Class XI Maths Limits and Derivatives 1 PDF

M AT H E M AT I C S
S T U D Y M A T E R I A L

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
AIEEE

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CONTENTS
C O N T E N T S
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
Theory
Solved Examples
Exercises
Level – I
Level – II
Level – III
Questions asked in AIEEE and other Engineering Exams
Answers
Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
LIMITS AND DERIV ATIVES

DERIVATIVES
AIEEE Syllabus
Limits, Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions,
differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and
implicit functions, derivatives of order up to two.
CONTENTS
♦ Definition of a limit
♦ Trigonometric limits
♦ Exponential and logarithmic limits INTRODUCTION
♦ Approximations
♦ Some useful expansions This chapter is an introduction to
♦ Indeterminate forms calculus. Calculus is that branch of
♦ Limit of greatest integer function
mathematics which mainly deals with
♦ Sandwich Theorem
♦ Derivative of a function the study of change in the value of a
♦ Some differentiation formulae function as the points in the domain
♦ Algebra of differentiation change. In this chapter we define limit
♦ Differentiation of implicit functions
and some algebra of limits. Also we
♦ Derivative of parametric functions
♦ Derivative of a function w.r.t. another function study derivative and algebra of
♦ Use of log in finding derivatives of the function of derivatives and derivatives of certain
type (f(x))g(x)
standard functions.
♦ Differentiation using trigonometrical substitutions
♦ Higher order differentiation
♦ Derivative of infinite series
♦ Differentiation of a determinant function
1
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Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives
1. DEFINITION
If y = f(x) is any function which is defined in a neighbourhood of a then for some ‘ ∈ ’ greater than zero
there exists a δ > 0 such that |f(x) – l| < ∈ ⇒ | x − a | < δ then l is said to be limit of the function when
x-approches a. It is symbolically written as Lt f (x) = l
x →a
2. STANDARD FORMULA
xn − an
Lt = na n −1 ; x ≠ a ; n is a rational number or integer.
x →a x−a
x m − a m m m−n
Remark : Lt = a
x →a xn − an n
3. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS
sin x
(i) lim =1 (ii) lim cos x = 1
x →0 x →0
x
tan x sin −1 x
(iii) lim =1 (iv) lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x
tan −1 x sin x o π
(v) lim =1 (vi) lim =
x →0 x x →0 x 180
4. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC LIMITS

ex − 1 ax −1
(i) Lt =1 (ii) Lt = log e a (a > 0)
x →0 x x →0 x
a x − bx a (1 + x) n − 1
(iii) lim = log e   , a, b > 0 (iv) lim =n
x →0 x b x →0 x
x
 1
(v) Lt (1 + x)1/ x = e = Lt  1 +  (vi) lim (1 + ax)1/ x = ea
x →0 x →∞
 x x →0
x
 a
(vii) lim  1 +  = ea
x →∞
 x
f (x)
 1 
(viii) lim 1 + f (x)  = e , where f (x) → ∞ as x → ∞
x →∞
 
log x
lim (1 + f (x) ) =e = 0 (m > 0)
1/ f (x)
(ix) (x) lim
x →a x →∞ xm
log a (1 + x)
(xi) lim = log a e (a > 0, a ± 1)
x →0 x
2
5. APPROXIMATIONS
a2x2
(i) sin ax ! ax (ii) cos ax ! 1 −
2
(iii) tan ax ! ax (iv) eax ! 1 + ax
(v) e−ax ! 1 − ax (vi) log(1 + ax) ! ax

(vii) a ! 1 + (logea)x
x
(viii) sinhax ! ax
a2x2
(ix) tanhax ! ax (x) coshax ! 1 +
2
x
(xi)
n
1± x !1± , |x| < 1
n
6. SOME USEFUL EXPANSIONS

If x → 0 and there is at least one function in the given expansion which can be expanded, then we
express numerator and denominator in the ascending powers of x and remove the common factor
there, the following expansions of some standard functions should be remembered.
x x2 x x 2 x3
(a) ex = 1 + + + ...... (b) e− x = 1 − + − + .....
1 2 1 2 3
(log a)x (log a)2 x 2 x 2 x3

(c) ax =1+ + + ...... (d) log(1 + x) = x − + − .....
1 2 2 3
 x 2 x3  x2 x4
(e) log(1 − x) = −  x + + + ..... (f) cos x = 1 − + − .......
 2 3  2 4
x3 x5 x3 x5
(g) sin x = x − + − ....... (h) sin h x = x + + + .......
3 5 3 5
x 3 2x 5 x 3 2x 5
(i) tan x = x − + − ....... (j) tan h x = x + + + .......
3 15 3 15
x2 x4 π  x 3 9x 5 
(k) cos h x = 1 + + + ....... (l) cos −1 x = −x + + + ...... 
2 4 2  3 5 
x 3 9x 5 x3 x5 x7
(m) sin −1 x = x + + + ...... (n) tan −1 x = x − + − + ......
3 5 3 5 7
n(n − 1) 2
(o) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ....... where n ∈ z +
2
x
 1  x 11 2 
(p)  1 +  = e  1 − + x + ...... 
 x  2 24 
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NARAYANA
7. INDETERMINATE FORMS
The forms which cannot be defined exactly are called indeterminate forms, they are
0 ∞
, , 0 × ∞ , ∞ − ∞ , 00, ∞0 and 1∞
0 ∞
L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE
f (x) 0 ∞ f ′(x) f ′(x)

If Lt takes the form of or then the limit of the function is xLt , if xLt
x → a g(x) 0 ∞ → a g′(x) → a g′(x) itself
0 ∞ f ′′(x)
takes the form again , then the limit of the function is xLt
→a g ′′(x) and the process is continued
0 ∞
0 ∞
till , is eliminated then limit is obtained.
0 ∞
0 ∞
1. If 0 × ∞ form is given, convert it in the form of , by taking one term to the denominater
0 ∞
then apply L’Hospital’s Rule.
0 ∞
2. If (∞ − ∞) form is given, take L.C.M convert it in the form of or form, then take the
0 ∞
help of L’Hospital’s Rule.
3. 00 and ∞ 0 form is given take the help of logarithms convert the problem again in the form of
0 ∞
or form and then use L’Hospital’s Rule.
0 ∞
If Lt [f (x)]
Lt g( x )[f ( x ) −1]
takes the form of 1∞ then write it as Lt ( f (x) )
g(x)
= e x →a
g( x )
4.
x →a x →a
8. LIMIT OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

Greatest integer function is denoted by [.]
Let a ∈ R then two cases arise.
Case (1) if a ∈ integer then we have
1. Lt [x] = a
x →a +
2. Lt [x] = a − 1
x →a−
3. Lt [x] does not exist

x →a
Case (2) If a ∉ integer then

Lt [x] = c
x →c
4
sin[x]
Example : If f (x) = , [x] ≠ 0
[x]
=0 [x] = 0
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then find Lt f (x)
x →0
Solution : Lt f (0 − h) = Lt f (0 + h)
h →0 h →0
sin[ − h] sin[h]
⇒ Lt = Lt ⇒ sin1 ≠ 1
h →0 [− h] h → 0 [h]
9. SANDWICH THEOREM y
Suppose that g(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open
h(x)
interval containing c, except possibly at ‘c’ itself. f(x)
!
Suppose also that g(x)
Lt g(x) = Lt h(x) = ! then Lt f (x) = !
x →c x →c x →c
This is called sandwich theorem. O c
10. SPECIAL TYPES OF LIMITS

1. Use of Leibnitz’s formula for evaluating the limit
Consider the integral
ψ(x)
g(x) = ∫
φ( x )
f (t) dt then
g ′(x) = f [ψ (x)] ψ ′(x) − f (φ(x)) φ′(x)

2. Summation of series using definite integral as the limit of a sum.
It is used in the expression of the form
r
b
1 n
Lt
n →∞ n
∑
r =1
f   = ∫ f (x) dx
n a
To Evaluate such limits we note the following
(a) ∑ is replaced by sign of integration
r
(b) → x (r = x , n = 1)
n
1
(c) → dx
n
(d) Lower limit is always zero.
(e) Upper limit is Coefficient of n in the upper limit of Σ
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DERIVATIVES
11. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
Let y = f(x) be a function defined on an interval [a, b]. Let for a small increment δx in x, the corresponding
increment in the value of y be δy. Then
y = f(x) and y + δy = f(x + δx)
On subtraction, we get
δy = f(x + δx) – f(x)
δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
or =
δx δx
Taking limit on both sides when δx → 0 we have,
δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
lim = lim
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx
if this limit exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y with respect to x and is
dy
written as or f ′(x) . Thus
dx
dy δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
∴ = lim = lim . This is called Differentiation from first principle.
dx δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx
Derivative at a point:
The value of f ′(x) obtained by putting x = a, is called the derivative of f(x) at x = a and it is denoted
 dy 
by f ′(a) or  
 dx x = a
dy d d
Note : is ( y ) in which is simply a symbol of operation and not 'd' divided by dx.
dx dx dx
12. SOME DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE

d d n n–1
(i) (constant) = 0 (ii) (x ) = nx
dx dx
d x x d x x
(iii) (e ) = e (iv) (a ) = a loge a
dx dx
d 1 d 1
(v) (logex) = (vi) (loga x) = x log a
dx x dx e
d d
(vii) (sin x) = cos x (viii) (cos x) = – sinx
dx dx
6
d 2 d 2
(ix) (tan x) = sec x (x) (cot x) = – cosec x
dx dx
d d
(xi) (sec x) = sec x tan x (xii) (cosec x) = – cosecx cotx
dx dx
d –1
1 d –1 1
(xiii) (sin x) = (xiv) (cos x) = –
dx 1− x 2 dx
1− x 2
d –1 1 d –1 1
(xv) (tan x) = (xvi) (cot x) = –
dx 1+ x2 dx 1+ x2
d 1 d −1
–1 –1
(xvii) (sec x) = (xviii) (cosec x) =
dx | x | x2 −1 dx | x | x2 −1
d ax ax ax –1 b
(xix)
dx
(e sin bx) = e (a sin bx + b cos bx) = a 2 + b 2 e sin (bx + tan a
)
d ax ax ax –1 b
(xx)
dx
(e cos bx) = e (a cos bx – b sin bx) = a 2 + b 2 e cos (bx + tan a
)
d x |x|
(xxi) |x| = | x | or : x≠0
dx x
d 1
(xxii) log |x| =
dx x
13. ALGEBRA OF DIFFERENTIATION

(i) Sum and difference rule
d d d
[f1(x) ± f2 (x)] = [f1(x)] ± [f2 (x)]
dx dx dx
(ii) Scalar multiple rule
d d
[k f(x)] = k [f(x)] , where k is any constant
dx dx
(iii) Product rule
d d d
[f1(x).f2 (x)] = [f1(x)] [f2 (x)] + [f2 (x)] [f1 (x)]
dx dx dx
(iv) Quotient rule
d d
f2 (x) [f1(x)] − f1(x) [f2 (x)]
d  f1(x)  dx dx
  =
d x  f2 (x)  [f2 (x)]2
(v) Chain rule
d y d y du dv
if y = f1(u), u = f2(v) and v = f3(x) then d x = d u . d v . d x
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NARAYANA
14. DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Let x and y are two functions of variable 't' (parameter) such that x = f(t) and y = g(t). then
 dy 
dy  dt  g′(t)
= =
dx  dx  f ′(t)
 
 dt 
dy
Example - 1 If x = a(cosθ + θsinθ), y = a(sinθ – θcosθ) then find .
dx
dx dy
Solution : = a[ − sin θ + sin θ + θ cos θ] = aθ cos θ ; = a(cos θ − cos θ + θ sin θ) = aθ sin θ
dθ dθ
dy
∴ = tan θ
dx
15. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

If in an equation, x and y both occur together. i.e. f(x, y) = 0 or f(x, y) = c and this function can not
be solved either for 'y' or 'x' then f(x, y) is called the implicit function of x (or y).
∂f
−
dy ∂ x −(yx y −1 + y x log y)
= =
y x b
If x + y = a , then
dx ∂f (x y log x + xy x −1 )
∂y
15.1. WORKING RULE FOR FINDING THE DERIVATIVE

Method – 1
(i) Differentiate every term of f(x, y) = 0 with respect to 'x'.
dy dy
(ii) Collect the coefficients of and obtain the value of .
dx dx
Method – 2
∂f
−
dy ∂x f ∂f ∂f
If f(x, y) = constant, then = = − x where and
dx ∂f fy ∂x ∂ y are partial differential coefficients of
∂y
f(x, y) with respect to x and y respectively.
Note : An implicit function can be differentiated either with respect to 'x' or with respect to 'y'
16. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER

FUNCTION
Let y = f(x) and z = g(x) be two functions of 'x' then the derivative of f(x) w.r.t g(x) or derivative of
dy
y is denoted by
dz
 dy 
dy  dx  f ′(x)
i.e. = =
dz  dz  g′(x)
 dx 
 
8
 2x   1− x2 
Example - 2 Find the derivative of sin−1  2 
with respect to cos −1  2 
 1+ x   1+ x 
−1  2x  2
Solution : Let f(x) = sin  2 
= 2 tan−1 x ∴ f ′(x) =
 1+ x  1+ x2
−1  1 − x 
2
2
Let g(x) = cos  2 
= 2 tan−1 x ∴ g′(x) =
 1 + x  1 + x2
Hence the derivative of f(x) with respect to g(x) is
f ′(x) 2 /1 + x 2
= =1
g′(x) 2 /1 + x 2
17. USE OF LOG IN FINDING DERIVATIVES OF THE FUNCTION OF

TYPE (f(x) )g(x)
Let y = [f(x)]
g( x )
Taking log on both sides we get log y = g(x) . log f(x)

Differentiating we get
dy g( x )  f ′(x) 
= [f(x)] ⋅ g′(x) log f(x) + g(x)
dx  f(x) 
 tan x 
Example - 3
dx
x {
d tan x
}
= x tan x  sec 2 x log x +
 x 
18. DIFFERENTIATION USING TRIGONOMETRICAL SUBSTITUTIONS

–1 –1 –1
(i) sin x ± sin y = sin [x 1− y 2 ± y 1− x 2 ]
(ii) cos
–1
x ± cos
–1
y = cos
–1
[xy ∓ (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 )]
–1 –1 –1
x±y –1 –1
(iii) tan x ± tan y = tan   (iv) 2 sin x = sin ( 2x 1 − x 2 )
1 ∓ x y 
 2x 
(v) 2 cos
–1
x = cos
–1 2
(2x – 1) (vi) 2 tan
–1
x = tan
–1
 
 1− x2 
 2x   1− x2 
–1 –1   –1 –1  
(vii) 2 tan x = sin  1 + x2  (viii) 2 tan x = cos  1 + x2 
   
π  1− x 
(ix)
–1
– tan x = tan
–1   (x) 3 sin
–1
x = sin
–1
(3x – 4x )
3
4 1+ x 
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NARAYANA
 3x − x 3 
–1 –1 3 –1 –1  
(xi) 3 cos x = cos (4x – 3x) (xii) 3 tan x = tan  1 − 3x 2 
 
–1 –1 π –1 –1 π
(xiii) sin x + cos x = (xiv) tan x + cot x =
2 2
–1 –1 π
(xv) sec x + cosec x =
2
19. SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION

(i) If the function involve the term a 2 − x 2 , then put x = a sin θ, or x = a cos θ
(ii) If the function involve the term x 2 + a 2 , then put x = a tan θ
(iii) If the function involve the term x 2 − a 2 , then put x = a sec θ
 a−x 
 
(iv) If the function involve the term  a + x  , then put x = a cos θ
 
th
20. n DIFFERENTIATION OF SUITABLE FUNCTION
n m n m–n
(1) D (ax + b) = m(m – 1) (m – 2) ........... (m – n + 1) a (ax + b)
(2) If m ∈ N and m > n, then
n m
m! n m–n
D (ax + b) = (m − n) ! a (ax + b)
m!
Dn ( x m ) = x m −n
(m − n) !
n n n
(3) D (ax + b) = n ! a
n n
D (x ) = n !
 1  ( −1) n ! a
n n
(4) Dn   = n +1
 ax + b  (ax + b)
 1  ( −1) n !
n
Dn   =
x x n +1
n ( −1)n −1(n − 1) ! n
(5) D {log (ax +b)} = a
(ax + b)n
n ( −1)n −1(n − 1) !
D (log x) =
xn
n ax n ax
(6) D (e ) = a e
n mx n mx n
(7) D (a ) = (log a) a .m
10
n n π
(8) D {sin (ax + b)} = a sin (ax + b + n )
2
n π
D (sin x) = sin (x + n )
2
n n π
(9) D {cos (ax + b)} = a cos (ax + b + n )
2
n π
D (cos x) = cos (x + n )
2
n ax 2 2 n/2 ax –1 b
(10) D {e sin (bx + c)} = (a + b ) e sin (bx + c + n tan )
a
n ax 2 2 n/2 ax –1 b
(11) D {e cos (bx + c)} = (a + b ) e cos (bx + c + n tan )
a
n –1 x ( −1)n−1(n − 1) ! sinn θ sin n θ

(12) D (tan ) =
a an
–1 a
Where θ = tan ( )
x
n –1 n–1 n
(13) D (tan x) = (–1) (n–1) ! sin θ sin nθ
–1 1
Where θ = tan ( )
x
3 3
dy
Example - 4 If x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ, then find d x .
3
Solution : Since x = a cos θ
dx d (cos3 θ) d (cos θ)
∴ =a . (Using chain rule)
dθ (cos θ) dθ
2 2
= 3a cos θ (–sin θ) = –3a cos θ sin θ
3
and y = a sin θ
dy d (sin3 θ) d (sin θ)
∴ =a . 2
= 3a sin θ . cos θ
dθ d (sin θ) dθ
dy
 
d y  d θ  3a sin2 θ cos θ
Now, = = = − tan θ
d x  d x  −3a cos2 θ sin θ
 
dθ
21. HIGHER ORDER DIFFERENTIATION

th
If y = f(x) be a differentiable function of x, such that whose second, third............, n derivatives exist.
th d y d2 y dn y
The first, second, third ........., n derivatives of y = f(x) are denoted respectively by , 2 , .......,
d x dx dx n
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NARAYANA
(n)
Also denoted by y', y"........y
y1, y2, y3..............,yn
n
f', f".............f
2 3 n
dy, d y, d y,.........d y
ln x d2 y
Example - 5 If y = then find
x d x2
ln x
Solution : We have y =
x
xy = ln x .....(1)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1
x d x + y .1= x
2 dy 2 dy
⇒ x d x + xy = 1 ⇒ x d x + ln x = 1 [From (1)] .....(2)
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
d2 y dy 1
x
2
2
+ . 2x + = 0
dx dx x
d2 y dy
⇒ x3 2
+ 2x 2 +1= 0
dx dx
3 d2 y
⇒ x + 2 (1 – ln x) + 1 = 0 [from (2)]
dx 2
d2 y d2 y 2 ln x − 3
Hence x3 2
= (2 ln x − 3) or 2
=
dx dx x3
22. DERIVATIVE OF INFINITE SERIES

If taking out one or more than one terms form an infinite series.
(A) If y = f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) + .........∞ then y = f ( x) + y

2
⇒ (y – y) = f(x)
dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (2y – 1) d x = f '(x)
{f ( x )}....... ∞ y
(B) If y = {f(x)}{f ( x )} then y = {f(x)}
y !n f(x)
⇒ y = e
12
dy  1 dy 
y ⋅ ⋅ f '(x) + ln f(x) ⋅ 
y ln f(x)
dx = e  f(x) dx 
dy y  y dy 
⇒  ⋅ f '(x) + ln f(x) ⋅ 
d x = {f(x)}  f(x) dx 
y dy y–1
⇒ {1 – {f(x)} ln f(x)} d x = y {f(x)} . f '(x)
dy
(C) y = f(x)
f(x)
then = f(x)f ( x ) ⋅ f ′(x)[1 + log f(x)]
dx
d x
(x ) = x x (1 + log x)
dx
d(sin x sin x ) = (sin x)sin x .cos x[1 + log sin x]
dy  f ′(x) 
g(x)
= f(x)g( x ) g′(x)logf(x) + g(x) ⋅
f(x) 
(D) y = f(x) then
dx 
1 
d
dx
{ }
(sin x)log x = (sin x)log x  log(sin x) + log x.cot x 
x 
1 dy y 2 f ′(x)
(E) y = f(x) + then = 2
1 dx y +1
f(x) + .....∞
f(x) +
1 + f(x)  dy 2f ′(x)
(F) y = log   then dx =
 1 − f(x)  1 − f 2 (x)
 1 + tan x  dy 2sec 2 x
y = log   then =
 1 − tan x  dx 1 − tan2 x
dy
Example - 6 If y = x + y + x + y + .......∞ then find d x
Solution : We have y = x + y + x + y + ......∞
⇒ y = x+ y+y
2
⇒ y – x = 2y
2 2
⇒ (y –x) = 2y
13
NARAYANA
 dy  dy
2 (y – x)  2 y d x − 1 = 2 d x
2
 
2
dy 2
⇒ (2y (y – x) –1) d x = (y – x)
dy ( y 2 − x)
Hence =
d x (2y 3 − 2xy − 1)
23. DIFFERENTIATION OF A DETERMINANT FUNCTION
f g h
! m n
If F(x) =
u v w
Where f, g, h, !, m, n, u, v, w are functions of x and differentiable then
f ' g' h' f g h f g h

! m n + !' m' n' + ! m n
F'(x) =
u v w u v w u' v' w '
f' g h f g' h f g h'

!' m n + ! m' n + ! m n'
or F'(x) =
u' v w u v' w u v w'
14
SOLVED EXAMPLES
a x − bx
Example - 1 Lt =
x →0 tan x
(1) log(a/b) (2) log(b/a)
(3) logab (4) a/b
Solution : Ans. (1)
(a x − 1) − (b x − 1)  x 
Lt  tan x 
x →0 x
a x − 1 bx − 1 tan x
Lt − (∵ Lt = 1)
x →0 x x x →0 x
= loga – logb = log(a/b)
Example - 2 Lt (cos x + a sin bx)1/ x =

x →0
(1) eab (2) ea/b

(3) log(a/b) (4) logab
Solution : Ans. (1)
∞
Given limit is in the form 1
 2
1
[cos x + a sin bx −1] ∵ cos x " 1 − x 
2 
Lt
e x→0 x 
 x2 
1− + abx −1
 2 
Lt ( sin bx " bx )
=e x →0 x
= e ab
 1 1 1 
Example - 3 Lt  + + .... + =
n →∞
 3.5 5.7 (2n + 1)(2n + 3) 
1 1
(1) (2)
2 3
1 1
(3) (4)
6 4
Solution : Ans. (3)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Lt  − + − + .... + − 
n →∞ 2 3 5 5 7 2n + 1 2n + 3 
1 1 1
= × =
2 3 6
15
NARAYANA
(x + 1)10 + (x + 4)10 + (x + 9)10 + ... + (x + 100)10

Example - 4 Lt =
x →∞ x10 + 10010
(1) 100 (2) 1000
(3) 10 (4) 1
Solution : Ans. (3)
 1 10  4
10
 100  
10
x10  1 +  +  1 +  + .... +  1 +  
 x   x  x  
Lt
x →∞  10010 
x10  1 + 10 
 x 
= 1 + 1 + ..... + 10 times
= 10
Note : If the degree of numerater and denomenater are equal, then the ratio of constant
terms is the limit when x → 0 and the ratio of coefficients of highest degree terms is the
limit when x → ∞ .
x2
∫ sin t dt
Example - 5 Lt 0
=
x →0 x3
3 1
(1) (2)
2 3
1 2
(3) (4)
2 3
Solution : Ans. (4)
d  
2
x
 ∫ sin t dt 
dx  0 
Lt
x →0 d 3
(x )
dx
sin x (2x)
= Lt (Use Leibnitz’s rule and sinx " x)
x →0 3x 2
2x ⋅ x 2
= Lt =
x →0 3x 2 3
[x] + [2x] + .... + [nx]
Example - 6 Lt is, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function
x →∞ n2
x x
(1) (2)
3 6
x
(3) does not exist (4)
2
Solution : Ans. (4)
Using the fact nx − 1 < [nx] ≤ nx
16
∴ ∑ (nx − 1) < ∑ [nx] ≤ nx

n(n + 1) n
n(n + 1)
⇒ x − n < ∑ [rn] ≤ x ⋅
2 r =1 2
 x n(n + 1) n  n
x.n(n + 1)
∴ Lt  ⋅
n →∞
2 n 2
−  < Lt ∑
n  n →∞ r =1
2
[rx] ≤ Lt
n →∞ 2n 2
n
x x
⇒ ≤ Lt
2 n →∞
∑[rx] ≤ 2
r =1
n
x
∴ Lt
n →∞
∑ [rx] = 2
r =1
(Using sandwich theorem)
 1 1 
Example - 7 Lt  2 − =
 sin x sinh x 
x →0 2
2
(1) (2) 0
3
1 2
(3) (4) −
3 3
Solution : Ans. (1)
sinh 2 x − sin 2 x sinh 2 x − sin 2 x

Lt = Lt
x →0 sinh 2 x sin 2 x x →0 x4
2sinh x cosh x − 2sin x cos x
= Lt (L.H.R)
x →0 4x 3
e 2x − e −2x
sinh 2x − sin 2x − sin 2x
= Lt = Lt 2
x →0 4x 3 x →0 4x 3
23 ⋅ e2 x − (−2)3 e −2x  3π 
− 23 sin  + 2x 
= Lt
2  2 
x →0 4.3!
( ∵ the degree of denominator is 3, we take the 3rd order derivative)
8+8
+8
16 2
= 2 == =
4.3.2 8.3 3
1 − cos(ax 2 + bx + c)
Example - 8 Let a, b be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then Lt is equal to
x →α (x − α) 2
(α − β)2 a2
(1) (2) − (α − β) 2
2 2
a2
(3) 0 (4) (α − β) 2
2
17
NARAYANA
Solution : Ans. (4)

1 − cos a(x − α)(x − β)
Lt (∵ ax 2 + bx + c ≡ a(x − α)(x − β) )
x →α (x − α) 2
 a2x2  a 2 (x − α ) 2 (x − β) 2 a 2 (α − β)2
 cos ax " 1 −  = Lt =
 2  x →α 2(x − α) 2 2
(1 − tan x / 2)(1 − sin x)

Example - 9 Lt =
x→
π (1 + tan x / 2) (π − 2x)3
2
1
(1) (2) 0
8
1
(3) (4) ∞
32
Solution : Ans. (3)
(1 − tan x / 2)(1 − sin x)

lim
x→
π (1 + tan x / 2)(π − 2x)3
2
π π
If x → then h → 0 put x = − h
2 2
π h
1 − tan  − 
= lim  4 2  ⋅ 1 − cosh = lim tan  π + π + h  ⋅ 1 − cosh  2
  cosh " 1 − h 
 π h  (2h)3  4 4 2  8h 2 
h →0 3
h →0
1 + tan  −  
4 2
h h2 h h2
tan ⋅ ⋅
= lim 2 2 = lim 2 2 = 1
h →0 8h 3 h → 0 8h 3 32
tan[e 2 ]x 4 − tan[ −e2 ]x 4
Example - 10 Lt =
x →0 sin 4 x
(1) 0 (2) 15
(3) 8 (4) 7
Solution : Ans. (2)
e2 = (2.718)2 = 7.3875
[e2] = 7, [–e2] = –8 ( ∵ tanax " ax , sin x " x )
tan 7x + tan 8x
4 4
15x 4
∴ Lt = 4 = 15
x →0 sin 4 x x
d  2  −1 1 + x


Example - 11 sin  cot  =
d x   1− x 
1
(1) − (2) 0
2
1
(3) (4) –1
2
18
Solution : Ans. (1)
 −1 1 + x

2  
Let y = sin  cot 1− x  . Put x = cos 2θ.
 
 −1  1 + cos 2θ  
2
∴ y = sin cot    = sin2 cot–1 (cot θ)
  1 − cos 2θ  
1 − cos 2θ 1− x 1 x
= −
2
∴ y = sin θ = =
2 2 2 2
dy 1
∴ =− .
dx 2
a−x dy
Example - 12 If y = (a − x )( x − b ) - (a – b) tan
–1
  then find
 x −b dx.
x−a a−x
(1)   (2)  
 x −b x+b
a−x x+a
(3)   (4)
 x −b x+b
Solution : Ans. (3)

2 2
Let x = a cos θ + b sin θ
2 2 2
∴ a – x = a – a cos θ – b sin θ = (a – b) sin θ .....(1)
2 2 2
and x – b = a cos θ + b sin θ – b = (a – b) cos θ .....(2)
–1
∴ y = (a – b) sin θ cos θ – (a – b) tan tanθ
(a − b )
= sin2θ – (a – b) θ
2
d y
 
d y  d θ  (a − b) cos 2θ − (a − b) 1 − cos 2θ
Then = = = = tan θ
d x d x (b − a) sin 2θ sin 2θ
 
dθ
a−x
=   [From (1) and (2)]
 x −b
–1  1  −1
Example - 13 Derivative of sec  2  w.r.t 1+ 3 x at x = 3 is-
 2x − 1 
1
(1) 0 (2)
2
1 1
(3) (4)
3 6
19
NARAYANA
Solution : Ans. (1)
–1  1 
Let y = sec  2 −  and z= 1 + 3x
 2x 1 
dy −4x 2
−4x × 1 + 3x
dy dx (2x 2 − 1) ⋅ 1 (2x 2 − 1)2 3
∴ = = ⋅ =
dx dz  1 
2 3
 1 
2
dx  2  − 1 2 1 + 3x  2  −1
 2x − 1   2x − 1 
 d y 
∴   =0.
 d x  −1
x =
3
1 1 dy
Example - 14 If x = θ – and y = θ + , then d x =
θ θ
x y
(1) y (2)
x
−x −x
(3) y (4) y
Solution : Ans. (1)
1 dx 1
x=θ– ⇒ dθ =1+ 2 ,
θ θ
1 dy 1
y=θ+ ⇒ =1– 2
θ dθ θ
dy 1 1
1− θ−
dy dθ θ 2
θ = x
∴ = = =
dx dx 1 1 y
1+ 2 θ+
dθ θ θ
2   a − b   x  d2 y
Example - 15 If y = . tan −1    tan   then find .
(a 2 − b 2 )   a + b   2  d x2
b cos x b sin x
(1) (2)
(a + b cos x ) 2
(a + b cos x )2
b sin x b cos x
−
(3) (4)
(a + b cos x )
2
(b + a cos x ) 2
Solution : Ans. (2)
2 –1   a − b   x 
We have y = . tan    tan  
(a − b )
2 2
  a + b   2 
20
a−b x
Let u=   tan   .............(1)
a+b 2
2
∴ y= . tan −1 u
(a − b )
2 2
dy 2 1 2 1
∴ = . = .
(a − b ) 1 + u
2
(a − b ) 1 + u
du 2 2 2 2 2
2  1 
=   [From (1)]
(a 2 − b 2 )  1 +  a − b tan 2 x  
.
 2  
 a+b
2 1
= .
(a − b ) 1 +  a − b 
2 2  1 − cos x 
 
  
 a+b  1 + cos x 
2 (a + b) (1 + cos x)
.
=
(a 2 − b 2 ) {(a + b) (1 + cos x) + (a − b) (1 − cos x)}
(a + b) (1 + cos x )
2
= . .....(2)
(a − b ) (2a + 2b cos x )
2 2
du a −b 1 x a−b 1

and =   . sec 2   =   . ........(3)
dx a+b 2 2  a + b  (1 + cos x )
∴ dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
a+b (1 + cos x ) a−b

=   . .   [from (2) and (3)]
a−b (a + b cos x )  a + b 
1
=
a + b cos x
d2 y b sin x
=
dx 2 (a + b cos x)2
 y − x2  dy
 2  , then d x equals-
tan−1
Example - 16 If x = e
 x 
2 2
(1) x [1 + tan (log x) + sec x] (2) 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + sec x
(3) 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + sec x (4) none of these
Solution : Ans. (4)
21
NARAYANA
Taking log on both sides, we get
 y − x2 
–1  
log x = tan  x2 
 
2 2
⇒ tan (log x) = (y – x ) / x
2 2
⇒ y = x + x tan (log x)
dy 2
∴ d x = 2x + 2x tan (log x) + x sec (log x)
2
= 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + x sec (log x)
2 y x dy
Example - 17 If x e + 2xye + 13 = 0, then d x equals
2xe y − x + 2y ( x + 1) 2xe x − y + 2y ( x + 1)
(1) − (2)
x( xe y − x + 2) x( xe y − x + 2)
2 xe x − y + 2y ( x + 1)
(3) − (4) none of these
x ( xe y − x + 2)
Solution : Ans. (1)
Using partial derivatives, we have
dy  2xe y + 2ye x + 2xye x 

= − 
dx  x 2 e y + 2xe x
 2xe y − x + 2y + 2xy 
=–  
 x 2 e y − x + 2x 
 2xe y − x + 2y (x + 1) 
−
=  y−x 
 x (xe + 2) 
dy
Example - 18 If y = sin x + sin x + ........ , then d x equals-
sin x cos x
(1) 2y + 1 (2) 2y − 1
cos x
(3) 2y + 1 (4) none of these
Solution : Ans. (2)
y = sin x + y
2 2
⇒ y = sin x + y ⇒ y – y – sin x = 0
dy − cos x cos x
∴ =− =
dx 2y − 1 2y − 1
22
2 2 1 4 4 2 1 dy
Example - 19 If x + y = t – , x + y = t + 2 , then d x equals-
t t
1 1
(1) 2 (2)
x y x y3
1 1
(3) (4) −
x3y x y3
Solution : Ans. (3)
Squaring the first equation, we have
4 4 2 2 2 1
x + y + 2x y = t + –2
t2
2 1 2 2 2 1
⇒ t + 2 + 2x y = t + –2 (from second equation)
t t2
1
⇒ y = −
2 2 2
⇒ x y = –1
x2
dy 2 dy 1
∴ 2y d x = 3 ⇒ dx = 3
x x y
2 d  3 d2 y 
Example - 20 If y = p(x) is a polynomial of degree 3, then 2 y is equal to-
d x  dx 2 
(1) p′′′ (x) p′(x) (2) p′′(x) p′′′(x)

(3) p(x) p′′′(x) (4) none of these
Solution : Ans. (3)
2
Giveny = p(x) ...(i)
p′(x) = 2yy′
2
p′′(x) = 2yy′′ + 2y′
p′′′(x) = 2yy′′′ + 6y′y′′ ...(ii)
d  3 d2 y  d 3
Also 2 y = 2 ( y y' ' )
d x  d x 2  dx
3 2
= 2 [y y’’’ + 3y y’y’’]
2
= y [2yy’’’ + 6y’y’’]
= p(x) p’’’(x) from (i) and (ii)
 x + y  f(x) + f(y)
Example - 21 If f  = ∀ x,y ∈ R and f ′(0) = −1 , f(0) = 1, then f(2) =
 2  2
1
(1) (2) 1
2
1
(3) –1 (4) −
2
23
NARAYANA
Solution : Ans. (3)
 2x + 0  f(2x) + f(0)
f(x) = f  =
 2  2
 2x + 2h 
f − f(x)
∴ f(x + h) − f(x)  2 
f ′(x) = Lt = Lt
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
 f(2x) + f(2h) f(2x) + f(0) 

= Lt  − /h
h→ 0
 2 2 
f(2h) − f(0)
= Lt = f ′(0)
2h→ 0 2h
∴ f ′(x) = f ′(0) = −1 ⇒ f(x) = − x + c

⇒ f(0) = c ⇒ c=1
∴ f(2) = –2 + 1 = –1
Example - 22 If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and f(x) = 1 + xg(x) H(x) where Lt g(x) = 2 and Lt H(x) = 3 then
x →0 x →0
f ′(x) =
(1) f(x) (2) 2f(x)
(3) 3f(x) (4) 6f(x)
Solution : Ans. (4)
f(x + h) − f(x) f(x)f(h) − f(x) f(h) − 1

f ′(x) = Lt = Lt = f(x) Lt
h→ 0 h h → 0 h h → 0 h
1 + hg(h)H(h) − 1
= f(x) Lt = f(x) Lt g(h)H(h)
h →0 h h→0
= f(x) (2 × 3) = 6f(x)
Example - 23 If f(a) = 2, f ′(a) = 1 , g(a) = – 1, g′(a) = 2 then the value of Lt g(x)f(a) − g(a)f(x) is
x →a x−a
1
(1) –5 (2)
5
(3) 5 (4) 4
Solution : Ans. (3)
Use L.H.R
g′(x)f(a) − g(a)f ′(x)

Lt = g′(a)f(a) − g(a)f ′(a)
x →a 1
= 2(2) – (–1) (1) = 4 + 1 = 5
x
1
x ∫2
Example - 24 If g(x) = {3t − 2g′(t)} dt then g′(2) =
(1) –2/3 (2) –3/2

(3) 2/3 (4) 3/2
24
Solution : Ans. (4)

x
1
x ∫2
Given g(x) = {3t − 2g′(t)} dt
⇒ x g(x) = ∫ {3t − 2g′(t)} dt

2
⇒ g(x) + x g′(x) = {3x − 2g′(x)} (1) − 0
⇒ g(2) + 2 g′(2) = 6 − 2g′(2)
4g′(2) = 6 − g(2) = 6 − 0 = 6
3
∴ g′(2) =
2
1/ x
 f(1 + x) 
Example - 25 Let f : R → R be such that f(1) = 3 and f ′(1) = 6 then xLt   =
→0
 f(1) 
1/2
(1) 1 (2) e
2 3
(3) e (4) e
Solution : Ans. (3)
1/ x
 f (1 + x) 
Let y =  
 f (1) 
1
⇒ log y = {log f (1 + x) − log f (1)}
x
⇒ (
log Lt (y) = Lt
x →0
) x →0
f ′(1 + x) f ′(1) 6
=
f (1 + x) f (1) 3
= =2
∴ Lt (y) = e 2
x →0
25
NARAYANA
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
sin x
 sin x  x − sin x
1. Lt   =
x →0
 x 
1 1
(1) (2)
e2 e
(3) e2 (4) e
1 1 1
1++ 2 + .... + n
Lt 2 2 2 =
2. n →∞ 1 1 1
1 + + 2 + ..... + n
3 3 3
4 2
(1) (2)
3 3
1 1
(3) (4)
3 2
(a + h)2 sin(a + h) − a2 sina

3. Lt =
h →0 h
(1) a2 cosa + 2a sina (2) a (cosa + 2 sina)
2
(3) a (cosa + 2 sina) (4) 0
1
4. If α, β be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then Lt (1 + ax 2 + bx + c) x −α is
x →α
(1) a(α – β) (2) log | a(α – β)|

a(α – β)
(3) e (4) ea(α + β)
(1 + a3 ) + 8e1/ x
5. Lt = 2 Then
x →0 1 + (1 − b3 )e1/ x
(1) a = 1, b = 2 (2) a = 1, b = –31/3
(3) a = 1, b = –1/2 (4) a = 2, b ∈ R
sinnθ
6. Lt =
n→∞
n
(1) 0 (2) ∞
(3) 1 (4) n
26
 x x x  x 

7. Lt cos   ⋅ cos   ⋅ cos   ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ cos  n  =
n →∞
 2 4 8 2 
sin x
(1) 1 (2)
x
x
(3) (4) –1
sin x
 1 2 n 
8. Lt  + + ..... + =
 1− n 1− n 1 − n2 
n →∞ 2 2
1
(1) 0 (2) −
2
1 1
(3) (4)
2 3
sin2x + a sin x
9. If xLt be finite, then the value of ‘a’ and the limit are given by
→0 x3
(1) –2, 1 (2) – 2, –1
(3) 2, 1 (4) 2, –1
cos x − 3 cos x
10. Lt =
x →0 sin2 x
1 1
(1) (2)
6 3
1 1
(3) − (4) −
12 14
1− x
11. Lt =
x →1 (cos −1 x)2
1 1
(1) (2)
4 2
1 1
(3) − (4)
4 3
12. If [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x , then Lt

{[1 x] + [2
2 2
}
x] + ....[n2 x]
n →∞ n3
x x
(1) (2)
2 3
x
(3) (4) 0
6
27
NARAYANA
d  x − x −1 
13. cos −1  −1 
=
d x x+x 
1 −1
(1) (2)
1+ x2 1+ x2
2 −2
(3) (4)
1+ x2 1+ x2
x + ex +.....∞
dy
14. If y = e x + e , then d x =
y 1
(1) 1 − y (2) 1 − y
y y
(3) 1 + y (4) y − 1
x2 x3 dy
15. If y = 1 + x + + + ....... ∞, then d x =
2! 3!
(1) y (2) y – 1
(3) y + 1 (4) none of these
–1 1 1
16. Differential coefficient of sec w.r.t. 1− x 2 at x = 2 is-
2x 2 − 1
(1) 2 (2) 4
(3) 6 (4) 1
x
 1 dy
17. If y = 1 +  , then d x =
 x
x x
 1   1 1   1   1 
(1) 1 +  log 1 +  −  (2) 1 +  log 1 + 
 x   x  1 + x  x   x 
x
 1
x
 x   1   1 1 
(3)  x +  log (x − 1) − x + 1 (4)  x +  log 1 +  + 
x  1+ x 
 x    x  
 2x + 3  dy
18. If f ′(x) = sin (log x) and y = f   , then =
 3 − 2x  dx
 2x + 3 
9 cos (log x ) 9 cos  log 
 3 − 2x 
(1) (2)
x (3 − 2 x ) 2 x (3 − 2 x )2
 2x + 3 
9 sin  log  12   2x + 3  
(3)  3 − 2x 2  (4) sin  log  
(3 − 2x)  3 − 2x  
2
(3 − 2x ) 2 
28
–1 1/2
dy π
19. If y = cot (cos 2x) , then the value of d x at x = will be-
6
1/ 2 1/ 2
2  1
(1)   (2)  
3 3
1/2 1/2
(3) (3) (4) (6)
dy
20. If y = logcos x sin x, then d x is equal to-
cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x tan x log cos x + cot x log sin x
(1) 2
(2)
(log cos x ) (log cos x )2
cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x cot x

(3) (4)
(log sin x ) 2 (logsin x)2
dy
21. If y = sinn x cosnx , then equals
dx
(1) nsinn −1 x cos (n + 1) x (2) nsinn −1 x sin (n + 1) x
(3) nsinn −1 x cos (n − 1) x (4) nsinn −1 x cosnx
π
22. If f ( x ) = cos x cos 2x cos 4x cos8x cos16x then f '   is
4
1
(1) 2 (2)
2
(3) 1 (4) None of these
23. The value of the derivative of |x – 2| + |x – 3| at x = 3 is
(1) 2 (2) –2
(3) 0 (4) 1
x3 sin x cos x
d3
24. Let f(x) = 6 −1 0 where p is constant, then (f(x)) at x = 0 is
2 3
dx 3
p p p
2
(1) p (2) p + p
3
(3) p + p (4) Independent of p
If f ′(x) = g(x) and g′(x) = −f(x) for all x and f(2) = 4 = f ′(2) then f (19) + g (19) is
2 2
25.
(1) 16 (2) 32
(3) 64 (4) 8
29
NARAYANA
LEVEL - II
x
x
x − a ∫a
1. Lt f (x) dx =
x →a
(1) 2 f(a) (2) f(a)

(3) a f(a) (4) 0
 1 4 9 n2 
2. Lt  3 + 3 + 3 + .... + 3 =
n →∞ n + 1 n +1 n +1 n +1

(1) 1 (2) 2/3
(3) 1/3 (4) 0
log(1 + {x})
3. Lt = (where {x} denotes the fractional part of x)
x →0 {x}
(1) 1 (2) 0
(3) 2 (4) does not exist
a x
− a1/ x
4. Lt , a > 1 is
x →0
a x
+ a1/ x
(1) 4 (2) 2
(3) –1 (4) 0
a n + bn
5. Lt , where a > b > 1, is equal to
n →∞ a n − bn
(1) –1 (2) 1
(3) 0 (4) none of these
{ }
sin 2 x
6. Lt 1 1/ sin 2 x
+2 1/ sin 2 x
+ .... + n 1/ sin 2 x
is
x →0
(1) ∞ (2) 0
n(n + 1)
(3) (4) n
2
G(x) − G(1)
7. If G(x) = − 25 − x 2 , then Lt is
x →1 x −1
1 1
(1) (2)
24 5
1
(3) − 24 (4)
24
30
f (x) − 3
8. If f(9) = 9, f ′(9) = 4 , then Lt =
x →9 x −3
(1) 3 (2) 4
(3) 6 (4) 8
x tan 2x − 2x tan x
9. Lt is
x →0 (1 − cos 2x)2
(1) 2 (2) –2
(3) 1/2 (4) –1/2
sin x − (sin x)sin x

10. Lt =
x→
π 1 − sin x + log(sin x)
2
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4
Given f ′(2) = 6 , and f ′(1) = 4 , Lt f (2h + 2 + h ) − f (2) is

2
11.
h → 0 f (h − h 2 + 1) − f (1)
(1) 3/2 (2) 3

(3) 5/2 (4) –3
g(x)
12. Let g(x) = sin2[π3]x2 – sin2[–π3]x2 , [.] represents greatest integer function then xLt =
→0 sin 4 x
(1) –63 (2) 63
(3) 1 (4) –1
dy
13. If y = x |x| then =
dx
|x|
(1) |x| (2)
x
(3) x|x| (4) 2 |x|
dy
14. If 2x + 2y = 2x + y then =
dx
(1) 2x – y (2) 2y – x
(3) –2x – y (4) –2y – x
dy
15. If x3y2 = (x + y)5 then =
dx
x y
(1) y (2)
x
x
(3) − (4) logx
y
31
NARAYANA
16.
d
dx
{
(x + a)(x 2 + a2 )(x 4 + a4 )(x 8 + a8 ) = }
15x16 − 16x15 a + a16 x16 − x15 a + a16
(1) (2)
(x − a)2 (x − a)2
x16 − a16
(3) (4) 16x15 – a16
x−a
x x2 x3
f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2
17. If then f ′(x) =
0 2 6x
(1) 0 (2) 1
(3) x2 (4) 6x2
π   π
18. If f(x) = cos2x + cos3  + x  − sin x sin  x +  and γ (5/4) = 3 then (gof)(x) =
3   3
(1) 0 (2) 1
π 
(3) cosx + cos  + x  (4) 3
3 
19. Let f(x) be a polynomial function of second degree if f(1) = f(–1) and a, b, c are in A.P then f ′(a), f ′(b), f ′(c)
are in
(1) A.P (2) G.P
(3) H.P (4) A.G.P
x  x   x  sin x
20. If cos   ⋅ cos  2  ⋅ cos  3  .........to ∞ = x then
 
2 2  2 
1 x 1  x  1  x  1
(1) tan   + 2 tan  2  + 3 tan  3  + ......∞ = − cot x +
2 2 2 2  2 2  x
1 x 1  x  1  x  1
(2) tan   + 2 tan  2  + 3 tan  3  + ......∞ = cot x −
2  
2 2  
2 2  
2 x
1 x 1  x  1
(3) sec 2   + 4 sec 2  2  + ...... + ∞ = cos ec x − 2
2
2 2 2 
2
2 x
1 x 1  x  1 1
(4) sec 2   + 4 sec 2  2  + ......∞ = cosec 2 x + 2 + 3
22  
2 2  
2 x x
21. A triangle has two of its vertices at P(a, 0), Q(0, b) and the third vertex R(x, y) is moving along the st.line
dA
y = x, if A be the area of the ∆, then =
dx
a−b a−b
(1) (2)
2 4
a+b a+b
(3) (4)
2 4
32
22. If f ′(x) = φ(x) and φ′(x) = f(x) ∀x , also f(3) = 5 and f ′(3) = 4 , then the value of [f(10)]2 – [φ(10)]2 =
(1) 0 (2) 9
(3) 41 (4) 25
π 5 
23. If f(x) = sin  [x] − x  , 1 < x < 2 and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then
2 
 π
f ′ 5  =
 
 2
4/5 4/5
π π
(1) 5  (2) −5  
2 2
4/5
π
(3) 0 (4) 3 
2
−1  a sin x + bcos x  dy
24 If y = tan   then =
 acos x − b sin x  dx
(1) 1 (2) –1
a
(3) 0 (4)
a cos x − b sin x
x dy
25. If y = then =
x dx
a+
x
b+
x
a+
b + ........
b b
(1) a(b + 2y) (2) b + 2y
a ab
(3) b(b + 2y) (4) a + b2y
33
NARAYANA
LEVEL - III
  π   π 
1. Lt  x cos   sin    =
x →∞
  4x   4x  
1 π
(1) (2)
π 4
(3) 1 (4) π
[x]
2. Lt =
x →∞ x
(1) 1 (2) 3
(3) –1 (4) does not exist
π 
 − x
Lt   =
2
3.
π sec x − tan x
x→
2
(1) 1 (2) –1
(3) 2 (4) 3
xe3x − x
4. Lt =
x →0
1 + x2 −1
(1) 3 (2) 6
(3) 4 (4) 1
e|x| − 1
5. Lt =
x →0 x
(1) 1 (2) –1
(3) does not exist (4) 0
nx
11/ x + 21/ x + .... + n1/ x 
6. Lt   is
x →∞
 n 
(1) n (2) n
(3) n − 1 (4) 0
 
7. Lt  x + x + x − x  =
x →∞
 
1
(1) (2) 1
2
(3) 0 (4) does not exist
34
2 x + 23 − x − 6
8. Lt =
x →2 2− x / 2 − 21− x
(1) 8 (2) 4
(3) 2 (4) 6
4 + 3a n
9. If a n +1 = 3 + 2a then nLt
→∞
an =
n
(1) 0 (2) –2
(3) 2 (4) − 2
 1 1 1 
10. If f (x) = x  + + .... + + .....nterms  x > 0, then Lt f (x) =
1 + x (1 + x)(1 + 2x) (1 + 2x)(1 + 3x)  n →∞
1 1
(1) (2)
1− x 1+ x
(3) 1 (4) 0
 x 4 sin(1/ x) + x 2 
11. The value of x →−∞ 
lim
1+ | x |3
 is
 
(1) 1 (2) –1
(3) 0 (4) ∞
cos2 x
11/ cos x + 21/ cos x + .... + n1/ cos x 
2 2 2
12. The value of xlim

→
π   is
2
(1) 0 (2) n
n(n + 1)
(3) ∞ (4)
2
dy
13. If siny = xcos(a + y) then =
dx
sin2 (a + y) cos2 (a + y)
(1) (2)
sina cosa
cos2 (a − y) cos2 (a + y)
(3) (4)
cosa sina
dy
14. If sin2mx + cos2ny = a2 then =
dx
m sin 2mx n sin 2ny

(1) n sin 2ny (2)
m sin 2mx
n sin 2mx m sin 2mx

(3) (4) −
m sin2ny n sin2ny
35
NARAYANA
 xx − x−x 
15. If f(x) = cot −1   then f ′(1) =
 2 
(1) –1 (2) 1
(3) log2 (4) –log2
−1  4x  dy
16. If y = logcot x tan x ⋅ logtan x cot x + tan  2  then
=
 4 − x  dx
1 4
(1) (2)
4 + x2 4 + x2
1 4
(3) (4)
4 − x2 4 − x2
17. If 3f(cosx) + 2f(sinx) = 5x then f ′(cos x) =
5 5
(1) − (2)
cos x cos x
5 5
(3) − (4)
sin x sin x
18. If f(x) = (cosx + sinx) (cos3x + isin3x) .... (cos[(2n – 1)x] + isin(2n – 1)x] then f ′′(x) =
(1) n2f(x) (2) –n4f(x)

(3) –n2f(x) (4) n3f(x)
1 d
19. Let φ(x) be the inverse of the function f(x) and f ′(x) = 5 then
[φ(x)] =
1+ x dx
1 1
(1) (2) 1 + ( f(x) )
5
1 + (φ(x))5
1 + (φ(x) ) 1 + ( f(x) )
5 5
(3) (4)
,a > 0 then y ′′(0) is

−1
20. If x 2 + y 2 = ae tan (y / x)
a −π / 2
(1) e (2) aeπ / 2
2
2 2 π/2
(3) − e −π / 2 (4) e
a a
d2 y dy
21. If y = a cos(logx) + b sin(logx) then x
2
+x =
dx 2 dx
(1) 0 (2) y
(3) –y (4) 1
36
dy A
22. If siny = x sin(a + y) and = then the value of A is
dx 1 + x 2 − 2x cos a
(1) 2 (2) cosa

(3) sina (4) –2
ax + b
23. If y = , where a, b, c are constants then (2xy′ + y)y′′′ is equal to
x2 + c
(1) 3(xy′′ + y′)y′′ (2) 3(xy′ + y′′)y′′
(3) 3(xy′′ + y′)y′ (4) none of these
dy
24. If 1 − x 6 + 1 − y 6 = a 3 (x 3 − y3 ) , then is equal to
dx
x 2 1 − y6 y 2 1 − y6
(1) (2)
y2 1 − x 6 x2 1 − x6
x2 1 − x6
(3) (4) none of these
y 2 1 − y6
 u(x) 
25. Let f(x) = log   , u′(2) = 4, ν ′(2) = 2 , u(2) = 2, v(2) = 1, then f ′(2) is
 ν(x) 
(1) 0 (2) 1
(3) -1 (4) 2
37
NARAYANA
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE & OTHER ENGINEERING EXAMS

dy
1. If xm ⋅ yn = (x + y)m+n , then is
dx
y x+y
(1) (2)
x xy
x
(3) xy (4) [AIEEE - 2006]
y
1 1 2 4 1 
2. lim  2 sec 2 2 + 2 sec 2 2 + .... + sec 2 1 is
n→∞ n n n n n 
1 1
(1) sec1 (2) cos ec1
2 2
1
(3) tan1 (4) tan1 [AIEEE - 2005]
2
1 − cos(ax 2 + bx + c)
3. Let α and β be the distinct roots of ax + bx + c = 0 then xlim
2
is equal to
→α (x − a)2
a2
(1) (α − β)2 (2) 0
2
−a2 1
(3) (α − β)2 (4) ( α − β )2 [AIEEE - 2005]
2 2
2x
 a b
4. If lim  1 + + 2  = e2 , then the values of a and b, are
x→∞  x x 
(1) a ∈ R, b = 2 (2) a = 1, b ∈ R
(3) a ∈ R, b ∈ R (4) a = 1 and b = 2. [AIEEE - 2004]
  x 
1 − tan  2   [1 − sin x]
lim  
5. is
x →π / 2   x 
1 + tan  2   [ π − 2x]3
 
1
(1) (2) 0
8
1
(3) (4) ∞ [AIEEE - 2003]
32
38
log(3 + x) − log(3 − x)
6. If lim = k , the value of k is
x →0 x
1
(1) 0 (2) −
3
2 2
(3) (4) − [AIEEE - 2003]
3 3
7. Let f(a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives fn(a), gn(a) exist and are not equal for some n. Further if
f(a)g(x) − f(a) − g(a)f(x) + g(a)
lim = 4 , then the value of k is
x →a g(x) − f(x)
(1) 4 (2) 2
(3) 1 (4) 0 [AIEEE - 2003]
f ′(1) f ′′(1) f ′′′(1) ( −1)n f n (1)

8. If f(x) = xn , then the value of f(1) − + − + .... + is
1! 2! 3! n!
(1) 2n (2) 2n–1
(3) 0 (4) 1 [AIEEE - 2003]
y +....to ∞ dy
9. If x = e y + e , x > 0 then is
dx
1− x 1
(1) (2)
x x
x 1+ x
(3) (4) [AIEEE - 2003]
1+ x x
1 − cos 2x
10. lim is
x→ 0 2x
(1) λ (2) –1
(3) zero (4) does not exist [AIEEE - 2002]
x
 x 2 + 5x + 3 
11. lim  2  is
x →∞  x + x + 2 
(1) e4 (2) e2
(3) e3 (4) e [AIEEE - 2002]
x
 x − 3
12. For x ∈ R , lim   is
x→∞  x + 2 
(1) e (2) e–1

(3) e–5 (4) e5 [AIEEE - 2002]
39
NARAYANA
xf(2) − 2f(x)
13. Let f(2) = 4 and f ′(2) = 4 . Then lim is given by
x→2 x−2
(1) 2 (2) –2
(3) –4 (4) 3 [AIEEE - 2002]
d2 y dy
If y = (x + 1 + x 2 )n , then (1 + x ) +x
2
14. 2 is
dx dx
(1) n2 y (2) –n2y

(3) –y (4) 2x2y [AIEEE - 2002]
dy
15. If sin y = x sin(a + y) , then is
dx
sina sin2 (a + y)
(1) (2)
sina sin (a + y)
2
sina
sin2 (a − y)
(3) sina sin2 (a + y) (4) [AIEEE - 2002]
sina
dy
16. If x y = ex − y , then is
dx
1+ x 1 − log x
(1) (2)
1 + log x 1 + log x
log x
(3) not defined (4) [AIEEE - 2002]
(1 + log x)2
 e x − esin x 
17. lim   is equal to
x →0
 x − sin x 
(1) – 1 (2) 0
(3) 1 (4) none of these [UPSEAT - 2004]
cos 2x 3 − 1
18. lim is equal to
x →0 sin 6 2x
1 1
(1) (2) − [CEET (Haryana) - 2004]
16 16
1 1
(3) (4) −
32 32
3x −1
 4 
19. lim  1 −  is equal to:
x →∞
 x −1 
(1) e12 (2) e−12
(3) e 4 (4) e3 [CET (Karnataka) - 2004]
40
n
 a
20. lim  1 + sin  equals to:
n →∞
 n 
(1) ea (2) e [CEE (Delhi) - 2004]
2a
(3) e (4) 0
21. The differential coefficient of f(sinx) with respect to x where f(x) = logx is
(1) tanx (2) cotx
1
(3) f(cosx) (4) [CET (Karnataka) - 2004]
x
d2x
22. If x = A cos 4t + B sin4t, then is equal to
dt 2
(1) –16x (2) 16x
(3) x (4) –x [CET (Karnataka) - 2004]
x b b
x b
23. If ∆1 = a x b and ∆ 2 = are given, then
a x
a a x
d
(1) ∆1 = 3(∆ 2 ) 2 (2) ∆1 = 3∆ 2
dx
d
(3) ∆1 = 3(∆ 2 ) 2 (4) ∆1 = 3(∆ 2 )3/ 2 [UPSEAT - 2000]
dx
dy
24. If y = x log e x then at x = e is
dx
1 1
(1) (2)
e e
(3) e (4) none of these [BIT (Mesra) - 2000]
−1  log(e / x 2 )  −1  3 + 2log x  d2 y
25. If y = tan  2 
+ tan   , then =
 log(ex )   1 − 6log x  dx 2
(1) 2 (2) 1
(3) 0 (4) –1 [CEE (Delhi) - 2004]
41
NARAYANA
ANSWERS
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (2)
6. (1) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (3)
11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (1) 15. (1)
16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (1)
21. (1) 22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (4) 25. (2)
LEVEL - II
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2)
6. (3) 7. (4) 8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (2)
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (1)
21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (1) 25. (1)
LEVEL - III
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (3)
6. (1) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (3)
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (1)
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (3)
21. (3) 22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (2)
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE & OTHER ENGINEERING EXAMS

1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (3)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (4)
11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (2)
16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (1)
21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (3)
42

Class XI Maths Limits and Derivatives 1 PDF

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

LIMITS AND DERIV ATIVES

4. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC LIMITS

(v) e−ax ! 1 − ax (vi) log(1 + ax) ! ax

6. SOME USEFUL EXPANSIONS

(log a)x (log a)2 x 2 x 2 x3

f (x) 0 ∞ f ′(x) f ′(x)

8. LIMIT OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

3. Lt [x] does not exist

Case (2) If a ∉ integer then

This is called sandwich theorem. O c

10. SPECIAL TYPES OF LIMITS

g ′(x) = f [ψ (x)] ψ ′(x) − f (φ(x)) φ′(x)

(a) ∑ is replaced by sign of integration

12. SOME DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE

13. ALGEBRA OF DIFFERENTIATION

(ii) Scalar multiple rule

(iii) Product rule

(iv) Quotient rule

(v) Chain rule

14. DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

15. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

15.1. WORKING RULE FOR FINDING THE DERIVATIVE

16. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER

17. USE OF LOG IN FINDING DERIVATIVES OF THE FUNCTION OF

Taking log on both sides we get log y = g(x) . log f(x)

18. DIFFERENTIATION USING TRIGONOMETRICAL SUBSTITUTIONS

19. SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION

(ii) If the function involve the term x 2 + a 2 , then put x = a tan θ

(iii) If the function involve the term x 2 − a 2 , then put x = a sec θ

(2) If m ∈ N and m > n, then

n –1 x ( −1)n−1(n − 1) ! sinn θ sin n θ

21. HIGHER ORDER DIFFERENTIATION

Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

22. DERIVATIVE OF INFINITE SERIES

(A) If y = f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) + .........∞ then y = f ( x) + y

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

d(sin x sin x ) = (sin x)sin x .cos x[1 + log sin x]

Solution : We have y = x + y + x + y + ......∞

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

23. DIFFERENTIATION OF A DETERMINANT FUNCTION

Where f, g, h, !, m, n, u, v, w are functions of x and differentiable then

f ' g' h' f g h f g h

f' g h f g' h f g h'

Example - 2 Lt (cos x + a sin bx)1/ x =

(1) eab (2) ea/b

(x + 1)10 + (x + 4)10 + (x + 9)10 + ... + (x + 100)10

∴ ∑ (nx − 1) < ∑ [nx] ≤ nx

sinh 2 x − sin 2 x sinh 2 x − sin 2 x

Solution : Ans. (4)

(1 − tan x / 2)(1 − sin x)

(1 − tan x / 2)(1 − sin x)

Solution : Ans. (1)

Solution : Ans. (3)

Solution : Ans. (1)

Solution : Ans. (2)

du a −b 1 x a−b 1

a+b (1 + cos x ) a−b