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Abses Septum Nasi yang Disebabkan Oleh Bakteri Anaerobik dari Flora Oral

ABSTRACT ABSTRAK

Although nasal septal abscess (NSA) was Meskipun nasal septal abscess (NSA)
formerly common, it has become rare since dulunya umum, telah menjadi langka sejak
the development of antibiotics. NSA, if left perkembangan antibiotik. NSA, jika tidak
untreated, can lead to intracranial ditangani, dapat menyebabkan komplikasi
complications such as meningitis and intrakranial seperti meningitis dan akhirnya
eventually result in saddle-nose deformity. mengakibatkan deformitas saddle-nose.
NSA often occurs after injury, and NSA sering terjadi setelah cedera, dan flora
indigenous skin bacteria such as normal kulit seperti Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus are frequently sering terdeteksi. Kami merawat seorang
detected. We treated a patient who had pasien yang mengalami cedera alveoli atas
injured the upper alveolus in a fall on the saat terjatuh dari tangga dan mengakibatkan
stairs and developed NSA two weeks later. NSA dua minggu kemudian. Bakteri
Anaerobic bacteria, including Veillonella anaerob, termasuk Veillonella parvula dan
parvula and Peptostreptococcus sp., were Peptostreptococcus sp., terdeteksi. Gejala
detected. Symptoms were relieved by diperoleh dari jarum dan drainase insisi.
needle and incisional drainage. Our patient Pasien tersebut mengalami kasus NSA yang
represents a very rare case of NSA in terms sangat langka dalam hal penyebab onset dan
of the cause of onset and the detected bakteri yang terdeteksi. Drainase awal dapat
bacteria. Early drainage can result in good memberikan hasil yang baik.
outcomes.

Introduction Pendahuluan
Nasal septal abscess (NSA) has been Nasal septal abscess (NSA) telah jarang
uncommon since the development of dijumpai sejak perkembangan antibiotik,
antibiotics, but can result in devastating tetapi dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi yang
complications. It is best defined as a buruk. NSA didefinisikan sebagai kumpulan
collection of pus in the space between the nanah di ruang antara tulang rawan atau
cartilaginous or bony nasal septum and its tulang septum hidung dan
overlying mucoperichondrium or mucoperichondrium atasnya atau
mucoperiosteum. NSA can lead to nasal mucoperiosteum. NSA dapat menyebabkan
deformities such as saddle nose, and must deformitas hidung seperti saddle nose, dan
be treated early to avoid serious harus ditangani lebih awal untuk
complications such as skull-base and menghindari komplikasi serius seperti
intracranial infections. The most common infeksi kranial dan intrakranial. Organisme
organisms cultured from NSA are aerobic paling umum yang ditemukan dari NSA
bacteria. Few cases concern anaerobic adalah bakteri aerob. Beberapa kasus
bacteria. This report describes the recovery menemukan bakteri anaerob. Laporan ini
of anaerobic bacteria of the oral flora. menjelaskan penyembuhan dari bakteri
anaerob flora oral.
Case Report Laporan Kasus
A 69-year-old man who had traumatized an Seorang pria berusia 69 tahun yang
upper dental alveolus in a fall 2 weeks mengalami trauma alveoli gigi atas pada
earlier presented with toothache, nasal musim gugur 2 minggu sebelumnya datang
obstruction, and difficulty in breathing dengan sakit gigi, hidung tersumbat, dan
through the nose. There was no kesulitan bernafas melalui hidung. Tidak
deformation of the external nose. ada perubahan hidung bagian luar.
Endonasal examination revealed a bilateral Pemeriksaan endonasal didapatkan
swelling in the nasal septum completely pembengkakan bilateral di septum hidung
obstructing the nasal cavity (Fig. 1). yang menutupi rongga hidung (Gambar 1).
Redness of the upper alveolar ridge and Ditemukan kemerahan alveolar ridge atas
looseness of the right anterior teeth were dan gigi depan bagian kanan yang longgar,
observed, but no abscess was found in the tetapi tidak ditemukan abses di akar gigi.
root of the tooth. Surgical examination Pemeriksaan bedah mengkonfirmasi adanya
confirmed redness of the upper alveolar kemerahan pada alveolar bagian atas dan
ridge and looseness of the anterior teeth, kelonggaran gigi anterior, tetapi tidak ada
but revealed no fracture or hematoma. A fraktur atau hematoma. Pemeriksaan darah
complete blood cell count showed a raised lengkap menunjukkan jumlah sel darah
white cell count of 9070/mm3 (neutrophil putih meningkat 9070 / mm3 (neutrofil
60.8%), and a C-reactive protein level of 60,8%), dan tingkat protein C-reaktif 2,85
2.85 mg/mL. mg / mL.

Urgent computed tomography (CT) Computed tomography (CT) menunjukkan


revealed a thickened nasal septum and adanya penebalan septum hidung dan
thickened facial soft tissues (Fig. 2). Under jaringan lunak wajah (Gambar 2). Dengan
local anesthesia, needle aspiration with an anestesi lokal, dilakukan kultur dengan
18-gauge needle drew 3 cc of pus, which aspirasi jarum 18-gauge untuk mengambil 3
was sent for culture. Vaseline gauze cc nanah. Kasa vaselin dimasukkan selama
packing was inserted for 48 h. Levofloxacin 48 jam. Lalu diberikan Levofloxacin (500
(500 mg) was administered orally for 5 mg) oral selama 5 hari, dan gejala hidung
days, and the symptoms of nasal congestion tersumbat menghilang. Namun, sakit gigi
disappeared. However, toothache and the dan sumbatan hidung terjadi kembali setelah
nasal obstruction returned after a week seminggu (Gambar 3), sehingga aspirasi
(Fig. 3), so needle aspiration was jarum dilakukan lagi, dan diperoleh 4 cc
performed again, and 4 cc of pus was nanah. Kemudian dibuat insisi 1 cm di
obtained. A 1-cm incision was then made at lokasi dan rongga abses dicuci. Seminggu
the site and the abscess cavity was washed. kemudian, gejala menghilang, dan infeksi
A week later, the symptoms were relieved, tidak kambuh (Gbr. 4).
and the infection did not recur (Fig. 4).

Bacterial cultureof the first sample revealed Bakteri dari sampel pertama menunjukkan
Veillonellaparvula and Peptostreptococcus Veillonellaparvula dan Peptostreptococcus
sp. A disk diffusion test showed that both sp. Tes difusi cakram menunjukkan bahwa
bacteria were highly susceptible to kedua bakteri sangat rentan terhadap
piperacillin, clindamycin, cefmetazole, piperasilin, klindamisin, cefmetazole,
imipenem, minocycline, and levofloxacin. imipenem, minocycline, dan levofloxacin.
Discussion Diskusi
Incision of a nasal septal abscess was first Insisi abses septum hidung pertama kali
reported in 1830 [1]. Since the development dilaporkan pada tahun 1830.1 Sejak
of antibiotics, NSA has become rare. The antibiotik berkembang, NSA telah menjadi
most frequent symptom is nasal langka. Gejala yang paling sering adalah
obstruction, followed by earache, purulent sumbatan hidung, diikuti sakit telinga,
nasal discharge, headache, and fever. NSA cairan hidung bernanah, sakit kepala, dan
is more common in children than in adults demam. NSA lebih sering terjadi pada anak-
[2], as the structure of children’s nasal anak daripada pada orang dewasa2, karena
septum is not fully developed, and therefore struktur septum hidung anak-anak belum
hematoma due to various causes is more sepenuhnya berkembang, dan karena itu
likely, and infection of the hematoma can hematoma karena berbagai penyebab lebih
lead to abscess formation. Delay in mungkin, dan infeksi hematoma dapat
treatment can result in saddle-nose menyebabkan abses. Keterlambatan dalam
deformity and intracranial infection [3], perawatan dapat menyebabkan deformitas
including meningitis, cavernous sinus saddle-nose dan infeksi intrakranial3,
thrombosis, and sepsis. termasuk meningitis, trombosis sinus
kavernosus, dan sepsis.

Ambrus et al. [4] reported the mechanism Ambrus dkk.4 menyatakan mekanisme
of NSA formation: traumatic injury to pembentukan NSA: cedera traumatik pada
blood vessels of the nasal septal pembuluh darah perikondrium septum
perichondrium forms a sub-perichondrial hidung yang membentuk hematoma sub-
hematoma, infection of which forms an perichondrial, infeksi yang membentuk
abscess. Beck [5] classified the causes of abses. Beck5 mengklasifikasikan penyebab
NSA as traumatic, secondary due to NSA sebagai traumatis, komplikasi
odontogenic lesions and sinusitis, and sekunder dari lesi odontogenik dan sinusitis,
incidental. serta insidental.

Trauma is the leading cause of NSA. Trauma adalah penyebab utama NSA.
Eighty-five percent of NSA resulted from Delapan puluh lima persen NSA disebabkan
infected nasal septal hematoma [6]. NSA oleh infeksi dari hematoma septum hidung.6
was formed in 15% of patients with nasal NSA terbentuk pada 15% pasien dengan
trauma [7]. NSA due to nasal trauma, the trauma hidung.7 NSA karena trauma hidung,
most common trauma, is associated with trauma yang paling umum, berhubungan
accidents, falls, fights, nasal packing after dengan kecelakaan, jatuh, perkelahian,
septal surgery, chronic irritation, and tampon hidung setelah operasi septum,
nasogastric intubation [8]. iritasi kronis, dan intubasi nasogastrik.8
Cases of secondary NSA have been Kasus NSA sekunder telah dikaitkan dengan
associated with sinusitis, such as sinusitis, seperti ethmoiditis dan
ethmoiditis and sphenoiditis [9]. Lopes[10] sphenoiditis.9 Lopes10 pertama kali
first reported NSA of dental origin in 1953. melaporkan NSA yang berasal dari gigi
Most odontogenic NSA is attributed to pada tahun 1953. Kebanyakan NSA
dental caries in the maxillary region, odontogenik berkaitan dengan karies gigi di
periapical lesions such as radicular and rahang atas, lesi periapikal seperti kista
odontogenic cysts, and impacted teeth. Our radikuler dan odontogenik, dan gigi yang
patient represents a very rare case. berlubang. Pasien ini merupakan kasus yang
Although he had no odontogenic lesion, the sangat langka. Meskipun ia tidak memiliki
injury to his upper alveolus led to NSA 2 lesi odontogenik, cedera pada alveoli
weeks later. atasnya menyebabkan NSA 2 minggu
kemudian.

Aerobic bacteria are the most common Bakteri aerob merupakan penyebab paling
cause of NSA: Staphylococcus aureus umum dari NSA: Staphylococcus aureus
accounts for 70%, followed by sebesar 70%, diikuti oleh Pneumococcus
Pneumococcus spp. and Haemophilus spp. dan Haemophilus influenzae.11
influenzae [11]. Rare causes include Penyebab langka termasuk S. aureus
methicillin-resistant S. aureus [12], resisten methicillin12, infeksi sekunder
secondary fungal infection [13], and jamur13, dan bakteri anaerob. Dalam dua
anaerobic bacteria. In two cases of kasus bakteri anaerob, Brook14 menemukan
anaerobic bacteria, Brook [14] found Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus
Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus magnus, dan Prevotella melaninogenica.
magnus, and Prevotella melaninogenica. Peneliti menemukan bakteri anaerob
We detected the anaerobic bacteria Veillonella parvula dan Peptostreptococcus
Veillonella parvula and Peptostreptococcus sp.
sp.

Veillonella parvula is a 0.3–0.5-mm Veillonella parvula adalah bakteri anaerobik


anaerobic Gram-negative diplococcus that diplococcus Gram-negatif berukuran 0,3-
is part of the normal flora of the mouth 0,5-mm yang merupakan bagian dari flora
dental plaque and intestinal tract of humans normal mulut dan usus manusia serta hewan
and other animals. It is a rare opportunistic lainnya. Ia merupakan patogen oportunistik
pathogen that causes oral abscess, usually langka yang menyebabkan abses oral,
in mixed anaerobic infection. It is highly biasanya pada infeksi anaerob campuran. Ia
susceptible to antibiotics and is relatively sangat rentan terhadap antibiotik dan relatif
rarely detected in anaerobic infection in the jarang terdeteksi pada infeksi anaerob di
head and neck region. Peptostrepto-coccus, daerah kepala dan leher.
a Gram-positive coccus, is also part of the Peptostreptococcus, merupakan coccus
normal flora of the mouth with various Gram-positif, juga merupakan bagian dari
species. We were not able to identify the flora normal mulut dengan berbagai spesies.
species. In a study reported in 2006 [15], Peneliti tidak dapat mengidentifikasi
microbiological examination of spesies. Dalam sebuah penelitian yang
odontogenic lesions found 269 species, of dilaporkan pada 2006,15 pemeriksaan
which 91 were anaerobes, including 13 mikrobiologi lesi odontogenik menemukan
Peptostreptococcus species and 1 269 spesies, 91 diantaranya adalah anaerob,
Veillonella species. Therefore, the termasuk 13 spesies Peptostreptococcus dan
anaerobes detected in our patient are rare in 1 spesies Veillonella. Oleh karena itu,
oral and odontogenic lesions. anaerob yang terdeteksi pada pasien ini
jarang terjadi pada lesi oral dan
odontogenik.

NSA usually spreads bilaterally and causes NSA biasanya bilateral dan menyebabkan
necrosis and perforation of the septal nekrosis serta perforasi pada kartilago
cartilage. NSA occurs when hematoma is septum. NSA terjadi ketika hematoma
infected. In our patient, however, the terinfeksi. Namun, pada pasien ini, abses
abscess involved only the right nasal cavity, hanya pada rongga hidung kanan, dan
and the septal cartilage remained intact. kartilago septum tetap utuh. Setelah memar
Following the bruise on the upper lip, a di bibir atas, hematoma terbentuk di alveoli
hematoma was formed in the upper dental gigi bagian atas. Hematoma menjadi
alveolus. The hematoma became infected terinfeksi oleh bakteri anaerob mulut, yang
by oral anaerobes, which formed an abscess membentuk rongga abses, yang kemudian
cavity, which then expanded upward and meluas ke atas dan akhirnya membentuk
eventually formed the NSA. There are NSA. Ada banyak arteri dan vena seperti
many arteries and veins such as Greater Greater Palatine Artery yang berjalan dari
Palatine Artery that flow into the nasal maksila ke septum hidung. Hematoma
septum from the maxilla. We thought terbentuk dari sisi palatal ke sisi kanan
hematoma was formed from the palatal side septum hidung akibat trauma tulang
to the right side of the nasal septum due to maksila, dan setelah itu terinfeksi dari
the trauma of the maxillary bone, and after bagian mulut dan membentuk abses. Karena
that it infected from the mouth side and itu, munculnya gejala lebih lambat dari
formed an abscess. Therefore, appearance biasanya.
of symptoms is slower than usual.

Although the pathogenic mechanism of Meskipun mekanisme patogenik NSA pada


NSA in our patient was, in a broad sense, pasien ini adalah traumatis, NSA tidak
traumatic, the NSA was not associated with terkait dengan trauma hidung. Ini
nasal trauma. This suggests that facial menunjukkan bahwa trauma wajah juga
trauma also can cause NSA. dapat menyebabkan NSA.

Early pus drainage and administration of Drainase nanah dan pemberian antibiotik
strong antibiotics are essential in the yang kuat sangat penting dalam pengobatan
treatment of NSA [16]. When an abscess is NSA.16 Ketika abses terjadi di rongga
localized in the nasal cavity, fine-needle hidung, aspirasi dengan jarum yang halus
aspiration needs to be performed. perlu dilakukan. Setelah kultur bakteri dari
Following bacterial culture of the cairan yang keluar, bakteri patogen dapat
discharged fluid, the pathogenic bacteria diidentifikasi, dan antibiotik yang efektif
can be identified, and antibiotics effective terhadap S. aureus, bakteri patogen yang
against S. aureus, the most likely paling memungkinkan, harus segera
pathogenic bacterium, should be promptly diberikan. Digunakan antibiotik spektrum
administered. Specifically, broad-spectrum luas sesuai empiris, terutama augmentin,
antibiotics are empirically used, notably penicillin, dan quinolone. Jika pasien
augmentin, penicillin, and quinolone. If a membaik, kerentanan bakteri terhadap obat
patient shows little improvement, the harus diuji. Ketika infeksi melibatkan
susceptibility of the bacteria to drugs dorsum hidung dan pasien memiliki gejala
should be tested. When infection involves umum seperti demam, tidak hanya aspirasi
the dorsum of the nose and a patient has jarum namun juga harus dilakukan drainase
general symptoms such as fever, not only insisi.
fine-needle aspiration but also incisional
drainage should be performed.

After needle drainage as well as incisional Setelah aspirasi jarum serta drainase insisi,
drainage, nasal packing is necessary for tampon hidung diperlukan antara 48 dan 72
between 48 and 72 h, along with oral jam, bersamaan dengan pemberian antibiotik
administration of antibiotics for between 7 oral selama 7 hingga 10 hari. Meskipun
and 10 days. Although our patient’s initial gejala awal pasien membaik setelah aspirasi
symptoms improved after the first needle jarum pertama saja, munculnya gejala 2
drainage alone, the recurrence of symptoms minggu kemudian memerlukan drainase
2 weeks later necessitated incisional insisi. Ukuran abses menunjukkan bahwa
drainage. The size of the abscess indicates kita harus melakukan drainase insisio pada
that we should have performed incisional perawatan awal. Untungnya, karena tidak
drainage at the initial treatment. adanya kerusakan pada kartilago septum,
Fortunately, owing to the absence of pasien dapat pulih sepenuhnya tanpa
damage to the septal cartilage, our patient komplikasi seperti kelainan saddle nose.
recovered fully without complications such
as saddle nose deformity.

Conclusion Kesimpulan
NSA is relatively rare today because of the NSA saat ini relatif jarang ditemukan karena
development of antibiotics. We treated a perkembangan antibiotik. Peneliti merawat
patient who had injured his upper lip and seorang pasien dengan luka pada bibir
developed NSA 2 weeks later. Oral atasnya dan berkembang menjadi NSA 2
anaerobes were the causative minggu kemudian. Penyebabnya adalah
microorganisms. Because etiologies other bakteri anaerob oral. Karena etiologi selain
than nasal trauma can cause NSA, careful trauma nasal dapat menyebabkan NSA,
observation of patients is therefore diperlukan observasi pasien secara cermat.
necessary.

Ethical approval Persetujuan etik


All study participants provided informed Semua peserta penelitian diberikan informed
consent, and the study design was approved consent, dan desain penelitian disetujui oleh
by an ethics review board. dewan etik.

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