Diagnostic Measurements and Condition

Assessment of High Voltage Bushings

CEPED Conference on Electrical Power Equipment Diagnostics

September 2-4, 2015, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Dr. Michael Krüger, OMICRON

Cigre A2.37 Transformer Failure Statistics
22.000 grid transformers with 150.000 sercice years

Causes for transformer breakdowns

Bushings = 17,16 %
Tenbohlen et. al.: „ DEVELOPMENT AND RESULTS OF A WORLDWIDE TRANSFORMER RELIABILITY SURVEY” CIGRE SC A2 COLLOQUIUM 2015, Shanghai

PAGE 2
Cigre A2.37 Transformer Failure Statistics

External effects of bushing failures

Fire 30%

Explosion, Burst
10%

Tenbohlen et. al.: „ DEVELOPMENT AND RESULTS OF A WORLDWIDE TRANSFORMER RELIABILITY SURVEY” CIGRE SC A2 COLLOQUIUM 2015, Shanghai

PAGE 3
Transformer Oil-Oil Bushings

PAGE 5
 Transformer Oil-Gas Bushings

Source: HSP Germany

PAGE 6
LV Bushings of GSU Transformers

Technical Data:
Ur = 36 kV
Ir = 17 kA

PAGE 7
 Outdoor GIS-Air Bushings

400kV GIS Substation, Vorarlberger Illwerke, Buers Austria

Source: HSP Germany

PAGE 8
 Wall Bushings

Wall Bushing, HSP Germany

PAGE 9
Generator Bushings

PAGE 10
Insulation Systems of High Voltage Bushings

OIP
Oil Impregnated Paper
RBP Resin Bonded Paper

RIP Resin Impregnated Paper

PAGE 11
Insulation Systems of High Voltage Bushings

RBP OIP RIP

1913 to 1974 since 1950 since 1960

Recommended measures Time schedule

Visual check – leakage and mechanical damage In case of maintenance work

Measurement of capacitance and - after installation as reference for later measurements

dielectric dissipation factor (fingerprint)
- 10 years after commissioning
- dependend on results after each 5 years
(uncritical values) or shorter

Source: B. Heil (HSP Troisdorf, Germany), „Diagnose und Bewertung von Durchführungen“, OMICRON AWT Germany 2010

PAGE 12
Share of Products

Source: MICAFIL

PAGE 13
Resin Impregnated Synthetics (RIS)
• Craped paper is replaced by a
open synthetic textile
• Textile can be impregnated with a
filled resin with high viscosity
(filler = Aluminiumoxide or
Siliciumoxide)
• Filled resin systems are proven to
be reliable for use in HV
applications for several 10 years
• Improved thermal conductivity
and mechanical strength
• No long drying period needed
• Reduced manufacturing time and
costs
Today up to 170kV
• Available up to 170kV today
Source: MICAFIL

PAGE 14
Resin Impregnated Synthetics (RIS)

Source: MICAFIL

PAGE 15
High Voltage AC Test in the Factory
Lower Part in a Oil Filled Vessel

Source: MICAFIL

PAGE 16
Capacitive Bushings (1)

Emax= high

without
A capacitive
layers

Emax=
smaller
with
capacitive
A layers
Earthing Cap

PAGE 17
Capacitive Bushings (2)

Aluminium foil
Paper
Aluminium foil Conductor

Aluminium foils with equal areas

PAGE 18
Capacitive Bushings (3)

Current at the Measurement Tap

50𝐻𝑧 → 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑈 𝜔 𝐶 = 10 … 100𝑚𝐴
𝐵𝐼𝐿 1.2μ𝑠 → 𝐼𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑈/𝑑𝑡 = 200𝐴

PAGE 19
Capacitive Bushing of a 123kV CT

PAGE 20
Measuring and Voltage Tap

Source: Passoni & Villa

PAGE 21
Bushing Measuring Tap

PAGE 22
Measuring Taps

ABB

MICAFIL

PAGE 23
 Measuring Taps

HSP

PAGE 24
Measuring Taps

GE

PAGE 25
Arcing at the Measurement Tap

Source: Norbert Koch „Diagnoseverfahren an Hochspannungsdurchführungen aus Herstellersicht“, Diagnoseverfahren an Schaltanlagen und Transformatoren,
HdT Essen 2013

PAGE 26
Partly Burned Measurement Tap of a
245kV-RIP Busing

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 27
Partly Burned Measurement Tap of a
400kV-OIP Busing

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 28
 Type of Fault

Diagnostic Moisture
Ageing
Contact problems and high impedance
Methods faults between layers
Shorted grading layers
Leakage
Partial discharges

Diagnostic Technique
OIP 5 1 5 5 5 5
Visual Inspection RBP 5 1 5 5 5 5

General
RIP 5 1 5 5 5 5
OIP 4 5 4 3 4 5
Thermography RBP 4 5 4 3 4 5
RIP 4 5 4 3 4 5
OIP 5 4* 1 3 4 4
Capacitance RBP 5 4* 1 3 4 4
Electrical
Basic
RIP 5 4* 1 3 4 4
OIP 3 5 3 1** 2 2
DF/PF RBP 3 5 3 1** 2 2
RIP 3 5 3 1** 2 2
OIP 3 5 1 1 1 1
Dielectric Response
Advanced

RBP 3 5 1 1 1 1
Electrical

with FDS / PDC

RIP 3 5 1 1 1 1
OIP 1 5 3 1 5 4
Partial discharge measurement RBP 1 5 3 1 5 4
RIP 1 5 3 1 5 4
Dissolved gas analysis 1 5 1 1 4 5
Moisture in oil 5 5 4 5 3 1
DF/PF 4 5 4 3 2 2
Oil

Conductivity of oil (IEC 61620) OIP 4 5 4 3 2 2

Particles in oil 5 5 5 5 2 5
Analysis of Furanic components 5 5 5 5 1 5
Test for corrosive Sulfur 5 5 5 5 2 5
1=very good, 2=good 3=fair 4=poor 5=not applicable
*big leakages can be detected with hot collar test **DF/PF from 2-12kV
PAGE 29
Infrared Thermography

Source: ABB Brochure „Bushing diagnostics and conditioning“, 2750 515-142 en

PAGE 30
 C-Tan δ Progression of a Bushing
C Tan-Delta Progression of a 220 kV RBP (Hard Paper) Bushing
Year of Manufacturimg 1961, horizontal mounted, oil filled
Tan Delta Change of Capacitance

30

25

20
Change of Capacitance %
Tan Delta x 10 -3

15

10

0
75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89

-5
Date of Measurement Source: RWE

Source: Volker Seitz: „Vorbeugende Instandhaltung an Leistungstransformatoren“, OMICRON Anwendertagung 2003, Friedrichshafen

PAGE 31
Bushing Fault

•Source: RWE

Source: Volker Seitz: „Vorbeugende Instandhaltung an Leistungstransformatoren“, OMICRON Anwendertagung 2003, Friedrichshafen

PAGE 32
Fault Mechanisms and Diagnosis
Voltage No. of %
• Partial breakdowns [kV] layers change
– Measurement of
123 14 7.1
capacitance
245 30 3.3
– TanDelta measurement
420 40 2.5
– PD measurement
550 55 1.8
• Voids, cracks
– Measurement of
capacitance (RBP)
– PD measurement

• Contact problems on measurement taps

– Tan Delta voltage sweep (tip-up test)

• Ageing, moisture
– Dielectric response measurements
– TanDelta

PAGE 33
 Definitions of Dielectric Losses
Dielectric losses are caused by
2.50E-03
2.50E-03 Parallel
Serial
Serial
• Conductive losses 2.00E-03
2.00E-03 Parallel
Parallel
Serial
Sum
• Polarization losses 1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03

• Partial discharges 1.00E-03

1.00E-03
1.00E-03

5.00E-04
5.00E-04
5.00E-04

0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
00 50
50 100
100 150
150 200
200 250
250 300
300 350
350 400
400
50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Parallel circuit Serial circuit

•

| I RP | 1 UR
DF : tan    DF : tan    RS    CS
| I CP | RP    C P UC RS
| I RP | CP RP
PF : cos  PF : cos 
UR
| I tot | U tot CS

PAGE 34
 Standards

Type RIP OIP RBP

Main insulation Resin Oil Resin bonded
impregnated impregnated paper
paper paper
DF / tan delta (20°C, < 0.7 % < 0.7 % < 1.5 %
IEC60137)
PF cos phi (20°C, < 0.85 % < 0.5 % <2%
IEEE C57.19.01)
Typical new values 0.3-0.4 % 0.2-0.4 % 0.5-0.6 %

PD (IEC60137) at Um < 10 pC < 10 pC

1.5 Um /3 < 5 pC < 5 pC
1.05 Um /3 < 5 pC < 5 pC < 300 pC

PAGE 35
Cigre WG A2.34 Brochure 445
Guide for Transformer Maintenance

www.e-cigre.org

Frequency

PAGE 36
 RBP - Bushings

• Not free of cavities – Partial Discharges possible

also at rated voltage

• Higher dielectric losses can feed to thermal

instability

• RPB has cavities and cracks in the

paper which are normally filled
with the surrounding oil

• Increase of capacitance

• After a longer storage period this oil is running out.

The PD level is increasing and the capacitance is
getting smaller

PAGE 37
RBP – Bushings Cracks
in the Insulation

PAGE 38
Measurement on 220kV RBP Bushings (1971)

PAGE 39
TanDelta 15-400Hz

PAGE 40
RBP Bushing Oil-Filled Cracks
Oil Ingress by Capillare Effect

PAGE 41
RBP Bushing 123kV (1963)

PF (f) A, B, C

1.2%

1.0%
Influence of
0.8%
Moisture
0.6% A

0.4%

0.2%

0.0%
150.0Hz

200.0Hz

250.0Hz

300.0Hz

350.0Hz

450.0Hz
50.0Hz

100.0Hz

400.0Hz
0.0Hz

PAGE 42
Micafil UTXF 24 (Drysomic) RBP Bushings

A,B,N humid
after wrong
storage
C dried

PAGE 43
Micafil UTXF 24 RBP Bushings
A,B,N never used, wrongly stored, C dried

DF (f) A, B, C, N •Messung bei 20°C

6.0%

5.0%

4.0% A
humid B
3.0%
C
2.0% N

1.0%
dried
0.0%
0.0Hz

50.0Hz

100.0Hz

150.0Hz

200.0Hz

250.0Hz

300.0Hz

350.0Hz

400.0Hz

450.0Hz
PAGE 44
Micafil UTXF 24 FDS Messung

humid

dried

PAGE 45
RBP Bushing 123kV

PAGE 46
RBP Bushing 123kV

PF (V) A, B, C

1.1%

1.0%

0.9%
A
0.8% B
C
0.7%

0.6%

0.5%

10000.0V

14000.0V
4000.0V

6000.0V

8000.0V

12000.0V
2000.0V
0.0V

PAGE 47
 0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
0.0Hz

50.0Hz

100.0Hz

150.0Hz
RBP Bushing 123kV

200.0Hz

PAGE 48
250.0Hz
PF (f) A, B, C

300.0Hz

350.0Hz

400.0Hz

450.0Hz
B
A

C
RBP Bushing 123kV

Bushing has to be
exchanged
defective contact on the
measuring tap or
defective connection between the
innermost layer and the HV
conductor or
partial breakdown between layers

PAGE 49
Measurement Tap O.K.

PAGE 50
Innermost Layer was not Properly
Connected to the HV Conductor.

PAGE 51
123kV RBP Bushing

PAGE 52
Dissipation Factor Measurement

DF (f) A, B, C

8,0%

7,0%
A
6,0%

5,0%

4,0% B

3,0%

2,0%
C
1,0%

0,0%
0,0Hz

50,0Hz

100,0Hz

150,0Hz

200,0Hz

250,0Hz

300,0Hz

350,0Hz

400,0Hz

450,0Hz
PAGE 53
Measurement of the Removed Bushing

PAGE 54
Measurement of the Removed Bushing

DF (f)

16,0%

14,0%

12,0%

10,0%

8,0% C1

6,0%

4,0%

2,0%

0,0%
0,0Hz

50,0Hz

100,0Hz

150,0Hz

200,0Hz

250,0Hz

300,0Hz

350,0Hz

400,0Hz

450,0Hz
PAGE 55
Aktivteil

PAGE 56
Faulty Contact on a Head Connection
245kV RBP Bushing

3,5

3
Tan δ [%]

2,5

1,5

1
2 kV 4 kV 6 kV 8 kV 10 kV 12 kV

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 57
Faulty Contact on a Head Connection
245kV RBP Bushing

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 58
 OIP Bushings

• Paper of the OIP bushings ages particularly at high

temperatures
• Through aging the dielectric losses will increase
-> this increases the power factor
• Temperature dependent aging decomposes the Paper
and produces additional water
-> this accellerates the aging

PAGE 59
OIP Bushings Winding
Machine

Source: Trench Brochure „OIP Transformer Outdoor Bushings“

PAGE 60
Assessment of 50/60Hz C-Tanδ Results (OIP)

Source: Proposal from OMICRON, GÖBEL and HSP for the Cigre Working Group A2.43 „Reliability of HV Bushings“

PAGE 61
Tan δ Dependency on the Temperature

Source: ABB: „Bushing Diagnostics and Conditioning“ Brochure 2750515-142 en, Ludvika 2000

PAGE 62
C-Tan δ Dependency on the Temperature
Limits für Measurement Results
a) Capacity:
Voltage Level / Change of Capacitance
≥245 kV 2.3 %
≥362 kV 1.7 %
≥420 kV 1.5 %
≥550 kV 1.3 %
>550 kV 0.8 %
b) tan delta
Normal values are between 0.2 % and 0.4 %
The Temperature Influence can be neglected
between 20°C bis 70°C.
Values between 0.4 % and 0.5 %: → Contact HSP
Values > 0.55 % can be an indicator for an internal
problem and should be investigated by a DGA

Source: HSP Manual

PAGE 63
Breakdown in a OIP Bushing

Source: B. Heil, „Diagnose und Bewertung von Durchführungen”, OMICRON AWT Dresden 2010

PAGE 64
OIP Bushing Fault

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 65
OIP Bushing
Fault

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 66
OIP Bushing Fault

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 67
OIP Bushing Breakdown
at the Sharp Edge of the Foil

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 69
OIP Bushing

Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH

PAGE 70
33kV OIP Bushings

Removed
bushings

New bushings

C-Tan-Delta Meas.

PAGE 71
Tan Delta (T) at 50Hz (OIP DF)

10.00
0.1-0.3% Water in paper
[%]
0.4-0.6% Water in paper

1% Water in paper
1.00

0.10
°C
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Source: ABB, Bushing diagnostics and conditioning

PAGE 72
Tan Delta (f) at 30°C (33kV OIP DF)

Tan Delta (f) A, B, C

%

1.8
A
1.6
B
1.4 C
A Removed
1.2 B Removed
1.0 C Removed

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Hz
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450
0.0

PAGE 73
123kV OIP Bushings TanDelta = f(U)

PF (V) A, B, C
1.3%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
A
0.9%
B
0.8%
0.7%
C
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%

10000.0V

14000.0V
12000.0V
4000.0V

6000.0V

8000.0V
2000.0V
0.0V

PAGE 74
123kV OIP Bushings TanDelta = f(f)

PAGE 75
123kV OIP DF Corroded Measuring Tap

PAGE 76
 Ageing of RIP Bushings

• Partial breakdowns between capacitive layers are rather

seldom
• Decrease of the power factor with increasing test voltage can
be an indicator for partial breakdowns
• Also defective connections of the measurement layer to the test
tap or of the innermost layer to the high voltage conductor may
be the reason for a decrease of the power factor with
increasing test voltage
• Increase of the capacitance after a partial breakdown between
two layers:

• Cnew = Cold x n / (n-1)

n= number of layers approx. 4-7 kV per layer

PAGE 77
RIP Bushings

PAGE 78
RIP Bushing

PAGE 79
Partial Breakdown on a RIP Bushing

Source: B. Heil, „Diagnose und Bewertung von Durchführungen”, OMICRON AWT Germany 2010

PAGE 80
Closed Grading Foils
Better design for Very Fast Transients (VFT)

PAGE 81
Breakdown in Oil Causes a Flash-Over in the Earth Lead
due to Fast Transient Earth Currents

PAGE 82
Breakdown in Oil Causes a Flash-Over in the Earth Lead
due to Fast Transient Earth Currents

PAGE 83
Measurement on a 420kV Bushing

PAGE 84
Measurement of the Capacitance and the Dielectric
Dissipation Factor on C1

PAGE 85
Measurement of the Capacitance and the Dielectric
Dissipation Factor on C1

UST

GST

PAGE 86
Measurement of the Capacitance and the Dielectric
Dissipation Factor on C1

DF (V) DF (f)
6,0% 7,0%

5,0% 6,0%

5,0%
4,0%
4,0%
3,0% C…
C…
3,0%
2,0%
2,0%
1,0%
1,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0V

2000,0V

4000,0V

6000,0V

8000,0V

10000,0V

12000,0V

14000,0V

0,0Hz

50,0Hz

100,0Hz

150,0Hz

200,0Hz

250,0Hz

300,0Hz

350,0Hz

400,0Hz

450,0Hz
PAGE 87
Insulation Resistance Measuring Tap against Flange

782 Ohm

PAGE 88
Partial Discharge Measurement

PAGE 89
Inception Voltage below 20kV

PAGE 90
Partial Discharges > 2nC at 45 kV

PAGE 91
PD Location

PAGE 92
Measuring Tap

PAGE 93
Measuring Tap

PAGE 94
Cutted Bushing

PAGE 95
Burned Contact Spring

50Hz: I=UC  37 mA
VFT: I = C du/dt > 100A

•PAGE 96
Relative Tan δ Dependency on the Temperature

Source: ABB: „Bushing Diagnostics and Conditioning“ Brochure 2750515-142 en, Ludvika 2000

PAGE 98
C-Tan δ
Dependency on the
Temperature

Source: HSP Operation Instruction BAL EKTG03e

PAGE 99
220kV RIP Bushing, Stored Outside

PAGE 100
220kV RIP Bushing, Stored Outside

0.85 %
after removing from TR
0.75 % 3 months after removing
Minimum 6 months afetr removing
0.65 %
Tan Delta

0.55 %

0.45 %
Minimum

0.35 %
Minimum
0.25 %
0.0 Hz 100.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 300.0 Hz 400.0 Hz 500.0 Hz

PAGE 101
Influence of Humidity –
for 123kV Bushings with Silicone Coated Composite Insulators
Mounted Horizontally

PAGE 102
 Influence of Humidity –
for 123kV Bushings with Silicone Coated Composite Insulators
Mounted Horizontally

DF (f)

1.0%
0.9% T31 2U2(f)
0.8% T31 2V2(f)
T31 2W2(f)
0.7%
T32 2U2(f)
0.6%
T32 2V2(f)
0.5%
T32 2W2(f)
0.4% T33 2U2(f)
0.3% T33 2V2(f)
0.2% T33 2W2(f)
0.0Hz 50.0Hz 100.0Hz 150.0Hz 200.0Hz 250.0Hz 300.0Hz 350.0Hz 400.0Hz 450.0Hz

PAGE 103
 Influence of Humidity
for 123kV Bushings with Silicone Coated Composite Insulators
Mounted Horizontally
DF (f) Bushings with
1.0% moss and outer
0.9% humidity
0.8%
0.7% A
0.6% B
0.5% C
0.4% DF (f) A, B, C
0.3%
0.6%
0.2%
0.0Hz 50.0Hz 100.0Hz 150.0Hz 200.0Hz 250.0Hz 300.0Hz 350.0Hz 0.5%
400.0Hz 450.0Hz
0.4%
A
0.3% B
C
Bushings cleaned, 0.2%

measured at dry weather 0.1%

0.0%
0.0Hz

50.0Hz

100.0Hz

150.0Hz

200.0Hz

250.0Hz

300.0Hz

350.0Hz

400.0Hz

450.0Hz
PAGE 104
Measurement with Guard
Leakage current is bypassing the meter

Guard

Capacitive
layer
Leakage Meas.
current layer

Meas. tap

PAGE 105
Measurement With High Humidity With and
Without Guard

PAGE 106
Measurement With High Humidity With and
Without Guard

without
Guard

with Guard

PAGE 107
 Moisture in RBP and RIP Bushings

• The oil side of RBP and RIP bushings

doesn't need a housing

• Cellulose near to the surface can absorb

water, if bushings are not stored properly

• Incoming water, also from the ambient air

reduces the dielectric strength – this causes
an increase of the dielectric dissipation factor

PAGE 108
Water in RBP and RIP Bushings

Drying of RBP
and RIP bushings
is limited

RIP wet RIP dry

PAGE 109
Measurement of the Dielectric Response
with FDS und PDC

PDC FDS

Combination of PDC
und FDS reduces
measurement time

PAGE 110
Combined FDS-PDC Measurement
on a RIP Bushing

PAGE 111
FDS Results on RIP, RBP and OIP Bushings

RIP RBP

OIP

PAGE 112
FDS/PDC on a RIP Bushing at Different
Temperatures

60°C

25°C 50Hz tanδ

Source: G. Kopp, „Measurement of the dielectric response on HV bushings “

PAGE 113
FDS/PDC with Dry and Wet Surface

wet surface
50Hz tanδ
equal

dry surface

Source: G. Kopp, „ Measurement of the dielectric response on HV bushings “

PAGE 114
Drying of a 145kV RBP Bushing
TanDelta Measurement

PAGE 115
 Drying of a 145kV RBP Bushing
TanDelta (V)

2.5%

2.0%
1. Measurement before drying
1.5% Drying:
1.0% 1200h at 90°C / 200°F
2. Measurement after drying
0.5%

0.0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 TanDelta (f)
kV

3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1. Measurement before drying
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0% 2. Measurement after drying
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Hz

PAGE 116
High Voltage Test with PD Measurement

PAGE 117
PD Measurement - Phase Resolved
Pattern @ 157kV

PAGE 118
 Separation of PD Sources in 3CFRD
3CFRD
A(500kHz)>A(2MHz)>A(8Mhz)

500
500kHz kHz

2
MHz

8
MHz

8MHz 2MHz

•timeframe
500 kHz

2 MHz

8 MHz

1 µs

3CFRD = 3 Center Frequency Relation Diagram

PAGE 119
 PD Measurement Cluster 1

500 kHz

8 MHz
2.8 MHz
500 kHz

8 MHz

2.8 MHz

PAGE 120
 PD Measurement Cluster 2

500 kHz

8 MHz
500 kHz

2.8 MHz

8 MHz

2.8 MHz

PAGE 121
 PD Measurement Cluster 3

500 kHz

8 MHz
500 kHz

2.8 MHz

8 MHz

2.8 MHz

PAGE 122
 Assessment and Interpretation
Indication RBP OIP RIP
increase of oil in cracks
partial breakdowns partial breakdowns
capacitance or partial breakdowns
partial breakdowns; partial breakdowns; partial breakdowns;
insulator surface wet or insulator surface wet or insulator surface wet or
dirty (clean the dirty (clean the dirty (clean the
high dissipation insulator); insulator); insulator);
factor ageing of the inner ageing of the inner ageing of the inner
insulation; insulation; insulation;
water in the inner water in the inner water in the inner
insulation; insulation; insulation;
dissipation factor is bad potential bad potential bad potential
decreasing with connections; connections; connections;
increasing voltage partial breakdowns partial breakdowns partial breakdowns
dissipation factor is
strongly increasing high moisture in the high moisture in the high moisture in the
with insulation; insulation; insulation;
increasing high degree of ageing high degree of ageing high degree of ageing
temperature
Discharges produce
partial breakdowns;
gasses;
cracks or voids after
partial discharges normal, if constant Errosion of the
electrical or mechanical
cellulose;
stress;
production of x-wax
michael.krueger@omicron.at

Questions and Remarks?