21st Century Literature of the Philippines and the a.

Filipino Language in Literature for

World Japanese
b. Voice of Freedom
REVIEWER VIII. Postwar or Republic
a. Free Country
Philippine Literature Timeline b. Development of Literature
I. Pre-Colonial IX. Contemporary
a. Epics, Legends, Faith, animism a. J.K Rowling
b. Oral Tradition X. 21st Century
c. Culture and Nature
d. Mythology 4 Main Genres of Literature
i. Bathala – Highest God Bienvenido Lumbera
ii. Tungkung Langit - Rain 1. Poetry
iii. Tala - Stars - Line, Verse, Stanza
iv. Apolaki - Sun - Spoken Word Poetry (Famous)
v. Dimangan - Harvest a. Lyric – accompanied by music,
II. Spanish Era with patterns and rhymes, rhythm
a. Christianity is a must
b. Doctrina Christiana (first book to i. Song – musical work
be published) ii. Elegy – mortality
c. Fiction stories – heaven and hell iii. Ode – addressed poen
III. Period of Enlightment iv. Sonnett – 14 lines
a. GomBurZa – Three martirs b. Narrative – states or narrates a
IV. Revolutionary Period story in real life
a. Propaganda i. Ballad – poems about love
i. Dr. Jose Rizal with happy ending but
ii. Del Pilar sometime sentimental and
iii. Luna without flowery words
iv. Jaena ii. Metrical Romance – Love
v. Panganiban and fate, whoever sticks to
vi. Paterno be together is based in fate
b. Noli Me Tangere at El iii. Epic – National hero’s
Filibusterismo battle
c. Filipino Heroes are writers c. Dramatic
V. American Colonization i. Dramatic Monologue –
a. Education Individual Time to
i. Thomasites dramatize or act
1. Filipino learns how to ii. Soliloquy – What she think is
write, speak in what she says, personal
English and be thoughts
admitted in a free 2. Prose Fiction Stories
school - A free flowing type of text to contain
b. Anglo American Literature an idea, story or others
VI. Period of Initial Autonomy a. Myth – gods and goddesses
a. Aristocrat b. Legend – origin of something
VII. Japanese Regime c. Fable – animals to portray as
humans

Prepared by : Marvin Lucky Allas

 d. Parable – Bible, teaches a moral 5. Point of View
lesson a. 3P Observer – narrater
e. Novel – chapters and usually long b. 3P Participant – Inclusion
f. Short Story – Fixed Plot. c. 3P Omniscient – God
3. Drama d. Limited Omniscient – restriction in
a. Tragedy dreams
i. Tragicomedy 6. Moral or Lesson
ii. Melodrama a. Moral – good values
b. Comedy b. Lesson – value of something
i. Farce – Exaggerated Drama
ii. The Comedy of Manners – 1. Characters
love stories of the upper 2. Dialogue
class 3. Plot
iii. Satirical Comedy –
mocking of man’s Poetry
foolishness 1. Rhyme
iv. Black Comedy – Taboo 2. Symbol
v. Romance Comedy – Love 3. Figurative
and fun a. Simile
4. Non-Fiction Prose b. Metaphor
a. Autobiography c. Irony
b. Biography d. Hyperbole
c. Editorial e. Allegory
d. Speech f. Alliteration
e. Essay g. Assonance
f. Diary
g. Character Sketch Literature Criticism
1. Reader-Response Approach
Elements of a Literature a. Subjective, based on opinion
Story b. Essay, reflection paper
1. Characters c. Life experiences
a. Importance – main, secondary, 2. Marxism
central or leading a. Social
b. Complexity – flat or round, b. Political
dynamic or static c. Economic
c. Role – Protagonist and antagonist 3. Formalism
2. Settings a. Form rather than content
a. Place, Time, Weather or b. Text
Geography 4. Feminism
3. Plot a. Empowerment of women
a. Exposition 5. Deconstructionism
b. Rising Action a. Breaking down the text and find a
c. Conflict new concept
d. Climax 6. Psychoanalytic
e. Falling Action a. Sexual aggression
f. Resolution or Denouement 7. Moral-Philosophical
4. Theme – central idea of the story a. Worth of literature

Prepared by : Marvin Lucky Allas

 b. Values o When We Were Rich
8. Historical-Biographical o The House on Stilts
a. Author, context o Five Brothers, One Mother
9. Queer Theory o Epilogue
a. Phenomenology  Anecdote - a short and amusing or
b. Gender Ambiguity interesting story about a real incident or
person.
Third World Geography By Cirilo F. Bautista  Narration and Description are used in the
Martial Law 1972 text to make the readers imagine and
 Sept. 21 – Privilege Speech of Ninoy engage in the essay.
Aquino
 Sept. 22 – Ambush Gabriel Garcia Marquez by Louie Jon A.
 Sept. 23 – Presidential Proclamation 1081 Sanchez
 Republic act no. 1425. An act to include
Home of the Ashfall by John Jack Wigley in the curricula of all public and private
Mt. Pinatubo Eruption schools, colleges and universities courses
 Style on the life, works and writings of Jose
 Type - narrative Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me
 Tone – worries, confused, guilty, uneasy Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing
and shocked the printing and distribution thereof, and
 Mood – dumbfounded for other purposes.
 One Hundred Years of Solitude is the
3 settings most well-known work by Marquez
1. Manila  Comparative Essay is what the author
2. Abacan Bridge used in his text
3. Home  Realism - in the arts is the attempt to
represent subject matter truthfully,
The Roadrunner by Rowena Tiempo-Torrevillas without artificiality and avoiding artistic
 Prey – Roadrunner conventions, implausible, exotic and
 Predator – Wile E. Coyote supernatural elements.
 Ennui - a feeling of listlessness and  Magic Realism (Latin America) - that is
dissatisfaction arising from a lack of characterized by the matter-of-fact
occupation or excitement. inclusion of fantastic or mythical
 Nihilism – is an attitude that finds elements into seemingly realistic fiction.
meaninglessness in things societal Although this strategy is known in
structures, rituals or habits and moral the literature of many cultures in many
codes. ages, the term magic realism is a
 Hubris – excessive pride or self- relatively recent designation,
confidence  Marvelous Realism
 Hamartia - a fatal flaw leading to the
downfall of a tragic hero or heroine.
Braj Kachru’s Circle of Language
Expanding Circle, Outer Circle and Inner Circle
Five Brothers, One Mother by Alexis Abola
 Many Mansions – an essay written by
The Voice Tape by Ariel S. Tabag
Alexis Abola and it is where Five brother
 Foreshadowing - be a warning or
one mother come from
indication of (a future event).
o Small World

Prepared by : Marvin Lucky Allas

 Flashback - is an interjected scene that
takes the narrative back in time from the
current point in the story.
 Nostalgic – remembering a sad event
 Some of the themes of the story is
Depression, Poverty and Haunting the
past.

Ako ang Daigdig by Alejandro G. Abadilla

 Metafiction
o First used by William H. Gass in a
1970 essay, "Philosophy and the
Form of Fiction,"
o signals the kind of text that
emphasizes its status as a text.
o It is 100% aware of the fact that
it's fiction—some literature may
try to be naturalistic or realistic,
but postmodernism doesn't hide
what it is.
o Metafiction is a prime example of
the self-aware vibe we often find
in postmodernism.
o Through its references to literary
styles and conventions,
metafiction gives us another
example of postmodernism's bric-
a-brac approach. Postmodern
literature isn't about creating
something 100% new and real—
remember, these ideals are no
longer seen as possible by
postmodernists. Rather than
fighting against this, though,
postmodernists go with the flow
and embrace the idea of writing
stories about stories, instead of
getting bogged down in a quest
for what's authentic or real.

Prepared by : Marvin Lucky Allas