : +3eF
morf nortcele txen eht evomer ot tluciffid si tI )62(
.noi )6p2 2s2 ,2s1( +B
gnoma ezis cimota fo redro gnisaerced tcerroc ehT 01.Q

eht fo hcihw ni muminim si rC fo suidar cinoi ehT 31.Q +2aC ,–2S ,–lC ,+ K ,rA : si seiceps gniwollof eht
? sdnuopmoc gniwollof –2S > –lC > rA > +K > +2aC )A(
3lCrC )B( 3FrC )A( –2S > rA > –lC > +2aC > +K )B(
4OrC2K )D( 3O2rC )C( +2aC > +K > rA > –lC > –2S )C(
4 OrC 2K ni )6+( re bm un no itadixo mumixa m sah rC )D(.snA +K > +2aC > –lC > rA > –2S )D(
.suidar cinoi muminim sah ,suht dna
sa sesaerced ezis cimota eht ,snoi cinortceleosi nI )C(.snA
.sesaercni oitar e/z
redro gnisaercni ni +3bY dna 3mP ,+3aL ,+3eC egnarrA 41.Q
- ezis rieht fo 81 z 71 z 61 z
; = rA ; = –lC ; = –2S
+3aL < +3eC < +3mP < +3bY )A( 81 e 81 e 81 e
+3aL < +3mP < +3bY < +3eC )B( 02 z +2 91 z
= aC ; = +K
+3eC < +3aL < +3mP < +3bY )C( 81 e 81 e
+3bY < +3eC < +3aL < +3mP )D(
txen eht fo rebmun cimota eht eb dluohs tahW 11.Q
,snoi eseht ni devresbo si noitcartnoc edinahtnaL )A(.snA ? erutuf ni derevocsid fi negolah
rebmun cimota sa sesaerced suidar cinoi ,.e.i
121 )D( 711 )C( 911 )B( 511 )A(
.sesaercni 5 2
r e t u o p 7 s 7 e v a h l l i w n e g o l a h t x e n e h T )C(.snA
lliw slatibro-p7 fo gnillif eht ,ecniS .noitarugifnoc
cimota eht suht ,slatibro-d6 dna f5 retfa nigeb
eht ot pu( 211 eb lliw negolah wen eht fo rebmun
.711 ,.e.i ,5 sulp )slatibro-d6 fo gnillif

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ELBAT CIDOIREP

: era elbaT cidoireP ni snoitseuQ fo rebmun latoT

01 ............................................................ selpmaxE retpahC nI

41 .................................................................. selpmaxE devloS

42 ......................................................... snoitseuq fo .on latoT

ELBAT CIDOIREP FO TNEMPOLEVED .2

- ot elbacilppa si sdairt fo wal ehT 1.xE

- no elbacilppa ton si sdairt fo wal ehT 2.xE

]5681[ ELUR EVATCO DNALWEN 2.2

]9681[ EVRUC S’REYEM REHTOL 3.2

slatem noitisnart dna diollateM

]9681[ ELBAT CIDOIREP S’VEELEDNEM 4.2

- elbat cidoirep s’veeledneM fo stiremeD )vi(

.spuorg tnereffid ni decalp erew stnemele ekiL )d(

)ELBAT CIDOIREP VEELEDNEM DEIFIDOM( ELBAT CIDOIREP NREDOM .3

syar-X fo ycneuqerf = ν erehw Z ∝ ν taht tuo dnuof eH

doireP fo emaN tnemelE stnemele fo .oN llehs buS n doireP

1s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = aN

: slatem htrae ilaklA/AII/ dn2

2 = –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmuN

3 = –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmuN

2 p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = eG

4 = –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmuN

3pn 2sn = noitarugifnoc cinortcele lareneG

5 = –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmuN

)gnimrof erO( : negoclahC/ylimaf negyxO/AIV/ht61

4p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = S

4p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6 p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = eS

6 = –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmuN

)gnimrof tlaS( : snegolaH/ylimaf negolaH/AIIV/ht71

5p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6 p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = rB

7 = –e llehs ecnelav fo rebmuN

: sesag elboN/sesag trenI/puorg oreZ/ht81

6p3 ,2 s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = rA

6p4 ,01d3 ,2s4 ,6p3 ,2s3 ,6p2 ,2s2 ,2s1 = rK

: stnioP tnatropmI )v(

: stnemele fo erutalcnemoN )iv(

mui - si xiffus stnemele eht lla nI )b(

- elbat cidoirep fo mrof gnol fo stiremeD )iiiv(

. n o i t a r u g i f n o c c i n o r t c e l e f o s i s a b e h t n o s t r a p r u o f n i d e d i v i d e b n a c s t n e m e l E - noitacifissalc rhoB )A(

- stnemele sag trenI )i(

- stnemele evitatneserpeR ro lamroN )ii(

- stnemele noitisnarT )iii(

BI + IIIV + BIIV ot BIII – puorg )a(

- stnemele noitisnart rennI )vi(

)stnemele 41 301wL – 09hT( senonitcA/stnemele edam naM/seires edinitcA )B(

- stnemele kcolb-s )i(

2 – 1sn – noitarugifnoc cinortcelE )d(

- stnemele kcolb-f )vi(

)82( – stnemele kcolb-f fo rebmun latoT )e(

– ylimaf ro puorg a ni rebmem evisseccus eht fo .on cimota gnitciderP

81 71 ,61 ,51 ,41 ,31 21 ,11 ,01 ,9 ,8 ,7 ,6 ,5 ,4 3 2 1 puorG

1 = H fo ycnelaV : enirolhC dna negordyH ot tcepser htiw ycnelaV

: STNIOP GNITLEM DNA STNIOP GNILIOB 3.7

)C º0143 ( .P.M .xaM ) notsgnuT ( W

)C º7273 ( .P.M tsehgiH ) dnomaid fo mrof aht nI ( nobraC

)suidaR tnelavoC dednoB elgniS RCBS( : suidar tnelavoC )i(

Å4= Ar neviG .loS

: suidaR cinoI )ii(

sC < bR < K < aN < iL sllehs fo .oN ∝ suidar cimotA )b(

tceffe gnineercS ∝ suidar cimotA )c(

: ezis cimota fo noitairav cidoireP )iv(

YPLAHTNE NOITASINOI RO YGRENE NOITASINOI RO LAITNETOP NOITASINOI .9