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EE-940 Advanced RF Measurements

This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in the EE-940 Advanced RF Measurements course offered in Spring 2018. The 3-credit course will be taught by Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib and cover fundamental RF concepts including Fourier series and transforms, mixers, S-parameters, multi-port networks, and antennas. Specific topics that will be discussed include representing periodic signals using Fourier series, the spectrum of trapezoidal waveforms, bandwidth of digital waveforms, using the Fourier transform to represent non-periodic waveforms, and an introduction to mixers, S-parameters, multi-port networks, and antennas.

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96 views20 pages

EE-940 Advanced RF Measurements

This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in the EE-940 Advanced RF Measurements course offered in Spring 2018. The 3-credit course will be taught by Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib and cover fundamental RF concepts including Fourier series and transforms, mixers, S-parameters, multi-port networks, and antennas. Specific topics that will be discussed include representing periodic signals using Fourier series, the spectrum of trapezoidal waveforms, bandwidth of digital waveforms, using the Fourier transform to represent non-periodic waveforms, and an introduction to mixers, S-parameters, multi-port networks, and antennas.

Uploaded by

chinchou
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE-940 Advanced RF Measurements

Course Code: EE-940


Semester: Spring 2018
Credit Hours: 3+0
Prerequisite Codes: NA
Instructor: Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib
Office: B-205, 1st floor, RIMMS
E-mail: [Link]@[Link]

Adv RF Meas 1
Last Lecture
Introduction

Course Outline

Adv RF Meas 2
Today’s Lecture
Overview of fundamental RF concepts

Adv RF Meas 3
Today’s Lecture
 Fourier Series/Fourier Transform

 Mixer

 Scattering Parameters (S-parameters)

 Multi-port Networks

 Antennas

Adv RF Meas 4
Periodic Signals
 Time-domain signals or waveforms that occur repetitively in time are referred to as
being periodic

 These types of waveforms are representative of clock signals that are


necessary for the proper function of the digital electronic systems

 Data streams in digital products are examples of random signals

 Signals whose time behavior is precisely known are referred to as deterministic


signals

 Signals whose time behavior is not known but can only be described statistically are
referred to as nondeterministic or random signals

Adv RF Meas 5
Periodic Signals
 A periodic function of time t represented by x(t) is a function that has the following
property:

Fig. A periodic signal with period T

Adv RF Meas 6
Periodic Signals
 Periodic signals can be represented as linear combinations of more basic signals
that are referred to as basis functions:

 The basis functions are also periodic

 The coefficients cn are referred to as the expansion coefficients

Adv RF Meas 7
Adv RF Meas 8
Fourier Series

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier

Image Courtesy: [Link]

Adv RF Meas 9
Fourier Series
 Any periodic function can be represented as an infinite sum of sinusoidal

components

 Each sinusoidal component has a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental

frequency

 There are two versions of the Fourier series:

 The trigonometric form

 Complex- exponential form

Adv RF Meas 10
The Spectrum of Trapezoidal (Clock) Waveforms

 Clock waveforms can be represented as periodic trains of trapezoid-shaped pulses

The periodic, trapezoidal pulse train representing clock signals of


digital systems

Adv RF Meas 11
Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms
 It is clear from the Fourier series that in order to completely reconstruct a
time-domain waveform from its spectral content, we must sum an infinite
number of harmonics

Clearly, this is not practical !!!

 If we continue to add spectral harmonics to the sum, the resulting time-domain


waveform gets closer to the actual complete waveform

Adv RF Meas 12
Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms

The important question is how many of the harmonics must we add in order to
reconstruct a waveform that is in some fashion a reasonable approximation to
the actual time-domain waveform?

Adv RF Meas 13
Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms
 For trapezoidal pulse train:

Adv RF Meas 14
Representation of Nonperiodic
Waveforms

Adv RF Meas 15
The Fourier Transform

 The Fourier transform of the signal is defined as:

 Fourier Series:

 Computed for a continuous periodic time series

 Result in discrete frequency spectrum

 Fourier Transform:

 Computed for a continuous non-periodic time series

 Result is a continuous frequency spectrum

Adv RF Meas 16
Mixer

Adv RF Meas 17
Scattering Parameters (S-parameters)

Adv RF Meas 18
Multi-port Networks

Adv RF Meas 19
Antennas

Adv RF Meas 20

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