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Sfra User Guide PDF
Sfra User Guide PDF
NOTICE
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Comments contained herein relating to safety represent minimum guidelines, and should never be
compromised; however, it is foreseeable that the minimum safety guidelines may be supplemented in
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the information contained herein in strict accordance with industry as well as User’s company
compliance and safety regulations. The techniques and procedures described herein are based on
years of experience with some tried and proven methods. However, the basic recommendations
contained herein cannot cover all test situations and there may be instances when Doble® should be
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© Copyright, 2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.4. AutoTransformers....................................................................................................90
7.5. Three Winding Transformers ..................................................................................91
Chapter 8 Examples.....................................................................................................................92
8.1. Three Responses for One Transformer....................................................................92
8.2. HV Delta Response .................................................................................................93
8.3. HV Wye (star) Response .........................................................................................94
8.4. Short Circuit Test Response ....................................................................................95
8.5. Repeat Results for One Phase at Different Times ...................................................96
8.6. Results Showing a Shorted Turn .............................................................................96
Chapter 12 References...............................................................................................................116
Table of Figures
Figure 1 M5200 Test Set and Accessories...................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 M5200 SFRA Instrument Front View.............................................................................. 4
Figure 3 M5300 Test Set and Accessories...................................................................................... 4
Figure 4 M5300 SFRA Instrument Front View.............................................................................. 5
Figure 5 Safety Ground................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6 Two Port Network ............................................................................................................ 7
Figure 7 Connecting Safety Ground to Transformer .................................................................... 10
Figure 8 Connect to M5200 .......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 9 No SFRA instrument found............................................................................................ 13
Figure 10 M5200 found – communication blocked...................................................................... 13
Figure 11 Doble SFRA Software Start Up Screen ....................................................................... 16
Figure 12 Connect to M5200 ........................................................................................................ 16
Figure 13 Connected to M5200 .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 14 Connection Not Attempted........................................................................................... 17
Figure 15 Main Software Screen .................................................................................................. 18
Figure 16 File Menu Option ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 17 Edit Menu Option ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 18 Test Menu Option......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 19 Graph Menu Option...................................................................................................... 20
Figure 20 Help Menu Option........................................................................................................ 21
Figure 21 Help… About ............................................................................................................... 21
Figure 22 Magnitude Chart........................................................................................................... 22
Figure 23 Phase Chart................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 24 Sub-Band Charts........................................................................................................... 23
Figure 25 Waveform Display........................................................................................................ 24
Figure 26 Analysis Tab................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 27 Tabulation Tab ............................................................................................................. 26
Figure 28 Apparatus Tab .............................................................................................................. 27
Figure 29 Data Manager Tab ........................................................................................................ 28
Figure 30 Apparatus and Test Sub-window ................................................................................. 29
Figure 31 Legend Sub-window..................................................................................................... 30
Figure 32 Plot property Command ............................................................................................... 31
Figure 33 Plot Property Dialog..................................................................................................... 31
Figure 34 Edit Apparatus Menu.................................................................................................... 32
Figure 35 Test Equipment Panel................................................................................................... 33
Figure 36 Editors and Details ....................................................................................................... 34
Figure 37 Reviewing/Editing Location Data – A ......................................................................... 35
Figure 38 Reviewing/Editing Location Data – B ......................................................................... 35
Figure 39 Entering a New Location.............................................................................................. 35
Figure 40 Deleting a Location ...................................................................................................... 36
Figure 41 Exporting Location Entries to a File ............................................................................ 36
Figure 42 Exporting Location Folder Selection ........................................................................... 37
Figure 43 Importing Location Entries from a File........................................................................ 37
Figure 44 Reviewing/Editing Transformer Data – A ................................................................... 38
Figure 45 Reviewing/Editing Transformer Data – B.................................................................... 39
Table of Tables
Table 1 Transformer Settings XML Format ................................................................................. 71
Table 2 User A Transformer Settings XML File .......................................................................... 72
Table 3 User B Transformer Settings XML File .......................................................................... 72
Table 4 Transformer Nameplate Section from User B File.......................................................... 73
Table 5 Two Winding Transformers............................................................................................. 90
Table 6 Autotransformers ............................................................................................................. 90
Table 7 Three Winding Transformers – Part 1 ............................................................................. 91
Table 8 Three Winding Transformers – Part 2 ............................................................................. 91
Table 9 Diagnostic Tests............................................................................................................. 104
Table 10 Minimum PC Requirements ........................................................................................ 110
Table 11 Parts List ...................................................................................................................... 111
Chapter 1
Introduction
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) testing has become a valuable tool for verifying
the geometric integrity of electrical apparatus, especially transformers. The SFRA technique
provides internal diagnostic information using non-intrusive procedures. Over the last ten years,
only the SFRA test method has been proven to provide accurate and repeatable measurements,
with Doble providing the back up and support necessary to extract value from the measurement.
Power transformers are specified to withstand the mechanical forces arising from both shipping
and subsequent in-service events, such as faults and lightning. Transportation damage can occur
if the clamping and restraints are inadequate; such damage may lead to core and winding
movement. The most severe in-service forces arise from system faults, and are axial and radial in
nature. If the forces are excessive, radial buckling or axial deformation can occur. With a core
form design the principal forces are radially directed, whereas in a shell form unit they are
axially directed, and this difference is likely to influence the types of damage found.
Once a transformer has been damaged, even if only slightly, the ability to withstand further short
circuits is reduced. Utility personnel need to effectively identify such damage. A visual
inspection is costly and does not always produce the desired results or the correct conclusion.
During a field inspection, the oil has to be drained and confined entry rules apply. Since so little
of the winding is visible, little damage is seen other than displaced support blocks. Often, a
complete tear down is required to identify the problem. An alternative method is to implement
field-diagnostic techniques capable of detecting damage.
There is a direct relationship between the geometric configuration and the distributed electrical
elements, otherwise known as RLC networks, of a winding and core assembly. This RLC
network can be identified by its frequency-dependent transfer function. Frequency Response
Analysis testing can be accomplished by the sweep frequency method (SFRA). Changes in the
geometric configuration alter the impedance network, and in turn alter the transfer function.
Changes in the transfer function will reveal a wide range of failure modes.
Chapter 2
Parts List – Hardware and Software
The M5200 SFRA Instrument comes complete with packaged hardware, software, and cables, as
shown in Figure 1. This section provides an introduction to the various parts and accessories that
comprise the M5200 SFRA Instrument.
System Status
Indicators
Power Switch
and Indicator
The M5300 SFRA Instrument comes complete with packaged hardware, software, and cables, as
shown in Figure 1. This section provides an introduction to the various parts and accessories that
comprise the M5300 SFRA Instrument.
The Safety Ground, also known as the instrument Chassis Ground, shown in Figure 5, is used to
connect the instrument chassis to the ground of the transformer.
2.6. Software
The M5200 SFRA test set is controlled by a user supplied lap top.
The M5300 SFRA test set has the software installed on it before delivery.
Chapter 3
SFRA Theory
The primary objective of SFRA is to determine how the impedance of a test specimen behaves
over a specified range of frequencies. The impedance is a distributive network of real and
reactive electrical components. The components are passive in nature, and can be modeled by
resistors, inductors, and capacitors. The reactive properties of a given test specimen are
dependent upon and sensitive to changes in frequency. The change in impedance versus
frequency can be dramatic in many cases. This behavior becomes apparent when we model the
impedance as a function of frequency. The result is a transfer function representation of the RLC
network in the frequency domain.
Frequency response analysis is generally applied to a complex network of passive elements. For
practical purposes, we will only consider resistors, inductors, and capacitors as passive circuit
elements, and they are assumed to be ideal. These three fundamental elements are the building
blocks for various physical devices, such as transformers, motors, generators, and other electrical
apparatus.
It is important to understand the difference between the physical device and the mathematical
model we intend to use. When large and complex systems are electrically analyzed, we are often
faced with a poorly defined distributed network. A distributed network contains an infinite
amount of infinitely small RLC elements. For example, transmission lines are generally
distributed in nature. It is practical to model such distributed systems by lumping the basic RLC
components together, resulting in a lumped network. Lumping elements together for a single
frequency is a trivial task, however, when system modeling requires spanning over a significant
frequency interval, then producing a suitable lumped model becomes difficult.
When a transformer is subjected to SFRA testing, the leads are configured in such a manner that
four terminals are used. These four terminals can be divided into two unique pairs, one pair each
for the input and the output. These terminals can be modeled in a two-terminal pair or a two-port
network configuration. Figure 6 illustrates a two-port network.
Solving for the open-circuit impedance for each lumped element forms the impedances, Z11,
Z22, Z12, and Z21. It should be noted that the negative terminals are short-circuited when
transformers are tested. The transformer tank is common for both negative and lower terminals.
The transformer tank and lead ground shields must be connected together to achieve a common-
mode measurement. This assures that no external impedance is measured. Applying the
connection in this manner helps reduce the effects of noise. It is very important to obtain a zero
impedance between the lower or negative terminals to assure a repeatable measurement.
The transfer function of an RLC network is the ratio of the output and input frequency responses
when the initial conditions of the network are zero. Both magnitude and the phase relationships
can be extracted from the transfer function. The transfer function helps us better understand the
input/output relationship of a linear network. The transfer function also represents the
fundamental characteristics of a network, and is a useful tool in modeling such a system. The
transfer function is represented in the frequency domain and is denoted by the Fourier variable H
(jω), where (jω) denotes the presence of a frequency dependent function, and ω= 2πf. The
Fourier relationship for the input/output transfer function is given by:
Voutput ( jω )
H ( jω ) =
Vinput ( jω )
When a transfer function is reduced to its simplest form, it generates a ratio of two polynomials.
The main characteristics, such as half-power and resonance, of a transfer function occur at the
roots of the polynomials.
The goal of SFRA is to measure the impedance model of the test specimen. When we measure
the transfer function H (jω), it does not isolate the true specimen impedance Z (jω). The true
specimen impedance Z (jω) is the RLC network, which is positioned between the instrument
leads, and it does not include any impedance supplied by the test instrument. It must be noted
that when using the voltage relationship, H (jω) is not always directly related to Z (jω). For Z
(jω) to be directly related to H (jω) a current must be substituted for the output voltage and then
Ohms Law can be realized. However, SFRA uses the voltage ratio relationship for determining H
(jω). Since the SFRA test method uses a 50 Ohm impedance match measuring system, the 50
Ohm impedance must be incorporated into H (jω). The next equation shows the relationship of Z
(jω) to H (jω):
Hv(jω) = Vout(jω) /Vin(jω)
Often it is useful to plot the magnitude and phase relationship of the transfer function in
logarithmic format. The units of magnitude and phase are in the decibels (dB) and degrees,
respectively. The magnitude and phase is represented as follows:
A(dB) = 20 log10 (H ( jω ) )
A(θ ) = tan −1 (H ( jω ) )
This format takes advantage of the asymptotic symmetry by using a logarithmic scale for
frequency. Plotting the phase relationship with the magnitude data will help determine whether
the system is resistive, inductive, or capacitive. It is often useful to compare resonance in the
magnitude plots with the zero crossings in the phase relationship.
Chapter 4
Safety and Personnel
4.1. Safety
Safety cannot be overemphasized when working on or around high voltage electrical apparatus.
Companies that generate, transmit, distribute, or utilize high voltage electricity should, and do,
have precise rules for safe practices and procedures for personnel whose working responsibilities
involve testing and maintenance of the various types of high voltage apparatus, and their
associated lines, cables and conductors, as well as the associated accessories.
4.3. Grounding
The apparatus under test, its tank or housing, and the Doble SFRA Instrument must be solidly
and commonly grounded or earthed. This also applies to any mobile equipment being tested. See
Figure 7 for an example safety ground connection.
The Doble SFRA Instrument test cable shields must also be grounded or earthed to the same
common point as the instrument. This is usually achieved by attaching the grounds securely to
the bushing flange base.
NOTE
Proper grounding techniques are a very important step
in safety and in ensuring reliable SFRA test results.
Chapter 5
SFRA Test Preparations
SFRA test preparations consist of:
• Preparing the Transformer
• Preparing the Doble SFRA Instrument
• Creating the Test Files
• Connecting the Apparatus
We wish to measure only the RLC network of the transformer. In order to maintain consistency
and repeatability of measurements, all terminals that are not under test should be isolated and
floating. In order to maintain a balanced and symmetrical approach, where a delta winding is
completed and grounded external to the transformer tank, the delta should be complete but
floating. Such windings are frequently used for regulation; where such windings are grounded
internal to the tank, we are forced to leave that ground in place – but we should expect
asymmetry in results.
A frequency response could be measured with the remaining terminals grounded, however it
could not be compared to a response that was measured with floating terminals since a different
RLC response would be measured.
Turn on the power switch located on the front of the M5300 SFRA Instrument
The M5300 SFRA software should start up automatically; if your system has been altered,
double click on the SFRA icon or begin the program using ‘Start… Run…’.
The PC should not be connected to any network and wireless connections should be turned off;
firewalls and virus software should be disabled. These restrictions do not apply if you wish to
use the software in viewer mode only and not communicate with an M5200.
Double click on the SFRA Icon on the PC Desktop, or use “Programs… Run…” to start the
software. When the window shown in Figure 8 appears, connect the M5200 to the PC using
either the USB cable or the Ethernet Cable with Crossover adapter.
It is possible that the M5200 and the PC can communicate but not allow data transfer – as may be
the case when a Windows or other firewall is enabled. The message shown in Figure 10 is
shown.
This message will appear if there is no cable connection between the PC and M5200 or if there
are firewalls or virus software enabled which prevent communication.
Connect the safety ground to the Doble SFRA test set and to the ground on the transformer.
Caution
To minimize the chance of the conductors becoming energized due to static
electricity, Doble Engineering Company recommends attaching all test set
leads to the instrument while the other end of the leads are still on the
ground. Attaching the leads to the transformer bushings first increases the
risk of operator injury.
Chapter 6
Software
The Doble SFRA M5200 & M5300 Instruments come complete with intuitive Windows ™ based
software which runs on a standard PC supplied by the user or on the M5300 itself. 256 Mb of
RAM are recommended as a minimum.
6.1. Overview
The software allows users to make and compare SFRA measurements. The test itself is easy to
perform, but it is important that all relevant details are recorded for future reference otherwise it
becomes difficult to reproduce test results.
It requires a minimum set of details before a measurement can be made:
• Transformer manufacturer and serial number
• Test location
• Testing organization
• M5200/M5300 serial number
• Basic test details: lead location and tap positions.
Basic information can be set up before performing any tests and saved.
Templates of tests are available for use as a guideline with different transformer designs.
All traces are automatically saved on completion.
6.2. Installation on a PC
The software installs as a standard Windows application. It is not recommended that the
software be installed on a network drive or data stored to a network drive. When setting up
data paths (Edit… Options…) it is not recommended that data is saved to a network path.
If a network path is specified then data will not be saved in the field as the network will not
be accessible.
When testing in the field using an M5200 the PC where the software is installed should not be
connected to any other network and should not have a wireless network enabled (or switched on).
Firewall and virus software should be disabled or turned off while making measurements. These
may be returned to default settings when using the software as a viewer only and not
communicating with an M5200.
When closing down the M5200 software a window will appear confirming that you wish to exit
the software.
On running the software on the PC or an M5300, a Doble SFRA start up screen is shown, similar
to that in Figure 11; you may have a later version of the software.
If you click ‘No’, no attempt will be made to connect to an M5200 and the confirmation window
shown in Figure 14.
• Data Manager
• Magnitude
• Phase
• Sub-band
• Waveform
• Analysis
• Tabulation
• Apparatus
6.4.1. File
Menu option ‘File, as shown in Figure 16, has four sub-options:
• Print – allows printing of results and associated details
• Print Preview – allows for preview of printing
• Exit – quits the Doble SFRA software
Note: there is no ‘Save’ option as all traces are automatically saved on completion of the trace.
6.4.2. Edit
The ‘Edit’ menu option has two sub-options, as shown in Figure 17.
Edit Apparatus – allows for entry of apparatus, location and template details; see section 6.7.
Options – which control sources for data storage and system settings; see section 6.9.
‘Test’, as shown in Figure 18 allows selection of apparatus for test. It is only active after the
‘Select Apparatus’ button has been used once to select and Apparatus/Location combination for
test purposes.
6.4.4. Graph
This menu option controls graph related features, as shown in Figure 19. See section 6.15.1.
6.4.5. Help
The ‘Help’ menu option, as shown in Figure 20, allows access to the help facility, which is not
available in this version and to the ‘About’ option which gives the software version and related details.
6.5.1. Magnitude
As shown in Figure 15, this is the tab, which displays magnitude data. See section 6.11 for
information on trace manipulation.
6.5.2. Phase
Phase information is plotted on a separate chart, on the phase tab, as shown in Figure 23.
Phase is a useful quantity when looking whether a measurement is more inductive or more
capacitive. It is rarely used but can occasionally be a useful diagnostic.
6.5.4. Waveform
The ‘Waveform’ tab, as shown in Figure 25, is useful when monitoring the progress of a
measurement: it displays both the reference waveform generated by the test set and the measured
wave form of the object under test.
When a bad connection is made, it is possible to use the waveform tab to help diagnose the
problem, as discussed in Section 0.
This tab only provides a waveform when the test is in progress.
6.5.5. Analysis
The ‘Analysis’ tab, as shown in Figure 26, allows for comparison of two selected traces.
The traces must first be shown on the magnitude plot. They can then be analyzed using
difference and cross-correlation.
Limits have not yet been set on what is an acceptable variation for difference between two traces
on the same transformer at a given frequency; likewise, limits have not been set on what are
acceptable differences in correlation coefficient in a given frequency range. Both are areas where
the international SFRA community is currently undertaking much research. This will be the page
where the Doble Expert System for SFRA, SAM ™, (the SFRA Analysis Manager) will appear
in a future version of the software.
Data analysis is discussed in more detail in Section 0.
6.5.6. Tabulation
Data may be viewed purely in a graphical format, as in the magnitude plot, but may also be
viewed in tabular form, as shown in Figure 27. By clicking on an entry in the legend at left, the
corresponding results consisting of:
• Frequency
• Magnitude
• Phase
The values are shown in the table on the right of the window.
6.5.7. Apparatus
The ‘Apparatus’ tab shows information related to the traces displayed on the Magnitude plot –
see Figure 28. This allows full details of the test to be viewed, including:
• Transformer Details
• Apparatus Location
• Test Set Up
Click on the legend entry for which details are required and they appear in the window to the right.
Right click on a trace name in the legend to show the ‘Plot Property’ box as shown in Figure 32.
Left click on the ‘Plot Property’ box to bring up the properties menu, as shown in Figure 33.
Click on the ‘Edit Apparatus’ to bring up the Test Equipment panel as shown in Figure 35.
Location Location
Editor Detail
Test
Equipment Test
Editor Equipment
Detail
Test Test
Organization Organization
Editor Detail
Each editor allows review and editing of entries – Location, Test Equipment, Test Organization.
Examples here are given for Location, but the others work in the same way.
Each entry must have a unique name: this is its key identifier. It is not good practice to try to
enter locations with duplicate names. This may lead to unexpected and undesirable consequences
when trying to recall data.
By clicking on entries in the list, details for that entry are brought up in the field on the right of
the window, as can be seen by comparing data in Figure 37 and Figure 38.
To edit data associated with a particular location, simply edit the contents of the fields and click
‘Save and Exit’.
Click on ‘New’ or type Alt-N. A new entry titled ‘New Location’ appears in the Location list at
the left side of the window, as shown in Figure 39. This may be edited as with any other entry.
Choose location by clicking on an entry in the Location List. Click Delete; you must confirm the
delete via the Dialog box shown in Figure 40.
Deleting a location will not delete any of the results associated with that location.
Use the Ctrl key and left mouse click to highlight a number of entries in the Location list, as
shown in Figure 41.
A dialog box appears asking for the name of the file for the exported Locations to be saved in, as
shown in Figure 42.
The file is saved in xml format. When importing Locations from a file, click the “Import from
Location File” and open an xml file. If no valid locations are found, the message in Figure 43
appears.
After clicking on ‘Transformer Editor’ a window similar to that in Figure 44 is shown. This is the
main window for Transformer data.
Transformers presently available are listed in the box on the left of the window. On the right of
the window there are three tabs:
• Transformer
• LTC/DETC
• Test Template
Each tab allows access to data related to a particular transformer. Each may be edited
independently.
Each transformer must have a unique serial number: this is its key identifier. It is not good
practice to try to enter transformers with duplicate serial numbers. This may lead to unexpected
and undesirable consequences when trying to recall data.
By clicking on entries in the list, details for that entry are brought up in the field on the right of
the window, as can be seen by comparing data in Figure 44 and Figure 45.
To edit data associated with a particular transformer, simply edit the contents of the fields and
click ‘OK.
It is possible to then associate a transformer with any template available. See Section 6.8 for
details of entering and editing test templates.
Deleting a Transformer
To delete a transformer, highlight its entry by clicking on it in the transformer list in the left side
of the Transformer Editor window. Then click on ‘Delete’.
A Dialog Box asking for confirmation of the delete will appear. Click ‘Yes’ to delete the
transformer.
Deleting a transformer does not delete any of the results associated with that transformer.
Test templates are a means of grouping tests for a particular transformer design and are a flexible
way of specifying tests for use in the field.
A template is used as a guide and is not a constraint. When testing a transformer the user may
select tests from the template, specify tests that are not in the template or ignore the template
recommendations.
Each test describes the test connections and the state of the transformer.
A template may be associated with a number of transformers; it may also be created for future
reference and not associated with any transformer.
By clicking on the next entry, as shown in Figure 52, we see tests available for a 3 phase 2
winding Y-D transformer.
A new test may be added by clicking on ‘New’ in the left hand side of the window. This adds a
new entry to the template, as shown in Figure 55.
Clicking on its entry in the window at left and then clicking on ‘Delete’ may delete a test. A
dialog box appears to confirm deletion of the test, as shown in Figure 56.
Data Management with the Doble SFRA software is a simple but powerful process based on
manipulating Windows ™ files.
Data folders may be set up based on transformers, sub-stations, manufacturers or whatever the
user decides. A default folder is set up for results. When a measurement is made, the resulting
trace is saved to the default folder automatically. Traces are date and time stamped and may be
moved or copied between folders as with any Windows ™ file.
The Dialog Box in Figure 60 appears. This gives the current locations for:
• Data Path
• Editor List
By clicking on the buttons marked ‘…’ a new dialog Box appears allowing selection of location,
as shown in Figure 61.
Click on ‘Select Data Source’ to bring up a standard Windows Explorer ™ type window; this
allows for selection of the folder where results are stored, as shown in Figure 65.
This function is only required when a new data source has been selected or additional SFRA
traces have been made and stored in the default folder. They do not automatically appear in the
data spreadsheet: a Refresh Data Tree click means that the traces will appear in the spreadsheet.
6.9.5. Displaying Traces (Results)
The Data Manager lists all results that are saved to the current data source location. Figure 65
shows results stored in a particular folder. The actual list of results may be very long as each
trace is identified separately.
The directory-like tree structure on the right allows for selection of a subset of results for display.
To display a single result, click on the button at the left end of the result, as shown in Figure 67,
then click on ‘Display Traces’.
To select multiple results, use the ‘Ctrl’ key and select entries by clicking on the gray buttons at
the end of each test, as shown in Figure 68. Then click on ‘Display Traces’.
A dialog box appears as in Figure 69. Select a folder where the CSV files will be saved. There
will be one CSV file for each measurement traces selected.
Having selected a folder, click “OK” and each measurement trace will be saved as CSV format in
the folder, as shown in Figure 70. The source data is not affected.
It is possible to import data from M5100 versions 1.x and 2.x software simply by placing those
files in the appropriate data source location. See Section 6.9.1.
Any M5100 files of version 1.x or 2.x will be parsed for content and put into the new Doble
SFRA format. They will then be renamed with a different extension so as not to be re-converted
subsequently. Make sure to have backed up copies of files imported as a precaution against loss
of data.
Nameplate data in M5100 versions 1.x and 2.x format is not easily converted to M5200/M5300
format. There are a number of corresponding fields, such as ‘Transformer Serial Number’ and
‘Location’ but location of test lead may be less obvious. All data imported should be checked for
accuracy and details, with no ‘odd’ characters in any field, such as @, *,? etc..
Click on the transformer to be tested, the Location, the test Organization and the Test Equipment.
This will give the combination of details, which will be tested; for review purposes a basic
indication of selected details is given at the bottom of the ‘Apparatus and Test’ sub-pane, as
shown in Figure 74.
6.11.2. Set Test Group Parameters
Click on the ‘Apparatus and Test’ tab to bring up the Test sub-pane, as shown in Figure 74. This
window allows general f parameters, which are valid for a group of successive tests on a
transformer to be entered. A default set of test parameters are given:
• Oil – gives the level of oil in the transformer, defaults to full
• Reason – is the motivation for the test, which is normally routine, the default value
Note: this does not start a test, and test details may still be edited before the test begins.
As a minimum, it is necessary to fill in the location of the red test lead and the location of the
black test lead. It is recommended to fill in as many test details as possible. This makes it more
likely that the same test set up can be repeated in the future.
The trace name is a combination of the Red and Black lead locations.
If no test template was selected, a blank window is displayed, as shown in Figure 77.
If the ‘Run test’ button is clicked without entering data, an error is recorded and the Lead
Locations are highlighted, as shown in Figure 78.
At this point, the M5200 or M5300 will undergo a number of self tests to ensure:
If each test is successful, as is usually the case, then no message is given and the test starts. If
however, a test fails, then one of the following messages is given.
The M5200 and M5300 are designed to operate in a 50oC environment for extended periods. The
internal temperature is tested before each test as an elevated temperature may reduce component
life and reduce reliability of the Doble SFRA instrument. If the temperature is abnormally high, a
warning is given. It is possible to continue with the test, as shown in Figure 80, but it is
recommended that the unit be switched off for a number of minutes to allow it to cool down first.
The Doble SFRA test set also generates signals at a number of frequencies and measures those
without sending them through the test object; this signal verification test, as shown in Figure 83,
confirms that the test set is performing as expected. If the test fails, it is still possible to continue
with the SFRA measurement, but results should be checked for acceptability.
The test will have its progress monitored by a percent completion indicator and a value for the
current frequency being tested.
Monitoring Waveforms
It is a feature of the Doble SFRA test sets to be able to monitor the reference and measured
waveforms as we run through a test. Click on the ‘Waveform’ tab to display the waveforms, as
shown in Figure 84.
Figure 84 Waveforms
Both waveforms should be displayed. At very low dB response the measured waveform may be
very small.
Make sure all data and settings files are backed up before performing a merge operation.
Settings files contain entered data for:
• Transformers
• Locations
• Test Organizations
• Test Equipment
• Test Templates
The files are in XML format and can be found in the ‘Data Source’ directory under ‘Options’ on
the ‘Edit’ menu – see Section 6.4.2.
The method for merging Transformer Settings files described here is also applicable to other
settings files. Care must be taken as incorrect merging could make the software unstable.
The following simplified view of the Transformer settings file will be used to describe the file in
detail.
Line 1 of the xml file is always the xml declaration that describes the xml version and encoding
used. This must not be modified.
Line 2 contains start tag that is the beginning of the container of all transformers contained in the
file. It must have a matching end tag, which is shown on line 107.
Line 3 contains the start tag of the first transformer nameplate and must also have an ending tag,
shown on line 54 in this case. It is important to understand that the line numbers are only
important for this example that describes the file contents, they may vary for different
Transformer Settings files. Future versions may add or remove data that would shift absolute line
numbers. It is important to recognize the xml start and end tags for each section.
Line 55 shows the start another transformer that ends on line 106.
If another transformer were added, it would start after line 106 on line 107, but it would be
inserted before the xml tag </transformerNameplates> that is currently on line 107.
User A’s file contains two transformers (both underlined in the tables for clarity):
• ABB with serial number 1234
• GE with serial number xyz
User B’s file contains one transformer:
• ACME with serial number 9999
The safest method for merging files is to combine the contents of the two files into a new file,
which contains elements from both source files.
The following procedure merges the contents into a new transformer Settings file. It makes use
of the fact that several versions of Microsoft’s Notepad ™ may be run simultaneously.
• Back up all TransformerList.xml files.
• Start a version of Notepad and load User A’s TransformerList.xml file.
• Start another version of Notepad and load User B’s TransformerList.xml file.
• Start another Notepad; we will merge original data into this blank Notepad document.
• Select the entire text in User A’s file and paste it into the blank Notepad. Close User A’s file.
• Select just the transformerNameplate section from User B’s file, as shown in Table 4:
<transformerNameplate version="1">
<manufacturer>ACME</manufacturer>
<serialNumber>9999</serialNumber>
</transformerNameplate>
Table 4 Transformer Nameplate Section from User B File
Cursor 1
Click on ‘Cursor 1’ to display the blue cursor. Current cursor co-ordinates are displayed in a field
at the bottom of the graph, as shown in Figure 89.
The cursor will ‘attach’ itself to a trace. By moving the mouse pointer over the cursor lines it is
possible to move it around the graph. The cursor will always attach itself to the nearest graph.
Cursor 2
Click on ‘Cursor 2’ on the Graph menu to bring up Cursor 2, which is displayed in red, as shown
by the co-ordinates at the bottom of the graph, in Figure 90.
Center Cursors
By clicking on ‘Center Cursors’ the cursors are taken to the center of the displayed graph. This is
the center of the scale values – which may be offset on a log scale, as shown in Figure 91.
Zoom
On a log or linear scale, the zoom function works by zooming in between cursor positions. Both
cursors must be visible.
On a linear scale it is possible to zoom in on a particular area by holding down the shift key then
using left click drag and drop.
Unzoom
Clicking on ‘Unzoom’ on the Graph menu resets the graph to default values.
New Range
Clicking on ‘New Range’ brings up the Dialog Box shown in Figure 92. This allows for manual
setting of the plot maxima and minima. This is useful when producing zoomed plots of set graph
areas for reports.
Clear Traces
Click on ‘Clear Traces’ on the Graph menu to bring up the dialog box shown in Figure 95. Check
one or more traces for deletion from the display.
Note this is different to checking the boxes on the legend display, which makes an individual
trace visible or invisible.
6.15.2. Pan
On the graph screen hold down the ‘control’ key and use the left mouse button to drag the traces
across the screen.
6.15.3. Analyze
The ‘Analysis’ tab brings up the display in Figure 96.
This Dialog box allows the user to select two traces for analysis using difference and correlation.
If less than or more than two traces are selected, the dialog box in Figure 98 is displayed, and no
action is taken.
Having selected two traces, the results are shown, as in Figure 99.
The Analysis screen allows analysis of two traces for the overlapping section of the two traces.
For instance, if one trace is 10 Hz to 2 MHz and the other 20 Hz to 10 MHz, the analysis will
cover 20 Hz to 2 MHz, the higher of the lower values to the lower of the higher values. This is
where the two traces ‘overlap'.
Difference Analysis
The difference plot shows a trace of the difference between the two plots using the user selected
dB limits to color the result. Figure 100 shows the section of the display where these values are
set.
A difference of less than 2.0 dB will be plotted on the difference chart in green; a difference
between 2.0 dB and 5.0 dB will be plotted in yellow, while a difference of more than 5.0 dB will
be plotted in red. The display shows the results of these values, as shown in Figure 101.
Selecting new values for the difference plot, as shown in Figure 102, results in a new difference
chart, as shown in Figure 103, when the ‘Recalculate button on the display is clicked.
Correlation Analysis
Correlation analysis between two traces is performed on sub-sections of the two traces. Figure
104 shows the default bands.
The cursor positions for the correlation bands are set by either moving the cursors or by altering
the corresponding field values, as shown in Figure 105. The cursor colors correspond to the field
backgrounds in Figure 105.
The value of the correlation coefficient in each range is given in the fields below the cursor
selection, as shown in Figure 106.
If the cursors are moved, the values of the correlation coefficients must be recalculated using the
‘Calculate’ button on the screen.
The correlation coefficient limits are set by the fields on the ‘Analysis’ tab shown in Figure 107.
These values govern the values of the correlation coefficient results.
Analysis Discussion
There are no standard limits for acceptability of SFRA traces. Doble is involved in the latest
research and submissions to International Standards Organizations such as IEEE and CIGRE.
Recommendations from these organizations along with Doble proprietary experience will be
incorporated into the Doble Expert System for SFRA Analysis: SAM™ (SFRA Analysis
Manager).
Print Preview brings up the Dialog Box shown in Figure 109. This Dialog Box allows for
preview of the printed report.
Clicking on ‘Print’ from the ‘File’ menu to bring up the standard Windows print Dialog Box, as
shown in Figure 111.
When closing down the Doble SFRA software a window will appear confirming that you wish to
exit the software, as shown in Figure 112
If you click ‘yes’ a reminder window appears, Figure 113, asking for a computer restart before
restoring connections to any networks.
Chapter 7
Application – Connections
Generally, an SFRA measurement is made from one terminal on the transformer (e.g H1 or A) to
another terminal (e.g. H2 or N).
It is important to record all relevant information, which includes tap position, oil level and
terminals grounded or shorted.
It is IMPORTANT to note that where previous test results exist, the best testing procedure is to
repeat those tests: taking note of tap position, shorted or grounded bushings and any particular
details for specific tests performed.
Doble is a key member of international bodies such as CIGRE and IEEE, which are pursuing
FRA test standards. As standards develop, recommended tests may be changed with input from
experienced users around the world. Doble will reflect those changes.
7.1.2. Interwinding
An interwinding measurement is from one from one winding to another with all other terminals
floating. This would include, for example, H1 to X1 on a double wound transformer or H1 to Y1
on an autotransformer with a tertiary. Note that H1 to X1 on an autotransformer is not an
interwinding measurement but an open circuit measurement on the series winding.
Interwinding measurements are usually considered as optional tests or tests for further
investigation when open circuit and short circuit tests are inconclusive.
A short circuit measurement is made with the same SFRA test lead connections as an open
circuit measurement but with the difference that another winding is short circuited. To ensure
repeatability, Doble recommends that the three voltage terminals on the shorted winding are all
shorted together. This would mean, for example, shorting X1 to X2, X2 to X3 and X3 to X1.
This ensures all three phases are similarly shorted to give a consistent impedance. Any neutral
connections available for the shorted winding should not be included in the shorting process.
Note
Interwinding tests are marked with an asterisk to indicate their optional nature.
Note
Each table gives the recommended tests with position of the red lead and black
lead clearly identified. Reversing these test leads may provide small variations in
higher frequency response. Care must therefore be taken in attaching test leads in
the appropriate manner.
3φ 3φ 3φ 3φ
Test Type Test # Delta- Wye- Delta- Wye-Wye 1φ
Wye Delta Delta
HV Open Circuit (OC) Test 1 H1-H3 H1-H0 H1-H3 H1-H0
H1-H2
All Other Terminals Test 2 H2-H1 H2-H0 H2-H1 H2-H0
(H1-H0)
Floating Test 3 H3-H2 H3-H0 H3-H2 H3-H0
LV Open Circuit (OC) Test 4 X1-X0 X1-X3 X1-X3 X1-X0
X1-X2
All Other Terminals Test 5 X2-X0 X2-X1 X2-X1 X2-X0
(X1-X0)
Floating Test 6 X3-X0 X3-X2 X3-X2 X3-X0
Short Circuit (SC) Test 7 H1-H3 H1-H0 H1-H3 H1-H0 H1-H0
High (H) to Low (L) Test 8 H2-H1 H2-H0 H2-H1 H2-H0 Short [X1-
Short [X1-X2-X3] Test 9 H3-H2 H3-H0 H3-H2 H3-H0 X2]
Table 5 Two Winding Transformers
7.4. AutoTransformers
Table 6 Autotransformers
3φ 3φ 3φ 3φ
Test Type Test # Delta-Delta- Delta-Delta- Delta-Wye- Delta-Wye-Wye 1φ
Delta Wye Delta
Test 1 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H2
HV Open Circuit (OC)
Test 2 H2-H1 H2-H1 H2-H1 H2-H1 (H1-
All Other Terminals Floating
Test 3 H3-H2 H3-H2 H3-H2 H3-H2 H0)
Test 4 X1-X3 X1-X3 X1-X0 X1-X0 X1-X2
LV Open Circuit (OC)
Test 5 X2-X1 X2-X1 X2-X0 X2-X0 (X1-
All Other Terminals Floating
Test 6 X3-X2 X3-X2 X3-X0 X3-X0 X0)
Test 7 Y1-Y3 Y1-Y0 Y1-Y3 Y1-Y0 Y1-Y2
Tert Open Circuit (OC)
Test 8 Y2-Y1 Y2-Y0 Y2-Y1 Y2-Y0 (Y1-
All Other Terminals Floating
Test 9 Y3-Y2 Y3-Y0 Y3-Y2 Y3-Y0 Y0)
Test 10 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H0
Short Circuit (SC)
Test 11 H2-H1 H2-H1 H2-H1 H2-H1 Short
High (H) to Low (L)
Test 12 H3-H2 H3-H2 H3-H2 H3-H2 [X1-
Short [X1-X2-X3]*
2]*
Short Circuit (SC) Test 13 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H3 H1-H0
High (H) to Tertiary (T) Test 14 H2-H1 H2-H1 H2-H1 H2-H1 Short
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]* Test 15 H3-H2 H3-H2 H3-H2 H3-H2 [Y1-2]*
Short Circuit (SC) Test 16 X1-X3 X1-X3 X1-X0 X1-X0 X1-X0
Low (L) to Tertiary (T) Test 17 X2-X1 X2-X1 X2-X0 X2-X0 Short
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]* Test 18 X3-X2 X3-X2 X3-X0 X3-X0 [Y1-2]*
Table 7 Three Winding Transformers – Part 1
3φ 3φ 3φ 3φ
Test
Test Type Wye-Wye- Wye-Wye-Delta Wye-Delta-Wye Wye-Delta-
#
Wye Delta
Test 1 H1-H0 H1-H0 H1-H0 H1-H0
HV Open Circuit (OC)
Test 2 H2-H0 H2-H0 H2-H0 H2-H0
All Other Terminals Floating
Test 3 H3-H0 H3-H0 H3-H0 H3-H0
Test 4 X1-X0 X1-X0 X1-X3 X1-X3
LV Open Circuit (OC)
Test 5 X2-X0 X2-X0 X2-X1 X2-X1
All Other Terminals Floating
Test 6 X3-X0 X3-X0 X3-X2 X3-X2
Test 7 Y1-Y0 Y1-Y3 Y1-Y0 Y1-Y3
Tert Open Circuit (OC)
Test 8 Y2-Y0 Y2-Y1 Y2-Y0 Y2-Y1
All Other Terminals Floating
Test 9 Y3-Y0 Y3-Y2 Y3-Y0 Y3-Y2
Test H1-H0 H1-H0 H1-H0 H1-H0
10
Short Circuit (SC)
Test H2-H0 H2-H0 H2-H0 H2-H0
High (H) to Low (L)
11
Short [X1-X2-X3]*
Test H3-H0 H3-H0 H3-H0 H3-H0
12
Test H1-H0 H1-H0 H1-H0 H1-H0
13
Short Circuit (SC)
Test H2-H0 H2-H0 H2-H0 H2-H0
High (H) to Tertiary (T)
14
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]*
Test H3-H0 H3-H0 H3-H0 H3-H0
15
Test X1-X0 X1-X0 X1-X3 X1-X3
16
Short Circuit (SC)
Test X2-X0 X2-X0 X2-X1 X2-X1
Low (L) to Tertiary (T)
17
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]*
Test X3-X0 X3-X0 X3-X2 X3-X2
18
Table 8 Three Winding Transformers – Part 2
Chapter 8
Examples
In this section we give typical results from a number of different transformer windings and
designs. They are given here as typical examples of how results vary between transformers –
both designs and phases.
Even when we zoom in on the responses, as shown in Figure 118, they are still very similar. This
is a useful diagnostic where no previous results are available.
Chapter 9
Data Interpretation
9.1. Frequency-dependant Transformer Equivalent Circuit
The power transformer equivalent circuit is a very complicated network of distributed resistive,
capacitive and inductive elements. These include:
• Capacitance between the neighboring turns of the same winding.
• Capacitance between the turns of different windings.
• Capacitance between the turns and the ground.
• Turns self-inductance.
• Turns mutual inductance.
• Conductor dc resistance.
• Resistance that accounts for dielectric losses in insulation.
• Resistance that accounts for eddy losses in conducting and magnetic components.
Depending on the test leads connection, the equivalent circuit involved in the measurement
represents an individual phase of the winding, the space between phases in a given winding or
the space between the windings. Size of the conductors, diameters of the coils, distance between
the coils, distance between the windings, number of turns, type of the core, winding
configuration, type and thickness of insulation, geometry and size of supporting material are
among the factors that define the elements of the equivalent circuit. Furthermore, each element is
specific to the transformer design and even influenced by the ability of the manufacturing shop to
replicate the units of the same design. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the
geometry of core-winding configuration and the network of distributed resistive, capacitive and
inductive elements.
Since reactance of capacitive and inductive elements is frequency dependent, the contribution of
each element to the overall network impedance varies with frequency making the equivalent
circuit unique at each frequency. Therefore, the signature that represents the changing continuum
of the network impedance with frequency uniquely describes the geometry of the core-winding
configuration for a given unit and carries a wealth of diagnostic information. The network
impedance, which is the ratio of the output and input signals, is often referred to as the transfer
function. The frequency response analysis (SFRA) uses the transfer function behavior over the
specified range of frequencies as the transformer diagnostic signature. Being a complex variable,
the transfer function is described by the magnitude and the phase angle.
As the frequency of the input signal increases, the capacitive effects begin to dominate and the
phase angle quickly becomes close to +90 degrees (in the region above 1 kHz). Now, the
attenuation and the phase shift of the high-frequency sinusoidal signals, passing through the
winding, are determined by inductive and capacitive nature of the network. However, in high-
frequency region, the inductive characteristics are determined by the leakage flux coupling and
the capacitive characteristics are determined by the various capacitance elements associated with
individual turns. The propagation characteristic of the winding becomes complex as a result of
the many resonance frequencies found in the high-frequency range. However, since the winding
responses become less dependent on the magnetic circuit of the core, the traces of the three
phases converge and become quite similar.
As the frequency increases even further (over 100 kHz in Figure 122), the sinusoidal signals
travel mostly outside the winding and reflect the other elements found in the transformer, e.g.,
leads, support insulation, etc. The magnitude and the phase of the transfer function in that
frequency region are influenced by the inductive-capacitive-resistive nature of these elements.
Although most of the low-frequency magnitude responses exhibit a typical shape, there are no
typical form responses in the high-frequency region. These vary greatly with design of the unit.
Therefore, the frequency ranges noted in description of Figure 121 and Figure 122, are different
for different units.
HV Winding LV Winding
Signal & Reference
R small R small
Core
M5200/5300
M5100
R high
Test
The impedance of the windings is small, while the impedance of the core to ground is extremely
high. This means that for any input signal, the response is dominated by the core. By adding a
short to the LV side, the effect of the core is removed and the response is dominated by the
windings, which are predominantly inductors at low frequency. The response of an inductor is to
have a low db response at low frequency with an inductive roll off as frequency rises, as shown
in Figure 124.
Normal test on HVs - LVs float
HV Winding LV Winding
Signal & Reference
R small R small
Core
M5200/5300
M5100
R high
Test
All three phases of a transformer have similar winding inductances, which means their responses
should be very similar. See Chapter 9 for examples of the use of the short circuit response for
diagnostic purposes.
Chapter 10
Application Notes
10.1. Short Circuit Lead Responses
The Cable Continuity Test is performed next. It verifies the proper condition of the Test
Specimen Cable, which is connected to the Doble SFRA Instrument and then short circuited by
connecting alligator clamps. Since there is no attenuation, signal loss between the
Source/Reference and Measure, the resulting data graph plots along the 0 dB horizontal line as
frequency increases, until an inductive roll off occurs, as shown in Figure 125.
This roll off is a feature of the cables due to the 12 feet (3.7m) ground connections. This roll off
is consistent for all tests and reduces the variability in response due to variation in ground lead
length. It is expected and acceptable.
It is important for the operator to not only recognize any problems with the cables, but to be
prepared to confirm a problem further by, for example, having an ohmmeter available when a
cable is recognized by the Doble SFRA Instrument as having an open circuit condition. The
connections to the apparatus must be contaminant free, metal-to-metal junctions. This assures not
only reliable and efficient SFRA data collection, but helps to reduce the effects of noise and
interference inherent in a substation environment. Remember that a bad connection to the
apparatus can appear as an open circuit cable.
Chapter 11
Technical Support and Troubleshooting
This section should help with most problems if you are having trouble with you Doble SFRA
Test Set. In addition, you can always call Doble for support or e-mail SFRAsupport@doble.com.
11.1. PC
The Doble M5200 test set requires the M5200 SFRA software running on a computer connected
to the test set. The minimum PC specification is given in Table 10.
Specification Requirement
Processor 500 MHz
Operating system Windows 2000, XP
RAM 256 Mb
Hard Drive Free Space 20 Mb for application
Communications Ethernet crossover cable
Table 10 Minimum PC Requirements
In a case of a severe problem, your Doble technical support team may recommend removal of
one the boards within the Doble SFRA test set for return to Doble. This is a simple process, but
appropriate precautions should be taken to prevent electrostatic build up and discharge damage to
the boards:
• Disconnect M5x00 from power supply
• Remove power leads and test cables
• Remove main cover of M5x00
• Disconnect power supply from input connector on front panel
• Unscrew main circuit board assemblies, complete with power supplies
Before returning any defective modules to Doble, call or e-mail Customer Service to receive an
RMA number. Return the main modules to Doble in padded and protective packaging.
Table 11 lists the parts you may obtain for the M5300 from Doble Engineering Company.
System OK Light
Externa
l
Ethernet
USB
AC “ON” Light
Chapter 12
References
These are Doble conference papers, arranged by year.
2006
Paper Title Author/Company
Voltage Regulator Test Procedures and Test Joe Brown, Bob Sarni, Doble Engineering
Data (A Progress Report) Company
Field Experiences with SFRA G. M. Kennedy ,C. Sweetser, T McGrail,
Doble Engineering Company
2005
Paper Title Author/Company
Advanced Diagnostics Support Critical Patrick M. McKenney, Entergy Vermont
Decision Making Yankee Nuclear Power
Field Experiences with SFRA C. Sweetser, T McGrail, Doble
2004
Paper Title Author/Company
Measuring Frequency Responses of Transformer A. Yadaw, S. Taneja , PowerGrid, India
Windings - Powergrid Experience
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of S. Jayasinghe, Z Wang, UMIST
Frequency Response Analysis Method for P. Jarman, NGT
Diagnosing Transformer Winding Deformations A. Darwin, Areva T&D
Investigation of Two 28 MVA Mobile Units P. Prout, M. Lawrence, National Grid USA
Using Sweep Frequency Response Analysis C. Sweetser, T McGrail, Doble
SFRA: An Efficient Tool for Decision Making Harry Fridman, Elco Industries Ltd., Israel
Transformer Condition Assessment Greg Bennet, Excel Energy
2003
Paper Title Author/Company
Transformer Diagnostics Using Frequency Simon A. Ryder, Alstom
Response Analysis: Results for Fault
Simulations
A Comparison of the Swept Frequency and Simon A. Ryder, Stefan Tenbohlen, Alstom
2002
Paper Title Author/Company
The Need for and Use of Techniques to Assess the Alan Wilson, Doble
Mechanical Integrity of Transformer Windings Tony McGrail, National Grid
Experimental Investigations of the Repeatability Charles L. Sweetser, Doble
of FRA Measurements: Experience with Sweep
Frequency Response Analysis Measurements
Transformer Fails Seven Years After Close Up John Lapworth, National Grid
Faults - FRA Diagnoses the Problem
2001
Paper Title Author/Company
Testing Practices for Frequency Response Charles L. Sweetser, Doble
Analysis
Recent Developments Relating to the Detection John Lapworth, National Grid
of Winding Movement in Transformers by
Frequency Response Analysis
ESBI Experiences with SFRA Tim Noonan, ESBI
Frequency Response Analysis of the Leakage Librado Magallanes R., Ernesto López Azamar,
Impedance Used as a Power Transformer Isaí Gallardo F., CFE
Diagnostic Tool
2000
Paper Title Author/Company
Powergrid Experience with Frequency Response Ajay K. Kapur, Narendra S. Sodha, Barindra N.
Analysis of Power Transformers De Bhowmick, Alok Sharma
Power Grid Corporation, India
Eurodoble Subcommittee Report on Frequency Timothy J. Noonan, ESB International Ireland
Response Analysis by the Swept-Frequency
Method, and Development of a Test Guide
1999
Paper Title Author/Company
Transformer Winding Movement Detection John Lapworth, Tony J. McGrail, The National Grid
by Frequency Response Analysis
Case Study of Frequency Response Analysis Alain Moissonnier, Electricite De France France
Method
Frequency Response Analysis Using the A. John Vandermaar and May Wang, Powertech
Impulse Test Method as a Transformer Labs
Diagnostic Technique Christopher P. Stefanski, ComEd,
Barry H. Ward, EPRI
Experience in the Application Of Frequency Sokom K. An, BPA, USA
Response Analysis
1998
Paper Title Author/Company
Belgian Experience with Frequency Response Paul Leemans, LABORELEC Belgium
Analysis Measurements on 400/150/36 Kv, 150
Mva Shell Autotransformers
1997
Paper Title Author/Company
Experience with Failure Prevention in Power Ernesto Perez, Norcontrol, S.A. Spain
Transformers Using Frequency Response
Analysis Technique
Power Transformer Condition Assessment Timothy J. Noonan, ESB International
and Renewal,Frequency Response Analysis
Update
Life Assessment of 275 And 400 Kv Paul N. Jarman, John A. Lapworth, Alan Wilson, The
Transmission Transformers National Grid
1995
Paper Title Author/Company
Mechanical Condition Assessment of Power Timothy J. Noonan, ESBI,
Transformers Using Frequency Response John A. Lapworth, National Grid
Analysis
Chapter 13
Miscellaneous
The following two serial plates illustrate the voltage and current ratings of the M5200 and the
M5300.
Physical:
Electrical:
Installation Classification .............................................................Overvoltage Class II
AC Input Voltage ....................................................................................... 100-240 VAC
AC Input Current—M5200.......................................................................................... 1A
AC Input Current—M5300.......................................................................................... 1A
Operating Ambient
Temperature ....................................................................................................0 to 40° C
(IEC-60068-2-1 and IEC-60068-2-2)
Operating Relative
Humidity...........................................................................10% to 90% non-condensing
(IEC-60068-2-56)
Storage Ambient
Temperature ............................................................................................... -20° to 70° C
(IEC-60068-2-1 and IEC-60068-2-2)
Storage Relative
Humidity.............................................................................5% to 90% non-condensing
(IEC-60068-2-56)
Pollution Degree............................................................................................................ II
Operating Altitude ......................................................................................2000M (Max)
Log 95
A
M
Analysis 13, 32, 39, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 121
Apparatus Details 46 Magnitude ix, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 118
AutoTransformers 109 Manufacturer 86
B N
BNC 27 New Range 94
C P
Clear Traces 96 Parts List 15, 129
coaxial 17 Phase 32, 36, 37, 40, 60, 111, 115, 118, 119
conference papers 135 Plot Property 45
correlation 39, 98, 101 power switch 26, 28
cursor 90, 91, 94, 101 Print 33, 102, 103, 104
Print Preview 33, 102, 103
D
R
Data Manager 32, 41, 42, 67, 69, 86
Data Source 66, 67, 68, 69,74, 86, 87, 90 Running a Test 75
Data Tree 68
S
E
Safety 19, 23, 24
Edit Apparatus 33, 46 Self Test 81, 82
editors 47, 48 Software 15, 19, 29, 30, 32, 65, 104, 128, 129
Exporting 51, 52, 71 software version 35
F T
Firewall 29 Tabulation 32, 40
folder 66, 68, 69, 71, 72 tap position 29, 107, 108, 121
Template 53, 56, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 77, 78
Test Cables 17
G Test Equipment 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 60, 75, 76, 87
Ground Continuity 81 Test set 46
Testing organization 29, 46
Three Winding Transformers 110
H trace name 45, 78
Hardware 15, 16 transfer function 13, 21, 22, 117, 118, 119
Transformer24, 25, 29, 41, 46, 53, 54, 58, 59, 65, 72, 74, 75, 87, 89, 90, 111, 11
Trouble Shooting 82
I Two Winding Transformers 109
two-port network 21
Importing 51, 52, 65, 72, 74
L W
Waveform 32, 38, 83
lead
black 63, 108
red 63, 108 Z
Linear 95, 96
location18, 29, 33, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 66, 69, 74, 78, 86, 90, 126, 128 zoom 94, 114
Location33, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53 67, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 86, 87