References

BS 5950: Part 1: 1990, Structural Use of Steelwork in Building, British Standard

Institute.

Davies, J.M.,( 1990), In plane stability in portal frames, The structural engmeer,
Volume 68, pp 141 -146

Davis J.M., Brown B.A., (1996), 'Plastic design to BS 5950', The steel construction
institute.

Design of Steel Structures (2004), Lecture Notes for the M.Eng./P.G. Dip. Course
conducted by Structural Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Moratuwa.

Douglas I.F. (1969), An introduction to dimensional analysis for engineers, Pitman

Press, London.

Dowling. P.J., Mears T.F., Owens G.W., Raven G.K.(1982), 'A development in the
automated design and fabrication of portal framed industrial buildings', A paper to be
presented and discussed at a meeting of The Institute of Structural Engineers,
London.

Fraser D.J.,(1983) 'Design of Tapered Member Portal frames', Journal of

Construction Steel Research: Vol. 3, No.3.

Graham W. Owens, Peter R. Knowle, (1992) 'Steel Designers Manual', Fifth edition.
Blackwell Sctence.

Hald. A,(l952) Statical theory with engineering applications, John Wiley and sons,
New York.

60
Heldt T.J., Mahendran M., (December 1998). 'Full scale experiments of a Steel portal
frame Building' Journal of the Australian Steel Institute, Vol. 32 Number 4,

Lecture 14.2: Analysis of Steel Portal Frames:

!111

Li J.J ., Li G.Q.,(2002), 'Large Scale Testing of Steel Portal Frames Comprising

Tapered Beams and Columns', Advances in Structural Engineering, Vol. 5, No.4.

Li LT., Li G.Q.,(2004), 'Reliability - based integrated design of steel portal frames

with tapered members', Structural Safety, Elsevier, pp 221 - 239

MacGinley T.J., Ang T.C. (1992), 'Structural steel works, Design to Limit State
Theory' Second edition, BUTTERWORTH HEINEMANN, pp 353-390.

MacGinley T.J., 'Steel Structures Practical Design Studies' (1998), Second edition, E
& EN SPON, pp 67-90.

Moris L.J., (1982), 'A commentary on portal frame design', A paper to be presented
and discussed at a meeting of The Institute of Structural Engineers, London.

Perara K.L.P.D. (2002). 'Optimum Design of Steel Portal Frame Structures', M.Eng,
Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa.

Weerathunga A.N. (2003), 'Optimum Design of Steel Plate Girders', M.Sc

Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University ofMoratuwa, 2003.

Woolcock S.T. and Kitiponachi. S, (1987), Survey of deflection limit for portal
frames in Australia, J. Construct, Steel Research, pp 399-417.

61
Appendix A

Appendix {A)
Elastic design of portal frame with uniform section.
Elastic design of portal frame with uniform section is uneconomical. But it should be
familiar with design checks for the design of portal frame with tapered section. Only one
symmetrical frame was designed for the familiarization of design methods and design

checks.

a .1 Dimension of the building

...

6m ~

,,. 6m

·''
30m 15 bays@ 6m
interval
,
Figure a.l dimension of the building

Roof slope= 10"

a.:! Load data

(a) dead load
2
Sheeting 0.1 kN/m
2
Insulation 0.1 kN/m

Purlins 0.05 kN/m 2

62
.Jppendix A
2
Rafter 0.15 kN/m
2
Total 0.4 kN/m on slope.
gk 0.4 I cos 10 =0.41 kN/m 2 on plan.
2
(b) Imposed load (qk) 0.3 kN/m
This value is conservative for Sri Lankan environment. But most of the design
textbook has taken a higher value around 0.75kN/m 2 to accommodate snow load.

Total design load at ultimate limit state 1.4 gk + 1.6 qk

[1 A:r0.41 + 1.6x0.3 ]x6

6.324 kN/m 2
Wall load 1.4x0.41 x6x6
20.66 kN

a.3 Initial size of the structure.

Assume rafter and column size is 533x21 Ox82 UB.

A,= 105 cm 2

This trial size can be taken accurately with the experience.

a.4 Elastic Analysis of Portal Frame with Uniform Section.

Portal frame was analyzed with GRASP (Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structural
Program) software. Equivalent model is given in figure a.2. Using the base reactions
obtained from the analysis and the applied load, bending moment diagram can be
obtained.
\ode 6,7,8 and 9 are the middle point of the member.

63
.1jJpendix A

__ ---8--;____ _

-----------------'=5---------------- ~· ---~--------~------------------.
-----

'.1

Figure a.2 Model used to analysis the portal frame

Horizontal reaction at the base= 62.9kN

Member End Axial Force (kN) Moment

1 134.3 0
1-9
9 113.8 187.5
9 113.8 187.5
9-2
2 94.9 375
2 78.3 375
2-6
6 69.9 -84.2
6 69.9 -84.2
6-3
3 61.5 -182.2
--------

Table a.1 Members and reactions

64
lf!fJCildix A

a.S design checks.

In-plane slenderness;
Ftfcctivc length (L 1 ) ofthe column.
(,\)Using Fraser's fornmla.

K c = ~·
LE
= 2 + 0.45G
L R

Ll =2+0.4{30~47)= 4.28

( b )Using Figure 24 ofBS 5950;

I c / Lc
Top K 1 = I c /, L c + I R I L R

6
K = I, = 0.835
I Ii6+I 30.47

K2=l.O
L
Hence____f_ = 4.0
L

Hence
LF = 4.28
~·
L
L = 4.28 x 6000 =25680mm

L.. 25680
S\enderness ~ = = l20.6
r, 213

Out of plane slenderness with resistance at the mid height of the column;

L- 3000
Slenderness = - - = 68.5
_r._
rv 43.8
2
Compressive strength Pc = 118N/mm Table 27(a) of BS 5950
3
Compressive resistance Pc = Agxpc=10500xll8x 10- =1239 kN

65
.~ppcndix A

.CI...pplied force F =94.9kN

=275x2059x 1o- =563.75kNm
2
\1oment capacity Me

Applied Moment Mx =62.49x6 = 375 kNm

Equivalent moment factor m = 0.76 for ~ = 0.5 (Table 18 ofBS 5950)

~ .- A 68.5
, en d erness 1actor (v) 10r -
Sl =- - = 1.65
X 41.6

v = 0.965 (Table 14 of BS 5950)

Equivalent slenderness Au= nuvA

Au = 1.0x0.864x0.965x68.5 = 57.1

2
Bending strength Pb = 220.5N/mm (Table 11 ofBS5950)
Buckling resistance moment Mb = pbsx = 220.5 x 2059x 1 o- 3
Mb =454kNm.

Interaction expressions;

F M
Local capacity; --+-~1
Agpr Me

94.9 + 375 = 0.7 ~ 1

10500x275x10- 3 563.75

F mM
Overall capacity; --+--21
Azpr Mb

94.9 _ + 0.76x375 = 0. ~
7 1
10500xll8x1 o-j 454

The section is satisfactory.

66
i.ppendix A

Rafter design check

Applied force; F =78.2kN

The average compressive force for the rafter is 69.6kN and that for the column is
113.8kN.

[n plane slenderness;

K
R
= LE.· ~ K2L, JJ;,I,
c
LR 1
'O
LR PRJc

KR = LJ, = 4.28x 2x6 Jl13.8 = 2.15

LR 30.46 69.9
<~

3
L.u - 2.15x15.23x10 =153.7<180
r ,. - 213

Out of plane slenderness; LEv =4000mm

Ln = 4000 = 9 1. 23
r) 43.8

Pc = 76.7N/mm 2 Table 27(a) of the code

Pc = Agpc
Pc = 76.7x1050x10- 2= 805.35kN

375 = 4.45
,Y = 84.2

j) = 182.2 = 0.49
375
n = 0.748 Table 16 of BS 5950

~-'_ = 91.23 = 2.19

>: 41.6

67
.1ppendix A

0.948

1 1 = nuvA
· = 0.748x 0.864 X 0.948 X 91.23 = 55.9
p, = 223.6 N/mm 2 Table 11 ofBS 5950
\l1, = 223.6 x 2059x 10-3 = 460.4 kNm

Interaction expression for overall buckling

69.9 375
- - - + - = 0.9 ~ 1
805.35 460

The section is satisfactory.

68
 /;IJ7Cndix B

\ ppendix (B)

Plastic design of portal frame with uniform section

i 1 !astic design of portal frame with unifonn section is an economical solution compared
·· the elastic design with unifonn section. This method is universally adopted for the
·ll'Sign of portal frame. Non unifonn portal frame is popular with plastic design as it gives
turther economical solution. Plastic moment capacity required for the rafter is lesser than
tilL· moment capacity required for the column. The ratio for the moment capacity can be
c~~sumcd. Lower value of this ratio leads to a smaller section for the raCter, but it then
IIceds more lateral restraint. Then a value about 0.75 is more economical. Most of the
design text books have taken a value between 0.7 and 0.8. In this research, 0.6, 0.75, 0.9
ell Hi 1.0 ratios were adopted. But for the sample calculation, 0.75 was assumed.

In order to familiar with the analysis process and to investigate the economy of the portal

frame large number of portal frame was designed using the plastic methods. To avoid the
repetitive calculation, an Excel programme was developed for the analysis and design of
p01ial frame unifonns section using plastic design

b.l Dimensions of the building. ·'·

~~

6m Ja.
6m
.,,

30m
15 bays@ 6m
spacmg

l .. - I

Figure b.l Dimension of the building

69
lf'f1Cfldix B

i{,)ot'slope = 10°

h . .! Load calculation.

(a) dead load

2
Sheeting = 0.1 kN/m
2
Insulation = 0.1 kN/m
2
Purlins = 0.05 kN/m
2
Rafter = 0.15 kN/m
2
Total = 0.4 kN/m on slope.
2
gk = 0.4/cos10 =0.41kN/m onplan.

2
(b) Imposed load (qk) = 0.3 kN/m
This value is conservative for Sri Lankan environment. But most of the design
2
textbook has taken higher value around 0.75_kN/m to accommodate the snow

loading.

Total design load at ultimate limit state =1.4gk+1.6qk

[1.4x0.41 + 1.6x0.3 )x6

6.324 kN/m

Wall load 0.41 X 6 X 6 X 1.4

20.66 kN

b.3 Plastic analysis

Assume haunch depth= 0.6m

c·olumn; MP = (6 - 0. 6 )RH ------------------------------------------------( 1)

Rafter; 0.75MP =l( 6.324x 30

2
x-
6.324x x~
2
1-
1 ( (

6+xTan 10 RH-----(2)
))

70
.'lf!fJendix B

hH

F1gure b.2 Haunch arrangement

Substituting for Mp from (1) to (2)

() 75 (6-0.6 )RH =
6.324 X 30
x- 6.324 X x
2
J- (6+xTan (10))RH
( 2 2

R =(94.86x-3.162x
11
2
J
10.05 + 0.176x

dRH
When - - = O,x = 13.42m,
dx

Then R 11 = 56.66kN
\lp required for the column = 56.66(6- 0.6) = 302.12kNm

4
=MP = 305.96 x 10 = 1112 .59 cm'
S, required for the column
~· 275

Selected size of the rafter = 457x152x60 UB in BS

\1p required for the rafter = 305.96x 0.75 = 229.47kNm

4
MP _ 229.47 x 10 = 834.44cm 3
~' required for the column =p- 275
)

~elected size of the rafter = 406x 140x46 UB

71
.4ppendix B

h.4 Plastic design checks

h.4.1 Check for local buckling

\s we adopt the plastic design, all section should be plastic.

Column

(:,' =1275 h= l \11 =1

275j72
I, Py l 275

152.9/
h- /2 = 5.75 ::s; 8.5&
r- 13.3

J - 454 = 56.05 ::s; 79&

- 8.1
Therefore column section is plastic.
Rafter

h2 11
£= 275 =(275]/2=1
p ] l275
y

141/
-~=8.2:::;8,5&
r-
h
8.6

d- 398 = 63.19 ::s; 79&

~- 6.4
Therefore rafter section is plastic.

b.4.2 Checking overall stability

'
S: 44 L p /27s 1
pL/{ l
L n

D Q h 4 + ~! I

72
1f'f1Cildix B

942.12
I )q)th of the haunch= = 2.05
454

1 llcrefore L" = L- L"

==30-3=27111

3
~ < 27 X } 0 = 64 . 84
f) -
454

d 16MP- 16x275x888 = 4.341

~- 30 2

il = 6.324

W, 6.324 = 1.457
~! = w = 4.341
0

__ [ 21c J(l) = (2x 25500)(30) = 20 _384 for a single bay frame

'' -- I ,. h 12510 6

+-+ L p I( 275 ) 44 30
x-
2o .384 :( 275 1
~1 h 4 + pL>{ jl p;- = 1 .457 6 4 + 20 . 384 x 30 .463/{o l 275, )

:24 . 64 (::;, 64 . 84 )

~way stability is ole

b.4.3 Checking column stability

Distance to the restraint from the plastic hinge.

L, = 38r_r
2 2 \
( /c ,(Prj(x)j
l13o -rl27s) l36) )

l3
 l(1pendix B

\ -.;sume length to the restraint= 1m

w(5;2 + L"' + h") = 6.324x 103 x (15 + 1 + 0.6) = 13.279 N/mm2

= Ag 762

38rr 38x32.3
·
11
= 1
= 1126mm s;; lm

~~0 +(~~J(;6JJ' (~~-:¥+(~~~Jei~sr'

Hence assumed length for the restraint is safe.

Stability below the third lateral restraint

. !__ + mM, + mM :::; 1

AgP, U, P,Z
Length between second lateral restraint and base = 4.4m

Assume length between second and third lateral restraint (h 1) = 2.0m

w(~ + h
·'·
F = 11 + L"' + h1 )= 6.324(3% + 0.6 + 1 + 2)= 117.63kN
\1, = RH(H -h11 -LJ= 57(6-0.6-1)= 245.12kNm

LEX - 6000 = 32.79

/ = -
lxx
- 183

1 LEY - 2000 = 61.92

· = r - 32.2
yr

Therefore A= 61.92

f' =217.16N/mm' Fromtable27(b)ofBS5950

1. = 61.92 = 1.65
37.5
• cc· 0.97 From table 14 ofBS 5950
1i " I

74
'f'pendix B

0.868

= llUVA = 1.0 X 0.868 X 0.97 X 61.92 = 52.13

'H::rcfore Pb = 230.01 N /mm' From table 11 ofBS 5950

1'. = ~,S, = 230.01x1287x10- 3 = 296.03kNm
\,sume 111 =1
~~-+ mM, + mMr = 117.63xl0 + l.Ox249.30 = _91 :::; l
3

0
I:P, Mb P,z. 7620x217.16 296.03

\ -;sumcd length between second and third lateral restraint is safe.

Stability below the third lateral restraint and base.

Length between third lateral restraint and base = 2.4m

F =w(~ +H)= 6.324(3% + 6 )= 132.80kN

M, = RH(H- h11 - L"'- hJ= 56.66(6- 0.6-1- 2)= 135.98kNm

L EX _ 6000
_ = 32.79
lc, = - 183 . "~·
rn

; = -
LEY -- 2400
3 = 74.3
·, r 32.
\T

Therefore A = 74.3

!~ = 193.39 N / mm' From table 27(b) of BS 5950

!._ = 74.3 = 1.90

y 37.5
1 = 0.96 From table 14 ofBS 5950
11 =I
/{ = 0.868
l.,. = nuvA = l.Ox 0.868x 0.967x 71.21 = 59.34

Therefore Ph =214.73N/mm' From table 11 ofBS 5950

75
lfJpendix B

\/" =~,S, =230.01x1287x10- =296.03kNnz

3

\ssume m = 1

f=- + mM, + mM, = 3

132.80x 10 + l.Ox 135.98 = 0. 6 0::; 1
.J,.P, Mb P,z. 7620x199.59 268.21

\ssumed length between third lateral restraint and base is safe against buckling.

b.4.4 Checking rafter stability

A B c D E

B
A

Figure b.3 Method of dividing the haunch in to sections

Check stresses in haunch.

\t the beginning of the haunch (section A-A)the actions are;

\f = 320.01kNm

' = "72.33kN
: = 8252.98mm 2

= 1.972 X 10 6 111117 3

76
 If · '· ·ndix B

II·. maximum stress ids given by;

,.. +-=
M 72.33x103 320.01x106 =171.01N/mm2 -::;.275N/mm2
+ 6
1 Zr 8252.98 1.972 X 10

i IL : k ~.? stress is in elastic region.

-

''H.,? ction A-A B-B I C-C D-D E-E

I
\1 (kNm) 320.01 260.33 204.09 151.3 101.96
I (kN) 72.33 71.52 70.71 69.89 69.08
-
\i nm 2 ) 8252.98 7405.32 6557.65 5709.99 4951.5
Z,1 •11 n 3 )x1 06 1.972 1.576 1.216 0.894 0.610
f I \1 lmmL) 171.01 174.88 178.57 181.39 181.09
l___ ------·· - ~

Table b.1 Properties of different sections

bA. '\ Haunch restraint and stability

A~~ttmc length between stays in the haunch= 1500mm

EftcL·tive length= 1500mm
Fo1 the section A-A
1500
), ~~-- = 67.81
22.12
2
~ 185.37 N/mm Table 27(c) ofBS 5950

A . 67.81 = 0.77 &n = 0.5

X 22.12
Then
v = tl.99 Table 14 ofBS 5950

ll "~ 0.823

). 1 . "' nuvA. = 1.0 x 0.801 x 0.99 x 67.81 = 53.77

P; 227.72 N /mm 2

S.Y = 2.441 x 10 6 mm 3

/'vi . =~.S, =227.72x2.44lxl0"xl0-" =555.86kNm

77
lf7pendix B

~'__ + mM, + mM;

3
= 72.33 x 10 + 1.0 x 320.01 = 0. 62
I~P, Mb PrZJ 8252.98 X 185.37 55.86

I his value for the section C-C and E-E is 0.67 and 0.69 respectively.

b.4.6 Limiting spacing for the compression flange

1 ~
K1r,x
.

(nx -lo")
2
12

842.12
Haunch depth I rafter depth = ""' 2
398
Therefore K 1=495 for the grade 43 steel.
<.. 495x23.lxll2.16 _
_ ; - 1349 . 7 5 1111/l
1/
(nxll2.16
2
-lO"Y 2

Provide stays at a distance of 1250mm.

b.4.7 Checking of rafter between second stay and point of contra flexure

Length between second stay and point of contra flexure =2211 mm

;. = 2211 = 77.03
\ 28.7

1~ = 187.94N/nun
2
Table 17(b) ofBS 5950

I.
- = 1.64 Therefore v = 0.97 Table 14 ofBS 5950
\.

). 1 7 = 11UVA = 1.0 X 0.858 X 0.97 X 77.03 = 64.11

Therefore P;, = 203.14N/mm' From table 11 ofBS 5950

\1 1 =P;,S, =203.14x888x10- 3 =180.39kNm

111 = 0.57 From table 18 ofBS 5950 69.24

78
 lppendix B

! = 69.24kN

\h = l29.68kNm
1' mMr mM1 69.24xl0 3 0.57x129.68
--+~-+~-· = + = 0.48 .:s; 1
lcP, Mb P1Z 4970xl85.37 180.39

Hence the stability between second stay and the \)Oint of contra flexure in the rafter is ok.
r'ruvide a stay at the point of contra flexure

h...t.8 Checking of stability between ridge and point of contra flexure

Plastic analysis near the ridge.

L, = 38r).

J Jh
2 2

( fc ( py
ll30 + 275
J ( x
36
F = 57.53kN
3
57.53x10 = ll.58N/mm 2
t = 49700

Ln = 38 X 28.7
11.58 + (2 75 ]2 (47 _5 , 1Y, = 806.2mm
( 130 275 ~J )
Provide purlins at a distance of 800mm near the ridge.

b.S Check for deflection

Deflection should be checked for two cases.

Case 1
For unfactored imposed load.
Structure was analysed elastically with GRASP software.

Unfactored Imposed load = 0.3kN/m 2

79
 Appendix B

Design load = 0.3x6 = 1.8kN/m

.---~=~--~------ ---

·~l "r

:__X

Figure b.4 Deflected shape of the portal frame for load case 1

Deflected shape of the portal frame for the unfactored imposed load applied on roof.

Node Number Direction of Deflection Deflection (mm)

2 Horizontal 21.75
3 Vertical 125.29
c-- - ,i·

4 Horizontal 21.75
Table b.2: Deflection for load case 1

Case 2
For dead, imposed and wind load. Only 80% of the imposed load and wind load will be
considered.
Wind load calculation. (According to the CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2)
Basic wind speed = 33m/s (in Colombo)
Design wind speed V, = vsls2s3 = 33 X 1.0 X 0.79 X 1.0 = 30.03 m/ s
, ( iround roughness category 2, class C and height of the building is 8.6m)

Dynamic pressure q = k~ 2 = 0.613 x 30.03 2 x 10-3 = 0.55kN /m 2

80
Apfli'J/(liX B

h 6 1 0
-- ::::; - and roof angle = 10
H )0 2
For \\ ind angle o: =0

(1) Internal pressure case.

_, 7 -0.4

+0.7 -0 )')

Figure b.5 Pressure coefficient of the portal frame

Design load case: = l.Ogk + 0.8qk + 0.8wk

gk =0.4lx6=2.46kN/m

0.8qk = 0.3 X 6 X 0.8 = 1.44kNjm

wk = 0.8F
"'
F"' = (cpe- Cp; }JA

Fw = (+ 0.7- 0.2)x 0.55 X 6 = 1.65kNjm

Structure was analysed with GRASP software and deflections at the eave and apex were

checked with the allowable values.

81
 /i!pendix B

·-~-:::-:::::::::::=~=~---:-----~----~--- ~

----.
~

.-,
c.
----1

l _ _><

l·1gure b.5: Deflected shape of the structure for load case 2

S1milar calculation can be done for a wind angle of 90° with international pressure
cuefficients of +0.2 and -0.3. Following table contain the deflections for the wind load
-: clSC.

\ Vind angle Internal Deflections at the nodes.(mm)

pressure
Node2 Node 3 Node4
coefficient(Cpi)
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal
I +0.2 44.57 95.75 11.20
0 -0.3 58.13 175.62 2.77

I
I
+0.2 24.82 142.09 24.82
I
I I I
90
I -0.3 38.57 221.97 38.57
L I
Table b.3 : deflection for load case 2

Maximum eave deflection = 58.13mm

h 6000
..'\llowable limit for the deflection = ~ = - - = 60mm (For metal roofing) Hence
100 100
deflection at the eave is satisfactory ..

Maximum deflection at the ridge =221.97mm

82
, i;1nendix B

L 30000
,\ llowable limit for the deflection = - = - - = 300mm (For metal roofing)
100 100
I l l·nce deflection at the eave is satisfactory.

h.h Connection details

h.h.l Eave connection

- . -
F,

F.

\()() F,

J·,

)·,

i II II~ ~·· I S'J F,

Figure b.7 Connection details for the haunch

Bending moment M=339kNm

Axial force in the column F = 94.86kN

Horizontal reaction at the base H = 56.56kN

403 2 1
~().4 x 10 · )1 = 2(Fi + F 2 )x 789 --r 2F3 x 589 + 2F~ x 464 + 2F5 x 89
1
3
; - 56.56( 800-
'· 2cosl0

83
. ir'f1Cndix B

;~l),4xl0 3 -56.56(800- 403 2 2

· )= F 1 [2x789 2 +589 2 +464 2 +89 2 ]
2cos10 789
I. = F, = 66.4kN

I = 49.6kN

I = 39.0kN

l = 7.5kN

r = 66.4x 4+ 49.6x 2+ 39x 2+ 7.5x 2 = 457.8kN

('heck capacity of flange in bending to resist bolt load.

80 8.1 10.2
Distance h = - - - - - - = 30.85mm
2 2 2
Distance from centreline of bolt to prying force;
:1 = edge distance but ~ 2T
II o= 2 X 13.3 = 26.6mm
Etlective length of flange per bolt;
11 = 2(h +d)= 2(30.85 + 20) = 101.7 Assume M20 Bolts.

\I = F;b =
66 .4 x 30 ·85 = 1024.22Nm
2 2
·''
2 2 3
. wT 275x101.7x13.3 x10-
\1oment capacity= P. x - - = = 1236.8Nm ~ M Ok.
} 4 4

. M 1024.22
Prymg force = - = = 38.5kN
n 26.6

Bolts
1ension capacity ofM20 general grade HSFG bolt, taken as 0.64Ur
!l.64U1 = 0.64x827x245x10-3 =l29.7kN

Bolt load = F 1+ Prying force

= 66.4 + 38.5 = 104.9 ~ Bolt capacity.

t olumn web at upper bolt

84
 ltlpendix B

I cnsion capacity of 125mm length= 125 X 8.1 X 275 X 1o- 3 = 278.43kN ~ 2F; Ok.

Stiffners

. . . 0.8Fc 0.8 X 457.8 X 10 3 ,

\rca reqmred m contact w1th the flange= - - = = I332mm-
P,s 275

l sc 75x15 stiffners.

\rea in contact = 2( 70 -15 )15 = I650mm 2 Ok.

I ae two numbers of 70x15 stiffners.

\rea of effective section= 2 x 70 x 15 + 2 x 200 x 8.1 = 5340mm 2

15x14 8 · 13 = 4.06x10 6 mm 4
12

4.06x10 6-]0_5
' := = 27.57mm
[ 5340

/ = Ll: = 0.7 (454.6- 2 X 13.3) = 10.87

r 27.57
F. = 275 (table 27c) ofBS 5950

Buckling resistance= 275 X 5340 X 1o- 3 = 1468.5kN ~ F; Ok.

b.6.2 Eave connection

Bending moment M = 221.6kNm

Axial force F= 39.3kN

3 1403.2 11.2l
221.6 x 10 -39.3 x ~---
L 2 2
-J = 2(F,-- + FJx 522.5 + 2F,- x 335 + 2F,- x 65
7F [
=- ~ 2 X 522.5 2
+ 335 2 + 65 2 ]
522.5
!-~ = F4 = 84.44kN
F. = 541kN

. = 10.5kN

85
 l;>pendix B

20mm

I
I
I
70mm I
I
I

I
I
F1
I

270mm

F2
125mm

70mm I
I
F3
I
I

.... _:
55mm

F-+

f 1gure b.7 Connection details at Eave

= 84.4 X 4 +54 X 2 + 10.5 X 2 = 466.6kN

. . . fl 466.6 k
l <m1press10n m top ange = - - = 473.8 N
coslO
( ,tpacity in beam flange =~A

=142.2xl42.2xl1.2x10- 3 =437.8kN Ok.

I uad bearing stiffeners required.

\rca required (473.8- 437. 8) = 130mm 2

275

Provide two 8x60mm plate of grade 43 on either side of the web with top flange.

Tension in bottom flange (haunch)= 4 x 84.4 = 337.6 < 437.8 Ok.

86
if!pendix B

~ nd plate
\ ssume 180mm wide end plate.
• \ssume 1Omm fillet weld to the bottom flange)
I)!stance from centreline ofbolt to toe of fillet weld.
b =55 -10 = 45mm

L tTective length of end plate per bolt w = _!_ x 180 = 90mm

2

Fb 84.4x45 =11899Nm
M=~= 2

M _ wT:
Moment capacity , - Py
4

3
1/
12
-[4x1899xl0 ] =18mm
T- 265 X 90

Use 180x 20x660mm end plate of grade 43.

2
M = 265 x 90 x 16 = 2385 Nm
\i1oment capacity
c 4 X 10 3

Moment capacity required at bolt line M b = F4 b - Mroot

M" = 84.4x 45-2385 = 1413Nm

Distance from centreline ofbolt to prying force n = edge distance but< 2T

n = 2 x 20 = 40

Mb _ 954 = 35.32kN
Prying force Q =---;;- 40

Total force for bolt = 84.4+35.3 = l19.7kN

Tension capacity of M20 bolt = 0.64x827x245x10- 3 = l29.7kN ~ 119.7.2

O.k.

87
\ilpendix c

\ppendix (C)
I)esign of portal frame with tapered section elastically
·' i ,1stic design of portal frame with tapered section is complicated. Then only elastic

~~sign process was followed. Portal frame with tapered section was analysed with
• 'KASP software. Initial size of the member was taken by observing the member sizes of
ttL' plastic design with uniform section. Figure c. I shows the type of portal frame used
··''the research.

Figure c.l Type of portal frame

I he varying properties along the member was accounted by dividing the member in to a

,I, equal member in tapered region. Then small section property was adopted for the
Jnalysis process. As the section size was fairly large, error in the results is significant.
I ins was minimised by increasing the horizontal reaction by 2%. Figure c.2 shows the

~'quivalent model used for the analysis.

__-:---8-____
.
-.~-
--~
- --. -
----,::...
. . - -tt-e--
~-E
-
ITI

1~1
II
II

f·1gure c.2 Idealized model of the portal frame with tapered section

88
. 'l'pendix c

compare the economy of the tapered portal frame over the uniform portal frame, same
~ , '-'S of portal frame were designed. To avoid the repetitive calculation, an Excel
l' r ')gramme was developed. Necessary data should be feed to the programme.

t I Building dimensions

·~

16m J

,, Gm

30m 15bays@
6m interval

L___
•lr

figure c.3 Dimension of the building

Roof slope 10°

c.2 Load calculation

(a) dead load

Sheeting 0.1 kN/m 2
Insulation 0.1 kN/m 2
Purlins 0.05 kN/m 2
2
Rafter 0.15 kN/m
2
Total 0.4 kN1m on slope.

89
 'ppendix c

gk 0.4 i cos 10 =0.41 kN/m 2 on plan.

2
(b) Imposed load (qk) 0.3 kN/m
This value is conservative for Sri Lankan environment. But most of the design
textbook has taken higher value around 0. 75 _kN/m 2 to accommodate snow
loading.

Total design load at ultimate limit state 1.4 gk + 1.6 qk

[1.4x0.41 + 1.6x0.3 }~:6

6.324 kN/m 2
Wall load 0.41x6x6x1.4
20.66 kN

( .\ 1\.nalysis and Results

~il ucture was analysed with GRASP software.

~-~-----8---~~
.~-e-.,~~- --~-8--.,._~-.-,

ri·J
. =~·71 ~31 ~:~,·.
Fl·~=%32tJ·J
L______..L><

llf!Urec.4 :base reaction o the portal frame

Hl1rizontal reaction from the analysis = 67.9 kN

t\ltcr increasing by 2% = 69.3 kN

90
:\ppendix c

\\ember sizes for the column

Depth of the section of the column top =700mm

I >cpth of the section of the column bottom =300mm
\\ 1th of the flange section =150mm
Th1ckness ofthe flange =12mm
Thickness of the web =8mm

'I ember sizes of the rafter

% L~

'" B

hgure c.5: Shape and size ofthe rafter

Section depth of the rafter at A =700mm

Section depth at the B and C =450mm
\\ idth of the flange =150mm
rl11ckness ofthe flange =12mm
! h1ckness of the web =8mm

91
Appendix c

cA Check for local buckling

Column

1
~ 11
(. 2._75 = ( 275Jl2 = 1
p l275
y

150/
__:_]_ = 6.25 ::,; 13£
12

(I
_700 = 87.5::,; 120£
12
Therefore column section is non slender.
R<~ltcr

1'

£: ?751
p
12
=(275J~
l275
=1
)'

150/
h
~____1 = 6.25 ::,; 13£
T 12
d
700 = 87.5::,; 120£
8
Therefore rafter section is non slender.

c.5 Sway stability of the portal frame

Check for sway stability

s,, ay stability of a portal frame is checked with the deflection due to notional horizontal
load

Notional horizontal load = 0.005 x 6.324 x 30 = 0.948kN

Ponal frame was analysed with GRASP and deflection at the eaves were checked with
the limits.

92
\ppendix c

6.324kN/m

~"~~
0.47kN 0.47kN

t 1gure e.G: Notional load on portal frame

l >etlcction at eaves= 32.5mm and 35.8mm. Limit of the deflection is;

h _ 6000 = 6 0mm . Hence Ok.

1 o() -1oo

c.o Column design

r.6.1 Check of the moment capacity of the column

Height ofthe column up to the bottom of the rafter =5.615m

\ loment at a distance x from the bottom of the column= RHx

\loment at the top of the column,Mx = 69.3x = 69.3 x 5.615 = 389.1kNnz

\loment capacity of the column at the bottom of the rafter

i' Z, =275x1.81xl0 6 xl0- 6 =496.57kNm~M)389.1kNm)

Hence selected dimensions satisfied the moment capacity of the column.

r.6.2 Checking for stability
">lability was checked with appendix G ofBS 5950.
\linimum radius of gyration about the major axis at the bottom= 123.6

93
\ppendix c

LF - 6000 = 48.54
=---;- -123.6
r

\ -.,sume length to the second restraint from the bottom of the rafter = 1400mm
L. 1400
= ~ = - - = 51.1 Therefore A\" >A y
r,. 27 .4

hgure c.7 Method of dividing column in to the sections

Section 1 2 3 4 5
. cngth from eave m 0.385 0.735 1.085 1A35 1 785
. ,, 700 675.1 650.1 625.2
--+--------i
600.3

94
 \ppendix c
I
!\ 676 II 651.1 626.1 601.2 576.3
I I

-x 106 mm4 II 632 580 530 483 439

I
6
x 10 mm 4 6.78 I 6.78 6.78 6.78 6.77
\ ~mm 2 9008 8808 8609 8410 8210
nm 265 256 248 240 231
11111 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.4 28.7
/ mm 1.81 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.46
-
i ....,, x 101) mmj 2.15 2.04 1.93 1.83 1.72
\1 :(Elastic) kNm 496.6 472.3 448.5 425.2 402.3
'\ (Applied moment)kNm 389.1 364.8 340.6 316.3 292.1

'\ M 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73

\ xial Forces kN 98.8 101.0 103.2 105.4 107.6

I
A +o/ss¥ 191.74 190.19 188.21 185.71 182.62

I able c.l : properties and capacities of the column sections

It the haunch remains elastic at ultimate limit state, elastic stability can be checked using
\ lause G 2.a.2.
F M
-+--:;.pb
A Sr
· m = n1UV1CA

II: is taken as 1.0 where there are no intermediate loads between restraints; otherwise

!rom following equation given in Appendix G3.6.

1{N1 3N2 4N3 3N4 Ns (Ns N£)}] 12

[12 -M- +M- +M- + -M + -M+ 2-Ms -ME-

!
llt=-
1 2 3 4 s

Vs = 0.77
\fs

95
\ppcndix c

- = 0.78
\ f!

\I ~ NE ::; 0
\Is ME

i/ =
[
1
l2{0.78+3x0.77+4x0.76+3x0.74+0.73+2(o)} J<- =0.84 l
1.0
\ -;sume purlin depth = 150mm
150 300
: ·1crefore a =-+-=225mm
2 2
1 = 600.3 ~ 12 = 588.3mm

= 57.94

2
y, 1/
/2

1 +(2aJ 1+ (~-~25)2
hs 588.3
2 7 7
= 0.97
2
2 X 225 - 1 48.54 -
1+ __!!__
2
( h.
J +201- (,.1,)
-
X
1 (
+ -5883 ) + 20 (57.94)
.\

3
:= 1+ ~(R -l)f3 qy2
x-9
\\here;
R is the ratio of the grater depth to the lesser depth of the section between
effective torsional restraints.
q is the ratio of the tapered length to the total length of the section between

effective torsional restraints.

=I +
)( -
700
- -1
( 57.94~9 600.3
3 )Y 3
(
-1- ))l = 1 02
cos10

,
1
= 11 1UV,CA = 0.84 X 1.0 X 0.97 X 1.02 X 48.54 = 40.34

I herefore ~, = 250 N / mm 2
F M
i 1cnce - +- ~ Pb at any section between above two lateral restraint.
A S,

96
 \ppendix c

'-ltability check between second and third lateral restraint

\ssume length to the second restraint from the bottom of the rafter =2000mm

= LE = 2000 = 69.62
r, 28.73

I hercfore /L, > /L,

Section 1 2 3 4 5
I
l c ngth from eave m 1.785 2.285 2.785 3.285 3.785
I >x 600.3 564.64 529.0 493.4 457.8
I

1\ 576.3 540.6 505.0 496.4 433.8

i \ x 10° mm 4 439 380 326 277 233

x 10(' mm 4 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77
I
\ x mm 2 8210 7925 7640 7355 7070
mm 231.3 219.1 206.7 194.3 181.7
mm 28.73 29.23 29.77 30.34 30.94
I, mm 1.46 1.35 1.23 1.13 1.02
'), x10 6 mm 3 1.72 1.58 1.44 1.31 1.18
..
\1 c( Elastic) kNm 402.3 370.4 339.4 309.4 280.3
"\. (Applied moment)kNm 292.8 257.43 222.8 188.1 153.5
"\. M 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.61 0.55
\ cial Forces kN 107.61 110.77 113.93 117.10 120.26
,. /Mjs 182.6 177.0 169.5 159.8 147.2
A+ Sr

Table c.2 :properties and capacities ofthe column sections

" = l_l f ~ + 3N2 + 4N3 + 3N4 + Ns + 2( l\fs _ N1oJ}]l:'

l12 l M 1 M2 M3 M4 A1s \lvfs ME

\ ~ = 0.69
1./s

97
Appendix c

i'v_'E =0.73
tft

Ns _ NE ~ 0
tfs ME

1 ] Vo
l1r = l2{0.73+3x0.69+4x0.66+3x0.61+0.55+2(0)} '- = 0.81
[

Ll = 1.0
Assume purlin depth = 150mm

rherefore a 150 300 = 225mm

=2+2
lz, = 457.8-12 = 445.8mm

t' = 28.36
y, ,,
J/

\'
I+(~:J
o
1+ (~~~~5)2
445.8
= 0.93
I
2 2 2

(12 J + 2o(~)
2 - 1 A
1 1 (2x225) 1 (69.62)
+ + 445.8 + 20 28.36

('= 1+ -3 - (R-1 )Y- 3 q y2

x-9
73 }2
(' = 1 + 3 600.3 -1 _1_ . = 1.07
(28.36-9)(457.8 ) (cos10)

),m = n 1UV1CA = 0.84 x 1.0 x 0.97 x 1.07 x 69.62 = 58.5

rherefore ~ = 184.5N/mm
2

F M
Hence - +-::; Pb at any section between above two lateral restraint.
A S"
Remaining length between third lateral restraint and base =2.215m
rhis length is obviously satisfied the conditions given in appendix G of BS 5950 as the
applied moment is less than the moment between immediately above section.

;;:" 7 Rafter design

c. 7.1 Check for the moment capacity of the rafter

98
\ppendix c

-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"ection
Ho rizontal 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15

lc 1gth(m)
700 687.5 675 450 450 450 450
I > pth of the
~c tion (mm)
I
415.8 225.3 74.4 -37.0 -109.0 -141.3 -134.2
\ ,plied
-
\1 Jment(kNm)

\1 Jment 496.6 484.3 472.3 274.1 274.1 274.1 274.1

,·a pacity(kNm)

I able c.4: Variation of moment and moment capacity of the rafter

dence applied moment is less than the moment capacity.

l·. 7.2 Rafter stability check

, .ength between eave restraint and first lateral restraint =1.75m

LE - 1750 = 62.1
/ \ = ---;- - 27.43
r

Section 1 2 3 4 5

L ength from eave m 0.475 0.912 1.350 1.787 2.225

[) X 700 685.4 670.8 656.3 641.7

d( 676 661.4 646.8 632.3 617.7

4
632 601 571 542 514
I' , x 10° mm
6
I, - x 10 mm
4
6.78 6.78 6.78 6.78 6.78

\ xmm
2
9008 8891 8774 I
8658 8541
i I I
·,mm 264.9 260 255 250 .A5.3

,mm 27.4 27.6 27.8 28 28.2

L mm 1.81 1.75 1.7 1.65 1.6

99
 \ppendix c

" , ~xI 0
6
mm 3 2.15 II 2.1 2.0 1.96 1.9
\1 c(Elastic) kNm 496.6 482.3 468.3 454.3 440.6
"\ (Applied moment)kNm 376.6 341.7 308.1 275.6 244.4
"\ M 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.61 0.56
i \ (ial Forces kN 84.5 84 83.5 83 82.6

I+~
A, Sr
184.3 173.2 161.8 150.3 138.5

I able c.5 : properties and capacities of section of the rafter

11

[121{N1 2(N1
- - Nr:J}]
12

J!,=- --+-+-+-+~+
3N2 4N3 3N4 Ns -
M 1 M2 M3 M4 Ms Ms ME

·~ = 0.71
\Is

\~ = 0.76
\fr

\'s Nr; ~ 0
\1--; ME

1
II= U{0.76+3x0.71+4x0.66+3x0.61+0.56+2(0)} ]><~ =0.81
[

' = 1.0
\ssume purlin depth = 150mm
150 450
l hcrefore a =-+~=300mm
2 2
= 641.7-12 = 629.7mm

= 28.36

=I
1 l+(~tJ'
2a \
2
1
r I
1 }. \ 2 ' ( 2 X 300
1 +(2x300J~
\ 629.7
y
7

1 !62.1 \-
1y,
= 0.99

j + 20 l~ j J
'
II+
L h,- 1+l-629.7-) + 20l62.4j J

100
\ppendix c

= 1+ 3- (R _ 1)Y 3
y2
x-9 · q
y3 )12

= 1
+(
3
62.4-9
)(___2QQ___
641.7
-1) (~ 1
cos10
)' = 1 01

/~ 1 1! = ll 1UV 1CA = 0.81 x 1.0 x 0.99 x 1.01 x 62.1 = 50.2

I hcrefore ~ = 211.35 N / mm 2

F M -
Hence - +- : :; Pb at any section between above two lateral restraint.
A S,
Hence provide purlins at a distance of l.75m.

c7.3 Checking stability near ridge

\1aximum moment near the ridge =145kNm

'\ssumed length between purlins =1.5m
\xial force near ridge =70.I5kN
'\xial area =7008mm 2

l,, =6.77x10 6 nw1 4

=48.27mm
p
' c =(223.47-20)=203.47N/mn/
'-., =1.15 x 10 6 mnl
=56.31

)j
/'
=1.96

=0.96
.,,
' r =48.82
ph =223.5N/nun 2
\lib =257.3kNm
3
_f_+mM,+mM> = 70.15x10 +l.Ox145+0=0. 6 l3S: 1
Azf, lvfb P,.Z, 7008 x 203.5 257.3

Hence stability near the ridge satisfies the conditions m BS 5950

101
 \ppendix c

l .8 Connection details
r.S.l Eave connection

F6
·, Fs
/ ',~'',,, F4
',
'' F3
''
''
'' F2
''
''
''
''
''
''
''
''
'' F1
'
''
''
''
''
' ·'
125

125

]()()

350

Figure c.8 : Connection details ofthe eave

\xial force in the column F = 96.32kN

Honzontal reaction at the base H = 69.3kN
Hending moment M = 69.3x6 = 415.8kNm

102
 \ppendix c

3
f 15.8 X 10 -69.3 X 461.5-96.32 X 550
2(F; + F2 )x 887.5 + 21'; x 700 + 2F4 x 575 + 2F's x 450 + 2F;, x 100

2F; [ 7
-2x887.5-+700 2 7 7]
+575 2 +450-+100-
789

I; = F2 = 72.2kN
~~ = 56.9kN
I~= 46.7kN

'~ = 3G.GkN
:; =8.1kN

= 72.2x4+56.9x2+46.7x2+36.6x2+2x8.1 = 585.6kN

\ heck capacity of flange in bending to resist bolt load.

. 80 8 10 .
l>Istance b = - - - - - = 31 mm (Assummga10mmfilletwelds)
2 2 2
l >1stance from centreline of bolt to prying force;
1 = edge distance but :::; 2T
, = 2x16 = 32mrn '~, '

l· !Tective length of flange per bolt;

I'= 2(b +d)= 2(31 + 20) = 102 Assume M20 Bolts.

\1 = F;b = 66 .4x 32 = 1155.2Nrn

2 2
. wT 2 275x102x16 2 x10- 3
Vloment capac1ty = P x - - = = 1795.2Nrn ~ M Ole
} 4 4

. " M 1155.2
1)rvmg 10rce = - = = 36.1kN
• n 32

Bolts
I enswn capacity ofM20 general grade HSFG bolt, taken as 0.64Ur

103
Appendix c

0.64U1 =0.64x827x245x10- 3 =129.7kN

Bolt load = F 1+ Prying force

= 72.2 + 36.1 = 108.3 :S 129.7 Bolt load.
Ok.
Column web at upper bolt

Tension capacity of 125mm length= 125 x 8 x 275 x 10-3 = 275kN ~ 2F., Ok.

Stiffners
3
A ·d. .h h f1 0.8F 0.8x585.6cos50°x10 7
;.rea reqmre m contact w1t t e ange = _ _c = = 1095mm-
pvs 275

Use 70x16 stiffners.

Area in contact= 2(70-10)16 = 1920nun 2 Ok.

Uae two numbers of 70x16 stiffners.

Area of effective section = 2 x 70 x 16 + 2 x 200 x 8 = 3 840mm 2

l = 15x1483 = 4.32x106mm4
12
'~, '

r = [4.32x 106lo.s = 33mm

3840

{=LE =0_ 7 (700-2x12)= 14 _

3
r 33
PC= 275 (table 27c) ofBS 5950

Buckling resistance= 275 x 3840 x 10-3 = 1056kN ~ F;. Ok.

Connection of stiffeners to the web.

Effective length of the weld= 700-2(12+ 10+6) = 644mm
585.6
Loads on weld = = 0.22kN I mm
4x644
L se 6mm fillet weld.

104
.\ ppendix c
~hear on bolts.
'-~ l1car load on the bolts= 96.32 cos 50° + 69.3 cos 40° == 115kN
3
'-,!lear capacity of the bolt group. 2 X [ 6 X 3 7 5 X 245] X 1o- == 11 02.5kN Ok.

~hear on weld between end plate and column

·-..hear load= 115kN
"hear capacity ofl Omm weld= 2 X [6 X 0.7 X 215 ]x 1o-} X 850 == 1535.lkN Ok.

l.8.2 Ridge connection

Fe
-
64 l.l F1

193
I
I

I I
I

F2
I
I
125 I I
I
I
I

69 " I
I
F~
I

... l
56
I
F4

l 1gure c.9 connection details of the ridge

Hcnding moment M == 221.6kNm

\xial force F= 68.5kN

34.2xl0 3 -68.5x [450 - 12] ==2(F;+FJx451+2F x257+2F;x64 2

2 2
2 2
: F 4 [2 X 451 2 + 257 2 + 64 ]
451
~~ = F4 == 56.4kN

105
\ppendix c

r: = 32.1kN

_r. = 8kN

r. =56.4x4+32.1x2+8x2=305.8kN

fl 305.8 k
CompressiOn m top ange = - - = 310.5 N
' 0 0

cos10
Capacity in beam flange= ~A

=(275-20)x150x12x10-3 = 459kN Ok.

Cension in bottom flange= 4 x 56.4 = 225.6

rension capacity of the flange= 275 x 150 x 12 x 10-3 = 495kN ~ 225.6kN Ok.

i':nd plate
Assume 180mm wide end plate.
(Assume 1Omm fillet weld to the bottom flange)
Distance from centreline of bolt to toe of fillet weld.
b = 55 -10 = 45mm '~, .

Effective length of end plate per bolt w = ]:_ x 180 = 90mm

2

M = F4b = 56.4x 45 = 1269Nnz

2 2
2
Moment capacity M c-- p y wT
-
4
]/

l4x1269x1o-!
llh =14.3mm
T =!L_ 275 X 90 J

Use 180x 16x580mm end plate of grade 43.

2
\1oment capacity 275x90x16 =1584Nm
M, = 4x 10'

\!loment capacity required at bolt line M,, = F4 b- M, 00

,

106
Appendix c
Mb = 56.4 x 45 -1584 = 954Nm

Distance from centreline ofbolt to prying force n =edge distance but< 2T

n = 2 x 16 = 32

Prying force Mb _ 95 4 = 29.8kN

Q = ----;; - 32

rotal force for bolt = 56.4 + 29. = 86.2kN

fension capacity ofM20 bolt = 0.64 X 827 X 245 X 10-3 = 129.7 kN:::: 86.2
O.k.

'~, .

107
 Appendx d .xis

Plastic analysis and plastic design

Frame span (m) 30

Frame spacing (m) 6

Eave Height (m) 6

Haunch depth(m) 0.6

Haunch length (m) 3

Roof slope 10

2
Dead load ( kN/m ) 0.41

Py column ( N/mm2) 275

Py rafter ( N/mm2) 275

Imposed load(kN/m2) 0.3

Moment capacity ratio between rafter to column ( ,, ) = 0.751

Design load = 6.324 kN/m

Vertical reaction(kN) = 94.86 kN

Distance to the plastic hinge in rafter (m) = 13.420 m '~, '

Horizontal reaction Rz = 56.66 kN

Mp required (column) = 305.96 kNm

3
Sx Required(column) = 1112.59cm

Mp required (rafter) = 229.47 kNm

3
Sx Required(rafter) = 834.44 cm

Selected section for column 457x152x60

l S-x cm 3 lxx cm
4
lyy cm
4
A cm
2
Dmm ry mm X rx mm
I 1287 25500 795 76.2 454 32.3 37.5 183
~
I

! .J flan~e T Web t wei~ht b

0.868 13.3 8.1 59.8 152.9

108
 Appendx d.xls

Py = 275

b/T = 5.75

d/t = 56.05

C.>iLJmn Section is Plastic

Selected section for rafter 406x140x46

-
-·
3 4 4 2
Sxcm lxx cm lyy cm A mm Dmm rv mm X rx mm
888 12510 410 49.7 398 28.7 47.5 159

u flange t Webt b root radius weight

0.858 8.6 6.4 141 10.2 46

Py = 275

biT = 8.20

d/t = 62.19
'~, '

Ratter Section is Plastic

Checking overall stability

Lb
D
44 L [
~ Qh
p
4 + pLr I L
J( J 27 5
P,.r

Wr = 6.324

Wo = 4.341

q = 1.457

Lr/L = 1.015

p = 20.384

D = 398

Lb = 27

Pyr = I 2751

LID(Left) = 67.84

109
 Appendx d.xls

LID(rightd) = 124.64

Overall stability = Ok

Checking of column stability

38ry
L

[~~ +(;;s J'(;6JT

"'

Assume length of lateral restraint below the haunch (m) = I 11m

ry = 32.3 mm

2
fc = 13.279 N/mm

Py = I 2751N/mm
2

X = 37.5

Lm calculated = 1.126 m

Column restraint stability= Ok

Stability below the second lateral restraint

'~, .
F mM mM
--+ X+ y ::;;1.0
Ag?, M, ~zy

Length between second lateral restraint and base = 4.4

Le given 21

F = 117.63 kN Ax 32.79

2
Ag = 76.2 cm A.y 61.92
2
Pc = 217.16 N/mm A. 61.92

Mx = 249.302 kNm n 11
2
Pb = 230.01 N/mm u 0.868

Mb = 296.03 kNm A./x 1.65

m = ~ v 0.97]

A.LT 52.13

F mM mM
--+ X+ - 0.91
A g P( Mh PZ
).' y

110
 Appendx d.xls

Overall buckling check below second restraint = ok

Checking rafter stability

Haunch depth with rafter = 842.12 mm

Haunch length (m) = 3.00

Se1 '1.:m 1 2 3 4 5

Dxr ,·m) 829.31 721.48 613.66 505.83 398.00

dX(''Hn) 812.11 704.28 596.46 488.63 380.80

(mr" ) 7622.71 6932.61 6242.52 5552.42 4951.50

6
lxx,rnm 4 ) 694.056 494.450 335.147 212.134 121.400 X 10

4 6
lyy(rr>m ) 4.04 4.03 4.03 4.03 4.03 X 10

ry('1r1) 23.01 24.12 25.41 26.94 28.52

\ 65.19 62.19 59.03 55.69 52.60

J 130753 121330 111908 102486 93064

H\:,1· 676589 510483 367735 248345 152313

X (. I
112.16 96.45 80.88 65.51 50.84
'~, .
u 0.808 0.817 0.828 0.841 0.847

3 6
Zx ''1m ) 1.674 1.371 1.092 0.839 0.610 X 10

3 6
Sx ''1m ) 2.050 1.658 1.303 0.985 0.704 X 10

Me e1astic 460.30 376.93 300.38 230.66 167.76 kNm

Me Jlastic 563.87 455.97 358.30 270.86 193.66 kNm

x 01stance 0.262 1.001 1.739 2.478 3.216 m

M> 317.93 258.20 201.92 149.08 99.70 kNm

r- 71.99 71.18 70.37 69.55 68.74 kN

2
Stre~s 199.39 198.64 196.13 190.27 177.32 N/mm

Check elastic stability in haunch

Distance between lateral restraint in haunch = 15oolmm

Set.t•on 2 3 4 5
\ :::;
65.19 65.19 65.19 59.03 59.03

111
 0 oocodl, d ld~:::

Pc(', 1rn
2
)= I 190.621 190.621 190.621 202.941 202.94l(table 27(c))

0.81 0.81 0.81 1.16 1.16

I 0.991 0991 0991 0.991 0.991(table 14)

EqL Jalent moment factor (m) =

I' = 52.18 52.76 53.44 49.13 49.53

Pb( , •1m2)= I 227.721 229.091 228.181 235.961 234.61 (table 11)

Mb(kNm)= 466.92 379.85 297.30 232.41 165.21

Chec " for elastic stability

F- - + M
c;gPc Mb <= 1.00

0.73 0.73 0.74 0.70 0.67

ok ok ok ok ok

Lim1tmg spacing Ls for compression flange restraint

Dep'r• of haunch/depth of rafter = 2.12

k1 k2

1 620 645

2 495 515

3 445 465

Selected values k1 k2

4951 5151

Ls (mm)
2 4
Grade 43 1349.75 mm k 1 rvx/(72x -1 0 )

2 4
grade 50 1227.42 mm k 2 ryx/(94x -1 0 )

OISTCJrlce between restraints to the compression flange

Nurr·ner of restraint
=

=
Bmm
112
 Appendx d .xis

Checking of rafter between end of haunch and point of contraflexure

D1"tance to the point of contraf\exure = 4.901 m

Sl()pe distance = 4.976 m

01-.;tance from lateral restraint = 2.211 m

lw = 77.03

Pc(N/mm 2 ) = 187.94 Table (27b)

A/x = 1.62

v =I 0.97ltable (14)
ALT = 64.11

Pb(N/mm2) = 203.14 table ( 11)

m = I 0.571 table18

-F- +mM
--
AgPc Mb = 0.389 ok

Checking of rafter between ridge and point of contraflexure

( Near ridge) Plastic analysis

'~, .

38ry
Lm= 2 2
Jc/130+(Py/275) (x/36) )

ry = 28.7 mm

F = 57.53 kN

2
fc = 11.58 N/mm

2
Py = 275 N/mm

X = 47.5

Lm = 806.20 mm

Pr, lv 1ded length = I 8oolmm

We1qht of the structure= 2256.91 kg

113
 Appendix E.XLS

Elastic Design of Steel Portal Frames With Tapered Section.

Span of the building = 30 m

Roof slope = 10 degree

Column height = 6 m
Portal Spacing = 6 m
dead load = 0.41

Imposed load = 0.3

Column Details

Top Bottom

Depth of the section = 600 300 mm

With of the section = 150 150 mm

Thickness of the flange = 12 12 mm
Thickness of the web = 8 8 mm

Py =I 275

Dpth of purlin 150 mm

honzontal reaction '~, .
=: 69.3 kN

Vertical reaction = 96.32 kN

Ues1gn load = 6.324 kN/m 2

Rafter details

Rafter length = 15.23

Tapered length = 7.50 m

Dmax = 650.00 mm
Dmin = 400.00 mm
Thickness of flange = 12.00 mm
Thickness of web = 8.00 mm

Width of the section = 150.00 mm

Depth of purlin = 150 mm
Py I 275

114
 Appendix E.XLS

Section classification

Column

biT 5.92

dn 12

Column sec Non Slender

Rafter

b/T 5.92

d/t 78.25

Column sec Non Slender

Creek for moment capacity of the column

Seuoon 0 1 2 3 4 5 ' 6

he1gt1t 0.000 0.937 1.874 2.811 3.748 4.685 5.622

D> 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00

dx 276.00 326.00 376.00 426.00 476.00 526.00 576.00

lxx 88.71 125.96 170.97 224.24 286.27 357.56 438.61

R> 123.59 142.44 160.85 178.88 196.58 214.00 231.17

A 5808.00 6208.00 6608.00 7008.00 7408.00 7808.00 8208.00

6
Zx '1 0 0.59 0.72 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.46

Mr- 162.63 197.94 235.09 274.07 314.90 357.56 402.06

M> 0.00 64.94 129.88 194.82 259.76 324.70 389.63

Mx Me 0.00 0.33 0.55 0.71 0.82 0.91 0.97

Crt'( K ok ok ok ok ok ok ok

115
 Appendix E.XLS

length between eave and first lateral restraint = 0.378

Length between first and second lateral restaint

=~
Length from eave = 1.778
section 1 2 3 4 5
1er1gth 0.378 0.728 1.078 1.428 1.77B
[)> 600.00 581.32 562.65 543.97 525.30
Ox 576.00 557.32 538.65 519.97 501.30
6
ix" x1 0 438.61 407.17 377.13 348.47 321.16
6
ly'y x1 0 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77
l• 8208.00 8058.60 7909.20 7759.80 7610.39
r· 231.17 224.78 218.36 211.91 205.43
r. 28.73 28.99 29.26 29.54 29.83
6
b x10 1.46 1.40 1.34 1.28 1.22
s, x10 6
1.72 1.65 1.57 1.50 1.43
M~-~ 402.06 385.23 368.65 352.33 336.26
1\J app,mom 389.63 365.38 341.12 316.87 292.61
N f\1 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.87
Axral force 98.71 100.92 103.13 105.35 107.56
F '~+M/Sx = 238.30 234.50 230.12 225.06 219.26

0.96 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.88

c~wck ok ok ok ok ok
Ns Ms 0.95

N, Me: 0.97

Ns Ms-NEiME 0.00

n 0.92

a 225.00

h~ 288.00

46.93

116
 Appendix E.XLS

7610.39

258355.07

\ 27.98

\j 0.93
,., 40.44

P' 248.05

Ler1gth from eave 1.778

=
Length between second and base 4.222
=
Lt~r1gth to the third lateral restraint
=I 1.8001

secuon 1 2 3 4 5

ien\-lth 1.778 2.228 2.678 3.128 3.578

D· 525.30 501.29 477.28 453.27 429.26

d> 501.29923 477.28827 453.27731 429.26635 405.2554

lx~ ~10 6 321.16 287.99 256.96 228.02 201.11

6
/y\ X 10 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77

A 7610.3939 7418.3062 7226.2185 7034.1308 6842.043

rx 205.43 197.03 188.57 180.05 171.44

ry 29.83 30.21 30.61 31.02 31.45

6
b <10 1.22 1.15 1.08 1.01 0.94
6
S> <1 0 1.43 1.34 1.25 1.16 1.08

Mf· 336.26 315.98 296.12 276.68 257.67

N app,mom 292.61 261.43 230.24 199.06 167.87

N;M 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.72 0.65

Axra' force 107.56 110.41 113.25 116.10 118.94

F;.HM/Sx = 219.26 210.52 200.10 187.69 172.89

0.95 0.91 0.87 0.81 0.75

Cr:ecK ok ok ok ok ok

117
 Appendix E.XLS

t\is Ms 0.83

1\J. ME 0.87

Ns Ms-NE/ME 0.00

p· 0.85

Cl 225.00

hs 288.00

57.23

6842.04

241964

\ 27.41

'v 0.92

A 44.83

p 230.68

Moment in Rafter

Sec:t1on 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
lecrth hz 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15

Lf''lgth(slop) 0.00 2.54 5.08 7.62 10.15 12.69 15.23

D· 650.00 637.50 625.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00

d> 626.00 613.50 601.00 376.00 376.00 376.00 376.00

M· 415.80 225.32 74.37 -37.05 -108.96 -141.33 -134.18

6
Z> < 10 1.63 1.59 1.55 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
M 448.40 436.64 425.00 235.09 235.09 235.09 235.09
Me Mx 0.93 0.52 0.17 -0.16 -0.46 -0.60 -0.57
Capacity ok ok ok ok ok ok ok

l..w\.)th to the point of contraflexure = 6.6662 m

Le ·qth to the second lateral restraint =[ ~m

118
 Appendix E.XLS

Check between first and second lateral restraint

rnax 650.00

· 'llln 592

', 1tial length 0.378

-.ection 1 2 3 4 5

•1 z distance 0.3718 0.8027 1.2335 1.6644 2.0952 m

, lrstance 0.3776 0.8150679 1.2525679 1.6900679 2.127568 m

h 650.00 635.42 620.83 606.25 591.67 mm

,, 626 611.41667 596.83333 582.25 567.6667 mm
6
"' x10 529.93 502.20 475.39 449.46 424.41 mm 4

.. 10 6 6.78 6.78 6.78 6.77 6.77 mm 4

8608 8491.3333 8374.6667 8258 8141.333 mm 2

248.12 243.19 238.25 233.30 228.32 mm

28.06 28.25 28.44 28.64 28.85 mm

. > x1 0 6 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.48 1.43 mm

3
'~, .

6
'> X 10 1.93 1.87 1.81 3
1.75 1.69 mm

~''' (elastic) 448.40 434.69 421.15 407.76 394.52 kNm

~"'< (plastic) 531.34 514.20 497.29 480.61 464.17 kNm

~j ·app mom) 384.50 349.36 315.43 282.70 251.19 kNm

N 1Me 0.857 0.804 0.749 0.693 0.637

638.00 623.42 608.83 594.25 579.67 mm

84.57 84.10 83.62 83.15 82.68 kN

1' + M/Sx 208.83 196.74 184.42 171.83 158.98

1.01 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.77

l 18CK not ok ok ok ok ok

1\i-.; Ms 0.804

1\. ME ,·,
0.857 t\1 ~ '} (_.J • j

1\s Ms-NE/ME 0

119
 Appendix E.XLS

0.865

275.0 mm

'l 579.7

60.7

8141.3

269681.8

57.0

\j
0.985

~ 51.68

't 205.94

Check between second and third lateral restraint

1 .;,ngth between second and third lateral restraint I 1.751

[ 1n1ax 591.67

['''lin 533.33

sPdion 1 2 3 4 5
~,,distance 2.095 3.213 4.330 5.447 6.565 m
[!,stance 2.128 3.262 4.397 5.532 6.666

[ ' 591.67 577.08 562.50 547.92 533.33 mm

C'· 567.67 553.08 538.50 523.92 509.33 mm

I • , ><1 0 6 424.41 400.22 376.89 354.40 332.74 mm 4

I\ 10 6 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77 6.77 mm 4

/" 8141.3333 8024.6667 7908 7791.3333 7674.667 mm 2

228.32 223.33 218.31 213.28 208.22 mm

28.85 29.05 29.27 29.48 29.70 mm

6
Z- X 10 1.43 1.39 1.34 1.29 3
1.25 mm
s. ~10" 1.69 1.63 1.57 1.51 1.46 mm
3

M :eiastic) 394.52 381.44 368.52 355.75 343.14 kNm

120
 Appendix E.XLS

Me (plastic) 464.17 447.96 431.99 416.25 400.74 kNm

N (app mom) 253.48 178.27 110.95 51.53 0.00 kNm

N/Me 0.643 0.467 0.301 0.145 0.000

1S 579.67 565.08 550.50 535.92 521.33 mm

:::
82.68 81.45 80.22 78.99 77.77 kN

F/A + M/Sx 160.33 119.59 80.77 44.18 10.13

1.14 0.85 0.58 0.32 0.07

Check notok ok ok ok ok

Ns/Ms 0.467

NE/ME 0.643

Ns/Ms-NE/ME 0

n, 0.554

a 275.0 mm

hs 521.3

152.8

7674.7

259726.2

50.7

vt 0.907

TB 76.75

•'b 140.15

Check near ridge (Elastic stability)

~ 1ast1c stability check between first and second lateral restraint(purlin)

:Jss.·ume length of lateral restraint =elm

'1 ·-nax =~kNm
= 70.15 kN

121
 Appendix E.XLS

..:.
= 6608
6
'XX10 = 170.97
6
1 x1 0
= 6.77

rv = 32.00
y
= 46.88

= 206.25

sx x1 0 6 = 0.98

L·x x1 0 6
= 0.85

'S = 275.00

= 236971

= 25.99
X
= 1.80

= 1.000

=I 0.9701

= 45.471

·' J
=I 228.3061
~.1 ~)
= 224.003

F +rrMX+rrMY
= 0.699
~
ok
Mb PyZy

lutal steel weight 2137 kg

122