(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,

Vol. 15, No. 3, March 2017

Reliability Analysis of Distribution System using

ETAP

Sanaullah Ahmad Sana Sardar Azzam ul Asar Fazal Wahab Karam

Department of Electrical
Engineering
IQRA National University
(INU), Pakistan
sanaullah@inu.edu.pk
Department of Electrical
Engineering
IQRA National University
(INU), Pakistan
sanasardar91@gmail.com
Department of Electrical
Engineering
CECOS University,
Pakistan
azzam_ul_asar@yahoo.com
Department of Electrical
Engineering
COMSATS Institute of
Information technology (CIIT)
fwkaram@ciit.net.pk

Abstract—Reliable and stable electric power supply is pre-
requisite for economic, technological and social growth of any
country. Thus, utility companies around the globe ensure that
every customer in system must be supplied the energy they
required. It is now recognized fact that almost 90 % of
electricity interruptions are due to malfunctions in electric
distribution system. Distribution system is composed of
different components. Not only failure rates of these
components contributes to interruptions but also physical
stresses created by foul weather conditions significantly
impacts reliability of distribution system. In this research work
reliability of electric distribution system is analyzed. The
reliability of load points in distribution system decrease as
distance from feeder increase, evaluation of system indices
depicts reliability of whole system in a more understandable
way. These analyses are executed on Roy Billinton Test
System (RBTS) bus 2, which is modeled and evaluated in
Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP).
Keywords- Electric Power Reliability, Distribution System,
Customers Interruptions, faliure rate, Reliability Assesment.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric power system is the largest and the most
complex system made by the mankind. It consists of
countless number of structures and facilities, equipments and
components, systems and subsystems and the sophisticated
connections among all those. The development of power
systems goes hand in hand with the proliferation of
generation and consumption due to which systems
complexity is increased. The use of electrical energy has
been on the rise since its invention.
Fundamental function of electric power system is to
transfer electrical energy to it consumers, it is always the
priority of utility companies to ensure its consumers gets
adequate and secure electric power supply within some
economic constraints [1]. Adequacy means the ability of
sufficient generation and the capability of transmission and
distribution system to meet customer demand. While system
security is the capability of the system to counter
disturbances or faults which arsis within system. [2].
Reliable power systems serve consumer loads without
interruptions in supply voltage. Generation facilities must
generate adequate power to meet consumer demand.
Transmission lines must transfer bulk power over long
distances and Distribution systems must distribute electricity
to each customer. Reliability assessment of a complete
system is a significant ability in overall electric power
system operation and planning [2].
Researchers are more attracted to analyze the causes of
power interruptions and relation among the failure rates of
electrical components and these causes, in [3] component
failure rate due to overloading operation of components has
been analyzed. Outages due to different weather conditions
and outage model were designed and based on location and
components were discussed [4]. However utilities across the
world are still eager to improve and develop better data
gathering schemes and to implement better and efficient
statistical methods to improve reliability of electrical power
system [5]. Distribution systems account more customer
reliability problems. Generation and Transmission systems
determine the rest. To make effective improvements in
reliability, the emphasis should be placed on the distribution
system.
This research work will emphasis on assessment of
reliability of distribution system. This paper have six
different sections. Section 1 gives a brief introduction.
Reliability of electric distribution system is explained in
section 2, different reliability indices are presented in section
3, section 4 shows research methodology while section 5 and
6 explains results and conclusions respectively.
II. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY
The function of an electrical distribution system is to
distribute electrical energy to different load points for
diverse applications. Distribution system should be planned
in such a way that it must deliver energy to load points with
high reliability. In past, considerably less importance was
given to distribution system regarding reliability modeling
and evaluation.

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Failure of generation and transmission systems is = ∑ (2)

also catastrophic as both of these systems have widespread
∑
effect. However, in past it was considered that failure in = (3)
∑
distribution system will relatively affect less area as its
effects are local [6]. Analysis of customer interruptions of
r = Outage time (Average).
different electrical utility companies around the world
shows that distribution system accounts upto 90 % of λ = Failure time (Average).
reliability problems, evaluating and improving reliability of
U = Annual outage time (Average).
electric distribution system is important for improving
customer’s reliability [7].

The failure of distribution system is greatly System Indices are estimated as:
affected by foul weather conditions, weather conditions like
high winds, lighting, icing etc can considerably increase the
probability of outages, due to radial nature of many
distribution systems across the world outage of single 1. System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) :
component due to adverse weather conditions can cause Σ Total Number of Customers Interrupted
multiple overlapping outages [5]. Figure 1 shows major =

causes of interruptions.

= ∑
/ . (4)

2. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) :

Σ Customers Interruption Durations
=

= ∑
ℎ / . (5)

3. Customer Average Interruption Duration Index

(CAIDI) :
Σ Customer Interruption Duration
=
Total Number of Customers Interrupted
Fig 1. Major Causes of interruptions.

III. RELIABILITY INDICES = ∑
ℎ / (6)

Reliability data for set of components, loads and 4. Average Service Availability Index (ASAI) :
customers in a distribution network are statistically Customer Hrs Service Available
=
aggregated through reliability indices. These reliability Customer Hrs Service Demands
indices are an average values which shows reliability
characteristics of complete system. Loss of service voltage ∑
= ∑
. (7)
to customer is called Interruption they can be momentary or

sustained. They are usually considered a reliability issue.

Interruptions longer than 5 minutes are traditionally 5. Average Service Un-availability Index (ASUI) :
included in sustained interruptions. IEEE defined a set of
∑
indices to evaluate the reliability of electric power system =1 = ∑
. (8)

[8]. These indices are divided into two groups’ that are load
point indices and system indices. 6. System Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) :
Average load point indices are calculated as: =∑ .ℎ / (9)
= ∑ (1) =

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P = Demand of load Point .

7. Average Energy Not Supplied ( AENS) :

= ∑
.ℎ / . (10)

N = No of Customers at load point .

λ = Failure rate at load point (Average).
U = Un-Availability.

IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

For reliability modeling and analysis of RBTS bus 2 is
modeled in ETAP. RBTS is 6 bus system developed for
educational and research purpose by university of
Saskatchewan, Canada [9, 10]. Table 1 shows type and
number of customers while table 2 shows fundamental data
regarding failure rates (active and passive) of every
component which are taken as per RTBS. The purpose of
this research work is to analyze the impact of components
failure in distribution system and evaluate reliability of
distribution system in more firm and effective way while
using ETAP tool. Flow chart in figure 2 shows how results
are extracted.
Fig 2. Flow Chart for calculation of reliability.
TABLE I. LOAD POINTS.
Type of Customer Number of Customers
Residential
TABLE II. RELIABILITY DATA OF EACH COMPONENT
R1 210
R2 210 Failure Rate Repair Time Switching Time
R3 200 Components (F/Year) (Hour) (Hour)
R4 200
R5 200
Transformers
R6 200 33.0KV / 11.0 KV 0.01500 15.00 1.00
R7 200 11.0 KV / 220 V 0.01500 10.00 1.00
R8 200 (LT)
R9 200 Breakers
Government and Institutions (G & I ) 33.0 KV 0.002000 4.00 1.00
G&I 1 1 11.0 KV 0.006000 4.00 1.00
G&I 2 1 Busbars
G&I 3 1 33.0 KV 0.00100 2.00 1.00
G&I 4 1 11.0 KV 0.00100 2.00 1.00
G&I 5 1 Feeders
G&I 6 1 11.0 KV 0.6500 5.00 1.00
Commercial
Commercial 1 10
Commercial 2 10
Commercial 3 10 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Commercial 4 10
Commercial 5 10 After modeling the test system in ETAP six different
Industrial points are selected to evaluate reliability, these six load
Ind 1 1
Ind 2 1 points contain different load classes that include industrial,
Total Customers commercial and residential loads, Load points indices (i.e
Average outage rate, Average outage duration and Annual
duration) are evaluated for these six points.

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I. LOAD POINT INDICES and point F at 2.15 km from the feeder respectively. Thus
from these six locations, optimum location is found to be
TABLE III. LOAD POINT INDICES ANALYSIS.
point A where system is most reliable. While figure 3
Load Type of Distance Average Average Annual depicts that location E is worst location where system is
Points customer from outage outage outage
feeder. rate. (f/ duration. duration.(hr/ least reliable.
(km) yr) (hr) yr)
Residential
A Residential 1 1.35 1.5905 3.79 6.0335
B Residential 2 2.35 2.2535 4.14 9.3335
Commercial
C Commercial 2 3.65 3.1305 4.37 13.6825
D Commercial 4 1.55 1.7205 3.88 6.6835
E Commercial 5 3.7 3.1630 4.38 13.8450
Industrial
F Industrial 2 2.15 2.1115 4.09 8.6355

The results generated as shown in table 3,

evidently indicates that the load point indices are increasing
as distance of load point increases from feeder. Point A is
located 1.35 km from feeder , point B is located at 2.35 km, Fig 3. Distances vs Average failure rate (f/yr).
point C at 3.65 km , point D at 1.55 km , point E at 3.7 km

Fig 3. Bus 2 of RBTS modeled in ETAP.

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II. SYSTEM INDICES
Various Components in electric system has
reliability factors like failure rate, switching time,
repair time, etc, reliability indices are function of
these factors. Three basic reliability indices average
failure rate, average outage duration and average
outage time are important to evaluate system
reliability but sometimes they don’t present complete
picture of system .Customer oriented or system
indices like System Average Interruption Frequency
Index (SAIFI), System Average Interruption
Duration Index (SAIDI), Customer Average
Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), etc are used for
evaluating reliability of distribution system, these
indices as shown in table 4 give complete picture of
system.
TABLE IV. SYSTEM INDICES .
S no. System indices Results
1 SAIFI (f/ Customer. Yr) 1.9772
2 SAIDI (hr/ Customer. Yr) 7.9568
3 CAIDI (hr/ Customer interruption) 4.0240
4 ASAI (pu) 0.9991
5 ASUI (pu) 0.00091
6 EENS (MWh/ Yr) 117.8540
7 AENS (MWh/ Customer. Yr) 0.0624
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Conducting reliability tests on bus 2 of RBTS the
results depicted that as the distance of load point
increases from feeder its reliability decreases, while
most reliable location in distribution system is the
place most near to feeder. Beside failure rate of
different components, foul weather conditions like
strong winds etc may also contributes to
interruptions. Distribution system planning and
designing may be done in such a way that customers
are affected least, and distribution system reliability
is increased. In future reliability of radial and ring
distribution systems may be compared to evaluate
which system is better in terms of reliability.
VII. REFERENCES
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Systems, PMAPS, 2006,
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2. Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan, Reliability
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