OMA000001

GSM Fundamentals
ISSUE 3.2

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

 Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:
 Name the frequency spectrum used in
GSM
 Name the concept of frequency reused.
 Name the two different cell types and
understand why and when each would
be used.

Internal Use 2
 Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular
Mobile System

Chapter 2 GSM Network Components

Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface

Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning

Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface

Chapter 6 Radio Technologies

Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use 3
 The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900

Total bandwidth: 25MHz

Bandwidth/channel: 200KHz
Channel availability: 124 ARFCN (1-124)
Internal Use 4
 The Frequency Spectrum

DCS 1800

95MHz spacing

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Total bandwidth: 75MHz
Bandwidth/channel: 200KHz
Channel availability: 374 ARFCN (512-885)

Internal Use 5
 New standard

RGSM EGSM GSM 900 RGSM EGSM GSM 900

876 880 890 915 921 925 935 960

EGSM – Extra 10MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 174.

RGSM – Extra 15MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 199.

Internal Use 6
 Calculation of Carrier Frequencies

 GSM900
Fuplink (n) = 890 + (0.2 x n) MHz
Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 45MHz
Where, 1 < n < 124
 GSM1800

Fuplink (n) = 1710.2 + (0.2 x (n-512)) MHz

Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 95MHz
Where, 512 < n < 885

Internal Use 7
 Frequency spectrum

dB

Wanted signal

Noise
floor

Frequency
f1 f2

-Bandwidth is from f1 to f2
-Clean signal can be obtained if only one user using this spectrum and the signal
energy must higher than the noise floor.

Internal Use 8
 Frequency spectrum

dB
20dB Interfering
signal

Wanted signal
10dB

Noise
floor

f1 f2
-Interference occur when two signal are transmitting at the same frequency
spectrum.
-Signal with higher energy will win.

Internal Use 9
 How to maximize the spectrum utilization

 Adopt multiple access techniques

 Adopt frequency reuse

Internal Use 10
 GSM Multiple Access Methods

Time Time

f
Frequency f
Division Multiple Time Division
Access Multiple Access

GSM system

Internal Use 11
 GSM Multiple Access Method

dB
ARFCN 1 ARFCN 2

7 7
6 6
5 5

8 Users/ 4
3
4
……….
3
timeslots
2 2
1 1
0 0
frequency
200kHz 200kHz

Note: Max number of users can only support up to 8Ts x 124ARFCN=(992 users). [for GSM900]

Internal Use 12
 Frequency Re-Use

Why need Frequency Re-Use?

• Frequency resources are very expensive.

• Frequency resources are very limited.
• However maintain the quality of service.

Internal Use 13
 Frequency Re-Use

How can we reuse frequency?

7(Site)X 1(Cell)
7 23
Re-use
1

6 4

Internal Use 14
 Frequency Reuse

How can we reuse frequency?

1 Larger cluster size
1 1 4
2 2 1 3 1
3 3 4 2 4
1 1 1 3 1 3
2 2 2 2 4 2 Longer distance
3 3 3 3 1
2 4 between interferers
3
k=3 2
k=4
Less interference
2
3 9 9 BUT
2 7 8 8
10 10
11 Reduced capacity
7 3 1 8
1 6 4 2 11 2
6 4 5 2 7 3 7 3
5 2 7 3 1 12 1 12
7 3 8 1 6 4 6 4
1 2 6 4 5 9 5
6 4 7 3 5 8 10
2 5 1 9 8 2 11
7 3 6 4 2 7 3
1 5 7 3 1 12
6 4 k=7 9 8 1 6 4
5 2 6 4 5
7 3 5
1 9 k=12
6 4
5
9 k=9
Internal Use 15
 Controlling Co-channel interference

 Carried-to-co-channel interference ratio

C/I = 1.5(k2)
Where, k = Cluster size
e.g. k=3, C/I = 1.5(3)2 = 11.3 dB
k=4, C/I = 1.5(4)2 = 13.8 dB

 Note: - GSM standard required C/I > 9 dB. That’s mean

minimum number of reuse pattern is k=3.

Internal Use 16
 Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)

dB
Wanted signal

9dB

Interfering signal/Co-
channel Signal

Noise
floor

Frequency
f1

Note: In practical C/I should be greater than 12 dB

Internal Use 17
 Frequency Re-Use

4(Site)X 3(Cell) 5
1
Re-use 7 9 6
3 2
5 11 8 10
1 4

9 6 12 7
2 3
10 5 11
1
9

Internal Use 18
 CELL

Omni
Omni-Directional
Omni-Directional Cells
Cells
1

120
120 Degree
Degree Sectors
Sectors 1
120
degree 2
3

Internal Use 19
 Comparison between Omni / Sectorised
Cells

Omni cells
120 deg.
1 Directional
1 4 Antennas
3 3 1
1 1 2 2 4
3 First tier
1 1 First tier 1 1
4 4 2
3 3 Ex.
1 1 1
2 2 4
3x4
1 Second tier 3
2
1 1

 for first tier KI = 6 (theoretically)

 for first tier KI = 2 - 3
 narrow beam antennas (e.g. 60º)
better than wide beam antennas (e.g.
120º)

Internal Use 20
 Controlling Co-channel interference

Hence,
C/I = 1.5 (K2) x S
5
Where, S = sectorization
1

9
e.g. for 3 Sectorization (4x3)
C/I = 1.5k2 x 3 = 4.5 K2
= 1.5x (4)2 x 3
= 10 log 72 = 18.6 dB

Internal Use 21
 Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular
Mobile System

Chapter 2 GSM Network Components

Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface

Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning

Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface

Chapter 6 Radio Technologies

Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use 22
 Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Draw the structure of GSM

Identify the functions of each component

Internal Use 23
 GSM Network Components

NSS AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
EIR
EIR
OSS OMC
OMC

MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR PSTN

SIM
SIM
ME
ME BTS
BTS BSC
BSC
MS BSS
Internal Use 24
 Mobile Station—MS

MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
– Mobile Equipment

International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
– Subscriber Identity Module

Internal Use 25
 Subscriber Identity Module – SIM

 International
 International Mobile
Mobile Subscriber
Subscriber Identity
Identity
(IMSI)
(IMSI)
 Temporary
 Temporary Mobile
Mobile Subscriber
Subscriber Identity
Identity
(TMSI)
(TMSI)
 Location
 Location Area
Area Identity
Identity (LAI)
(LAI)
 Subscriber
 Subscriber Authentication
Authentication Key
Key (Ki)

MS G
 Mobile
 Mobile Station International Standard
Data
Data Network
Network (MSISDN),
(MSISDN),
it
it is optional.

Internal Use 26
 Authentication

MS
MS Um interface Network
Network
Ki RAND RAND Ki

A3
A3 A3
A3
SRES

SRES ==
??
Ki = authentication key
Accept /
RAND = random number
reject?
SRES = Signal Response

Internal Use 27
 Base Station Subsystem – BSS

MSC
 The Base Station
Controller – BSC
 The Base Transceiver BSS TC/SM
Station – BTS TC/SM
 The Trans-coder – TC
and Sub multiplexer BSC
BSC
(SM)
BTS
BTS

Internal Use 28
 The Network Switching System

NSS AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
OMC EIR
EIR
EC
EC PSTN

MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
IWF
IWF

Mobile Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC BSS
Inter-Working Function – IWF
Echo Cancellor – EC
Internal Use 29
 Mobile Service Switching Center – MSC

 Call Processing
 Operations and Maintenance
Support
 Inter-network & Inter-working
 Billing

Internal Use 30
 Home Location Register – HLR


 Subscriber
Subscriber ID (IMSI
(IMSI and
and MSISDN)
MSISDN)

 Current
Current subscriber
subscriber VLR
VLR (current
(current location)
location)

 Supplementary
Supplementary service
service information
information

 Subscriber
Subscriber status
status (registered/deregistered)
(registered/deregistered)

 Authentication
Authentication key
key and
and AuC
AuC functionality
functionality

Internal Use 31
 Visitor Location Register – VLR

 Mobile
 Mobile Status(IMSI
Status(IMSI detached/
detached/ attached)
attached)
 Location
 Location Area
Area Identity(LAI)
Identity(LAI)
 Temporary
 Temporary Mobile
Mobile Subscriber
Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Identity(TMSI)
 Mobile
 Mobile Station
Station Roaming
Roaming Number(MSRN)
Number(MSRN)

Internal Use 32
 Equipment Identity Register – EIR

•White List
•Black List IMEI
Is Checked against White List
•Grey List
If NOT found,
checked against
Grey/Black List

If NOT found, checked IMEI

against White List Is Checked against Black/Grey List
indications

If found, returns a Black

or Grey List indicator

Internal Use 33
 Inter-Working Function – IWF

• Rate Conversion
• Protocol Adaptation
MSC
MSC

EC
EC IWF
PSTN

Internal Use 34
 Operation and Maintenance Sub System

OSS(NMC)

M2000 M2000
M2000

Region2 Region 3
Region 1

Internal Use 35
 Operation and Maintenance Center – OMC

OMC/iManager M2000: OMC assigned

specifically for GSM, CDMA & WCDMA
NEs.

Internal Use 36
 OMC Functional Architecture

Event/Alarm Security
Management Management

MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management

Performance
Management

Internal Use 37
 Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular
Mobile System

Chapter 2 GSM Network Components

Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface

Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning

Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface

Chapter 6 Radio Technologies

Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use 38
 Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Identify the protocols used on the

terrestrial interfaces between the
GSM system entities

Internal Use 39
 GSM Interface

D
HLR
G H
VLR VLR C AUC
EIR
B F

MSC MSC
E

IWF EC EC IWF
A
TC

Um Abis
MS BTS BSC
Internal Use 40
 GSM Protocol

MS BTS BSC MSC

CM CM

MM MM
L3
BSSMAP
RR BSSMAP
RR
RR BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP
L2 LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD
MTP MTP
L1 SigL1 SigL1 SigL1 SigL1

Um½Ó¿Ú Abis½Ó¿Ú A½Ó¿Ú

Internal Use 41
 SigL1: 2MBps Trunks

HLR
OMC AUC
IWF EIR

MSC/VLR MSC/VLR

EC
EC

TC

BSC PSTN
BTS
BTS BTS

Internal Use 42
 2MBps Trunks

Typical Configuration

TS 0 TS 1-15 TS16 TS 17-31

TS = Time slot
TS# Used for
0 Frame Alignment /Error Checking /Signaling
1-15 Traffic
16 CCS7 Signaling (Other TS may also the used)
17-31 Traffic

Internal Use 43
 Abis (LAPD) Interfaces

Frame check Information Address Flag

Flag Control
Sequence

last bit first bit

Internal Use 44
 ITU Signaling System CCS7

CCS7 Levels
OSI Layers MAP
7. Application BSSAP
TUP ISUP TCAP (DTAP+BSSMAP)
6. Presentation
5. Session SCCP
4. Transport
MTP Level 3
3. Network
2. Link MTP Level 2
1 Physical
MTP Level 1 2 Mb/s Trunk

Internal Use 45
 Abbreviation of CCS7


 MTP
MTP Message
Message Transfer
Transfer Part
Part

 TCAP
TCAP Transaction
Transaction Capabilities
Capabilities Application
Application Part
Part

 SCCP
SCCP Signaling
Signaling Connection Control
Control Part

 TUP
TUP Telephone
Telephone User
User Part
Part

 ISUP
ISUP ISDN User
User Part
Part

 MAP
MAP Mobile
Mobile Application
Application Part
Part

 BSSAP
BSSAP Base Station
Station System
System Application
Application Part
Part

 BSSMAP
BSSMAP BSS Management
Management Application
Application Part
Part

 DTAP
DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

Internal Use 46
 Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular
Mobile System

Chapter 2 GSM Network Components

Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface

Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning

Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface

Chapter 6 Radio Technologies

Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use 47
 Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Identify the system identification

number
Identify the of mobile identification
number
Identify the cell identification
number

Internal Use 48
 Service Area

System area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...

Location area...
Base station area...
Location area...
......
Base station area...

Radio cell
Radio cell

...... ......

Internal Use 49
 MSC/VLR Number

CC NDC LSP

MSC/VLR number

The format is CC+NDC+LSP

CC ： Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC ： National Destination Code.

For example: The NDC of China Mobile is
139 、 138 、 137 、 136 、 135.

LSP(locally significant part): is defined by Telecom operator.

For example: 86-139-00311
Internal Use 50
 HLR Number

The format is ： CC+NDC+H0 H1 H2 H3 0000.

CC ： Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC ： National Destination Code.

For example: The NDC of China Mobile is
139 、 138 、 137 、 136 、 135.

H0H1H2H3 is defined by Telecom operator.

For example: 86-139-0666-0000.

Internal Use 51
 LAI

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC ： Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC ： Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC ： Location Area Code ， It is a two bytes BCD
code(hex).
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
Internal Use 52
 CGI

CGI: Cell Global Identification

The CGI is a unique international identification for a

cell
The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI ： Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes BCD
code(hex) to identify the radio cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

Internal Use 53
 BSIC

BSIC （ Base Station Identification Color Code)

NCC BCC

BSIC

NCC ： PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished.
BCC ： BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows
distinction
between different radio frequency channels using the same
frequency in neighboring cells.

Internal Use 54
 MSISDN

CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number

CC ： Country Code. For example: The CC of China is

"86".
NDC ： National Destination Code. For example: The NDC
of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN ： Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
Internal Use 55
 IMSI

Not more than 15 digits

3 digits 2 digits

MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI

MCC ： Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460" 。
MNC ： Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" 。
MSIN ： Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S
ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI ： National Mobile Subscriber Identification ， MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Internal Use 56
 TMSI

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

 The TMSI is assigned only after successful

subscriber authentication.
 The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI
numbers and notifies them to the HLR.
 TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the
mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept
secret.
 The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers)
and determined by the telecom operator.

Internal Use 57
 IMEI

IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification

TAC FAC SNR SP

IMEI

TAC ： Type approval code. It is administered by the type

approval center.
FAC ： Final assembly code.It is administered by the
manufacturer.
SNR ： Serial number.It is issued by the manufacturer of the
MS.
SP ： Not used.
Internal Use 58
 Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular
Mobile System

Chapter 2 GSM Network Components

Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface

Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning

Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface

Chapter 6 Radio Technologies

Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use 59
 Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Identify the types of physical

channels and logical channels

Name the 4 most commonly used

channel combinations

Understand the structure of multi

frames

Internal Use 60
 Physical and Logical Channels

The physical channel is the medium over which

the information is carried
The logical channels consist of the information
carried over the physical channel

TDMA FRAME

0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Timeslot
The
Theinformation
informationcarried
carriedin
inone
onetime
time
slot
slotis
iscalled
calledaa“burst”
“burst”

Internal Use 61
 Burst Mapping on physical channel

0 7 0 7 0 7
f s s

TDMA frame = 4.615 ms

Guard
Guard
Burst
Burst (148
(148 bits)
bits) Interval
Interval
(8.25
(8.25 bits)
bits)

577µs
(156.25 bits)

Internal Use 62
 BURST

• Random Access burst (RACH): Used in MS initial access

Guard interval
Tail bit Data Tail bit

41 synchronous 36 encrypted
8bit bits bits 3bit 68.25bit

• Frequency correction burst (FCH): Used in frequency synchronization

between MS and BTS
Tail bit Data Tail bit Guard interval

3bit 142bit 3bit 8.25bit

• Synchronous burst (SCH): Used in timing synchronization between MS

and BTS
Tail bit Data Data Tail bit Guard interval

39 encrypted 64 synchronous bits 39 encrypted

3bit bits
3bit 8.25bit
bits

Internal Use 63
 Burst

• Normal burst (TCH): Used to carry the information of the traffic channel
and the control channel.
Tail bit Data Training sequence Data Tail bit Guard interval

3bit 57 encrypted bits 1 26bit 1 57 encrypted bits 3bit 8.25bit

Frame
stealing
flag

• Dummy burst (BCH): Used in transmission of filling frames

by BTS at timeslots when there is no information delivered
Tail bit Tail bit Guard interval

3bit 142 modulation bits 3bit 8.25bit

Internal Use 64
 Logical Channel Type

 GSM900 and DCS1800 have the same logical channel category

Logical channel

Common channel Dedicated channel

(CCH) (DCH)

Broadcast control channel Common control channel Voice channel

(BCCH) (CCCH) Control channel (TCH)

FCH SCH BCCH PCH AGCH RACH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H

SDCCH
(system information)

TCH/9.6F
SACCH
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H

Internal Use 65
 Traffic Channel

TCH
Traffic Channels
Normal Burst
Speech Data

TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/4.8
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s

Internal Use 66
 Control Channel

CCH Control Channels

DCCH BCCH

SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.

FACCH SACCH CCCH

SCH FCCH

Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH RACH

Common Control Channel – CCCH CBCH
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
Associated Control Channel – ACCH PCH/AGCH

Internal Use 67
 Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH

The information carried on the CCH

BCCH is monitored by the mobile
periodically when it is switched BCCH
on and not in a call downlink only

BCCH:Broadcast Control Channel

FCCH: Frequency Correction Synch.

Channel BCCH Channels

SCH: Synchronization Channel

SCH FCCH

Internal Use 68
 Common Control Channel – CCCH

CCH
The CCCH is responsible for
transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
BTS.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Control
Channel
PCH: Paging Channel RACH CBCH
AGCH: Access Grant Control uplink downlink
Channel
CBCH:Cell Broadcast Channel
PCH/AGCH
downlink

Internal Use 69
 Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH

DCCH is assigned to a single

CCH
mobile connection for call setup
or for measurement and handover
purpose. DCCH
SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control
Channel SDCCH ACCH
SACCH: Slow Associated Control
Channel
FACCH:Fast Associated Control
Channel
FACCH SACCH

Internal Use 70
 How to use these channel?

Power-off state
Search for frequency correction pulse FCCH
Search for synchronous pulse SCH
Unscramble system information
BCCH
Idle state

Snoop into paging message PCH

Send access pulse
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
AGCH
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel
FACCH
Conversation
Release the call TCH
Idle state FACCH

Internal Use 71
 Call Setup Flow
MS BTS BSC MSC
Channel_req Channel_Required
Channel_Active
Channel_Active_Ack
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND
First SABM Establish_IND(CM Service Req)
CR(Complete_L3_information)
CC
CM Service Accepted
Setup
Call Processing
Channel_Active Assignment_Req
Channel_Active_Ack
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
SABM: Set asynchronous
balanced mode command-- First SABM Establish_IND
Initial access frame ASSIGNMENT CMP
Assignment_CMP
UA: Unnumbered Alerting
acknowledgement response
Connect
Connect Ack
Conversation
Disconnect
Release
Release Complete
Clear_CMD
Clear_CMP

Internal Use 72
 GSM Multiframe

TDMA Frames

0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50

51 – Frame Multiframes (235.3ms)

CONTROL CHANNELS
Internal Use 73
 GSM Logical Channel

Channel Combination
BCH combination – BCCH + CCCH
DCH combination – SDCCH8 + SACCH8
Combined Channel Combination – BCCH +
CCCH +SDCCH4 + SACCH4
TCH combination – TCH8/FACCH + SACCH

Internal Use 74
 BCCH/CCCH Multiframe

Downlink
B B B B I
F S C C C C F F S C C C C C C C C
S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C ..

0 10 20 30 40 50

F = FCCH (Frequency)
S = SCH (Sync.)
C = CCCH (Common)
I = Idle
R = RACH (Random)
Uplink
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R R R .. R R R ..R R R ..

0 10 20 30 40 50

Internal Use 75
 SDCCH Multiframe

Downlink

D0 D1 D6 D7 A0 A3 I I I

D0 D1 D6 D7 A4 A7 I I I
0 7 24 32 44 50

D = SDCCH/8 (Dedicated)
A = SACCH/C8
(Associated) I = Idle
Uplink

A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D7 A0

A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D7 A4
0 7 12 15 44 50
Internal Use 76
 Timeslots and TDMA Frames

Higher Capacity Cell

0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Broadcast Traffic
Dedicated

0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Traffic
Low Capacity Cell

0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Combined Traffic

Internal Use 77
 Combined Multiframe

Downlink

FS B C FS C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I

FS B C FS C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I
0 2 6 10 20 30 40 50
R = RACH (Random) B = BCCH (Broadcast)
F = FCCH (Frequency) S = SCH (Sync.)
C = CCCH (Common) D = SDCCH/4 (Dedicated)
A = SACCH/4 (Associated) I = Idle

Uplink
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R D0 D1 R R D2

D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
0 4 6 10 20 30 40 50
Internal Use 78
 GSM Multiframe

TDMA Frames

0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25

26 – Frame Multiframe (120ms)

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
Internal Use 79
 TCH Multiframe

Downlink Uplink
IDLE IDLE
 This is used to transmit a 25 25
Traffic Channel Combination
(TCH/ SACCH/FACCH). The
FACCH is not showed in the
diagram as it does not receive
its own time allocation. The
SACCH SACCH
FACCH steals a time period 12 12
from the TCH is required.
 The 13th frame is used by the
SACCH which carriers link
control information to and
from the mobile and BTS.
 The 26th frame is idle.
0 0
Internal Use 80
 Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular
Mobile System

Chapter 2 GSM Network Components

Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface

Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning

Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface

Chapter 6 Radio Technologies

Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use 81
 Objectives

On completion of this section you will be

able to know about the following radio
technologies :
GMSK Modulation Techniques

Power Control

VAD, DTX, DRX

Diversity

Frequency Hopping

Internal Use 82
 Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)

– phase modulation can be implemented easily for digital

signals, this is the method which is used for the GSM
air interfaces. Phase Modulation is known as Phase
Shift Keying when applied to digital signals

Internal Use 83
 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

(GMSK)

Gaussian GMSK
Digital Filter Modulator
1 0 0 1 1

Internal Use 84
 Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should

send the signal in advance!! Note: Max TA = 2t = 1/2*3.7μs/bit*63bit*C=35km,
Not Applicable to RACH Bursts.

TX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RX
0 01 2 3 4 5 6 7

TA 0
burst delay ‘t’ (e.g. PCH)

0
burst delay ‘t’
e.g (RACH)

Total delay for round trip is t + t = ‘2t’

Internal Use 85
 Battery Life

Power
Power Control
Control

Voice Activity Detection – VAD

Discontinuous Transmission – DTX

Discontinuous Reception – DRX

Internal Use 86
 Power Control

Both Uplink and Downlink

power settings can be
8W
controlled independently
and individually.

0.8W

5W
Saves radio battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference

Internal Use 87
 VAD & DTX

Without DTX

Encoding the speech

silences at a rate of
500 bit/s rather than
the full 13Kb/s.
If the mobile does not
transmit during With DTX
‘silence’ there is a
reduction in the
overall power
output requirement

Comfort
Noise

Internal Use 88
 DTX
 DTX: Discontinuous Transmission
 Shut off the transmission when no speech detected;
 Only transmit SID frames
 The transcoder at the RX terminal produces comfortable noise based on
SID background noise.
 Improvement on the C/I ratio.
 VAD: Voice Activity Detection
 Implemented in the transcoder.

Prolong Note: DTX is not used on a BCCH carrier

battery life and measurements must based no Sub
and reduce value.

interference

Internal Use 89
 DRX

DRX allows the mobile station to effectively “switch off”

during times when reception is deemed unnecessary.

BCCH Multiframe P = Paging Channel

PPPPPP BCCH PP

MS Being MS in MS receive System MS in

paged listen mode listen mode
information
Internal Use 90
 DRX example

Internal Use 91
 Multipath Fading

•Diversity
•Frequency
Hopping

Time Dispersion
Internal Use 92
 Diversity

Approx. 10
wavelengths
When diversity is implemented two
antennas are situated at the
receiver. These antennas are
placed several wavelengths
apart to ensure minimum
correlation between the two
receive paths.

Compare or
The two signals are then add signals
combined, this ensures that a
low signal strength is less likely
to occur.
Resultant Signal

Internal Use 93
 Frequency Hopping

Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it

does so on a different RF carrier frequency.

Synthesizer Hopping:each frequency

timeslot on a given
transceiver can transmit at
a different frequency
Baseband Hopping: each
transceiver stays at the
same frequency and the
data is switched to the
appropriate transceiver.

time
Internal Use 94
 Frequency Hopping

F1 F1

Vs
F1
F2
F1
F3

Without FH With FH

Internal Use 95
 Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular
Mobile System

Chapter 2 GSM Network Components

Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface

Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning

Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface

Chapter 6 Radio Technologies

Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use 96
 Objectives

On completion of this section you

will be able to know :

State the future development of digital

cellular mobile system

Internal Use 97
 GSM User World Wide

GSM will stay in the Lead, all professional Market

Forecasts say
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

GSM users world wide in millions

Internal Use 98
 Voice and Data Service

Service Data
amout

Voice

Today 2000 Time

Internal Use 99
 Mobile Communication and Internet

million
700
600
500
400
300
200
100

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mobile Internet

Internal Use 100

 GSM Develop Path

3G
2Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384kbps

EDGE
2G 115 kbps

57.6 kbps GPRS

9.6 kbps HSCSD

GSM
1999 2000 2001

Internal Use 101

 Summary

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

GSM Network Components

Summary
Terrestrial Interface

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

Radio Technologies

The Future Development

Internal Use 102

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