Vidyamandir Classes Functions - B

Functions [B]
NATURE OF A FUNCTION Section - 1

1.1 Constant Function :

Constant function is a function of the form y  f  x  b , where b is a constant.

Constant function, f  x   b possesses same value for all values of x.

As y remains constant for all values of x, graph of a constant function is a horizontal line.

For example :

(i) y  f  x  2 is a constant function and its graph is a horizontal

line at y = 2.

(ii) y  f  x   3 is a constant function and

its graph is a horizontal line at y = – 3.

(iii) y  f  x  function, whose graph is shown, is a constant

function for all values of x between 2 and 3.

i.e., f (x) = 1 (constant)  x  2, 3

1.2 Identity Function :

Consider y  f  x   x
As y = x, both x and y take identical values. That is why this function is
called an identity function.
Both x and y are defined for all real values of x. So domain and range
of the identity function is all real values i.e., x  R and y  R .

Graph of the identity function, f  x   x is a straight line passing

through the origin and inclined at an angle of 45 with X-axis. It is
also known as angle bisector of I and III quadrant.

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Transcendental Functions

(a) Inverse Trigonometric Function :

(i) y = sin–1 x  x = sin y
 
As –1 < sin y < 1  <y<
2 2
 Domain x  [–1.1]
   
Range y   , 
 2 2
 
Principal value branch  <y<
2 2

(ii) y = cos–1 x  x = cos y

As –1 < cos y < 1  0 < y < 

Domain  x  [–1, 1]

Rangey  [0, ]

Principal value branch  0 < y < 

(iii) y = tan–1 x  x = tan y

 
As –  < tan y <   <y<
2 2
Domain x  R
   
Range y   , 
 2 2
 
Principal value branch  <y<
2 2
(iv) y  sec–1 x  x = sec y

As | x | > 1 and 0 < y < , y 
2
Domain= (– – 1]  [1, )

Range = [0, ] –  
2
Principal value branch 0 < y < , y  /2

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(v) y = cosec–1 x  x = cosec y

 
Here | x | > 1 and < y< y0
2 2
Domain = (–, –1]  [1, )
   
Range =  ,  – {0}
 2 2
 
Principal value branch  < y< , y0
2 2

(vi) y = cot–1 x  x = cot y

Now – < cot y <  0 < y < 
Domain x  R
Range y  (0, )
Principal value branch  (0, )

Summary table of Inverse Trigonometric functions :

S.No. Functions Domain Range

   
1. y  sin 1 x x   1, 1 y , 
 2 2

2. y  cos 1 x x   1, 1 y  0,  

   
3. y  tan 1 x xR y  , 
 2 2

   
4. y  cosec 1x x     ,  1  1,   y ,   0
 2 2

 
5. y  sec 1x x     ,  1  1,   y  0 ,     
2

6. y  cot 1 x xR y   0,  

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Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(A) (i) sin (sin–1 x) = x  x  [–1, 1] (ii) cos (cos–1 x) = x  x [–1, 1]
(iii) tan (tan–1 x) = x  x  R (iv) cosec (cosec–1 x)= x  x  (–, –1]
 [1, )
(v) sec (sec–1 x) = x  x  (–, –1]  [1, ) (vi) cot (cot–1 x) = x  x  R

 
(B) (i) sin–1 (sin x) = x if <x<
2 2
 3 
  x ;
2
x
2

  
    x ;  x
But, if x   , –1
 , then sin sin x = 
2 2
 2 2   3
  x ;
2
 x 
2


Now As y = sin–1 sin x is periodic function with period of 2. So to obtain the graph of y = f (x) we
draw the graph for one interval of length 2 and repeat for entire values of x.

(ii) cos–1 cos x = x if 0 < x < 

x ; 0  x  
But if x  [0, ] then cos–1 cos x = 
 2  x ;   x  2

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 
(iii) tan–1 tan x = x if <x<
2 2

  
 x ;  x 
    2 2
But if x   ,  then tan–1 tan x = 
 2 2 x    3
;  x 
 2 2

PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS Section - 2

(a) Least Integer function :

Least Integer function is represented as y = (x)
(x) represents least integer  x i.e. integer on x or integer just on right of x.

Illustrating the concepts :

 0.3  1,  0.5  0, 1.3  2
It is also known as ceiling of x.
If we express y = (x) in interval x   0 , 4 , we get :

1 0  x  1
2 1  x  2

y   x   3 2  x  3
4 3  x  4

0 x0

The graph of the above definition is shown in figure.

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We can extend this graph for other values of x.

Domain & Range
The domain of y = (x) is x  R and Range is y  I .
Continuity :
If we observe graph, we can see breaks at all integer values of x. Hence y = (x) is discontinuous
 x I.

Periodicity :
From graph, we can see that y = (x) does not repeat after any interval. Therefore y = (x) is not a
periodic function.

Properties of “Least Integer function”

(i)  x  n   x  n
(ii) x   x    x  1, x  I

(iii)  x   x , x  I
 x   x 1, x  I
 n 1  n  2   n  4 
(iv)  2    4    8   . . .  2n, n  N
     

1  2  n  1
 x   x    n    . . .   x    nx  n 1, n  N
n 
(v)
 n  n 

 (ix) Transformation 9
y = f (x) 
 y = f ( [ x ] ).
To plot y = f ([x]) use the following working rule :

(i) Draw y = f (x).

(ii) Plot the x = k vertical lines till they intersect the graph of y = f (x) where k  I
(integer).
(iii) Draw horizontal lines of 1 unit (parallel to x-axis) from point of intersection
(y = f ( (x) ) and vertical lines) to meet the nearest right vertical line. Keep horizontal
lines open towards right.
(iv) Horizontal steps drawn in steps (iii) is the graph of y = f ( [x] ).

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Illustrating the concepts :

Draw the graph of the following curves :
(i) y = e[x]

y = e[x] 
f ( x)  f [ x ]
 y = ex

Draw vertical x  I Draw horizontal lines (parallel to x-axis) from point of

intersection to meet the nearest right vertical line. Keep
horizontal lines open towards right
(ii) y = sin [x]

y = sin[x]  y = sin x

f ( x )  f [ x]

Draw vertical x  I Draw horizontal lines (parallel to x-axis) from point of intersection
to meet the nearest right vertical line. Keep horizontal lines open
towards right

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(x) Transformation 10
y = f (x)   y = [ f (x) ].
To plot y = [ f (x) ] use the following working rule :
(i) Draw y = f (x).
(ii) Draw y = k horizontal lines separated by unit distance till they intersect the graph,
where k  I (integer)
(iii) From the point of intersection of above horizontal lines with the graph of y = f(x)
draw vertical line.
(iv) From each intersection point draw horizontal lines upto nearest right vertical line
such that the horizontal line is always below the graph.
(v) Horizontal step drawn in step-(iv) is graph of y = [f (x)]

Illustrating the concepts :

Draw the graph of the following curves :

(i) y = [2 sin x] in [0, 2]

y = [2 sin x]  y = 2 sin x

f ( x )  [ f  x ]

Draw horizontal line at y I From each intersection point draw horizontal lines upto
nearest right vertical line such that the horizontal line
is always below the graph

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(ii) y = [x/2]

y = [x/2]

Draw horizontal line at y I From each intersection point draw horizontal lines upto
nearest right vertical line such that the horizontal line is
always below the graph

 (xi) Transformation 11
y = f (x) 
 [ y ] = f (x).
To plot [ y ] = f (x) use the following working rule :

(i) Draw y = f (x).

(ii) Draw y = k horizontal lines separated by unit distance till they intersect the graph.
where k  I.
(iii) Mark the intersection points of these horizontal lines with the curve.
(iv) Draw vertical lines of unit length starting from the intersection to the next upper
horizontal line. Do not include upper point of these vertcial lines.
(iv) The vertical lines drawn in step (iv) is the graph of [y] = f (x).

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Functions - B Vidyamandir Classes

Illustrating the concepts :

Draw the graph of [y ] = x2 + 2
[ y ] = x2 + 2  y = x2 + 2
[ y]  y

Draw horizontal line at y I Draw vertical lines of unit length starting from the intersection
to the next upper horizontal line. Do not include upper point
of these vertcial lines.
 (xii) Transformation 12

x = f (y) 
 x = [ f (y)].
To draw x = [ f (y)] from x = f (y) do the following
(i) Draw x = f (y)
(ii) Draw x = k vertical lines separated by unit distance where k  I.
(iii) Take the projection of the curve over the vertical line just left to it.

Illustrating the concepts :

Draw the graph of x =  y 

x =  y   
[ f ( y )]  f ( y ) x = y

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 (xiii) Transformation 13
y = f (x) 
 y = f ({x})
To plot y = f ({x}) from the graph of y = f (x), first draw y = f (x) in the interval x [0,1)
and then repeat the curve for all other intervals of x with periodicity 1.

Illustrating the concepts :

Draw the graph of following :
(i) y = {x}2  3{x} + 2
y = {x}2  3{x} + 2 
 y = x2  3x + 2 = (x  1) (x 2)
f ( x )  f ({ x})

Draw y = f (x) and retain the graph for x [0, 1) Repeat the graph for other value of x

ex
(ii) y=
e[ x ]

ex
y= [ x] = e{x} 
f ( x )  f ({ x})
 y = ex
e

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 (xiv) Transformation 14
y = f (x) 
 y = { f (x)}
To Draw y = { f (x)}. Draw y = k horizontal lines corresponding to integral points. Transfer the
graph between two consecutive lines to the interval y  [0, 1). Don’t include points lying on the
line y = 1.

Illustrating the concepts :

Draw the graph of following ;
(i) y = {ex}
y = {ex} 
 y = ex
f ( x )  { f ( x )}

Draw horizontal line at y I Between two consecutive lines transfer

the graph in the interval y [0, 1)

(ii) y = {2 sinx }
y = {2 sinx } 
 y = 2 sinx
f ( x )  { f ( x )}

Draw horizontal line at y I Between two

consecutive lines transfer the graph in
the interval y [0, 1)

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 (xv) Transformation 15
y = f (x) 
 { y} = f (x)

To Draw { y} = f (x). Draw the graph of y = f (x) then retain the graph of y = f (x) which lies
between y  [0, 1) and neglect the graph for other values. Also repeat this graph in the same
interval for x, but for all intervals y  [n, n + 1).
Illustrating the concepts :
Plot the graph of {y} = e–x

{y} = e–x 

 y = e–x
y  { y}

Draw y = f (x) Reject the graph for y  [0, 1) and then repeat this
graph for all y  [n, n + 1).

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 (xvi) Transformation 16

x = f (y) 
 x = { f (y)}

To Draw x = { f (y)}. Draw x = f (y). Draw vertical lines corresponding to integral values of x.
Transfer the graph between two consecutive vertical lines to the region x  [0, 1). Don’t include
the points lying on x = 1.

Illustrating the concepts :

Plot the graph of x = {y}
x = {y}   x=y
f ( y )   f  y 

(xvii) Transformation 17
y = f (x) 
 y = sgn ( f (x))

To Draw y = sgn ( f (x)). Draw y = f (x). Then draw y = 1 for which f(x) > 0 and y = –1 for
which f (x) < 0 and y = 0 for which f (x) = 0.

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Illustrating the concepts :

Plot the graph of y = sgn (logx)
y = sgn (log x)   y = logx
f  x   sgn  f  x  

Draw y = f (x) Draw y = 1 when f (x) > 0

y =  1 when f (x) < 0 and 0 at f (x) = 0.

Illustration - 1
x x x x x
The period of the function h (x) = sin x  tan  sin 2  tan 3  . . . .  sin n 1  tan n
2 2 2 2 2
is :
(A) 2 (B) 2n 1 (C) 2n  (D) 2n 1
SOLUTION : (C)
x x
Let f  x   sin x  sin 2  . . . .  sin n  1
2 2
x x x
g  x   tan  tan 3  . . . . .  tan n
2 2 2
x x x
sin x, s in , sin . . . . . . . . , sin
22 24 2n  1
   
Period : 2 22(2) 24 (2) 2 n  1  2 

Period of f (x) = LCM of  2 , 22  2  , 24  2  . . . . 2n 1  2    2n  1  2   2n 

Now consider g (x)

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Section 2 2 15
 Functions - B Vidyamandir Classes

x x x x
ta n , ta n , ta n
5 . . . . . . tan n
2 23 2 2
   
   
Period : , , 5 .........
1/ 2 1 / 23 1/ 2 1 / 2n
 2, 23  , 25  . . . . . . . . . 2 n 

Period of g (x) = LCM  2 , 23 . . . . .2n    2n

Period of h (x) = f (x) + g (x)

= LCM of  2n  , 2n    2n 

Illustration - 2 The period of the function f  x   cos  2 2 x   sin  2 2 x where [.] is frac-
tional part of x is :
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/4 (D) /2
SOLUTION : (B)
We know, {2x} is a periodic function with pe- and similarly sin  2 2 x has period of
riod 1/2 1
1 T 
Hence cos  2 2 x has period of T  2
2 Hence f (x) has period = LCM
1 1 1
 , 
2 2 2

Illustration - 3
The period of the function f  x   sin  3 x   cos  5 x  is :

2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) f (x) is not periodic
3 5 15

SOLUTION : (D)
 2 2 
We know, LCM of  ,  does not exist, hence f
2  3 5
Period of sin  3 x   (x) is not a periodic function.
3
2
and Period of cos  5 x  
5

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Illustration - 4 The period of the function

 
sin 2 x  sin 2  x    cos x cos  x  
f  x  a  3  3  is :

(A)  (B) 2 (C) /2 (D) Periodic no fundamental point

SOLUTION : (D)
   
Let g  x   sin 2 x  sin 2  x    cos x cos  x  
 3  3

 2    
1  cos  2 x   cos  2 x    cos
1  cos 2 x  3   3 3
  
2 2 2
[Using 2 cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A  B)]
1 5   2     
=   cos 2 x  cos  2 x    cos  2 x   
2 2   3   3  

1 5         5
= 2  2  2 cos  2 x   cos 3  cos  2 x     4
  3  3 

 A B   A B 
[Using cosA + cosB = 2 cos   cos  ]
 2   2 

Hence f  x   a5 / 4 is constant

 f (x) is periodic function with no fundamental period.


Illustration - 5
The period of the function f  x   e x   x  |cos  x|  |cos 2 x|  . . . . .  |cos n x| is :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (A)

f  x   e x  |cos  x|  |cos 2 x|  . . . . .  |cos n x| 

Period = LCM 1, 1, 1 , 1 . . . . . ., 1
2 3 n 
g  x    x  |cos  x|  |cos 2 x|  . . . . .  |cos n x|
    LCM 1, 1, 1, . . . . 1 1
  1
  ...................  HCF 1, 2 , 3, . . . . n 1
Period 1
 2 n
1 1 1
1 , 1, , . . . . . . ,
2 3 n

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Illustration - 6  1, x is rational 
The period of the function f  x    0 , Tx is irrational  is :
 
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 2 (D) No fundamental period

SOLUTION : (D)
For every rational no. T, we have but there is no least value of T for which f (T +
x) = f (x) because there are infinite rational
1, when x is rational  numbers between any two rational numbers.
f T  x      f  x Therefore, f (x) is periodic function having no
0 , when x is an irrational 
fundamental period.

Illustration - 7 sin  sin nx 
If f  x   has period 6 where n N then find the minimum value of n is :
x
tan
n
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) No value of n

SOLUTION : (B)
2
T1 : period of sin nx   Case : I n2 is multiple of 2
n
 n2 = 2k
x 
T2 : period of tan   n 2n
n 1/ n Period of f  x  
HCF  2k , 2 
f (x) can repeat only when sin (sin nx) and
x 2n
tan repeats at the same time.   n  n = 6 
2 2

 2   n=6
Period of f (x) = LCM  , n 
 n 
Case : II n2 is not multiple of 2 i.e. n2 = 2k + 1
 2 n 2 n 
= LCM  2 ,  2n 2n
 n 2  Period of f  x   
HCF  2k  1, 2 1
L C M  2 n , 2 n 
=  2n = 6   n=3
HCF  n2 , 2

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Illustration - 8
1 2
 
The domain of the definition of the function f  x  sin log2 x  3x  4  is :
 1  1 
(A) 4, 4  (B)   3, 3  (C) 2,  1 (D) None of these
   

SOLUTION : (C)
Domain of sin1 x is x  1, 1  2x 2  6x  7  0 and

 
1  log 2 x 2  3x  4  1  x  1  x  2   0
1  x R . . . . . .(i)
  x 2  3x  4  2
2
and x  2 ,  1 . . . . . .(ii)
2 and
2x  6 x  8  1
Combining (i) and (ii),
2
x  3x  2  0
domain is x  2 ,  1 .

Illustration - 9
The domain of definition of function f  x   cos  1  x   x  , where [x] represents
greatest integer less than or equal to x, is :

(A)  0 , 1  (B) R–I (C)  0,   (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (A)

The domain of cos 1 x is x  1, 1

 1  x  x  1

1  x   x  1  x
Draw graphs of
y   x  , y  1  x and

y  1 x
From graphs, we observe where graph of y =
  x  0, 1 , 1  x   x  1 x
[x] lies between graphs of y  1  x and y
= 1 – x. Therefore domain is x  0 , 1

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Illustration - 10 The range of the function

 x2 
y  sin 1   is :
1 x2 
 
        
(A)  0, 2  (B) 0 , 2  (C) 0, 2  (D) None of these
     
SOLUTION : (B)

x2
Let us find range of first.
1 x2

x2
Let y   y  yx 2  x 2
2
1 x
  y  1 x 2  y  0 , y 1 From graph of y  sin 1 t , we can observe
that
As x  R , we can take D  0
1   
2
 t   0 , 1  , sin t   0 , 
 0  4 y  y  1  0  2 
2 2
 x   
x
y  y  1  0  y 0, 1   0, 1 , sin 1    0,
 
1 x 2  1  x 2   2 
 
x2
 Range of is [0, 1)  x2    
1 x2 Hence range of sin 1
  is 0 , .
[Using y  1] 1 x2   2
  

Illustration - 11
If f  x   sec 1 1  cos 2 x  wheree
 
[.] denotes greatest integer function, then range of f (x) is :

(A) [1, 2] (B) [0, 2] (C) sec 1


1, sec 1 2 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (C)

We know cos 2 x 0, 1

sec 1 cos 2 x  sec 11, sec1 2
 
 cos 2 x 1 1, 2  Range of sec 1 x  cos 2 x  is
 
cos 2 x  1, 2
   sec 1

1, sec 1 2

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
Illustration - 12 Find out whether the given function is even, odd or neither even nor odd where,
 x| x| , x  1

f  x    1  x   1  x  , 1  x  1
 x | x | , x 1

where | | and [ ] represents modulus and greatest integral function.
(A) Odd (B) Even (C) Neither even nor odd (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (B)
We can re-write the function as :
  x2 x  1
  x2 x  1 
 2  1  1 1  x  0
f  x    2   x     x  1  x  1 
  f x    2 x  0
  x2 x 1 2  1  1 0  x  1


  x2 x  1

  1 if x  I 
   x     x    
 0 if x  I 
It is clear that f  x   f   x 
Hence f (x) is an even function.
Illustration - 13 Find whether given function is even or odd function, where
x  sin x  tan x 
f  x 
x    1
    2
 
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
(A) Odd x  n (B) Even  x  n (C) Even for all x (D) Neither even nor odd

SOLUTION : (AB)  x  sin x  tan x 

 ; x  n
Here,  x 1
 f   x    1    
x  sin x  tan x x  sin x  tan x    2
f  x    0 x  n
x    1 x 1
  2    2
   
  f  x  if
 x  n

 x  sin   x   tan   x    f  x  if x  n
f  x 
 x  1
    2 Hence f (x) is an odd function  if x  n 
and f (x) is an even function  if x  n 

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
Illustration - 14 The number of solution of the equations
| y |  sinx and y  cos 1(cos x )  x  [  2 , 2 ] is :
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (B)
System of equation is complex so, analytical x  2 2  x   
solution is not possible. In these type of ques-  x
tion graphical method is the best way. 1    x  0
cos  cos x   
 x 0 x 
2  x   x  2

Graph is shown in figure.

(i) Plot | y | = sin x (graph is shown in figure.)

Combining both the plots we get :

Number of point of intersection = 3
Hence, Number of solution = 3.

Note : Look carefully in the graph, 2 is also a

solution.

1
(ii) Plot y  cos  cos x  x   2 , 2 

Illustration - 15 The number of solutions of the equation min{| x |,| x  1|,| x  1| } = 1/2 is :
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6
SOLUTION : (C)
First plot the graph of :

y  |x|, y  |x  1| and y  |x  1| by a dotted curve as seen from the graph Now select the lowest curve for
each value of x in the plot (resulted graph is shown by bold line.)

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  x  1 x  1

 x 1 1
1  x 
 2
 1
 x  x0
 2
y  min |x|, | x 1|, | x  1|  
 1
x 0x
 2
 1
   x  1  x 1
 2
 x  1 x 1

From the graph, it is clear that number of point of intersec-

tion of y  min { | x |, | x  1 |, | x  1 | } and y=1/2 is 4

Illustration - 16  |x|
The number of solution of | y|  1  e and y = x2 is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

SOLUTION : (B)
Graph and steps are as follows : y  e|x |
(ii)  x  | x|
y  e x
(i) x  x

y  1  e |x|
 y  y 1
y  ex

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y   e |x|
 f  x   f  x | y|  1  e |x|

 y  | y|

 Number of solution = 3
Note : If you interchange the step (i) and step (ii) you
y  1  e |x| will land up with a different curve.
Reason : we don’t have any transformation
 f  x   | f  x |
for |x|  |x|

IN - CHAPTER EXERCISE

1. Find the domain of the following f ( x)

 x 1 
(i) y  sin 1    log(2  x)
 x 1 
x 
(ii) y  2 x  cos 1   1  log x  x
2 

2. Draw the graph of y  ( x{x}  1)2

NOW ATTEMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR REMAINING QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO IN - CHAPTER EXERCISE

1. x  [0, 2] 2. x  (0, 4]

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SOLUTIONS TO IN - CHAPTER EXERCISE

1  x  1 
1. (a) f ( x)  sin  x  1   log (2  x) Now, log (2 – x)  2 –x > 0  x < 2 . . . . (i)
 
1  x  1  x 1
and : sin  x 1   1  1
  x 1
x 1 x 1
  1 and 1
x 1 x 1
x 2
 x  1  0 and x 1
0  x  (–, –1)  [0, ) and x > –1 . . . (ii)
using (i) and (ii) we get , [Ans.: x  [0, 2) ]

x 1  x 
(b) y  2  cos   1  log x  | x|
2 
1  x  x
2–x has domain x  R ; cos  1   1  1  1
2  2
x
 0   2  x  [0, 4] and log x | x|  x  0  [Ans. : x  (0 4]
2
Note : x  | x|  0  x  0
 x  (0,  )
and x  | x |  0  x  0

2. | y | = {x } –1)2 . . . . (iii) y = ({x} –1)2 . . . . (ii) y = (x – 1)2 . . . . (i)

 f (x)  [f (x) ]  x  [x ]

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Illustration - 1

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