ONJECTIVES.

1. To determine the bending moment of the beam at cut section.

2. To investigate how the bending moment changes as the point load increase.

INTRODUCTION.

At every point along the beam, the bending moment is equal to the area under the shear force
diagram up to that point. A beam is a member that bends as a result of stresses applied
transverse to its long dimension. This experiment aims to investigate the influence of force
magnitude on the beam bending, and it makes use of structural hardware known as the STR2
bending moment in a beam. The displacement of the neutral axis from its location is what
causes the beam to bend. It is the axis of a beam that is neither in tension nor out of
compression. The following are the elements that influence bending:

i. Amount and type of load.

ii. Length of beam.
iii. Elasticity of beam.
iv. Beam orientation
v. Type of beam.

When an external force is applied to a beam, bending stresses are created, causing the beam
to deflect. Bending stresses are primarily determined by the form of the beam, its length and
the magnitude of the force applied to it.

THEORY.

If an external force or a structural load is significant enough to displace a beam from its
current position, the deflection of the beam from its current axis is referred to as beam
bending. The beam must be divided into two parts in order to compute the bending moment.

L
i. From x = 0 to x = .
2
L
ii. From x = to x = L.
2

Bending moment diagrams are just plots of the bending moment (y-axis) vs the location of
different places along the beam (x-axis).
All forces operating on the beam combine to create internal shear forces and bending
moments within the beam, which cause internal stresses, strains, and deflection. Because it
exists to resist external stresses, the internal bending moment is known as resistive bending
moment. The greatest bending moment and its location in the beam must be determined since
this will give us the maximum normal stress in the beam and the critical point of the beam.

METHODOLOGY.

a. Equipment.
i. Force digital meter.
ii. Load (5g each).
iii. Hanger.
b. Procedure.
i. The force digital meter was switched on.
ii. The massless beam was rezero (make sure the digital force meter shown in
massless condition).
iii. The load w1, w2 and w3 was hanged followed by our diagram in lab1 before.
iv. The internal force was read.
v. Determine the bending moment at cut section by divide the internal forces
with lever arm.
RESULT AND ANALYSIS.

In this experiment, you will determine the bending moment and bending stress of the beam at
the cut-section. Carry out the following instructions, referring to Figure 2.1.
a. Place the hangers at positions with mass configurations and load cases similar to e-
LAB 1 procedure.
(i) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.
(ii) From Table 2.1, complete the calculations of shear force and bending moment
at cut section. Compare your calculation with laboratory findings.

Load Vx (N) Mx (mm) at cut-section

cases
Calculations Laboratory Calculations Laboratory

1 -0.701 - 0.098 -
2 -1.048 - 0.154 -
3 -1.381 - 0.193 -
(iii) Discuss the outcome from question 2a(ii) in terms of the accuracy of the
testing, and the relationships between the external forces and bending moment.

Bending moment are internal reaction that occur in beam or slab as a

result of an external acting. For this experiment, we measured the values of
bending moment for a beam with three beams with different load. For load
cases 1, there were 2 loads acting on the beam while load cases 2 have 3 loads,
and lastly load case 3 with 4 load that acting at the beam. If we do the
experiment face to face, we can get the laboratory value of each load case and
compare it with theoretical value that obtain after we calculate it. Since, we
had to face a COVID-19 problem so that the test is conduct by virtual style
where we only watch the video that already prepare from our lecture. Because
of this we cannot compare our value with laboratory one. To investigate the
internal force of a beam, we will start by looking at a tiny section of the beam.
When we remove this piece, the internal forces become external, and we may
use well-known methodologies to analyse the issue.
(iv) Calculate and sketch bending stress distribution at the cut-section from any
load cases, if the cross section of the beam is similar to e-LAB 1. You may use
any type of graphical illustrations as part in your discussions.

3mm

20mm
3
bh h b3
Ixx = Iyy =
12 12
 (20)(3)3 (3)(20)3
= =
12 12

= 45 mm4 = 2000 mm4

In moment of inertia to calculate bending stress we will take the maximum

value between Ixx and Iyy. In this case we will take Iyy = 2000 mm4 as our I in this.

1. Calculate centroid of beam

20
X= = 10mm
2
3
Y= = 1.5 mm
2
2. Calculate bending stress distribution.
My
σ=
I

At A,
σ =0
At ytop,
(40.40)(0.75)
σ=
2000
= 0.015 Nmm2
At ybottom,
( 40.40 ) (−0.75 )
σ=
2000
= -0.015 Nmm2

DISCUSSION.

A bending moment is a measurement of the bending effect that might occur when a structural
member is subjected to an external force or moment. This is an essential topic in structural
engineering because it can be used to calculate where and how much bending will occur
when force is applied. Bending failure can occur when the tensile stress applied by a force is
equal to or higher than the element’s ultimate strength. Despite the differences in processes, a
beam may break owing to shear pressures before bending failure. Bending moment diagrams
are analytical tools that are used in combination with structural analysis to determine the
value of shear force and bending moment at a certain position on an element. Another used
for moment diagrams is that the deflection can be easily calculated using either the moment
area or conjugate beam methods. The algebraic total of the moment of all the forces acting on
one side of the section may alternatively be described as the bending moment at a section of
beam. Before computing the numbers, it is critical to specify the sign convention for the
bending moment.

CONCLUSION.

The goal of this job was to investigate the influence of various forces on the bending moment
in the beam, and the results revealed that the bending moments ang applied load had a linear
connection. Since, we cannot compare our result with laboratory, therefore we can assume
like our calculation is correct. But there must had some error for example, false in entering
the number in calculator. To avoid this thing happen we already calculate in 3 times to make
sure there is no parallax error in this calculation. With the information and knowledge that we
get from this experiment, we can build a structure that uses reinforce beams and it is capable
of withstanding external stresses without losing its equilibrium.