Australian College of Kuwait

School of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

Dr. Sayed M. Soleimani, P.E., P.Eng.

15FCVE222: Steel Structures

Week 3: Bending Stresses, Centroid and Moment of Inertia

 What is normal stress?

Normal Stress (σ) is “Normal Force*” divided by “Area”.

Tensile Stress: when the force is a tension force.
Compressive Stress: when the force is a compression force.

*: Normal Force means force perpendicular to surface “A”.

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 What is shear stress?

.”Shear Stress is “Shear Force” divided by “Area

Shear stress (τ) acts tangential to the surface of a material
.element

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 Unit of stress

Unit of stress in SI system is “N/m2”.

1 “N/m2” is 1 Pascal (1 Pa).
1 MPa (106 Pa) is 1 N/mm2.

Unit of stress in US Customary Unit System is “psi”.

1 “psi” is 1 pound force per in.2.
1 psi is 6895 Pa.

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Normal stress versus shear stress

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 What is normal strain?

Normal Strain (ε) is defined as the deformation per unit length

of a member under axial loading. In other words, Normal
.”Strain is “Change in Length” divided by “Original Length
δ: Change in length
L :Original length

Normal Strain:

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 What is normal strain?

.Normal Strain (ε) is also called extensional strain

Normal strain is dimensionless but can be expressed in several

:ways. Let’s say L = 100 mm and δ = 0.01 mm, then

OR mm/mm

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 Stress versus strain

Stress-strain
relationship is
linear in the
elastic portion
of the stress-
strain curve
(see previous
.lecture)

E = σ/ε
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Stress versus strain
  
Example 1
A steel test specimen, 10mm in diameter, ruptures
under a tensile Load of 37 kN. What was the tensile
strength of the steel at that point?

loading

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Stress versus strain
Example 2

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Stress versus strain
Example 3
A small elevator of mass 550 kg hangs from a steel cable
that is 3.0 m long when not loaded. The cables have a total
cross-sectional area of 0.20 cm2 and with the elevator load
the cable stretches 0.40 cm beyond its original length.
Determine the stress and strain and Young’s modulus of
Elasticity for steel.
m=550kg , Lo=3m , Ao=0.2cm2 , DL=0.4cm

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Example 3 - solution

Lo = 3.0 m
A = 0.20 cm2

2
∆L = 0.4 cm

 E m = 550 kg

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Centroids of Plane Areas

 The centroid of a plane area is the

unique point which is the geometrical
center of the area distribution.
 It is explained in terms of center of
gravity of a thin homogeneous plate of
uniform thickness.

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Centroids of Plane Areas

 Centroids of most of the common shapes have been

determined by integration.
 The position of centroids of symmetrical shapes such as
circles, squares and rectangles are easily identifiable.

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Centroid Location
Symmetrical Objects
Centroid location is determined by an object’s line of symmetry.

When an object has multiple lines of

Centroid is located on the
symmetry, its centroid is located at the
line of symmetry.
intersection of the lines of symmetry.

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Centroid Location
The centroid of a square or rectangle is located at a distance of 1/2 its
height and 1/2 its base.

H
B H
2 2

B
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Centroid Location
The centroid of a triangle is located at a distance of 1/3 its height and 1/3 its
base.

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Moment of Inertia of Plane Areas
 The moment of inertia I of a plane area (the second
moment of area) is the sum of all elementary products of
area elements and the square of each respective distance
from the centroidal axis.
 It is a property of a cross section that can be used to
measure the resistance of beams to bending and
deflection, around an axis that lies in the cross sectional
plane.
 Moment of inertia is a mathematical concept better
explained by examples.

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Moment of Inertia of Plane Areas
Table 29.1 Centroids and moments of inertia of elementary plane areas
Position of Centroidal moment
Shape Area A of inertia Ic
centroid

Circle At center

At intersection of
Square
diagonals

At intersection of
Rectangle
diagonals

Right- At intersection of
angled medians (⅓ of
triangle altitude)

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Moment of Inertia of Plane Areas

Example
Determine the moment of inertia of a rectangular area, with base 40 mm and height 30
mm, about its horizontal centroidal axis.

Solution

The moment inertia of a rectangle is given by:

  𝑏h3
𝐼 𝑐=
12

  𝐼 𝑐 = 40 𝑥 303
12
= 90 000 mm4

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 Moment of Inertia of Plane Areas
 Example
Determine the centroid and the moment of inertia for the
triangular area about its horizontal and vertical centroidal
axis.
 𝒚 𝒚
 ´
 ´𝑥 = 900 =300 mm
3
 ´𝑦 = 600 =200mm
3
3 3
  𝑏h ( 900 )( 600 ) 9 4
𝐼 𝑥= = =5.4 𝑥 10 𝑚 𝑚 600
36 36 𝒙
 ´
mm 𝒙
 ´
 
𝐼 𝑦=
h𝑏
3 3
( 600 ) ( 900 ) 10
=1.215 𝑥 10 𝑚 𝑚
4 𝒚
 ´
36
=
36  𝒙
900 mm
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Bending Stresses

 Bending stress (fb) produced in the material of the beam at the

cross-section is directly proportional to the bending moment
and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the
cross-section.
 Bending stress is not distributed uniformly over the cross-
sectional area of the beam.
 Every beam can be considered as being made up of a large
number of horizontal layers or fibers held together by the
internal adhesion between them.

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Bending Stresses

 When a beam is subjected to bending, the fibers on the convex

side are extended, while those on the concave side are
compressed.
 Neutral plane (NP) is a longitudinal plane along which there is
no deformation of length.

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Bending Stresses

 The neutral plane passes through the centroid of the cross-

section of the beam.
 The further a particular fiber is from the neutral plane, the
greater is the amount of elongation or compression
experienced by the fiber.
 According to Hook’s Law, tensile and compressive stress in a
material is proportional to the amount of change in length.
 The stress in any one fiber is proportional to its distance (y) from the
neutral axis.

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Bending Stresses

 The important conclusions that follow from the distribution of

stress in the cross-section of a beam can be summarized as
follows:
 There is no stress at the neutral plane.
 The maximum tensile stress occurs in the extreme fiber on the convex
side of the beam.
 The maximum compressive stress occurs in the extreme fiber on the
concave side of the beam.

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Bending Stresses

 The formula which embodies the previous relations:

My
fb 
I
• f is the bending stress in MPa
b
• M is the bending moment at a given cross-section, in N.mm
• y is the distance from the neutral plane to a particular fiber, in mm
• I is the moment of inertia of the cross-section, in mm4

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Bending Stresses
Example
A beam of rectangular cross-section, 600 mm deep by 200 mm wide is subjected to a
positive bending moment of 120 kN.m. Determine the maximum value of bending
stress.

600 mm

N P

200 mm

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Bending Stresses
Solution 𝑏h 3
𝐼  =
12

  𝐼 = 200 𝑥 6003
12
  = 3600 106 mm4

y = 300 mm

  M = 120 kN.m = 120 106 N.mm

 𝑓 𝑏= 𝑀𝑦
𝐼
12 0  𝑥  10 6   𝑥 300
𝑓  𝑏=   =
3600  𝑥  10 6

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Bending Stresses
Example
For the cantilever beam shown, determine the maximum value of bending stress.

  I = 1 106 mm4

100 mm
Bending Moment Diagram

200 mm 49 kN.m

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Bending Stresses
Solution

  M = 49 kN.m = 49 106 N.mm

 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑀𝑦 𝑡 ¿  49   𝑥  10 6   𝑥 100
Tension Fiber: = 25 MPa
𝐼 196 𝑥  10 6

𝑀𝑦 𝑐   49   𝑥  10 6   𝑥 200
Compression Fiber: 𝑓  𝑐= ¿ = 50 MPa
𝐼 196 𝑥  10 6

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Section Shapes
Wide flange
W A992 I beam Channel
HP A572 G50 S A36 C, MC A36
M A36

Equal leg angle Unequal leg angle

L A36 L A36

Tee Sheet piling Rail

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Geometric Properties of Structural Steel Shapes

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Geometric Properties of Structural Steel Shapes

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Geometric Properties of Structural Steel Shapes

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Geometric Properties of Structural Steel Shapes

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Geometric Properties of Structural Steel Shapes

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