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Cardano's Method for Cubic Equations

This document summarizes Cardano's method for solving a cubic equation with real coefficients. It provides the steps to transform the original cubic equation into an equivalent depressed cubic equation, then finds the cube roots of the depressed cubic to obtain the solutions of the original cubic equation. These steps are demonstrated on the example cubic equation x3 + (-25)x2 + 118x + (-170) = 0.

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Jayabalan R K
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191 views4 pages

Cardano's Method for Cubic Equations

This document summarizes Cardano's method for solving a cubic equation with real coefficients. It provides the steps to transform the original cubic equation into an equivalent depressed cubic equation, then finds the cube roots of the depressed cubic to obtain the solutions of the original cubic equation. These steps are demonstrated on the example cubic equation x3 + (-25)x2 + 118x + (-170) = 0.

Uploaded by

Jayabalan R K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as XLS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solution of any cubic equation with real coefficients using Cardano's Method

Ax3+BX2+CX+D=0
Enter the coefficients below:
A= 2
B= -25
C= 118
D= -170

This yields x3+EX2+FX+G=0

E = B/A -12.5
F = C/A 59
G = D/A -85

The Depressed Cubic: y3 + by = c


x = y - E/3
b = F - E2/3 6.9166666667

c = FE/3 - 2E3/27 -G -16.1574074074

c2 + 4b3/27 310.0833333333

y3 + by = c
(Q + P)3 - 3QP(Q + P) = Q3 + P3
y=Q+P
P = -b/(3Q)
Q3 + P3 = c
Q6 - cQ3 - b3/27 = 0
Q3 = ( c + sqrt( c2 + 4b3/27) )/2 = Rexp(i*Phi)

R = abs((c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27))/2) if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 0.7258879014

R = sqrt(-b3/27) if c2 + 4b3/27 < 0


Phi = 0, if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 and c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27) > 0 0

Phi = PI, if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 and c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27) < 0


cos(Phi) = c/(2R) if c2 + 4b3/27 < 0
Phi needs to be a First or Second Quadrant Angle consistent with a non negative imaginary part.
Solve for Q : The three cube roots

Q0 = R^(1/3)cos(Phi/3)+iR^(1/3)sin(Phi/3) 0.8987175 +i
Q1 = R^(1/3)cos((Phi+2PI)/3)+iR^(1/3)sin((Phi+2PI)/3) -0.4493587 +i
Q2 = R^(1/3)cos((Phi+4PI)/3)+iR^(1/3)sin((Phi+4PI)/3) -0.4493587 +i

P0 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos(Phi/3) - isin(Phi/3) ) -2.5653841 +i


P1 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos((Phi+2PI)/3) - isin((Phi+2PI)/3) ) 1.2826921 +i
P2 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos((Phi+4PI)/3) - isin((Phi+4PI)/3) ) 1.2826921 +i

y0 = Q0 + P0 -1.6666667 +i
y1 = Q1 + P1 0.8333333 +i
y2 = Q2 + P2 0.8333333 +i

x0 = y0 - E/3 2.5000000 +i
x1 = y1 - E/3 5.0000000 +i
x2 = y2 - E/3 5.0000000 +i

Check:
Ax03+BX02+CX0+D= 0.0000000 +i
Ax13+BX12+CX1+D= 0.0000000 +i
Ax23+BX22+CX2+D= 0.0000000 +i
dano's Method
0.0000000
0.7783122
-0.7783122

0.0000000
2.2216878
-2.2216878

0.0000000
3.0000000
-3.0000000

0.0000000
3.0000000
-3.0000000

0.0000000
0.0000000
0.0000000

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