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• Beams - structural members supporting loads at various points along the Classification of Beam Supports
member.

• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as concentrated loads or

distributed loads

• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting of a shear force (from the
shear stress distribution) and a bending couple (from the normal stress
distribution)

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ANALYSIS OF BEAM AND FRAME STRUCTURES

In the case of trusses all bars were subjected to only axial loads. In beams and frames, this is not
For Axial Force (N) Tension is positive , Compression is negative
the case. Loads act everywhere therefore besides axial force, there is shear and bending moment.
They are not constant. Their value change along the axis of the member. F

Flexural structures
F F

V(x)=Shear

M(x)=Moment Internal force components

N(x)=Axial a
Section at a

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element at a

For Shear Force (V) For Moment (M) concave up (sagging) +ve , hogging -ve

V
M

Clockwise +ve

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Positive bending moment compresses the upper part of the beam and a
negative bending moment compresses the lower part of the beam.

Sign conventions for stress resultants are called deformation sign conventions
because they are based upon how the material is deformed.

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Relationship Between , Load, Shear and Bending Moment Equilibrium of moments: The equilibrium of moments around the centroid C for the section
shown yields

w Dx Dx
M + DM - M -V - (V + DV ) =0
M+ D M 2 2
M
x Dx DM 1
 = (2V + DV )
Dx 2
V
C V+ D V

Dx
Taking the limit as Dx0 gives
Equilibrium of forces: The equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction in the segment shown
of the member results in

V - wD x - (V + DV ) = 0 dV dM Therefore, for continuous moments, the change in

DV = -w =V moment is related to the integral of the shear load

(the area under the shear diagram is related to the
 = -w dx dx change in moment).
Dx
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Therefore, for continuous shear loads, the change in shear is related to the integral of the distributed load.

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dV Slope of shear diagram at a point =

= -w intensity of distributed load at that point
dx

dM
=V Slope of bending moment diagram at a
dx point = shear at that point

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Problem : Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams.

0 Constant Linear
Load
intensity

Constant Linear Parabolic

Shear
force

Linear Parabolic Cubic

B.Moment
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Problem : Plot shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system. Show
the critical values on the diagrams. Span length is 9 m.

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Suggested Problem: Plot V and M diagrams.

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Suggested Problem :
Suggested Problem: a-) Compute the shear force (V) value and bending Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in figure as a function of x.
moment (M) value at point C. b-) Plot V and M diagrams.

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