Topic 2

SC015 Session 2017/2018

Computer System

2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT

2.1.1 Overview of Computer System
2.1.2 Data Representation
2.1.3 Storage Capacity

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Learning Outcome
2.1.1 Overview of Computer System
• Describe the operations involved in information
processing cycle.

2.1.2 Data Representation

• Explain data representation in computer.

2.1.3 Storage Capacity

• Differentiate various storage capacity.

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

Learning Outcome

 Describe the operations involved in information

processing cycle.

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

• What is a System Unit?

• Case the contains electronic components of
the computer used to produced data.

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

• What is a Computer?
• An electronic device that accept input,
process data produces output and store
data for future use.

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

• What is a Computer System?

• A complete working computer that
includes operating system (OS), software
and hardware which are necessary to
make the computer function.

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

• Computer
Computer--based Information
Processing / Information
Processing Cycle :
• Series of input
input, process
process, output
output, and
storage activities performed by a
computer.

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System
• What is the difference between data
and information?

is collection of unprocessed items, is data that has been processed into

which can include text, numbers, meaningful form and is useful to
images, audio and video. people

Eg: The number 7135553297 and

Zoe Richardson can be reached
the names Zoe & Richardson are
at(713) 555-3297 , the data becomes
pieces of data – alone these pieces
useful, it becomes information
of data are meaningless.
2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

Computers process data into information

2.1.1 Overview of Computer System
 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

• Information Processing Cycle:

Cycle
– Input-Process-Output (IPO + S) Model
(Basic process in computer)

Input Process Output

Storage
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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System
Computer
Computer--based Information Processing /
Information Processing Cycle :
• Any data and instructions entered into the memory of a
Input computer OR
• Entering data into the computer.

Process • Performing operation on the data OR

Transforming data into information.

• Presenting the results OR data that has been

Output processed into a useful form in way that people
can understand.

• Saving data, programs, or output for future use

Storage OR Location in which data, instructions, and information
are held for future use.
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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System

The Components of a Computer:

Computer

SOFTWARE
HARDWARE

• Input device • System

• Output device Software
• CPU • Application
• Storage Sofware
device

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System
The Components of a Computer:
Computer Hardware

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 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System
The Components of a Computer:
Computer Software

• Programs that control or maintain

System Software the operations of a computer and its
devices.

• Program designed to make users

more productive and/or assist them
Application with personal tasks OR
Software • Program designed that allow people
to perform specific tasks using a
computer such as writing letters.
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 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

Learning Outcome
 Explain data representation in computer.

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 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION
• How computers represent data?
For computer, everything is number. Sounds and pictures are
numbers, numbers are numbers, and even the computer’s own
instructions are numbers. When users see document on the
computer screen, what users are seeing is just one of the
computer’s ways of representing numbers.

Human language uses numeric and alphanumeric. For example,

people normally use base 10 to represent numbers (Decimal
system). But for computer its language uses machine language or
ones and zeros. Computers are said to function in base2, which is
known as the binary system. It represents data with electrical
switches. An “on” switch represents a 1. An “off” switch
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represents a 0.
 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION
• How computers represent data?

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 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION
 How computers represent data?
 Data & instructions can be represented electronically
by using two unique binary digits 1 (on) and 0 (off)
 Eight bits is combined together to represent a single
character/data.

Binary Digit Electronic Electronic

(BIT) Charge State
Computer recognizes
only two discrete
electrical states
(on
on and off )

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 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

What is Bit
Bit?
• The smallest unit of data a computer can process
consists of 1 (on) or 0(off).
• 1 and 0 is a natural language of a computer

Usage??
• To represent electronic state (on or off)
• Use to measure data transfer rate of computer
communications devices.
(Kbps, Mbps, Gbps)
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 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION
What is Byte
Byte?
• Eight bits grouped together (e.g.:11110000) as a single
character.
• A byte provide enough different combinations of 1s and 0s to
represent 256 individual characters. (28 = 256)

Usage ??
• To represent a single character such as :
–Digit - Letter (uppercase @ lowercase)
–Punctuation mark - symbol
• Use to measure storage capacity. (KB,MB,GB,TB,PB)
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2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

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2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

Common keyboard characters

and their equivalent binary
numbers representation

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2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

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 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION
Step 2.
Step 1.
An electronic signal for
The user
the capital letter D is
presses the
sent to the system
capital letter D
unit.
on the
keyboard.

Step 4. Step 3.
After processing, the binary The signal for the capital letter D is
code for the capital letter D is converted to its binary code
converted to an image, and (01000100) and is stored in memory
displayed on the monitor. for processing.

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 2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

• The Difference between Bit and Byte

Byte?
Bit Byte
Size • The smallest unit of data a • Eight bits grouped
(the amount of computer can process that together as a unit to
information consist 0 (off) or 1 (on) to store a single character
stored)
represent an electronic up to 256 individual
state. characters

• Use to measure data • Use to measure storage

Measure
transfer rate of computer capacity.
communications devices. (KB,MB,GB,TB,PB)
(Kbps, Mbps, Gbps) 26
 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

Learning Outcome
Differentiate various storage capacity.

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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

Capacity refers of number of byte (character) can

be hold by storage medium

Storage capacity refers to how much disk space one

or more storage devices provides.

Measured in units such as Kilobyte (KB

KB), Megabyte
(MB
MB), Gigabyte (GB
GB), Terabyte (TB
TB), Petabyte (PB
PB).

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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

Table of Storage Capacity

Approximate
Number of Binary Decimal
Term Abbreviation Bytes Exact Number of Bytes Power Power
Kilobyte KB 1 thousand 1,024 2^10 10^3
Megabyte MB 1 million 1,048,576 2^20 10^6

Gigabyte GB 1 billion 1,073,741,824 2^30 10^9

Terabyte TB 1 trillion 1,099,511,627,776 2^40 10^12

Petabyte PB 1 quadrillion 1,125,899,906,842,624 2^50 10^15

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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

• Example 1: Convert 1GB to KB

÷8 ÷1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024

Bit Byte KB MB GB TB PB

x8 x1024 x1024 x1024 x1024 x1024

10 10
1GB = 1 x 1024 x 1024 or 1GB = 1 x 2 x 2
= 2 20 KB
= 1 048 576 KB
= 1 048 576 KB
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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

• Example 2: Convert TB to PB

÷8 ÷1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024

Bit Byte KB MB GB TB PB

x8 x1024 x1024 x1024 x1024 x1024

1200 TB = 1200 / 1024

= 1.17 PB 31
 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY
• Example of storage :

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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

• Typical storage and capacities.

Storage Capacity
Tape drive A few hundred kilobytes to
several gigabytes
Diskette 1.44 MB
CD-ROM 650 MB – 700MB
Hard disks
External hard disk Up to 4TB or more

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2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

Tape

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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

• Storage capacities of DVDs & Blu-ray Discs.

DVD and Blu-ray Storage Capacities
Sides Layers DVD Blu-ray
1 1 4.7 GB 25 GB
1 2 8.5 GB 50 GB
2 1 9.4 GB 50 GB
2 2 17 GB 100 GB

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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

Blu-ray Disc

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 2.1.3 STORAGE CAPACITY

• Storage capacities of Flash Memory Storage.

Storage Capacities
Solid State Drives(SSD) 16GB – 256GB
Memory cards
Compact Flash(CF) 512MB – 100GB
Secure Digital(SD) 512MB – 8GB
SDHC 4GB – 32GB
XD Picture Card 256MB – 2GB

USB Flash Drive 512MB – 100GB

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