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ICE PAPER Biaxial Bending OF RC Beam PDF
ICE PAPER Biaxial Bending OF RC Beam PDF
TN 284 Interactionequationforsymmetrically
reinforced concrete beams in biaxial
bending, axial compression and torsion
A. SHARMA, PhD*
Introduction
In spite of extensiveresearch' intothe torsion of structuralconcrete, no
theoretical or experimental data on concrete beams in torsion combined with
biaxial bending moments with or without axial compression have as yet been
reported. This load combination is not infrequent in concrete structures. Biaxial
bending moments combine with torsion in columns of building frames, pylonsof
garages, girders of curved and skew bridges, bridge piers, central columns of
spiral staircases and shear walls of high-rise buildings, particularly when lateral
loads and seismic effects are taken into consideration. The Author has tested 91
reinforcedconcretebeamsunderbiaxialbendingmoment,axialcompression
and torsion." '
2. In this Paper equations are developed based on a truss analogy approach
to define an interaction relationship which can be used for designing reinforced
concrete beams under combined loading. Test results of 91 beams are used to
check the validity of the proposed equations and an example is given to show
the use of the equations.
Interaction equation
3. The equations defining the interaction relationship have been derived by
extendingthespacetrusstheory8-" andare subjected to thefollowing
limitations.
(a) The reinforcement is not so excessive as to cause a shear-compression
failure.
( b ) The level of prestress due to axial compression is not so high as to cause
compression failure. Earlier tests have shown4*' that compression
'S'*
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SHARMA
in which T, is the ultimate torque in combined loading and Fl,min is the mini-
mum net force available for resisting torsion in the weakest stringer.
6. Assuming a linearinteractionbetween M and M O in both the X and y
axes,. the minimum stringer force available for resisting torsion in biaxial bend-
ing is
in which M , and M , are the ultimate bending couples about the X and y axes
respectively in combined loading, and M x Oand M y oare the ultimate strengths in
simplebending about the X and y axes,respectively. The strengths in simple
bending M x Oand M y o were based on the ultimate load theory for simple bend-
ing with the internal lever arm taken as 0.9 X effective depth of the beam.
7. If a concretemember is subject toanaxialcompression in addition to
biaxial bending and torsion equation (4) is expressed as
524
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I N T E R A C T I O NE Q U A T I O NF O RR E I N F O R C E DC O N C R E T EB E A M S
9. Equation (7) representstheinteractionrelationship for asymmetrically
reinforced section subject to torsion in combination with axial compression and
biaxial bending couples. It can readily be reduced to the limiting cases of load-
ing. Putting M , = 0 and = 0 (i.e. considering members subjected to uniaxial
bending and torsion), equation (7) reduces to
11. Equation (9) gives the lower bound solution for computing strengths of
members under biaxial bending.15 The effect of axial compression is to increase
the strength of the member in bending and torsion and is reflected by the term B
in equation (7).
12. Inthetheoryproposed, it is assumed thattheultimatetorque is con-
trolled by the yielding of the weakest stringer. The theory ignores the possible
redistribution of stress between the four stringers; hence the calculated torques
5 x10'
20 X 105 40x1 O5
T/x2y (calculated): N/m2
Example
14. A reinforced concrete column of a building frame has a cross-section of
300 mm X 300 mm. The member is reinforced with fourlongitudinal bars
32 mm in diameter, one at each corner. The concrete cover on all the faces is
75 mm from the centre of the longitudinal bars. The column also has 12 mm
stirrups spaced at 95 mm. The yield strength of the longitudinal and web steels
may be assumed to be 250 N/mm2. The column carries an axial compression P
of 1000 kN, biaxial bending moments M , of 80 kNm and M , of 25 kNm, and an
ultimate torsional moment T, of 40 kNm.
15. The strength of the cross-section is to be checked.
25 < 1 + 1.244
81.41 81.41
+p+-
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I N T E R A C T I O NE Q U A T I O NF O RR E I N F O R C E DC O N C R E T EB E A M S
Acknowledgement
16. The Author acknowledges the suggestions of Professor G. S. Pandit,
Department of Structural Engineering, Malaviya Regional Engineering College,
Jaipur, who encouraged the work described.
References
1. ACI COMMITTEE 438. Torsion of structural concrete. American ConcreteInstitute,
Detroit, 1968, SP 18.
2. ACI COMMITTEE 438. Analysis of structural systems for torsion. American Concrete
Institute, Detroit, 1973, SP 35.
3. ACI COMMITTEE 438. Torsion in concrete. American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1978,
ACI bibliography No. 12.
4. SHARMA A. K. Strength and behaviour of concrete beams under axial compression,
biaxial bending and torsion. PhD thesis, University of Rajasthan, 1976.
5. SHARMA A. K. and PANDIT G.S. Tests on concrete beams in combined torsion. Indian
Concr. J., 1978, 52, No. 12, Dec., 317-320.
6. SHARMA A. K. and PANDIT G . S. Torsion tests on concentrically prestressed beams.
Indian Concr. J . , 1979, 53, No. 2, Feb., 54-59.
7. SHARMA A. K. Analysis and design of reinforced concrete rectangular members under
triaxial couples. Proc. Instn Cia. Engrs, Part 2, 1979, 67, June, 549.
8. ELFGREN L. Reinforced concrete beams loaded in combined torsion, bending and shear.
PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 1972.
9. KUYTB. A method for ultimate strength design of rectangular reinforced concrete
beams in combined torsion, bending and shear. Mag. Concr. Res., 1972, 23, No. 78,
Mar., 15-24.
10. LAMPWTP. andTHURLIMANNB. Torsiontests on reinforced concrete beams (in
German). Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, 1968, Bericht 6506-2.
11. BISHARA A. and P I E R J. C. Reinforced concrete rectangular columns in torsion. J .
Struct. Diu. Am. Soc. Cio. Engrs, 1968, 94, ST 12, Dec., 2913-2933.
12. PANDIT G.S. and MAWALM.B. Tests of concrete columns in torsion. J . Strucr. Diu.
Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs, 1973, 9 9 , ST 7, July, 1409-1421.
13. COLLINS M. P. The normal moment yield criterion applied to beams in flexure-torsion.
Proc. Int.Con5Shear,Torsion and Bond in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete,
Caimbatore, India, 1969.
14. WALSHP. F. et al. The flexure-torsion andshear-torsion interaction behaviour of
rectangular reinforced concrete beams, Cir. Engng Trans.Instn Engrs Aust., 1967,
CE 9, NO. 2, Oct., 313-320.
IS. BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION. The structural use of concrete. British Standards
Institution, London, 1972, CP 110, Part 1.
527
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