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Wheaton 1983 Aquacultural-Engineering PDF
Wheaton 1983 Aquacultural-Engineering PDF
F.W. Wheaton
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Maryland,
College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
T. B. Lawson
Agricultural Engineering Department, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
THE CONCEPT
AGRICULTURAL
SOLAR ENERGY WASTE
COVERED
STORAGE POND
MODEL APPROACH
tion on a time (hourly) basis. This model, the solar energy model, is
presently completed and results are described below. The second
model, the modified solar model, will include modifications to the solar
energy available. This model will utilize the o u t p u t of the solar energy
model as input, and will modify the available energy for pond covering
transmission and pond reflection effects. The effects of night-time
insulation of the greenhouse will also be included in this model. The
modified solar model is presently under development.
The third model c o m p o n e n t will consider the heat exchange taking
place in the pond. Using the modified solar model output, this model,
the heat balance model, will account for the heat losses from the pond.
Heat loss to the soil, radiation to the sky, evaporation and other losses
will be included in this model.
The fourth major model will incorporate biological constraints
hnposed on the system by the aquacultural crop. Temperature, oxygen,
solids and ammonia concentrations, feeding needs and other biological
constraints will be incorporated into this model component. The
environmental constraints for each species will be stored within the
model and used to limit the heat transfers and waste recycle models
such that the environmental limitation of the aquatic crop are not
exceeded. For example, if pond temperature starts to increase too
rapidly or the water temperature approaches tolerable limits, the green-
house will be covered or ventilated or the heat pump will be utilized
to extract pond energy. The model must be programmed to handle
these biological limits and correct the impending imbalance by tech-
niques directly transferable to real systems.
The fifth model, the energy extraction model, will quantify the
energy extracted from the pond by the heat pump. When energy is
required for use on the farmstead {e.g. for space heating), this model
will determine the energy removed from the pond and adjust the pond
temperature for the removal. The heat pump will be available for
energy extraction until the pond temperature falls close to the lower
tolerance limit of the aquatic crop. The biological constraint model
will then limit use of the heat pump.
The final model c o m p o n e n t will attempt to predict the effects of
recycling agricultural wastes, such as animal manures or crop residues,
into the pond as feed for the aquatic crop. This c o m p o n e n t is a difficult
undertaking at best and cannot be done until the other parts of the
model are operating and verified. Because of these problems, the waste
238 F. W. Wheaton, T. B. Lawson, R. B. Brinsfield, M. Yaramanoglu
recycling model will be developed only after the other components are
verified.
It is obvious that the various model components described above
must eventually function as one model with several subparts. For
example, predicting water temperature will require interactive calcula-
tion of the solar energy, modified solar energy, the heat balance, and
the energy extraction models. Time dependent model interaction is one
objective of the entire modeling effort.
SOLAR E N E R G Y MODEL
collects cloud cover data. The beta function is then used to generate
cloud cover for the desired location. Modifications of the Yaramanoglu
and Brinsfield (in preparation) model using serial correlation tech-
niques may make it usable in a simulation model such as the one
proposed herein.
Brinsfield's (1981) model can thus predict the hourly, daily, weekly,
or monthly average or total solar energy available for any location for
which latitude, clearness number and cloud cover data are available.
Clearness numbers for all the US have been published by Immnura et al.
(1976). Using regional cloud cover data and the beta function approach
developed by Yaramanoglu and Brinsfield (in preparation), estimates of
solar radiation for any location can be determined. Furthermore, solar
energy availability at the earth's surface, and on a collector set at any
till: angle above the horizontal, can be predicted by Brinsfield's t 1981 )
model. This predictive capability is available for any latitude. Hourly,
daily, weekly, monthly, etc. average and/or total solar energy values
can be predicted.
Figure 2 shows the daily average potential, clear sky and predicted
(at the earth's surface) radiation for Salisbury, Maryland. Figure 2 was
developed from o u t p u t of Brinsfield's ( 1981) model and is presented as
a function of Julian day (i.e. day 1 is 1 January). The potential and
clear sky radiation are smooth curves because potential radiation
depends only on physical earth-sun relationship parameters. Clear sky
radiation depends on the same parameters, but must be modified for
absorption by atmospheric gases and dust. These parameters vary rela-
tively slowly and in a highly predictable manner. The predicted radia-
tion shows much greater short time variation because cloud cover,
which is considered by the model, varies in a more random pattern and
on a shorter (e.g. hourly) time scale.
Figure 3 shows the weekly average observed and predicted (by
Brinsfield's model) solar radiation for Salisbury, Maryland. The
observed values are based on the average of weekly averages for the
years 1974-1977. The calculated values were obtained using: (1 I hourly
observed cloud cover as a model input, and (2) hourly cloud cover
values generated by the beta distribution as a model input. Weekly
average values were shown because daily or hourly values for a year
made an unreadable graph. The trends exhibited by the three curves
(Fig. 3) agree extremely well.
240 F. W. Wheaton, T. B. Lawson, R, B. Brinsfield, M, Yaramanoglu
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The solar energy model will provide the total hourly solar energy avail-
able on a horizontal plane at the earth's surface. The model does not
provide data as to the spectral characteristics of the incoming energy.
However, the solar spectrum is well known and is available in published
literature. Figure 4 shows a typical solar spectral curve.
The modified solar model must account for losses due to reflection
by the pond surface and pond covering and absorption by the pond
covering material. Thus, the model must first determine the energy
flux at the pond cover surface, then account for the transmission
spectrum of the covering, the energy absorption of the covering, the
reflection of the covering as influenced by the covering material, as
well as the geometry of the covering surface relative to the direction
of the sun's rays. The spectral absorption of most greenhouse cover-
ings is available in the literfiture. Figure 5 shows a typical trans-
mission curve for a 3.18 mm thick acrylic covering. Figure 6 shows
the effect of covering thickness on total energy transmission. Using data
c
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.2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
WAVE LENGTH (MICRONS)
Fig. 4. Energy available in the solar spectrum as a function of wavelength
(Redfoot et al., 1979).
Aquacultural ponds as energy storage and waste rec)'cling systems .~43
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WAVE LENGTH (MICRONS)
Fig. 5. The percent transmission of 3 " 1 8 m m thick acrylic plastic at various
wavelengths (Redfoot et al., 1979).
100
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ACTUAl. THICKNESS (ram)
Fig. 6. The average solar transmission of Plexiglas® G and K for various thickness
(Rohn and Haas, 1979).
Plexiglas® is a Registered Trade Mark of Rohn and Haas Co., Bristol, Pennsylvania.
244 F. W. Wheaton, T. B. Lawson, R. B. Brinsfield, M. Yaramanoglu
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Brinsfield, R. B. (1981). Predicting solar and wind energy using cloud cover and
wind velocity. Unpublished dissertation, Agricultural Engineering Department,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Buck, D. H., Baur, R. J. & Rose, C. R. (1978). Utilization of swine manure in a
polyculture of Asian and North American fishes. Trans. Am. b~'sh. Soc., 107 (1),
216-22.
lmamura, M. S., Hulstrom, R. & Cookson, C. (1976). Definition study for photo-
voltaic residential prototype system. US Department of Commerce Report No.
N77-13533.
Mann, R. & Taylor, R. E., Jr. (1981). Growth of the bay scallop, Argopecten
irradians, in a waste recycling aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 24, 45-52.
Ott, F. D. (1975). The effect of sewage effluents and their constituents upon the
vegetative growth of Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) 1753 (Sea Lettuce). Virginia
Institute of Marine Science, second progress report to Hampton Roads Sanita-
tion District Commission, Glouster Point, Virginia.
Redfoot, H. L., Burkhardt, W. C. & Anson, B. D. (1979). Glazing solar collectors
with acrylic and double walled polycarbonate plastics. Proc. Solar Glazing,
Aquacultural ponds as energy storage and waste recycling systems 245
1979 topical conference, 22-23 June, Stockton State College, Pomona, New
Jersey.
Robbins, F. V. & Spillman, C. K. (1980). Solar energy transmission through two
transparent covers. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 23 (5), 1224-31.
Rohn & Haas Company (1979). Solar Collector Glazing. Design Data PL-1336,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Schroeder, G. L. (1975). Some effects of stocking fish in waste treatment ponds.
Water Res., 9, 591-3.
Yaramanoglu, M. & Brinsfield, R. B. (In preparation.)Estimation of solar radiation
using stochastically generated cloud cover data.