Professional Documents
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Subtopic:
• Aggregates
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to
understand and explain;
• CRUSHING is
smashing or breaking
the rock into different
sized pieces for
different uses. Some
sand and gravel does
not require crushing.
PROCESSING AGGREGATES (cont)
AGGREGATE
•COARSE AGGREGATE
•LOW DENSITY
•FINE AGGREGATE •HIGH WATER ABSORPTION •MAGNETITE
•ALL-IN AGGREGATE •LOWER TENSILE STRENGTH •BARYTES
•LOWER MODULUS ELASTICITY
•HIGHER CREEP & SHRINKAGE
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATE
Natural
Occurrence
Artificial
High density
Normal density Density
Light weight
Crushed
Treatment
Uncrushed
Fine Size
Coarse
Wet aggregate
Saturated & surface dry
Moisture content
Bone-dry
Air dry
Elongated
Shape & texture
Rough
1) Normal Aggregates
Divided into 3;
i. Uncrushed gravel - natural disintegration rock.
ii. Crushed gravel - crushing hard stone & gravel
respectively
iii. Partially crushed gravel - blending crushed
and uncrushed gravel.
b) Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregates is defined as containing a
high proportion of particles passing a 5 mm
0.197 in) sieve.
Sand;
i. Natural sand - natural disintegration of
rock.
ii. Crushed stone sand or crushed gravel sand-
crushing hard stone or natural gravel
respectively.
c) All-in-Aggregates
These are materials composed of a
mixture of coarse & fine aggregate.
Normally not graded & used in
unimportant works as they are taken from
the pit or river bed.
Referred as pit-run aggregate.
2)LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES
STRENGTH
WATER HARDNESS
ABSORPTION
PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATE
POROSITY TOUGHNESS
DURABILITY
i. Strength
Normally strength of concrete doesn’t exceed
80 N/mm2 (20 – 50 N/mm2 ).
Strength of rock aggregate (70 – 350 N/mm2)
- good average value is 200 N/mm2
Test aggregate crushing value
aggregate impact value
ten percent fines value
ii. Hardness
Ability to withstand wear/ load/ applied pressure
Depend on the type of parent rock
Test
- Abrasion test (BS812:Part 113:1990)
- Abrasion value should have:
not more 30% - aggregate used for
wearing surfaces
not more 50% - aggregate used for non
wearing surfaces
iii. Toughness
Resistance of aggregate to failure by
impact.
Test :
- Aggregate Impact Test
(MS 30: Part 10 : 1995)
- Value :
not exceed 45% - non wearing
surfaces
not exceed 30% - wearing surfaces
iv. Soundness/Durability
Ability of aggregates to withstand weathering.
Aggregates must be sound & durable,
particularly if the structure subjected to severe
climatic conditions.
Effect the magnitude of creep & shrinkage.
Compressibility reduce distress in concrete.
Aggregate of moderate / low strength –
vulnerable in preversing durability of concrete.
v. Porosity
Various sizes, small / big – can be seen with eyes or
microscope.
Aggregate will absorb water when dry & release
when it wet, depend on size & volume of
aggregate.
Porosity of aggregate contribute to overall porosity
of concrete.
Porosity of natural aggregate can be estimated:
Porosity = 100wGs %
(w + 100)
where w - water absorption (%)
Gs – specific gravity
vi. Water absorption
ROUNDED
IRREGULAR
FLAKY
d. Lightweight chert:
Lightweight means having specific gravity of less than
2.40.
They may result
1. reduced durability
2. popouts
Recycled aggregate
Concrete recycling gains importance because it
protects natural resources and eliminates the
need for disposal.
It is produced by crushing concrete, and
sometimes asphalt, to reclaim the aggregate.
Recycled aggregate can be used for many
purposes. The primary market is road base.
Recycling of concrete is a relatively simple
process. It involves breaking, removing, and
crushing existing concrete into a material with a
specified size and quality.
Recycled Aggregate Characteristics
The crushing characteristics of hardened concrete are
similar to those of natural rock and are not significantly
affected by the grade or quality of the original
concrete.
Recycled concrete aggregates produced from all but
the poorest quality original concrete can be expected
to pass the same tests required of conventional
aggregates.
Recycled concrete aggregates contain not only the
original aggregates, but also hydrated cement paste.