6 - Macro-Small Cell Radio Co-Existence

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Section 3
Small Cell Solution Features
Module 3
Macro-Small Cell Radio Co-existence
TMO54070_M06 Issue 1.0
9360 Small Cell Solution

R2.4 Overview
TMO54070
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Section 3 Module 3 Page 1
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Small Cell Solution Features Macro-Small Cell Radio Co-existence
9360 Small Cell Solution R2.4 Overview This page is left blank intentionally
Document History
Edition Date Author Remarks
01 2009-09-01 Elsner, Bernhard First edition for BCR2.2
02 2010-12-01 Ryser, Sigrid Update to BCR2.4

Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Name the challenges for indoor coverage

Explain the Tx power requirements for the Small Cell
Explain the simulation plots shown in this module
Name the challenges for Small Cell-Macro co-channel deployment
Explain the methods of interference mitigation.

9360 Small Cell Solution R2.4 Overview

Module Objectives [cont.]

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Table of Contents
Page
Switch to notes view!
1 Dedicated Carrier Deployment 7
1.1 Indoor Propagation 8
1.2 Small Cell Power Requirements 9
2 Co-Channel Deployment 11
2.1 Small Cell within Macro Cell Coverage 12
2.2 Ec/Io Comparison of Small Cell and Macro Cell 13
2.3 Macro Cell Interference Distribution 14
3 Methods of Interference Mitigation 15
3.1 Self Optimization 16
3.2 Small Cell Tx Power Auto-Adjustment 18
3.3 Small Cell Tx Power Auto-Adjustment 19
3.4 Conclusions 20


Table of Contents [cont.]
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1 Dedicated Carrier Deployment

Small Cells can be deployed at a dedicated carrier or the same carrier as the underlay UMTS Macro cell
network. When Small Cell is deployed at the same carrier as the underlay Macro cell network, the Small
Cell coverage and Macro cell coverage will be exclusive, except the handover region. This is due to the
nature of Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) air interface.
Due to propagation loss and shadow fading effect, the Macro cell signal strength varies at different location in
the Macro cell network coverage area. Shadow fading is a phenomenon that occurs when a mobile moves
behind an obstruction and experiences a significant reduction in signal power. If Small Cell is deployed at
different places in the Macro cell network coverage area, the down link interference from Macro cell to
the Small Cell users will be location dependant. In order for the Small Cell to maintain its designed
coverage, it should be capable to adjust its pilot and max. transmission power, while not causing too much
interference to Macro cell users.
We distinguish between the two major deployment scenarios:

1. Dedicated carrier
Principally no interference issues
2. Co-Channel Deployment
Black zone exist around the Small Cell due to high interference.

1.1 Indoor Propagation
Indoor Propagation Model:
Challenges in Indoor Coverage PL [dB] = 32.45 + 20 * log10[Dist/km] +
Max. indoor path loss can be > 20*log10 [Freq/MHz]+nwaw
90dB nw is the number of walls, aw wall losses in [dB]
Min. outdoor path loss from a (Ext. wall = 15, window = 1, door = 3, Int. wall =
Small Cell can be < 70dB 10, light wall = 7)
10
Challenge to have full indoor
8 -50
coverage without significant
6
outdoor interference -60
4
Small Cell should preferably be -70
Distance [m]
2
in right place. -80
0
-90
-2
-4 -100
-6
-110
-8
-120
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10
Distance [m]
Path loss to the Small Cell ocation (dB)
dB – dezibel
PL – Path Loss

1.2 Small Cell Power Requirements
Coverage plots for Small Cell TxPWR: 1mW & Pilot Power: 0.1 mW
To reduce interference to street, or for smaller flat, lower cell/pilot
power may be needed
Pilot Power: 0.1mW (-10 dBm) is 3GPP min. allowed broadcast value.
Distance [m]
Distance [m] Distance [m]

CPICH RSCP [dBm] from on house CPICH EcIo [dB] from one house
3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project

CPICH – Common Pilot Channel
dBm – Dezibel to a reference of 1 milliwatt
RSCP – Received Signal Code Power
TxPWR – Transmission Power
A village of 15 houses is shown above. There are three rows of houses and five houses in each row. The houses
are separated 18 meters in X axis and 36 meters in Y axis (all coordinates are given in meters). There is one
Small Cell in each house. It is assumed that Small Cell transmit power is 1mW and Pilot Power is 0.1mW.
Cell pilot coverage is dependent on the UE sensitivity. Common UE have a sensitivity for RSCP of -110 dBm and
Ec/Io of -17dB. On the left hand side the pilot RSCP (in dBm) is plotted from the centre house. RSCP values
below -110 dBm are not shown in the plot. It is noticed that there is significant cell coverage outside the
house. This means that Small Cell can provide outdoor as well as indoor coverage. If the Small Cell access is
restricted only to registered users, transmitted pilot power below -10 dBm will be needed in order not to
cause too much interference to out door users. It should be noted that pilot power of -10 dBm is current
3GPP allowed minimum value. When it is required to set the pilot power below -10dBm, in order for 3GPP
compliance, special handling of open loop power controls is required.
On the right hand side the pilot Ec/Io coverage from the Small Cell in center of the village. The Pilot Ec/Io
coverage is smaller than the Pilot RSCP coverage, this is due to the interference from Small Cell located in
neighbor houses.

1.2 Small Cell Power Requirements [cont.]
Coverage plots for Small Cell TxPWR: 1mW & Pilot Power: 0.1 mW.
Pilot RSCP Pilot Ec/Io
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dB – dezibel
dBm – dezibel to a reference of 1 milliwatt
Ec/Io – Energy per Chip/Interference Level
The figure on the left hand side shows the max. Pilot RSCP coverage from all the houses in the village. It is
seen that Small Cell can provide significant outdoor coverage, when operating at a different frequency than
the underlay Macro cell network.
Figure on the right hand side shows the max. Pilot Ec/Io coverage from all the houses in the village. It can be
seen that Pilot Ec/Io got larger coverage than RSCP in the plots. This is due to the fact that in the plots the
min. value of RSCP is -110 dBm, while pilot Ec/Io is the ratio between signal and interference with a
minimum value of -17dB.
In conclusion, if Small Cells are deployed in a separate frequency, no significant Small Cell power is needed to
provide indoor coverage. When Small Cell is restricted only to registered users, care must be taken to
reduce outside the house coverage. If public access is allowed, pilot power restriction can be relaxed, in
which case, the Small Cell may run out of capacity, as current design only supports a maximum of 4 users.

2 Co-Channel Deployment


2.1 Small Cell within Macro Cell Coverage
Small Cell in the Macro cell Coverage Area

The coverage of Small Cell with max. power of 20mW is investigated for
operating at the same frequency with underlay Macro cell.
2500
Assumptions: 2000
Macro Cell Radius = 1200m
MacroCellmW = 20000 1500
MacroPilotmW = 1000
0.1*MacroCellmW;
FemtoCellPmW = 20; Y Coordinate in meter
500
FemtoPilotPmW=0.1* 0
FemtoCellPmW
No shadow fading is applied -500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000

X Coordinate in Meter

With the increase of Small Cell network deployments, the Small Cell will eventually share the same frequency
with the underlay Macro cell network.
The figure above shows the scenario where the Small Cell, illustrated by the green square, is within a macro
cell network coverage area. The coordinates are in meters. The macro cell transmission power is assumed to
be 43dBm and macro cell pilot power is 33dBm. The influence of Small Cell location and transmit power on
the Small Cell coverage is investigated in this section.

2.2 Ec/Io Comparison of Small Cell and Macro Cell
Distance from
Central Macro cell Macro cell Pilot Ec/Io Small Cell Pilot Ec/Io
10 10
2 8
-11
8
1
-11
6 6
-12 -12
4 4
2 2
-13 -13
800 meters 0 0
-14 -14
-2 -2
-4 -15 -4
-15
-6 -6
-16 -16
-8 -8
-10 -10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
10 10
3 8
-11
48
-11
6 6
-12 -12
4 4
2 2
-13 -13
50 meters 0 0
-14 -14
-2 -2
-4
-15 -4
-15
-6
-6
-16 -16
-8
-8
-10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
X Coordinate in Meter

Assuming the house is 800m/50m away from the central Macro cell Node B transmitter Antenna and:
Small Cell power =20dBm
Small Cell pilot = 10dBm.
It is shown (1) that Small Cell coverage is significantly larger than the area of the house where there are
windows or doors. In this case, the Small Cell Tx power needs to be reduced. Some area in the house is still
not covered due to the heavy penetration of the thick walls in the house. In the pilot Ec/Io plot, the effect
of indoor penetration losses can not be seen. This is due to the fact that in calculation of pilot Ec/Io, both
Ec and Io from serving Small Cell experience the same amount of penetration loss and the ratio does not
change. Due to the location of the house in the macro cell network, the interference from macro cell is
negligible.
In the corresponding Macro Cell coverage plot (2) it can be seen that there is no Macro cell coverage
surrounding the house.
One important observation is that in the Small Cell coverage area, there will be no macro cell coverage at the
same frequency. If access restriction is implemented in the Small Cell, UEs which are not on the access list
will not be able to make any call via the Macro cell, except emergency calls which are provided by the Small
Cell, as the UE can only detect pilot from the Small Cell.
It should be noted that with the same power settings, if the house is 50m away from center Macro cell, the
Small Cell/Macro cell coverage will be significantly different. (3) shows that the Macro Cell coverage, when
the house is 50 meters way from the macro cell base station. It is seen that there are areas in the house
near the window are covered by Macro cell, while, at the same time, it lacks coverage in some areas outside
the house. (4) shows the Small Cell coverage. It is seen that the Small Cell is unable to cover the entire
house any more. There are a few areas outside the house which are covered by the Small Cell. This
simulation result suggests that Small Cells cannot be deployed too closely to the Macro Node B, unless there
are macro cell coverage holes, where the total interference is much less than -45dBm, as a rule of thumb.

2.3 Macro Cell Interference Distribution
Cumulative Distribution Function
1
0.9 Indoor Macro

Cell Io (RSSI)
0.8
0.7
Cumulative Distribution
0.6
Outdoor Macro Cell

0.5 PA Power 13 dBm
Io (RSSI)
0.4
PA Power 18 dBm
0.3
0.2 PA Power 21 dBm
0.1
Indoor IodBm
outdoor IodBm
0
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
Inerference in dBm

dBm – dezibel to a reference of 1 milliwatt
Io – Interference Level
PA – Power Amplifier
RSSI – Received Signal Strength Indicator
The figure above presents the cumulative distribution probability of the macro cell interference. A
penetration loss of 15dB is assumed for indoor macro cell interference. For Required Pilot Ec/Io = -15 dB,
Maximum Covered Path loss = 80 dB, the three vertical lines indicate applicable areas of different Small Cell
powers in support of indoor/out door deployment.
If PA power is 13dBm (20mW), for indoor use, it can be used in 85% of the macro cell coverage area; if used
for outdoor, it can be used in 36% of the macro cell coverage area. If PA power is 21dBm (125mW), for
indoor use, it can be used in 98% of the macro cell coverage area; if used for out door, it can be used in 62%
of the macro cell coverage area. It should be noted that since houses got different layout, window, door
and sizes, the Small Cell may be set at different location within the house; the applicable area may be
different from this general calculations. The results presented here are for guidance only.

3 Methods of Interference Mitigation


3.1 Self Optimization
1. Self Optimization: UE Assisted

when the UE starts a CS/PS call, after RAB setup, Small Cell shall send
a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message to the UE with the following info:
Setup
Reporting mode: Periodical Reporting
Reporting interval: 250 … 640.000 [1000] (configurable)
Intra-freq reporting quantity: CPICH Ec/Io.
2 modes of operation for pilot power adjustment (disabled default):
targetEcIo mode
neighbourEcIo mode.
2.Sniffer based Optimization

During non-busy hours, if no active call, switch to cell monitor mode
(few minutes) measure total RxPWR and neighbor cell pilot RSCP
Small Cell measurements are used to adjust cell pilot power acc. to
Small Cell measured RSSI [dBm], within the DL freq band allows the
Small Cell to achieve designed TargetMinEcIodB at edge of the serving
area.

RxPWR – received Power
Small Cell optimization can be performed in two ways. One is based on UE measurement. The other uses Small
Cell sniffer for both 2G and 3G macro networks.
1. UE Assistant Optimization
This setting is used when the UE starts a CS or PS call. After RAB establishment, the Small Cell shall send a
MEASUREMENT CONTROL message to the UE with the following info:
Measurement command with an enumerated value as: Setup
Measurement reporting mode: Periodical Reporting
Reporting Interval with a default value of 1000, it’s an OAM configurable parameter with integer values
of: 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 12000,16000, 20000, 24000, 28000, 32000, 64000
Intra-frequency reporting quantity: cell reporting quantities>>CPICH Ec/Io, there are two modes of
operation for the pilot power adjustment, a feature that can also be disabled (default):
TargetEcIo mode: all UEs served by the Small Cell will periodically report pilot Ec/Io measurements of
the serving Small Cell, the Small Cell will adjust its transmitted pilot power to ensure that the worst
pilot Ec/Io measurements from UEs are better than a targetPilotEcIo, of e.g. -14dB, while maintaining
planned coverage, this threshold is an OAM configurable parameter
NeighbourEcIo mode: all UEs served by the Small Cell will periodically report pilot Ec/Io
measurements of all the monitored neighbor cells, the Small Cell will adjust its pilot power to ensure
that the serving Small Cell pilot Ec/Io is larger than any other neighbor cell’s Ec/Io.

3.1 Self Optimization [cont.]
2. Sniffer based Optimization

In normal operation, Small Cell will keep a record of non-busy hour. During non-busy hours, if there is no
active call, it will switch to cell monitor mode, for a few minutes. Then it can measure total received
power and neighbor cell pilot RSCP. To prevent every Small Cell switching to cell monitor mode at the
same time, a random offset of starting time can be applied to each Small Cell, or the FMS can coordinate
the Small Cell monitor mode. If all the Small Cells switch to monitor mode at the same time, the Small
Cell will not be able to monitor neighbor Small Cell transmitted power, as no one is transmitting at that
time. The duration of cell pilot power optimization is configurable through OAM, ranging from 10 to 600
seconds. This feature can also be switched off.
Small Cell measurement based pilot power adjustment is used to adjust cell pilot power according to Small
Cell measured RSSI [dBm], within the DL frequency band. This feature will allow the Small Cell to achieve
designed TargetMinEcIodB at the edge of the serving area.
For different house types, the operator can estimate the MaxPathLossdB. Assuming the Small Cell transmitted
pilot power is PilotTxPowerdBm, the UE received power, RxRSCPdBm , at cell edge will be
RxRSCPdBm = PilotTxPowerdBm – MaxPathLossdB
Assuming the UE received RSSI at cell edge is approximately the same as Small Cell measured RSSI. The UE
received Pilot EcIo is given by,
RxEcIodB = RxRSCPdBm- IodBm

The following commands will apply:
If (RxEcIodB < TargetMinEcIodB) increase PilotTxPowerdBm by PowerCntrlstepdB
If (RxEcIodB > TargetMinEcIodB) decrease PilotTxPowerdBm by PowerCntrlstepdB.
PowerCntrlstepdB is an OAM configurable parameter ranging from 0dB to 10dB, with a default value of 1dB.
The adjustment will be performed gradually in order to adapt the transmit power in neighbor cells.
PilotTxPowerdBm will be kept within the range set by OAM.

3.2 Small Cell Tx Power Auto-Adjustment
Requirement: Small Cell coverage should be guaranteed

Solution: Each Small Cell adjusts its max. TxPWR to achieve a SIR of 0 dB
max. TxPWR is a function of the Macro cell distance
Small Cell Max. TxPWR as a function
Phys. of Macro-to-Small Cell distance to
max achieve 10m cell radius
TxPWR
Small Cell adaptive TxPWR curve
Macro-
Small Cell Small Cell adaptive Pilot power curve
boundary
Power (dBm)
0dB SIR
Small Cell TxPWR
Small Cell Pilot power
R=10m Macro cell Tx power

Macro cell Pilot power
Cell noise floor
Distance of Small Cell from Macro [m]

SIR – Signal to Interference Ratio

Requirement:
Small Cell coverage should be guaranteed to achieve a consistent cell range independent of the location
within the macro cell and prevent unwanted HOs resulting from increased coverage.
Solution:
Each Small Cell adjusts its max. Tx power to achieve a SIR of 0 dB with respect to the Macro cell at the
intended cell radius
As a result the max. Tx power is a function of the Macro cell distance, ensuring the same Small Cell range
irrespective of the location within the macro-cell.

3.3 Small Cell Tx Power Auto-Adjustment
Small Cell Tx pilot is automatically adjusted according to:

The DL interference it measures from other Macro and Small Cells (RSSI)
A max. path-loss model based on the type of indoor coverage (flat, house,
hotel lobby, …).
Femto Tx Power dBm
100 100
Small Cell meassured DL Io [dBm] -50 Small Cell TxPWR [dBm] 20
80 80
-55
15
60 60
-60
10
Distance [m]
Distance [m]
40 40
-65
20 5
20
-70
0 0
0
-75
-20 -5
-20
-80
-40 -10
-40
-85
-60 -15
-60
-90
-80 -20
-80
-95
-100 -25
-100 -100 -50 0 50 100
-100 -50 0 50 100
Distance [m] Distance [m]

Io – Interference Level
The figure on the left hand side shows one simulation of interference level measured from each Small Cell in
the house. This represents Small Cell to Small Cell interference. It is assumed that the Small Cell is located
at the center of the house. There are 65 houses in this area. The path loss among the Small Cells is
calculated using the path loss model described before, which is taken into account when calculating the
interference among the Small Cells. Additional interference from Macro cell is randomly generated to
reflect the nature of shadow fading. The interference at different Small Cell site varies from -45 to -100dBm.
The figure on the right hand side shows the Small Cell Tx Power after Auto-adjustment. It is seen that the
Small Cell required power varies between -25 and 24dBm to maintain the same coverage at different
interference level.

3.4 Conclusions
Simulation and measurement Small Cell can be deployed at the same

frequency as the underlay Macro cell network or in a dedicated carrier
TxPWR adjustment acc. to surrounding area Io level to maintain its

designed coverage
Using access restriction, its coverage shall not be larger than planned,
as it will produce coverage holes in the Macro cell network
better dedicated carrier
Applicable area of the Small Cell, for co-channel deployment, with

different power is dependent on the Io level surrounding the house
Small Cell in center of intended coverage
Small Cell located away from windows next to public streets.

Both simulation and measurement shows that Small Cell can be deployed at the same frequency as the
underlay Macro cell network or in a dedicated carrier. Small Cell transmission power shall be automatically
adjusted according to the surrounding area interference level in order to maintain its designed coverage.
When Small Cell access is restricted, its coverage shall not be larger than planned coverage, as it will
produce coverage holes in the Macro cell network. It is advisable that Small Cell shall be operated on one of
the spare carriers if it is available.
The applicable area of the Small Cell, for co-channel deployment, with different power is dependent on the
interference level surrounding the house.
Small Cell shall be placed in the centre intended coverage, including garden and drive way, if applicable. The
Small Cell shall be located away from windows next to public streets.

Answer the Questions
1. Which of the following statements is correct?

a) Small Cell-Macro cell co-channel deployment is not possible due to high
interferences
b) Small Cell-Macro cell co-channel deployment does not show any problem
c) Small Cell and Macro cells should be deployed on dedicated carriers if
possible
d) Small Cell-Macro cell deployment with dedicated carriers does not show any
problem
e) The Small Cell should be placed in the center of the intended coverage area


Module Summary
Having completed this lesson, you should be able to:
Name the challenges for indoor coverage

Explain the Tx power requirements for the Small Cell
Explain the simulation plots shown in this module
Name the challenges for Small Cell-Macro co-channel deployment
Explain the methods of interference mitigation.


End of Module
Macro-Small Cell Radio Co-existence



6 - Macro-Small Cell Radio Co-Existence

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9360 Small Cell Solution

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All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

332 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

Edition Date Author Remarks

01 2009-09-01 Elsner, Bernhard First edition for BCR2.2

02 2010-12-01 Ryser, Sigrid Update to BCR2.4

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

Name the challenges for indoor coverage

333 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

334 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

335 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

Switch to notes view!

336 This Allpage

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We distinguish between the two major deployment scenarios:

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Distance [m] Distance [m]

3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project

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Pilot RSCP Pilot Ec/Io

3  3  10 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

CPICH – Common Pilot Channel

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3  3  11 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

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Small Cell in the Macro cell Coverage Area

-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000

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3  3  13 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

Ec/Io – Energy per Chip/Interference Level

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0.9 Indoor Macro

Outdoor Macro Cell

0.2 PA Power 21 dBm

CPICH – Common Pilot Channel

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3  3  15 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

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1. Self Optimization: UE Assisted

2.Sniffer based Optimization

CPICH – Common Pilot Channel

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2. Sniffer based Optimization

RxRSCPdBm = PilotTxPowerdBm – MaxPathLossdB

RxEcIodB = RxRSCPdBm- IodBm

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Requirement: Small Cell coverage should be guaranteed

R=10m Macro cell Tx power

Distance of Small Cell from Macro [m]

SIR – Signal to Interference Ratio

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Small Cell Tx pilot is automatically adjusted according to:

Distance [m] Distance [m]

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