IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014

EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

BACKGROUND 3

CASE STUDIES 6

BUILDING DESIGN 11
DESIGN BRIEF
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
AREA PLANNING
SITE PLANNING

REFERENCES 15

IOM OIM

PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
The purpose of this document is to present work in progress for the design
development of new evacuation centers in Eastern Samar, to secure approval from
relevant personnel prior to progressing design to next stage of documentation.

DOCUMENT USERS
This document is intended for internal circulation only.
BACKGROUND

THE DISASTER THE REGION

TYPOON YOLANDA EASTERN SAMAR

Typhoon Yolanda (International Codename: Haiyan) made its first landfall on 8 November 2013 Eastern Samar is a district located on the east coast of the island of Samar within the Eastern
in the Philippines in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with the eye of the storm passing directly over the Visayas (Region VIII). The district consists of 22 municipalities, 597 Barangay and one capital city,
municipality. Peak winds reached 380 km per hour (235 mph) with sustained wind speeds of Borongan City.2
315 km per hour (195 mph). The town suffered heavy damage to property, 110 people were
killed and 3,625 were injured. In the province of Eastern Samar, as is common in most areas
frequently affected by tropical cyclones, populations living in high risk areas evacuate to safe
shelters (commonly public buildings such as schools and churches) in advance of the arrival of the
storm. The Philippines is no exception. However, Yolanda wrought catastrophic damage not only
Eastern Samar - 428, 877
to habitat but to buildings previously used as evacuation centres.1 Borongan City - 62, 457

On the ground in Tacloban, November 16, 2013 - Road Closed Eastern Visayas, The Philippines
Source: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines Source: http://d-maps.com/m/asia/philippines/philippines38.gif

1 www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/IOM-Assessment-ECs-ESamar_2014-Apr.pdf 2 www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/43341-fact-file-eastern-visayas

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 3

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
BACKGROUND

SHELTER SOLUTIONS EXISTING CONDITIONS

SUITABLE SHELTER FOR EVACUEES DESIGNATED EVACUATION CENTERS

Suitable shelter to be used in evacuations should take into account considerations such as: One third of existing designated evacuation centres function as multi-purpose halls, and/or
Barangay Halls, however 85% are currently unuseable. An audit undertaken by IOM in April 2013
• Many displaced persons prefer to remain as close to the home site as possible; has identified a need to build new fit-for-purpose evacuation centres to provide safe shelter for
• Some individuals will have evacuated themselves and made their own arrangements therefore communities vulnerable to disaster to be utilised as community halls in non-disaster situations.
it may not be necessary to shelter the entire evacuated population;
• Disruption to work, school and social arrangements should be minimized;
• Accommodation should be located away from potential hazards or secondary hazards;
structurally sound; follow existing building codes
• Use of smaller evacuation centres where possible, as self-regulation within smaller groups is
more likely and solidarity may be fostered;
• Special shelter arrangements may be necessary for more vulnerable individuals in cases where
basic shelter may not meet their needs.1

SUITABLE SHELTER FOR LIVESTOCK

If animals, livestock and pets have been transported out of the evacuation zone, they will also need
to be considered within plans for the provision of shelter, and suitable facilities for the sheltering
or accommodation of animals must also be pre-identified.3

1 www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 4

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
BACKGROUND
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
DURING DISASTER
The evacuation center is designed to provide evacuees with safe shelter during disaster for the
preservation of life.
POST DISASTER
The evacuation centre is not designed to function as a collective centre for displaced persons
post-disaster. The evacuation centre may be utilised for emergency shelter only in the instance
that vulnerable individuals (older people, pregnant women, unaccompanied children and persons
with disability) have limited or no access to more appropriate emergency shelter solutions.
On the ground in Tacloban, November 18, 2013 - Erecting Emergency Shelter
Source: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR
WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
TERMS OF REFERENCE
EVACUATION
Evacuation is the rapid movement of people away from the immediate threat or impact of a
disaster to a safer place of shelter. It is commonly characterized by a short time frame, from
hours to weeks, within which emergency procedures need to be enacted in order to save lives
and minimize exposure to harm.1
EVACUEES
A person who has evacuated a hazardous location in response to the immediate threat or impact
of a disaster, either through their own initiative and resources (self-evacuated) or through the
direction and assistance of authorities and/or emergency responder.1
EMERGENCY SHELTER
Short term shelter that provides life-saving support, the most basic shelter support that can be
provided immediately after the disaster.2
COLLECTIVE CENTRE
Collective centres, also refered to as mass shelters, are usually transit facilities lcated in pre-
exisitng structures such as community centres, town halls, gymnasiums, hotels, warehouses,
disused factories and unfinished buidings. They are often used when displacement occurs inside a
city, or when there are significant flows o displaced people into a city or town. 3
1 www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf
2 www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf
3 www.sheltercentre.org/node/12873
IOM OIM
5
CASE STUDY
The following case studies present exemplar use of local materials, construction technologies and resilient architetural forms, that have informed the development of a robust design solution for evacuation centers in Eastern Samar.

EVACUATION CENTER BUILDINGS

SCHOOL BUILDINGS DESIGNATED AS EVACUATION CENTRE BUILDINGS DURING DISASTER, BANGLADESH - ELEVATED BUILDING PROTECTS INTERIOR FROM FLOODING

FIT-FOR-PURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTER BUILDING, BANGLADESH - CONCEPT BY KASHEF MAHBOOB CHOWDRY - EXTERNAL CIRCULATION BUFFERS INTERIOR FROM HARSH SUN, WIND AND RAIN
www.friendship-in-may.weebly.com/proposal-for-a-cyclone-shelter.html

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 6

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
CASE STUDY

INTEGRATING LOCAL MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY

DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL, INDIA - DESIGNED BY ARUP ASSOCIATES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY
www.dwls.org/ladakh-photo-gallery.html

SALAM CENTER FOR CARDIAC SURGERY AND MEDICAL COMPOUND, SUDAN - DESIGNED BY TAMassociati ARCHITECTS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY (2013 AGA KHAN AWARD WINNER)
www.tamassociati.wordpress.com/2013/09/09/tamassociati-wins-aga-khan-award-salam-centre/

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 7

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
CASE STUDY

RESILIENT ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

ROUNDED FORM IMPROVES BUILDING AERODYNAMICS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO STRONG WINDS, FLYING DEBRIS, TIDAL WAVES AND STORM SURGE

MONOLITHIC FORM REDUCES REQUIREMENT FOR INTERNAL COLUMNS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKE, TYPHOON AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTER

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 8

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
CASE STUDY

CONTEXT-SPECIFIC MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE - ROBUST, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES

HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK - COST EFFECTIVE, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 9

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
CASE STUDY

CONTEXT-SPECIFIC COMMUNITY HALLS

TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL EXTERIOR - 2 STOREY BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, STRONG CIVIC PRESENCE, CENTRAL ENTRANCE, BUILDING IS CLEARLY SIGNED

TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL INTERIOR - HARD FLOOR FINISH, COLOURFUL DECORATION, UTILITARIAN LIGHTING, MOVEABLE FURNITURE FOR LARGE AND SMALL MEETING ARRANGEMENTS

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 10

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
BUILDING DESIGN

DESIGN BRIEF

To design safe evacuation centers for communities in Eastern Samar, to be utilised by the community year-round as multi-purpose centers

MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER NEW EVACUATION CENTER BARANGAY HALL

the most safe building typology a building designed fit-for-purpose the most common community building typology

DESIGN SPECIFICATION

• Building is safe, in accordance with FEMA P-320 / P-361 - engineered for wind speeds of 320 km/hour (200mph) and moderate seismic activity (7.2 magnitude)
• Building is designed in accordance with national construction standards
• Design provides to minimum standards for short term relief response (The Sphere Project)
• Local community livelihoods are supported in construction process
• Building is low cost - operationally and in construction
• Building is low maintenance and highly durable
• Building may be constructed in a short time frame
• Building interior provides access to natural light and ventilation
• Building may be self-sufficient, with rainwater tanks and potential for integrated solar power
• Site is accessible, preferably within walking disatance of affected community
• Design promotes vernacular architectural typologies
• Design supports local community Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) initiatives
• Design supports program requirements for other community activities (to be determined in consultation with the community)

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 11

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
BUILDING DESIGN

FIRST AID
5m2 /
AREA PLANNING
50 persons
ADMINISTRATION / STORAGE
6m2 + 4m2 / 50 persons
SAFE SHELTER FOR
PRESERVATION OF LIFE
EMERGENCY SHELTER
3.5m2 / person DINING AREA
1.5m2 / person

TEMPORARY SHELTER TOILET

5m2 / person 1 / 20 persons

BASIN
TOILET 1 / 30 persons
1 / 50 persons
<50m SHOWER PLANT ROOM / SERVICES
DRINKING WATER TAP 1 / 40 persons TBA
1 / 100 persons

REQUIRED AREA

POTABLE WATER NON-POTABLE WATER RECOMMENDED AREA

RAINWATER STORAGE TANK RAINWATER STORAGE TANK TO BE DESIGNATED AS/IF REQUIRED

min. 3L / person / day min. 30L / person / day MULTI-PURPOSE AREA

THE SAME SPACE MAY ACCOMODATE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS
DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE DAY AND NIGHT. WHILE THIS
IS NOT THE PREFERRED OPTION IT MAY BE NECESSARY.
For additional detail - refer separate documentation, Building Design Strategy

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 12

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
BUILDING DESIGN

SITE PLANNING

To minimise costly earthworks and site preparation it is preferable to select a site that already TYPICAL WIND DIRECTION / STORM SURGE THREAT
meets many of the design criteria for siting the building. The following notes provide a guide for
identifying ideal site attributes and designing the site plan.

Drainage 1% - 5% grade across the entire site1

drainage channels may still be required to prevent flooding

WIND BREAK LANDSCAPE

Elevation building and access paths to be raised above typical flood levels
construct building on stilts or earth mound

Protection use wind breaks to protect from strong winds2 and flying debris
WATER
remove large trees near building to reduce risk of damage MAIN BUILDING LIVESTOCK
TANK

Proximity maximum 60 minutes travel time from vulnerable community3

MINIMUM 1:100 GRADE
Location in accordance with Multi-Hazard Mapping and Sieve Analysis 3
ENTRY

Surrounding Area allocated zone for vehicle parking

allocated zone for additional portable toilets (as/if required) VEHICLE PARKING
RAISED SITE ACCESS
storage tanks for potable and non-potable water
separate safe shelter for livestock, including water storage SPACE FOR TENTS
plant room for mechanical and electrical services
helicopter landing pad (as/if required)

MAIN ROAD (RAISED)

1 The Sphere Project 2011, p.256

2 ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, ‘8 Build Back Safer Key Messages’

3 International Organization for Migration and Project Noah 2014, ‘Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing

Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government - IOM Initiative

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 13

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
BUILDING DESIGN

DESIGN CRITERIA RESILIENT TO RESILIENT TO RESILIENT TO SENSITIVE TO SUPPORTING INDOOR LOW LOW
TYPHOON FLOODING EARTHQUAKE CONTEXT LIVELIHOODS ENVIRONMENT MAINTENANCE CONSTRUCT
QUALITY COST COST

MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER

?
PROPOSED DESIGN:
CYLINDERICAL BUILDING

SQUARE BUILDING
WITH HIPPED ROOF

LEGEND:

WEAK STRONG STRONGEST

?
TO BE ADVISED

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 14

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
REFERENCES

Australian Red Cross and Emergency Management Queensland 2013, Queensland Evacuation Centre Planning Toolkit, www.disaster.qld.gov.au/Disaster-Resources/Documents/RED671 QLD Planning Toolkit_FA_Web.pdf

Australian Red Cross 2012, Evacuation Centre Field Guide, www.redcross.org.au/files/Evacuation_Centre_Field_Guide.pdf

Arup & Disaster Emergency Committee 2010, Lessons from Aceh - Key Considerations in Post-Disaster Reconstruction, http://publications.arup.com/~/media/Publications/Files/Publications/L/LessonsFromAceh.ashx

CCCM Cluster 2014, The MEND Guide: Comprehensive Guide for Planning Mass Evacuations in Natural Disasters (Pilot Document), www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf

FEMA 2005, Hurricane Mitigation: A Handbook for Public Facilities, www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1715-25045-9324/hurricane_mitigation_handbook_for_public_facilities.pdf

FEMA 2008, Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms, P-361 (2nd Edition), www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1508-20490-8283/fema_p_361.pdf

FEMA 2008, Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home of Small Business, P-320 (3rd Edition), http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1454-20490-8914/fema_p_320.pdf

IFRC, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘Emergency SHELTER in Natural Disasters’, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95528/Shelter in Natural Disasters.pptx

IFRC 2013, Post-disaster Shelter: Ten designs, www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf

IFRC 2011, Transitional shelters: Eight designs, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95186/900300-Transitional Shelters-Eight designs-EN-LR.pdf

IOM 2012, Transitional Shelter Guidelines, https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Transitional-Shelter-Guidelines.pdf

IOM and Project Noah 2014, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government-IOM Initiative, www. youtu.be/a0I361vz1-A

Liveable Housing Australia, 2012, Livable Housing Design Guidelines (2nd Edition), www.liveablehousingaustralia.org.au

Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways - Office of the Secretary 2009, Minimum Requirements, www.dpwh.gov.ph

Manila Shelter Projects 2011-2012, Heritage Foundation’s DRR-Compliant Sustainable Construction: Build Back Safer with Vernacular Methodologies - Technical Support Programme, www.sheltercasestudies.org

ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘8 Build Back Safer Key Messages’, www.sheltercluster.org

The Sphere Project 2011, The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, www.sphereproject.org

UNDP 2007, Disaster Risk management Programme - Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, www.preventionweb.net/files/11711_CycloneArchitecture1.pdf

UNESCO Bangkok and The Bangladesh Ministry of Education 1990, Cyclone Resistant School Buildings for Bangladesh: A Report on In-Country Training, www.preventionweb.net/files/5221_CycloneResistantBangladesh1.pdf

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and International Organisation for Migration 2010, Collective Centre Guidelines, www.sheltercluster.org/.../Collective-Centre-Guidelines-2010.pdf

Worksafe Victoria 2008, Workplace amenities and work environment, Compliance Code, www.worksafe.vic.gov.au

World Bank 2009, Handbook for Post-Disaster Housing and Community Reconstruction, www.sheltercentre.org/meeting/material/handbook-post-disaster-housing-and-community-reconstruction

IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR 15

WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014