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Amateurs Workshop - Ian Bradley PDF
Amateurs Workshop - Ian Bradley PDF
AmateurIs w*
by: Ian Bradley
: Published by:
Model and Allied Publications
Argus Books Limited
P.O. Box 35, Wolsey House
Wolsey Rd., KernelHempstead
Hertfordshire HP2 4SS England
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Paper copies are $11.00.
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%Available from:
META Publications
;;:' P-0. Box 128
;!,:;,,Marblemount, WA 98267 USA
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Reproduced by permission of Model and Allied
:c:Publications.
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Chapter Page
THE WORKSHOP ......... ... 13
:. THE LATHE ............ ...
3 THE DRILLING MACHINE ...... ... ii
4 BELT DRIVFS ......... . I ... 49
5 THE SHAPING MACHINE ...... . .
6 THE MILLING MACHINE ...... .. 2:
7 CHUCKS............... ... 65
MANDRELS ............ ... 74
; LATHE TOOLS ............ . .. 78
10 KNURLING ............ ... 87
LATHE OPERATIONS(MISCELLANEOUS) ... 92
::: TAPER TURNING ......... ... 104
13 LAPPING ...... ... 110
14 TOOLMAKERSBUTTONS’
..... ...... .. 115
15 MiLLrNC IN THE LATHE ...... . . 118
16 DIVIDING IN THELATHE ...... . .. 129
17 DIVIDING ...... .. 137
18 DRILLS AND DRILLING’
..... ...... . . . 148
COUNT~ZRSINKING AND C~VNTERBORING . . . 163
:: CUTTING SCREWTHREADS ...... ... 167
CUTTING SCREWTHREADSIN THELATHE . . . 178
;: MEASURINGEQUIPMENT ...... ... 188
23 MARKING OUT .. . 195
THE DIAL INDICATOR “’ 1:: 1:: . .. 211
;; SUDSEQUIPMENT ......... ... 218
LATHE OVERHEADDRIVES . .. .. . ... 221
z; SOLDERING,BRAZING, & CASEHARDENING. . . 226
COMPRESSED AIR IN THE WORKSHOP. .. . .. 235
iti SOMEADDITIONAL MACHINE TOOLS .. . 244
THE BACK TOOL POST . . . . .. 250
i: REAMERS .. . .. . 1:: .. . . .. 258
SINCEthis book was first published, over twenty-five years ago, some of the
equipment then available is no longer manufactured. In addition, much of the
elementary advice originally contained in the book has been incorporated in
Beginners’ Workshop, a title with a target needing no amplification.
Thus, by the removal of material mainly of interest to the beginner, the way
has been left open for the inclusion of more advanced treatment.
So the new Amateurs Workshop may be considered as the logical extension of
the primary manual Be,:inners’ Workshop. For the sake of completeness there
‘must inevitably be some duplication of materia! contained in the two,Pooks;
where this is so the contents have either been extended, or abridged with a
reference to the primary work. In this way space has been found for including
more up-to-date material of greater interest to advanced readers. For example,
subjects such as making improvements to the inexpensive lathe, or describing
the operation of the shaping machine are dealt with in detail.
Figure Figure
4 Testing the standing jaw of a vice Chapter RI-Knurling
Testins the paralleiism of vice jaws Types of Knfu%ng
i The Tom Senior Milling Machine : Hand Knurl Wheel holder
7 A vertical mi!ling machine Knurls for hand bolder
s The Dividing Head : Method of using the hand holder
9 The Rotarv Table 5 STi:,gle Wheel Machine Knurlmg
10 The Rotary Table
11 The Rotarv Table Wormwheel and 6 Straddle Knurting
Retaining Plate
:A 1 Siraddle Knurling Tool
Chapter 7-Chucks
The Bell Chuck i f
: The -l-jaw independent chuck : Straddle Knurling Tool for 3$
10 Drummond Lathe
The Self-centring chuck 11
: Numbering the chuck jaws 12 1
Jaw sequence of entry
2 The Colle: Chuck Chapte-r II-Lathe Operations
Collet Chuck Assembly The Centre Drill
z Types oiCollet fh-ck : Using the fixed steady to support
work for drilling
9A ‘- Mvford Coilet Assembly 3 Wiring the carrier to the lathe dog
YBJ ’
10 Myford Collet Closer and 4 A lever-operated tailstock
Extractor 5 The Cowell lever-operated tail-
The Ja::obs Chuck stock for the Myford lathe
,i: Draw Z >lt Fitting for Chuck 6 The D-bit
13 Backplate and Chuck Assembly
14 Tool for removing swarf from 8 The Tools point-undercutting
Backplate Thread: SC 1J
15 The Chuck Brace 9 Using a drill gauge to assess tool
,16 Ttie Chuck Brace clearance
IO Boring Tools with detachable
Chqier 8-,Mandrels cutters
Plain Taper Mandr:! ;:A 1
.: The Le Count Expanding Mandrel 12 Effect of tool point shape on the
Stub Mandrels work
2 Mandrels for Hold& washers 13 Effect of tool overhang
Mandrels for Holding washers 14 Correct method of tool clamping
2 Details af the above 15 Back Facing
I Expanding stub mandrel 16 7, Two simple boring tool holders for
8 Hollow Mandrels
t78 i ;“f;;;fgBar
Chapter 9;Lathe Teools
:i Using the ‘Sticky Pin’
1 The Front Roughing tool
;: Setting the Cutter
The Knife Tooi
23
24 ] Internal Keyway Cutting
Figure Figure
Chqter j3-Lapping ChopIs 17-Di\:iding
The Simple lap and holder IA Elements of the Dividing Head
: A simple expanding lap 1 Lathe Dividing Head
3 The Boyar-Schulz lap 15 Parts of the lathe Dividing Head
4 Mounting the lap in the lathe 2 Index Fingers
5 A large hi.’ 3 The Myford Dividing Head
4 Simple Dividing Attachment for
Chapter /4-T’oclmakers Buttons the la!;ie saddle
5 D&ails of above
Toolmakers Bu!tons Set-up for linear dividing
: Se!:ing Buttons to run true 7” Diagram of above
3 Stages in setting Buttons on work Diagram for linear dividing
; Diagram for linear dividing
Chn~~rev /5--Milling in the Lathe IO Set-up for rack cutting
I/IA The Flycutter II Train of gears to satisfy the func-
2 Double Flycutter tion
3 Flycutter on Faceplate I2 Complete train of gears for
4 Feeding the Fiycytter accurate indexing
5 Calculating packing 13 The Rotary Table
6 The End Mill I4 Set-up for engraving on the rotary
The slot drill table
i
gA ) Saw tooth proportions
Chupter I8-Drills and Drilling
The Milling Arbor
It: Machining woodruff keys 1 zhrv$ing damage to a- taper
l! Fixed Vertical Slide
12 Compound Vertical Slide 2 The removal of taper shank drills
Mounting work in a V-block
13 1 :A Locating the V-block
4 The Mvford machine vice
ii”> ( ~~~~~~~~~Head The O&n vice
16 with Self- 2 The drilling machine setting ring
contained motor 7 Drilling machine stop
17 Elements of a simple saddle moun- Modified drilling machine stop
ted dividing device ; Depth stop gauge
18 Cross slide self-act 10 Potts drilling grinding jig
II The elements of the twist drill
12 Drill point angle
Chupiri- 16-Dividing I3 Drill lip clearance
Arrangement of detent 14 Chisel point angle
: Detent details 15 Faults in drill grinding
3 Detent in place on Myford lathe 16 Testing free hand drilling methods
4 Simple push-in detent 17 Drill grinding on the side of the
Spring loaded detent wheel
2 Section of spring loaded detent 18 Modified drill point for brass
Details of spring loaded detent Thinning the drill point
s’ Arrangement of wheels for com- :i The modified drill point
pound dividing 21 Grinding the modified point
Simple method of eliminating 2IA Mist lubrication
backlash 22 A pair of V-blocks
Mandrel Extension for the ML 7 Setting work for cross-drilling
Details of the Mandrel Extension :: Cross drillingjig
End of ML 7 showing change Parts of the jig adjustable stop
wheel and detent :i Details of the drilling jig
Parts of the.detent bracket 27 Guide bushes for the ji,:
Details of the parts Drilling the jig V-b!ock
Detent for the Drummond Bull Device for pilotEng holes
Wheel Chapter 19-Countersinking and
Using the Chuck Backplate
Using the bull wheel face Counterboring
A bull wheel mounted dividing 1 C$x$ersink, cotmterbore and spot
plate
‘HE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOP 9
‘igure Figure
2 Countersink with single cutting 8 Relation of tool point to lead-
edge screw pitch
A pair of simple edge countersinks The thread indicator
i Some commercial countersinks 1: Construction of the thread indi-
1 Examples of counterbores and pin cator
drills 10A Parts of the thread indicator
A simpie counterbore or pin drill A simple gear train
Various types of coumersink and f: Tumbler gearing
methods of sharpening,rhem 12A Tumbler gearing
8 Mo’difying the drill point Compound gear train
ii Thread pitch gauge
Ykapter 20-Cutting Screw Threads 15 Thread run-cuts
The effect of coarse and fine pitch 16 Thread callipers
on core diameter 17 Turning threads with top slide set
Die holder fitted with guide collet over
Sta.ndard method of retaining die
in biolder Chapter 22-Mea:.Lzring Equipment
Three collered die holders 1 The micrometer calliper
iB The, collets IA Micrometer stand
4A The die seating and adjusting screw 2 The gauge
5 Die holder to show oosition of 2A The small hole ea”ee
guide The small hole gauge
Details of die holder bodv : Using a taper pin to measure a
Details of die holder body small hole
Details of die holder body 4 Measuring callipers
A set of modern taps The slide gauge
Checking squareness of tap 2 The vernier
A T-handled tap wrench 8 The micrometer depth gauge
A T-handled iap wrench The vernier depth gauge
The Myford die holder : The hook rule
The tailstock die holder IO Narrow rule and holder
Wrench for large taps 11 The taper gauge
The tailstock die holder in use
Tapping from the tailstock Chapter 23-Marking Out
A tailstock tap holder 1 Setting the dividers with a micro-
A tailstock tap holder with ex- meter-
tension handle 2 Common form of angle plate
Tap mounted on back centre 3 Clamo made from a nut
i Tap mounted on top slide 4 Box angle plate
7 Tapping from the headstock Adjustable parallels
10 Myford mandrel handle i Screw jack
!3 A dri!lina machine converted for 7 Precision V-block
tapping - 8 Plain V-block
9 Drummond mandrel handle 9 The surface gauge
!OA Another form for Myford mandrel The scribing gauge
8 Starting a large tap from the head- fA The rule stand
stock 11A The scribing gauge
!2 Fap;i;~ handle for the drilling IOA The rule stand
The centre head
!! Tapping in the drilling machine i: Jenny callipers
7huptev 21-Cutting Screw Threads 14 Modified Jenny callipers
16 The centre punch
in the Lathe 17 Using bridge pieces
1 The basic screw-cutting tools 18 to 23 Using Jenny callipers
Inside and outside chasers ~Supporting a shaft in V-blocks
z A height gauge for tools 2 Using the centre line
4 Graphical method of obtaining the Using the snrface gauge
helix angle 2: Using the square
Using the tool height gauge 28 Setting out for marking keyways at
i Thread setting gauge an angle
6A Thread setting gauge 29 Setting out for marking keyways at
I Using the thread setting gauge an angle
10 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOP
Figure Figure
30 Determining the distance between 3 Overhead fitted to the Myford
centres Lathe driving a spotting drill
31 Marking-off hole centres A low-voltage miniature drive unit
32 Alternative method of marking-off Driving the leadscrew independ-
hole centres ently of the lathe
The Tailstock Drilling Spindle set
Chapter 24-The Dial Test Indicator up in the lathe
The Tailstock Drilling Spindle
A dial indicator mounted on an The Drilling Head and Spindle (A)
‘Eclipse’ magnetic base The Drtving Pulley and adapter(B)
Alternative feet for :he indicator The Drilling Spindle in use on the
Dial Indicator mounted on a saddle of the Myford Lathe
surface gauge
Three t&n% of spigot indicator
mountinv
The ind&tor set on the spigot Chapter 27-Soldering, Brazing, etc.
mounting and alter,native mount
for clamping to a lathe tool 1 The Self-blowing blowpipe
Details of the mounting for clamp- Details of the above
ing to the lathe tool : Details of the self-blowing blow
Indirator mounting for the Drum- 4 pipe
mond Lathe Burners suitable for bottled gas
Details of the Drummond Lathe 5 Brazing hearth-Commercial pat-
mounting tern
The internal Attachment for the Brazing hearth for bottled gas
Indicator !: Low pressure rotary blower
Parts of the Internal Attachment ‘,., Set-up for sandbath tempering
tnternal Attachment for side-entr::~ 1.; The electric muffle
indicator The muffle-to show construction
Mounting ior setting dial indicator ’’ Cross-section of material to show
internal attachment in the chuck unhardened and hardened con-
Fine adjustment for the indicator ditions
The ‘Wobbler’
Setting the ‘Wobbler’
Using the indicator to set a boring Chapter 28-Cgmtxessed Air in the
bar
;h$ing a pair of common ‘I- Workhop
The Workshop Compressor
Checking a pair of matching V- :A A small compressor driven by a
blocks low voltage motor
Setting the vertical slide The Seperator
Setting work mounted in the : The Reducing Valve
vertical slide 4 The Reducing Valve in section
5 Diagram of reducing valve to show :
C&apter. 25-Suds Equipment principle of operation
A typical application of the red- ~
1 %npte method of applying cutting u&g valve !
A turbine-driven drilling attach- ~
2 Suds equipment mounted on the ment
lathe An air-driven handpiece with I
The pump Equipment mounting for use in the lathe top
Tirting
: The Faucet slide -
Mist lubrication system 9 A gravity-feed paint gun
i Miniature Mist Lubrication Equip- The suction-feed paint gun
meni it Working parts of a suction-feed
7 Miniature Mist Lubrication Equip- paint gun
ment 12 The combining cone and air jet
centring device
Chrrpter 2&-Lathe Overhead Drives 13 Complete equipment for stove
1 A simple overhead drive unit for enamelling
the Drumtnond Lathe 14 The interior of the enamelling oven
2 ~~~b~~~edrive for the Myford ! Rotary Paint Tables
15A Rotary Paint Table
Figure
6 The Base-type D-Part B
The Base-type M-Part B
i Fixing Bolts~-type D
9 Fixing Bolts-type M
Locking Lever-Part H
E The Parting Tool
The Chamfering Tool
1s Eclipse Blades
E* > Turret for Eclipse Parting Tot .
15 Details of the Turret.
Chapter 3I-Reamers
Parallel reamer
: Adjustable reamer tapped axially
for expander screw
3 Adjustable reamer, slotted to
accept detachable blades
4 Machine reamer
5 Reamer for dressing morse taper
seatings
6 Taper pin reamer
7 Five-sided broach
.._
.-.
XWPTER ?
HE %‘orksh~p :!sejf may take the main ho,use are either in out-
many forms. Lt may be a room in buildings or in purpose-made wooden
the house. it may i-,e an out- sheds of the garden type.
wilding attached to the ;~ouse or it The outbuilding, where availabie, is
nay be compiete!y separate from it probably the better of the two as t!re
ind constructed for the purpose. brick or stone construct,ion makes rnc
Whatever form it takes, the work- heating problem easier, moreoT.‘et-. if
hop needs to be as well lighted as needed, the solid nature of th+: :~*:iiid-
3ossible. both by natural and artificial ing forms an excellent anchorage for
ight, and to have some meaw of the benching.
nes@ng tlx shop dry and warm. The wooden workshop, however,
Where the workshop forms part oT presents more heating problems and,
:he house, the provision of artificial untess erected on a substantial con-
righting presents little iifficulty. The crete platform, is a difficult building to
same ma!’ also be true of the heating equip with benching and machine
rystem. Eut the natural iighting may mounts.
well be inadequate. The natural lighting, however, will
‘, For this reason ail benching and present little difficulty since buildings
machine tools should be iocated as of the garden shed type can be pro-
close to the windows as practicable. vided with plenty of window space.
In cne workshop known to the Moreover, the addition of roof light-
author the workshop is an upstairs ing to a wooden building is quite an
room having a large window embra- easy matter, though care must be
sure with glass on three sides and the taken to see that there is no water
benching is located end-on to the main leakage from any skylight or trans-
glass area. This enables the maximum parent panel used ;or the purpose.
of natural light to be concentrated Artificial lighting for the separate
upon the various machines grouped building wi!l, of course, be supplied
on the benches. from the electrical mains; and elec-
For those contemplating the plan- tricity may also, with advantage, be
aing of an amateur workshop on used to supply the heating.
these lines, a warning must ‘be given; The whole question of electricity in
make sure that the floor joists are the workshop will be discussed later.
strong enough to support the concen-
:rated weight. Any reputable builder Workshop Furniture
would adnse on this point. Failure to Having decided on the most suitable
make certain that the flooring is type of workshop the amateur will
idequate cc&d easily result in a disas- have to consider the furniture needed
:er that would be most unlikeiy to win for it.
applause from the household author- Perhaps the most important item is
ties. the benching. It is not possible to buy
really satisfactory benches so these are
best made for oneself. For the most
Workshops that do not form part of part the free-standing variety are the
14 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOP
cold metai surfaces, and causes rust or ments. In this connection many older
corrosion. readers will doubtless agree that a
The outside workshop, is of course, good gas engine in tl : shop possessed
the most liable to the condensation attributes of companionship never
nuisance. As a first step in getting rid attainable by the electric motor. Be
of it the building needs to be lined, the that as it may the versatility of e!ec-
space between the carcase and the tricity cannot be gainsaid, nor, fur the
lining being packed with an insulating most part, can its reliability be
medium. This will help to maintain an questioned.
ei~en temperature inside the shop and
lessen the volume of the heating re- Lighting
quired to achieve it. The artificial lighting of the workshop
-4 workshop bui” in this way can be is a most important matter, the more
readi$ heated with a low-wattage so when it is the main source of illum-
electrical heater permanently left on ination even in daylight.
or, if thought desirable, fitted with a The m,ast satisfactory method is a
room thermostat to control the mixture of general lighting sup-
system. The temperature range needed plemented by individual lamps where
for both comfort and machine pro- needed. For the former duty, both on
tection is from 60 to 65’F. so that the the score of economy and ellicicncy,
beat input needed is not large. flourescent strip lighting is to be pre-
ferred. Lamps and fittings for t,his pur-
~~gctr~city in the ~~‘~~~sh~~ pose have nowadays been so simpli-
It is now time to consider the whole fied that apart from devising some
question of the use of electricity in the simple way of hanging them up, and
workshop. For many years in the past even this is not always necessary, they
gas was the medium employed for all may begplugged into the mains much
heating ‘iahting and power require- as an ordinary bulb would be.
Incandescent strip lamps are some-
times ia convenience fcr lighting
machine tools. An example is that
shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 where a
lamp of this type with its reflector and
support is seen attached to a Myford
lathe. The maximum power of this
class of lamp is 60 candles, generally
considered sufficient for individual
lighting.
High candle-power incandescent
lamps can be used for general lighting
but these do not provide the level of
light obtainable from flourescent
tubes. They are therefore best kept for
individually illuminating some speci-
fic machine or bench operation.
In industry, the practice of provid-
ing a low-voltage system for lighting
individual machine tools is growing in
Fig. 10.
Spot
drilling
attachment
rHE WORKSHOP 21
titularly if they are to be used for ex- connection on the detachable cover
rended dutl: 3 purpose for which they over the brushes and air is forced
wrfre not originally intended. through the inside of the motor to cool
Cooling of these motors can be it. Both methods are illustrated dia-
achieved in two ways. both needing a grammatically in Fig. 13.
separate smal! motor driven blower of
a type sometimes used for cooling
radi.2 transmitter valves and also to be Motor Internal Connections
obtained on the surplus market. For the most part an electric motor
The simplest method of the two is to consists of two main elements. (1) the
blow air over the outside of the motor. Armature (or Rotor) and (2) the Field
A typical set-up for carrying this out is Magnet. When the motor is intended
seen in the illustration Fig. 12. Here for use with the d.c. supply these
the motor is surrounded by a metal elements are connected together in
case: made from a pair of coffee tins one oftwo ways.
and connected to the blower output. In the first of these the Armature
The case or sleeve is open at one end and field are connected in the manner
whilst the air input is at the opposite seen in the illustration Kg. 14 at A.
end. In this way the coolant is directed This is known as a shunt field. When
along the length ofthe motor. the connections are made in the way
The alternative method is more illustrated at B it is called a series field.
difficult as it involves stripping down Of the motors we have been con-
the motor and drilling a ring of holes sidering those of low power are con-
in the drive-end bearing plate. The air nected internally as shown at (A)
from the blower is thus taken to a whilst those capable of considerable
Fig. 14A. Shunt wound motor Fig. 148. Series wound motor
I
k$ 0B
23
power output for the most part have
their internai connections made in the
manner shown at (hi!. The latter
arrangement will also snabie the
motors to be used ivith an alter-
nating currem supply.
Small 3lt~rn3til?gctirr~:1t machines,
even ii‘ :lV3ii:tblC. :ilT K~tl!~ !lOt >l
~practicai proposition. They possess
littlepouer and tack I-leuibility.
Fig. 15. Reversing switch
~Switching for Small Power n:
Before we lea\~e the sub&F of low- make it for ourselves. The basis of a
voltage e!ectricity a word must be said suitable switch is the design used in
about the switches that will be needed many of the starter switches fitted to
t8 contri>i the direct current motors motor cars. A diagrammatic represen-
emplnyed. tation of the arrangement is given in
For Fhc SlliLiil pixver machines any the illustration Fig. /6.
well nxido switc!i with a 5 amp. rating A switch of this nature consists
w!ilt serve. !n addition some form of firstly of an insulated base carrying a
switch. enabling the motors to be pair of brass quadrants B, and B,. It is
reversed. will be needed. Here. again, further provided with two concentric
the surplus market can often provide serrated brass cups C, and C,, mount-
a solution to the problem. A wiring ed on a plunger D when this is de-
:;diagram showine a typical arrange- pressed the two cups make contact
;ment is given in Kg. !5, with the brass quadrants thus con-
” This illustration depicts a change- nectingthem together electrically. The
,&er switch having its centre poles circuit is broken when the cups are
,connected to the armature of the separated from the quadrants by the
‘motor to be reversed. whilst its field return spring seen surrounding the
,winding is cross-connected to the plunger.
outer poles of the switch. In this way, As a result of the large area of con-
simply by moving the contact blades tact provided by the concentric brass
to one side or other of the outer poles, cups, a switch of this type will handle
the field winding connections are heavy currents without anji detrimen-
reversed in relation to the armature, tal arcing. Moreover, the design pro-
thus aiterina the direction of the I
motor’s rotazon.
oolposts
he standard toolpost supplied with ing tool to be permanently mounted at
te lathe is one admitting a single tool the rear of the cross-slide, and, rapidly
nly. ‘This is a somewhat restrictive brought into use, a facility of great
rrangemenr :hat can be largelv over- value when machining small numbers
>me by substituting, the 4-tooj turret of sim.ilar components.
:en in the illustratton Fig. 3. This Back Toolposts made for light
zcessory is normally a manufacturers lathes usually have a single bolt fixing
apply and is provided with a simple and have means of tool height adjust-
leans of indexing to ensure that tools ment either by packing or by a radially
,111take up their correct station after seated ‘boat’ that supports the tool
te turret has beer, rotated to bring and allows it to be adjusted with
tern successively tcl bear on the work. greater ease,
The turret is designed to admit The Back Toolpost has further
round steel toolbit,s. in the case of the advantages if it can be provided with
lyford lathe. up to 8 in. section. its own turret to hold an additional
In conjunction with the 4-tool tool, such as one for chamfering; the
rrret, or indeed in its absence, the design for a Back Toolpost to hold
ack Toolpost illustrated in Fig. 4 is a two tools will be discus,zd in a later
sefui adjunct since it enables a part- chapter.
Steadies
Steadies to support long and slender
work mounted between centres, or
projecting sSme distance from the
chuck, can be supplied by the lathe
makers but only as additional attach-
ments; the serious user cannot afford
to be without them. There are two
forms of steady, the first illustrated in
Fig. 5 is known as a fixed steady, and is
used to support work projecting from
the lathe headstock. It is fastened to
the lathe bed along which it can be
Centres
Part of the standard equipment pro
vided with a lathe is a pair of centres
These fittings are a survival from thl
earliest days when practically all turn
ing was carried out between centres
Of those supplied, one is hardened
the other left soft. The former fits thl
tailstock whilst the latter is set in tht
headstcok mandrei and can be turner
LATHE 31
,8. Mlaif-centre and female-centre
. 9 end
. SA. The
np centre
THE AMATEUR’S WORKSH(
The Leadscrew
with a centre drill. The faceplate is As might be expected, in lathes mad
now mounted on the lathe mandrel at a competitive price, the Leadscrej
nose and the pump centre inserted in serves to drive the saddle along th
the mandrel bore. The Tailstock with lathe bed both for normal turnin,
ccntre in place is then brought up and purposes as well as for screw-cuttin!
the work y.nped between the two operations. The Leadscrew itself i
centres. It is then a simple matter to driven from the headstock mandre
offer up an angle ptate fixed to the through a train of pick-off gears o
faceplate and to secure both the anale change wheels that may be varied tc
plate and the :vork in perfect align- accommodate the rate of feed require<
ment. When this has been carried out or the pitch of the screw it is desired tc
the faceplate is temporarily removed cut. In addition a device known as the
tumbler gear allows the drive to bc
Fig. 11. The MLlC lathe reversed when needed.
Fig. 12. The ML10 iathe on stand
cabinet stand with its hoiding-down test piece being unsupported by the
bolts in place but not secured. A piece tailstock. A micrometer is then
of round bar material. <i-out 1 in. applied to each collar in turn, and its
diameter and some 10 in. ‘,-mg, is then reading noted. If both readings are
gripped .m the chuck and set to stand identical no further action is needed.
out about 8 in. from thejaws. If on the other hand there is a dis-
The di-i test in&cator is then crepancy this indicates that furthex
brought in:o contai: with the bar and adjustment t I the packing of the foot
maximum ano mic imum readings are at the tailstock end is required. Should
taken by fc~ta:in; the chuck by hand. this be so, and the collar on the outer
The mean 0,”the-: L; readings is next end of the test be the larger, the
estabiished again 0:~ turning, the packing must be placed under the
chuck, and the in&:,::i~tr set to zero at front of the foot. Tfthe collar is smaller
the mean position. insert it under the rear of the foot.
If the holdina-dou. .i bolts are now Readers shouid note that two or three
tightened ar:j; disiortrqjn of the lathe checks may be needed to secure final
bed will be indicated I~,vmovement of accuracy.
the indicator needle. Shim packing
wi?E then need to be +;ed under the Caring for the Lathe
feet of the lathe bed un:il rhe indicator Earlier in the chapter reference has
reads zero when the bolts are fully been made to the proper use of t
secured. lathe. Readers may well think th.is
Having levelled the bed in the way matter that is not only self-evident
described which accords with the scarcely worthy of comment.
makers instructions, a check must be perience has shown however, that,.
made on the accuracy of the setting. the main, the treatment of macho
The procedure is illustrated in the tools leaves much to be desired so
diagram Fig. 15. A test piece, about apology is offered either for referti
1 in. diameter and some 6 in. long is to the matter or for suggesting so
turned and relies-ed in the manner practical ways of ca~ring for a
shown~in order to provide two collars In the first place all
about 3 in. wide. These are each machinery should be cove
machined with the same tool setting not in use; this too has already
taking a cut of about 0.002 in., the stated. The atmosphere general
of dust and the air in the workshop from the Leadscrews and the feed
,ticu!ar!y so; therefore, it is im- screws.
tant to take any. reasonable steps The feed screw-s are usually protec-
reduce the deposit of this possible ted bv their own slides, whilst the
.asive substance on the tools them- manufacturers provide some form of
(es. clip guard foi the leadscrew.
t goes without saying that a lathe But the safeguarding of the lathe
:ds to be regularly lubricated. The bed is a matter for the user himself. A
kers are very defimte about this and chip tray attached to the cross slide is
the most part issue precise instruc- the best solution to the problem, the
ns on the matter. It is most impor- device being on the lines of that shown
t that the mandrel bearings are in Fig. 16 and Fig. 17.
lienished with oil each time the In addition to the chip trays for the
he is used for an extensive run, and protecticn of the saddle the lathe
rt the sleeve bearing of the driving should have some means of prevent-
liey is lubricated as layed dcwn by ing swarf from dropping on to and
: manufacturers. This also applies lodging in the headscrew. Many lathes
:he back gear assembly. are so provided, but for those who do
Many of the other bearings in the not already have them the fitment
he are provided with oil retaining illustrated in Fig. 18 is quite easily
mze bushes. so it is only necessary made from a short length of cycle
lubricate these at infrequent inter- tubing affixed to a lug enabling it to be
s as laid down by the manufac- attached to the lathe saddle. As illus-
ers. trated the Leadscrew guard is suitable
[t is also important to make sure for attachment to the Drummond
it swarf, that is the collection of lathe and this applies also to the chip
:tai particles which are the products trays seen in previous illustrations.
turning operations, is kept away, so The trays may be affixed to the
as is possible, from the surface of saddle in many different ways, but,
: lathe bed and slides as well as because quick detachability for clean-
,. 16. The
p tray-
-7
38 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHC
Saddle Rear’quard
EXT to the lathe the most im- Today the drilling machines most
portant single item of machine suitable to the requirements of the
equipment is the drilling mach- small workshop can really be grouped
ine, Whilst it is of course, perfectly into three main classes. The first a
possib!e to use the lathe for a number light high speed lnachine having a
of drilling operations, indeed some- maximum capacity of d in. The second
times more conveniently, for the most a medium speed machine of # in. or
par: these are more easily and exped- perhaps 4 in. capacity. Whilst the
itious!y performed by means of a third class comprises machines also of
machme specifically made for the interest industrially, with a multi-
purpose. speed range and a maximum capacity
In the past a number of drilling of as much as 1 in.
machines have been designed and Of the first class probably the most
made ready for use by amateurs and successful, because it was specially
others interested in the production of designed for the amateur, is the
light machine components. But for ‘Model Engineer’ drilling machine.
one reason or another m.any of these This drill, designed by E. T. Westbury,
have ceased to be manufactured and who will need no introduction to those
so, for better or worse, are unobtain- already interested in light engineering8
able. is intended to be made in the horn
workshop. The components have al“i
been designed so that they can b
machined on a lathe of 39 in. centr
height, and none of thework present
any real difficulty. A set of detaile
drawings is available and castings ma
be obtained.
-Next in the range of dri!!ing ma& 1
ines suitable for amateur use are tho
illustrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. B
machines are the design of Mes
E. W. Cowell of Watford and are,
part, suitable for making in
amateur workshop. They may
bought as sets of castings with som
the heavier machining already car
out or they may be had as fully fin
ed machines.
The lighter of the two machines h
a capacity of i in. and a three-spee
Fig. 4. Pacera
bench drill
Fig. 5. Pacera
flcor drill
HE DRILLING MACWlNE
ig. 6. Nlounting
lotor below the
ench
ig. 7. Speed
ange device for
%ampion’ drill
Fig. 4. Short
centre belt
drives
BELT DRIVES
JOCKEY PULLEY
Fig. 7. Belt
tensioning method
54 THti AMATEUR’S WORKSHOP
mum distance from the tool to the adjustment has been needed, although
surface of the table is 5 in. The five provision is made for this by fitting the
rates of automatic feed of the travers- sliding members with peel-off shims.
ing slide range from 0.0025 in. to This machine, shown in Fig. 2, is
0.0125 in. and the tool slide swivels massively built to ensure rigidity and a
through 180 degrees. The base mem- caeacity for taking heavy cuts. The
ber of the toolholder can be set over to sliding ram has a stroke adjustable
afford relief OS the idle stroke when from 4 in. to 7 in. and is fitted with a
taking cuts at an angle or on vertical graduated, swivelling tool slide moun-
surfaces. ting a toolholder and clapper-box.
It should be noted that, to reduce The machine table has a height ad-
the cost of installation, the machine justment of 5 in. and a horizontal
can be supplied in the form of a set of travel of 98 in. which is operated
components with all the heavy mach- either by hand, or automatically to
ining completed. together with all provide feeds of from 0.005 in. to
necessary parts and materials. Includ- 0.025 in. in either direction.
ed also are a set of working drawings To prevent tilting of the machine
and full instructions for completing table under the cutting pressure, the
the machine which can be carried out, box-form casting is supported by an
like other Cowel! products, in a 31 in. adjustable, travelling jack-screw.Both
lathe. A machine vice, designed for the tool slide and the traversing table
use with the machine, can be supplied are fitted with index collars graduated
either as castings or in the finished in thousandths of an inch.
form. The ram is driven by a $ horse-
To save working time and unneces- power electric motor at the rate of
sary labour, the Drummond work- from 40 to 170 strokes per minute
shop machine was replaced some through variable gearing incorporat-
years ago by the Acorn Tools power- ing a V-belt drive. Ball and needle-
driven shaping machine, which has railer bearings are fitted to carry the
proved in every way satisfactory both~ driving shafts. and ample means of
with regard to its accuracy and free- lubrication are provided for the work-
dom from wear. In fact, despite much ing parts.
of the heavy work undertaken, no Aswivelling machine vice is secured
U
o be particularly applicable to shap-
ng processes and to mount them in a &APPER BOX /
vood block so that they are readily JSSEMBLY
lvailabie for use.
shaper using a short piece of hacksaw
blade mounted in a holder that may be
vlention has alreadv been made of the set in the tool post. It is obviously of
,pecial tool for cmting internal key- importance that the saw is upright in
(ays in the shaping machine. This relation to the work; this provision
)tece of equipment is seen in action in can, of course, be assured by testing
rig. 8. It is important to note that the set-up with a small square mounted on
001 must be pulled through the work, the machine table or the vice.
herefore the clapper box has to be
ocked so that the shaper can cut on Fig. 8. Cutting an internal keyway
he back stroke.
It is sometimes necessary to make
m accurate saw cut in some particular
:omponent. For want of a milling
nachine this is often possible in the
DRiW ? -i / cnoss.
61
little consideration will show that
much of the effective capacity of a
small machine can be reduced by
fitting to it a vice that is too P~igh.
Reputable rnak=r L,oi machine tools
manufacture the vices fitted to them.
It can be assumed, therefore, that the
equipment they supply is suitable and
is also accurate.
Under these circumstances, ihere-
fore, it may not be considered neces-
sary to check the vice supplied. On the
other hand, if equipment is purchased
from a source other than that of the
machine tool maker himself, or has
been bought at second-hand, then it is
worthwhile applying some simple tests
to it before putting the equipment into
use.
In the case of the machine vice there
: are three principal points to watch for.
These are depicted in the illustration
Fig. 2 where a vice having these major
errors is shown.
, In our illustration the standingjawA,
: that is the one integral with the main
casting, is out ofsquare withthe baseC.
L The moving jawB is loose on its slide
I and will ride up when it engages the
: work. Though not shown in the illus-
I rraiion the face of this jaw may not be
r truly parallel with that of the standing
: jaw. In passing it may be worth noting
that one particular design of vice over-
: comes the last two difficulties by pro-
- viding the moving jaw with some
, means of clamping it to the base once
. it has made contact with the work.
6. The collet
:k
‘n the first and last jaw. A look at precision lathes a third form of chuck
jaw numbers will now confirm is commonly used. This is the toilet
ther the sequence is 1, 2, 3 or chuck illustrated in Fig. 6. Essentially
rwise; and a note made for future this chuck is a tube split three or more
ways for part of its length and furnish-
nce chucks tend to operate in an ed with an angular nose so that, when
where swarf and metal particles the chuck is drawn into the hollow
xesent> it follows that some of this mandrel of a lathe having a corres-
anted material may find its way ponding internal cone, it will contract
the scroll and on to the back of and grip work placed within it.
:huckjaws. Before changing jaws, Collet chucks are made to a high
efore, all swarf and metal dust degree of precision enabling work to
t be removed either with a brush, be removed and repla~ced with the
referably with an airblast used in- certainty that it will run true. These
gently, to ensure that both the chucks are particularly suitable for use
111and jaws are clean before re- in connection withinstrument work of
,mbly. all kinds and watch and clock making
othIndependent and Self centring in particular. In watchmakers and
cks are fitted to the mandrel nose instrument lathes the closure of the
mgh the medium of a backplate. chuck is effected by a draw-in spindle
plate is screwed to the mandrel consisting of a hollow tube having an
is machined with a register en- internal thread at one end engaging a
ing the complementary recess at corresponding thread on the co!let,
back of the chuck. We shall be and a hand-wheel at the opposite end
ling further with this matter later allowing the lathe worker to operate
:n the fitting ofchucks is discussed. the collet. The arrangement is illus-
trated in Fig. 7.
: Collet Chuck For the newcomer three types of
watchmakers lathes and most collet are of interest. These are illus-
3rd
68 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHI
ldrical work ~which it is ground or the chuck can be set to accept very
ied out to rake.’ small drills without difficulty.
DViOtisi\~. ihell . if ;~recision is the
one must not expect the coliot or Fig. 10. Myford coliet closer and
less Chucks
:less chucks are principally used in
taiistock ofthe tathe to hold centre
other drills. An example of the
less chuck is the Rlbrecht referred
n Chapter III. Albrecht chucks
e great holding power and are ob-
.able in a wide range of capacities
to a maximum of 3 in. diameter.
: smallest of these chucks has a CLOSER EXTRACTOR
timum capacity of I$ in. and is
vided with an index collar so that
70 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSI
Stub Mandrels
A common method of assuring
zoncentricity in components is to
machine them on a stub mandrel, or
‘bung’ to give it its colloquial name.
These mandrels are made from short Fig. 2. The La Count Expanding
mandrel
lengths of mild steel gripped, for
preference, in the four-jaw indepen-
dent chuck so that they can be
machined accurately and reset bv
means of the dial indicator when it is
necessary to use them again.
Usually the work is held by friction
anly so the mandr.els take the form
illustrated in F;i’g.3 at A and D. Never-
theless, there are times when it is
expedient that the work should be
secured more positively while at the
same time being easily removed and
replaced when repetitive machining is
required. It is then that the mandrels
jeer1 at B and C are employed. The
work is made a firm push fit on the
device and is secured by a nut as seen
in the illustration. These mandrels are Fig. 3. Stub mandrels
useful, not only for machining work in
the lathe, but also for handling work
For milling purposes. Fig. 4. Mandrels for holding washers
A somewhat novel device is that
depicted in the illustration Fig. 4. This
was produced in order to hold pressed- Fig. 5. Mandrels for holding washers
steel washers so that they can be
machined to an acceptable standard.
The washers are held by the bore and
are forced against the face of the
Body A by means of the threaded taper
mandrel B. The parts comprising
16 THE AMATEbX’S WORKSHOP
Fig. 6. Details of
the mandrel for
holding washers
4NDRELS
T one iime the material for the holders intended for a similar method
making of the tools used in the of mounting.
lathe and other machines was There are many forms of lathe tool,
aimost exciusiveiy Carbon Steel, a and for these readers are referred to
metal that could be formed, hardened, the book Shaping Machine and Lathe
and tempered by the operative him- Tools published by Model and Allied
self. But as the metals to be worked Publications.
became harder and tougher, and the However, the essential tools are few
machining rates faster. the tool steels and comprise those for turning. bor-
had to be improv~ed. This requirement ing, screw cutting and parting off.
led to the production of high-speed
steels of ditferent specifications, very Front Tool
satisfactory from the machining stand
There are two forms oftool commonly
point, but difficult for the operative to
used for turning the surface of cylin-
handle by himself when hardening had
drical work. The first of these is the
to be carried out. The heat treatment
Front Roughing Tool illustrated in
ofcarbon steel is a comparatively easy
Fig. 1.
process needing the simplest of
This tool is ground to the rake and
equipment that will be described in
clearance angles shown in the illus-
Chapter 25. Not so the hardening
tration, and the point is slightly
and tempering of the high-speed
rounded, the amount of rounding
steels. These require more compli-
being increased if the tool is required
cated apparatus inciuding, for the
for finishing purposes.
mos: Dart, equipment that can meas-
The direction offeed is from right to
ure very closely the temperatures in
left as shown by the arrows, that is ta
the heat treatment furnaces.
say the tool cuts towards the head-
As a result more and more of the
stock.
steel manufacturers tended to fully
finish the materials supplied by them
Fig. 1. The front roughing tool
and so. today, we have available
hardened and tempered tool bits that
are ground ail over. These need only
grinding to shape before they are set
in the lathe top slide. See Fig. IA.
In addition some manufacturers
can supply. in the finished condition,
boring tools and form tools for screw
cutting needing only sharpening when
the occasion arises, matters that will
receive attention in a later chapter.
These special tool bits are intended
for mounting directly in the lathe
under the top slide tool clamp or
alternatively, in specially designed
4THE TOOLS 79
0A
ig. 2A 83 25. The
nife tool
08
.nife Tool the tool has a slight land ground upon
‘he second.and perhaps the most im- it. This tool is illustrated in Fig. ,?A
ortant tool is that depicted in the and can be used for both roughing and
lustration Fig. ZA and B. This is the finishing cuts imparting a sharp
Knife Tool, more commonly used, for corner to any shoulders. When these
ie most part, than any other. It may need to be rounded the tool is given
e employed both for sliding and sur- the form shown in Fig. 2B.
icing and so is able to machine any
arts that need shouldering IS well as The Boring Tool
uning on their outrr su&ces. In There are several forms of boring tool,,
rder to ensure that the finish impart- some are one-piece, others are boring
:d to the work is smooth the end of bars having hardened tool bits mount-
ig. 1A.
80 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHO
Figs. 3 and 38
Boring tools
81
is that most commonly employed. It A Rack and Stand for Lathe Tools
should perhaps be.potnted out that It is sometimes convenient to hs
much abrasiv~e dust IS produced by the those lathe tools commonly USI
wheel-truing process. so the location grouped together and close to hat
of the grinding machine should be as The stand illustrated in Fig. 17 sho
far away as possible from any machine a rack for the tools together wit1
tools. Otherwise the tools must be table to support small containers :
covered up whi!st the process is being cutting oil and such measuring equ
carried out. ment that may be in immediate use.
A_DJUSTMENT
mu
88 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHO
flat
st raiqhi
rk
hol!ow
straight
TOOL POST
\
0C
When a knurled surface of soml
length has to be produced the whee
holder must be set at a slight angle tc
Fig. 50. Straddle knurling tool for 3f the axis of the work. An angle of soml
Drummond lathe 5 degrees is recommended, the pur
pose being to ensure a uniforn
When this has been done the knurls pattern. This is particularly importan
are engaged to straddle the work, when forming a straight knurl when
making contact with at most 6 in. of the pattern must be perfectly paralle
the surface. The knurls are then to the work axis. If the wheels are se
tightened and the work turned by square with the centre line of the work
hand for a few revolutions. there is then a tendency for metal to bc
thrown up in front of them, and the!
Fig. 12. Straddle knurling tool for 3& will not then follow a straight tours
Drummond lathe but will be deflected; the- resultir
KNURLING 91
1. Mounting Work Between Centres portion as well. .As a result, the rela-
It is not ihe purpose of this book to go tive positions of the two become
into the detail of elementary lathe progressively shorter and shorter till
practice. This has been fully covered a condition IS reached when. as depic-
in Begiilners’ F’orkshop. On the ted in F;<y. I at ‘C’, the lathecentre will
other hand there are certain processes not seat properly because its point is
or parts of them that need fuller in contact vvith the bottom ofthe hole.
co\rrage. The first of these is the We make no apology for calling the
n>;ltter of mounting work between attention of readers to this defect: we
ccntres. in c>rder to do so the work haveencountered it so often.
it~~lt‘ h;rs 11’)be drilled so that it may When drilling for centres it often
accept the lathe centres as most happens that the work itself is too
readers will be aware. This drilling is large 10 be passed into the hollow
perfc. rmed with a special tool known mandrel of the lathe. It must then be
as a cczntrs-drill that provides a seating supported by the fixed steady in the
for the centre of the shape shown in manner illustrated in I-‘ig. 2. Work
the cross-section Ei’g. I at A. The mounted between centres is driven
centre then engages this seating cor- through a lathe dog bolted to the
rcctly as seen at B. From time to time, driver plate attached to the mandrel.
however. the centre drill needs re- In the absence of a forked lathe
sharpening, but all the operative him- carrier. though these are rendi!y made
self can do in this respect is to grind in the workshop. the standard form of
the point of the pilot portion only carrier should be wired to the doe in
since he has not the necessary equip- the manner seen in the illustration
ment to sharpen the 60 degree cone P;,c. 3. This will prevent the carrier
knockin,g against the lathe dog during
Fig. ‘I. Thecentredrill the turntng operation.
dog
g, 7. Using
e D-bit
Fig. 8D.
Relief
iTHE OPERATIOXS 9-l
be used for through-boring duties Fig. 10. Boring tools with detachable
hiist the second iocation allows the cutters
,ol to project when a blind hole has jig, the detaiis of which are given in
Ibe machined. Fig. l/A in order to drill the cutter
the detzi!s of the dec~ice will be seating holes successful!y.
ear from ths iiiustraticns where it Naturally, when boring a hole, the
ill be seen that the hc?!low bar ‘A’ is
object ofthe procedure employed is to
-otided with a cross-drilled thimble produce one that is both round and
)‘ and that the tooi bit passes through parallel. And in this the shape of the
oth these parts. The tool is secured tool itself has a large bearing. If the
q the push rod ‘C’ pressure being
illustration Fig. I2 is examined the
apiicd by the loch screw ‘0’. correct and incorrect tool shapes will
Making the equipment is not a b e seen, and from this examination it
ificu!t operation hut it is absolutely
ecessary to make and us2 a simple Fig. 11. Boring bars for small tools
6B d
C
98 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSIK
[WRONC]
3 OPERATIONS 99
OVERHANG TOO
I- 1
MINIMUM
GRLAT
14. Tool
,ppressure
t and
w
THE AMATEUR’S WORKSH
1” _ r
2
<
/
driver
plate
CONNECTING LINK
LEVER ’
ATHE
THE OPERATIONS 103
int care being taken to turn the done in a vertical slotting machine, it
he backwards by hand in order to is perfectly possible to accomplish the
tain a maximum reading. task successfully in the lathe. Fig. 23
In cases where the tool projects too depicts a gear wheel being key-wayed.
for a direct reading to be taken, The cutter used is a parting tool
, measured with the aid of a mounted upon its side and packed to
ter, must be interposed be- ensure that it is central with the work.
e boring bar and the indicator To form the keyway the lathe saddle
to set it to zero. The measure- can be racked backwards and for-
’ is then the thickness ‘t’ ofthe
of the wards whilst the tool is fed into the
ing, plus the reading obtained work taking cuts of about 0.001 in. to
the dial test indicator itself, as 0.002 in. at a time by means of the
epicted in the iihistration Fig. 22. cross-slide. Using the saddle however,
continuously in this way is not
Cutting Internal Keyways desirable. It is better to lock the
hen making certain parts in the saddle, thus avoiding local wear on
mall workshop it is sometimes neces- the lathe bed, and move the top slide
ary to cut internal keyways. Though by means of a lever system clamped
s is work that, in a large commer- to the lathe bed itself, as illustrated
1 undertaking, would normally be in Fig. 24.
CHAPTER 12
/ \l
1. Turning with the Top-slide Set Over Fig. 6A. Using the protractor for an
Much of the work the lathe operator actual job
.s called on to perform consists in the
machining of short tapers whose
length is within the range of the top-
;lide’s travel. For this reason the
inclination required is most con-
veniently obtained by setting over the
top-slide itself. Most lathes have the
base of the slide engraved in degrees
and with a zero or line incised on the Fig. 7. Machining male and female
face of the cross-slide. The top-slide cones
may thus be set directly to the angle
required. For a lathe not so equipped, these two reference faces is achieved.
or where there may be some doubt as When set the top slide is used to
to the accuracy of the engraving, the machine male tapers, but the same
procedure deptcted in the ilfustration setting can be used for the turning of
Figs. 6 and 64 should be employed. corresponding female cones provided
Here? as will be seen, the top slide is the turning tool is used inverted as
removed from its base and a protrac- shown in the diagram Fig. 7. A word
tor, set to the angle required, has its of warning, however, must be uttered
blade applied to the base, a parallel in relation to this and other turning
test bar being interposed for the pur- operations; at all times the tool point
nose. The base of the protractor en- must be on the centre line of the work
;ages the faceplate and the top slide or it will be impossible to machine an
s adjusted until coincidence with accurate taper.
108 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOF’
6. Calculating Tapers
TOP SLIDE- The amount of taper on a given par’
may be expressed in two ways. In the
Fiy. 8. Dial test indicator used to set first the amount ofTaper per foot is the
taper. standard used whilst in the second the
cone angle of the part itself is stated
5. Setting Tapers with the The first method applied, for the mos
id Test Indicator part, to long slow ta.pers, whilst thl
The Dial Test Indicator may also be second is used in connection with shor
used to set the top slide at the correct components of a comparatively quicl
inclination for a given piece of work. taper.
A good example of the method em- However, this may be in the fina
ployed is that illustrated in Fig. 8. analysis the operator needs to know tl
Here we see a Morse Taper centre set what extent he must set over his tail
up in the lathe so that the top slide stock or deflect the top slide in order tl
may be adjusted to enable a replica of be able to machine the taper required
the taper to be machined accurately. This involves a simple trigonometrica
The centre is supported at one end calculation the working out of whit:
by the tailstock and at the other in a will provide the set-over angle h
female centre drilled accurately in a needs. In Fig. 9 this matter is depictel
piece of material gripped in the chuck. in diagrammatic form.
A dial test indicator fitted with an In the diagram ‘x’ is the angle re
‘elephants foot’ or flat anvil is then
applied to the centre and the top slide quired. The value of this angle is
base adjusted until a’zero reading is
recorded by the indicator when the A-B
top slide itselfismoved along the base. = tan x where a = -andbisth
Once the top slide has been set and 2
ADJUSTING
COPPER LAP
112 THE AMAYEL’R’S
WORKSHOP
work. The tool used is an expanding ing’ the part is, in the main, eliminated,
lap similar to that depicted in the because the work floats on the lap and
illustration Fig. 2. The shaft of the is not subjected to constraint in any
contrivance is held iu the lathe chuck direction.
and has a tapered seating for the However, when the component i:
lapping head which is driven up the too large to be held in the hand it mus’
taper in order to expand it. Naturally, be mounted in the chuck whilst the laf
only light taps vviih a ravv-hide mallet is supported by the tailstock. On nc
are needed to obtain any expansion account must the lap be held rigidl!
required. but be carried flexibly in the marine’
A somewhat more sensitive lapping depicted in the diagram Fig. 4.
instrument is the Boyar-Schulze lap The rubber hose used should be o
iilustra,ted in Fig. 3. the canvas-impregnated variety, suBi
As with the adjustab!e lap just des- ciently strong to resist the toque o
cribed, the Boyar-Schulze has a steel the lap but flexible enough to iniposl
shank split longttudinaliy and furnish- no restraint on the lap. In this way thl
ed with an adjusting screw to expand tool will follow the line of the worl
the copper lap surrounding the head of and not be pushed sideways, with ;
the shank. The lap is made from sheet result that the bore may become bell
copper, perforated to hold the abras- mounted.
ive compound. and three copper Copper laps ofthe type illustrated il
heads are provided with each tool. Fig. 3 are not difficult to make. Th
The user is thus able to keep a separate copper head is readily rolled up fror
head for each of three grades of sheet material after drilling the per
abrasive,~an essential condition for the forations and dressing away all burr!
finest work. Copper sheet of 24 s.w.g. will do wel
Internal lapping is commonly un- A lip must first be turned up to preven
dertaken with w-ork held in the hand.
By this means the risk of ‘bell mount- Fig. 4. Mounting the lap in the lath
RUBBER SLEEVE
\ /
TAILSTOCK CHUCK
A?PING 113
he lap turning in use after which the Wood laps for internal work are
olled up copper head is passed usually made from dowelling, split
hrough a hole, or a series of holes if axially for a short distance and ex-
.ecessary. to size it. panded by card or ‘wooden wedges’.
No great pressure is needed, the work
being run at a fast speed.
,apping Compounds The subject of lapping is an exten-
“he production of lapping com- sive one; so it is only possible to
bounds is a specialist matter and not sketch in an outline here. The choice
.lI makers of abrasives undertake it. of the correct compound for the work
-he abrasive used is. for the most part, in hand is of the utmost importance,
tither aluminium oxide or silicon car- but here again it has been possible
ride held in suspension either in oil or only to deal in generalities. Readers
vater, and in some instances in are therefore advised to consult
grease. abrasive manufacturers who are al-
,Many grades are available ranging ways ready to provide help and
ram 90 to 700 grit size. For the advice.
najority of work in the small work-
,hop the finest grades will suffice;
here is usually littie metal to remove Protection of IMachines when Lapping
md time is not a significant factor. For Reference has already been made to
,his reason a compound of 500 grit the necessity of protecting the lathe
:an be used initially followed by one and any other machines used in
If 700 to polish the work surface. lapping operations.
The first compound can wel! be oil When the lathe is employed all
>ound while the polishing agent is a slides must be kept covered, prefer-
Mater-suspended mix; and it goes ably with rags held iii place by some of
without saying that both the lap the small permar.ent magnets avail-
:arrier and the work need to be able at most tool shops, a covering of
:horoughly cleaned when changing newspaper over the rag helping to en-
iom one type of compound to sure that any excess of lapping com-
mother. In addition the lap itself pound does not penetrate through to
seeds to be replaced or the residual the lathe bed itself.
:oarser compounds will .inhibit the The bore of the chuck must be well
aolishing ofthe work surface. stuffed with newsprint or rag, the
Final polishing is commonly carried work, where possible, being held in
aut with laps made of white woo ;, the jaws away from the scroll so that
ihose for external work being held in rag may be introduced to protect it.
the hand, followed by a cloth or felt The tailstock, and the lever feed
pad. mechanism necessary to make the
1 t A
i I-1 THE AMATEUR’SWORKSHOI
best use of the tailslcck, scarcely need piece of newspaper placed over th
much protection as all the mechanism table before any work is secured to i
is weil away from the area in which the where necessary.
co!npolund is hei.?g emp!oyed. A rag >v.~orcci~cr, ~vs,~~LcrL
tscrk has to Ia
thrown over the taiistock, however, held in the hands, for the most part
will do much to minimise the in- the spindlecan be locked against verti
advertent introduction of abrasive cal movement, the work table swun,
carried on the hands of the operator. away, and any excess !apping corn
The drilling machine is a very suit- pound can then fall on to rag or news
able machine in which to carry out paper placed onthe bench.
lapping operations. It has all the An old pair of gloves should be kep
necessary mechanism for executing to protect the hands during the proces
the rectprocating motion of the of lapping and kept with the equip
spindle carrying the lap; in addition ment used, whilst all paper or rag usec
the protection of the table presents no to protect the machines is burn
problems as this can be solved by a directly the operation has ended.
APTER 14
r\
ADJUST BUTTON ON SLIP TURN THROUGH 90 DEGS
AND ADJUST THEN LOCK
PUTTON C D
h
LOCK SECOND -- BUTTON
WUEN MICROMETER
READS I ,250”
CD-
0
r I-
- L
ILMAKERS BUTTONS 117
Two holes are then drilled, No. 32 adjust the button in. the manner de-
II, and tapped 4 BA to accept the uicted in I%. 3F. When this has been
2ws that secure the buttons. The hone the button is locked in place, and
t of these is then mounted as shown the work removed to the lathe so that
?g. 38. With the button in place the it can be set up on the facep!ate.
rk is removed to the surface plate The longest of the pair of buttons is
1 stood on its edge. A parallel slip the first to be set running true, using a
!50 in, square is then placed under dial indicator in the manner described
button which is tapped down until earlier. When this has been done the
ttact is made with the slip Fig. 3C. button is removed and the work drill-
xt, the work is turned ?hrough 90 ed and bored to whatever size is
;rees and the button again tapped necessary. The second button is then
o contact with the slip. When thus set to run true and the procedure for
j been made the securing screw is drilling and boring repeated.
ally tightened Fig-. 30. It must be emphasised that the
The second and !onger button is example given is only one of the many
w placed on the work and th.e pro- ways of employing toolmakers but-
lure used to set the first button is tons. In a book Marking Ofj’Practice,
.ployed ?o ensure that both buttons once published by Percival Marshall
on the same centre line Fig, 3E. 8c Co., the subject of these buttons
It now only remains to ensure that was extensively covered. It is suggest-
: buttons he at the correct distance ed that any readers who may need
art. Since the second button is now further information should enquire of
ly held friction&y and can still be local libraries if a copy of the book is
)ved, a micrometer can be used to still available.
CHAPTER, 15
HE use of the lathe for carrying work here is the fitting of a chimr
out milling operations has been base to a locomotive boiler; the c
well understood and practiced vature of the mating face of t
for many years, Indeed, the eariiest chimney skirt must agree exactly w
milling machines were, in the main, the curved surface of the boiler its
lathes adapted for the purpose. so the chimney must be machined
The range of work possible is con- the boiler curvature.
siderab!e. varying from the cutting of A boring bar with the cutter po:
key-ways to the machining of gear set at the correct radius will suffice 1
wheels. Obviously, the magnitude of this class of work; but, for flat surf;
these operations is dependent upon ing, more rigid equiprnent is require
the size of the lathe employed; and it is The simplest device for carrying t
well, in this connection, to remember flycutter !s that illustrated in Fig. I.
that only the utmost rigidity will result It consists of a Hea,d ‘A’ carried
in satisfactory work. a Shank ‘B’ capable of being held
Almost ali specialised milling is the chuck of the lathe. Two seatir
dependent upon clutters produced are provided for the cutter; a
commeicia~lq.; i~iesz liaLuraiiy requ)re paraiiei to the axis of the device, 1
resharpening from time to time and other at some 45 degrees to it. T
this involves the use of equipment not seatings are round in order to acco
normally available to the amateur. modate the circular section hii
For this reason, where applicable, the speed steel bits that are available
process of flycutting is employed as well as si!ver steel cutters that can
this method avoids the use of special- made for oneself.
ised cutters and the attendant difficul- The amount of material that m
ty of re-sharpening. be removed at a singfe pass deper
very naturally on th.e class of me
Flycutting being machined; in the case of lig
alloy and brass and using a lathe
Flycutting is the operation used in the
34 in. centre height, 0.050 in. is quit
lathe for producing machined surfaces
on work held stationary while mount-
on either the cross-slide or top-slide.
Flat surfaces are obtained by rotating
a single-point cutter mounted in an
attachment that may be either held in
the self-centring chuck or bolted to
the faceplate. Curved work, and this
is, of course, confined to concave
surfaces, is produced by a cutter
mounted in a bar normally rotating
between centres. A typical piece of
.- ._.__....__ ,V
When established, the dimension is now more commonly used. Both the
‘C’ becomes a constant for the partic- end mill and the slot drill illustrate<
ular latlre being measured. It is then a need to be centrally mounted if the:
simple matter to calcc!ate ‘t’ the are to perform m a satisfactor!
amount of packing needed to mount manner.
the work truly on the lathe centre line. For many operations it will bl
sufficient to hold these cutters in thl
self-centring chuck; but for work sucl
~~oontiog Work on the Cross Slide as the cutting of keyways a little
Work may also be mounted on the consideration will show that unless thl
cross slide. Location of work in this slot drill turns quite truly the keywa!
way has the advantage of securing the will be machined oversize. The sim
maximum rigidity possible in the plest way to ensure the necessav
circumstances. Flycutting is best accuracy is to hold the cutter in the
carried out when the work is bolted 4-jaw independent chuck. In this wa!
to the dross slide. the more so when it will be possible to use a dial tes
the area of the work is considerable. indicator to test the truth of the slo
After marking off, setting the work drill’s rotation.
for machining will, for the most part, When cutting keyways the worl
be a matter of using the surface gauge should be fed to the cutter in onr
to ensure that the job is correctly direction rr!;, otherwise the keywa!
aligned. Again, recourse may have to may be made oversize. In addition :
be had to the dial test indicator to en- start should be provided for the cutte:
sure that the work is square with the by drilling a pilot hole to the fulldeptl
axis of the cutter. of the finished keyway. The pilot dril
should be some 0.015 in. smaller thar
Using End-mills the slot drill in order to secure a gooc
The End Mill illustrated in Fig. 6 is finish to the work.
commonly used for a variety of pur-
poses such as the forming of hexagons Using Circular Saws
and squares on small machined Circular saws are used in milling for 2
details. This type of cutter is also variety of purposes. In the lathe they
sometimes employed for cutting seat- can be used for slotting screws, foi
ings for rectangular keys. Though the slitting the collars employed in shaf
Slot Drill, a variant having two cut- location or for cutting the slots ir
ting lips on!y and iliustrated in Fig. 7, collet chucks.
‘ILLING IN THE LATHE 123
:ig. 8A.
iupporting a
staggered
:ooth side and
‘ace cutter by
nears of the
‘ixed steady
124 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOP
Verticals Slides
The range of work that may be carried
Fig. 10. Machining keyways out by milling in the lathe is greatly
extended by the use of fitments known
as vertical or milling slides. These are,
in effect, angle plates capable of being
bolted to the cross slide but having
one face, the vertical face, able to be
moved under the control of a feed
screw, in this way work attached to
the vertical face, either by being bolted
directly to it or held in a small machine
vice attached to the slide, may be set
in the correct position relative to the
cutter itself. A typical example is the
cutting of the seatings for Woodru
keys depicted in Fig. IO.
Two forms of vertical slide are1
available; the first a plain slide with!
vertical movement only, the second a
compound s!ide where both the slide
itse!f and its base can be rotated on
their own axes through 360 degrees. A
vertical slide of the second category
finds application in the cutting bevel
gears where the gear l?ank needs to be
LLING IN THE LATHE 125
g. 13A.
sing the
lyford
ividing head
standard Myford Collets can be used
as well as any peg-mounted drill
chucks that are available.
An alternative milling attachment
is illustrated in Fig. 16. Here a com-
mercially made milling spindle and its
driving motor are seen both mounted
together on a vertical slide so that only
a single short endless rubber dri\-ing
belt is needed. This particular attach-
An alternati\.e to using the lathe htad- ment runs at a high speed and is suit-
stock for driving milling cutters is the able for use with cutters up to a
independenti) driven milling attach- maximum diameter of + in. The
ment as iliustrated in Fig. 14. The spindle of the attachment is bored
device is intended for mounting on a No. 1 Morse Taper and is drilled for a
milling siide and is fitted with back draw rod enabling cutters with taper
gear so hi milling saws may be used shanks to be mounted securely.
and run to ihe best advantage. It is
driven either from the lathe overhead Driving Milling Attachments
or from a dwarf countershaft and Milling attachments of one form or
low-vo!ta,re eiectric motor attached to another have been known for many
?he end ofthe cross slide. years and the method of driAng them
The spindie nose of the attachment has been the overhead lathe counter-
ISthe same as that used on the mandrel shaft of more or less complicated
of the MJford ML 7 lathe: in addition layout. The problem, here, is the
?he spindle itself is drilled axially and provision of a drive that will allow the
is bored F;o. 2 Morse Taper so that milling attachment to be used any-
.ING IN THE LATHE
12 VOLT ELECTRIC
MOTOR \
GEAR WHEEi
128 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHC
~Om~OO~~ ividing
b’e come now to a more advanced
nethcJ of using change wheels for
iividing. ‘This employs a train of
yheels and is used when a single wheel
;,not availab!e. Let us suppose that it
s necessarv to divide a piece of work
nto 100 diCisions: a common enough
Fig. 6. Section o.f spring loaded
equirement, by the wny, when mak-
detent
ng a feed s!crew index. If a wheel hav-
ng 100 teeth was to hand no problem
Fig. 4. Simple push-in detent
vould arise since the detent could be
tsed on every tooth space. For the
nost part, however, a 50-tooth wheel
vould have to be employed, this being
he wheel normally supplied in the
rthe change wheel set.
The set-up may oe written down
ithmetically as:
1x40 2000
-- equals ~ equa~ls 100 divis-
20 20
Eliininating B:xk:ash
‘heel Moenting
I the Lathe mandrel
‘hen dividing from a single wheel,
id to a lesser degree when a train of
heels is in use. back!ash 1’7~; t\e
hninated if the wheel can be. Inoun -
Ldirect!y ok- the tail of the mandrt I
;elf. This is most convenientti
zcomplished by. makirg use of an
;yandingextenstonofthe typeshown Fig, 13. Parts of the detent bracket
Fig. 10where a device destgned and Fig. 10. Mandrel extension ,lor the
.ade for the Myford ML 7 lathe is ML7
ustrated. The extension fits intcj the
td of the mandrel and is expanded by
tapered bolt so that it grips the
.andrel. At the same time the change
heel mounted on the outer end of the
[tension is firmly held in place as a
:sult of its own seating being also
:ovided with means of expansion.
letai!s of the device are given in
ig. 11.
A detent can now be made to en-
ige a change wheel so mounted as
:en in the illustration Fig. I2 where it
ill. also be apparent that a special
xture is needed to carry the detent.
ig. 11. Details of the mandrel
xtension
THE AMATEUR’S WORKXO
SOLEPLATE
TAP 1/4*BSF
‘IDING 1N THE LP.THE 135
.pose for the fry good reason that required. Suchan arrangement is rigid
number of their teeth is unsuitable and simple to use and is illustrated in
e 34 in. l?‘rummond laths, for which Fig. 16. If theedrilled holes are num-
siTpie detent depicted in the illus- bered from 1 to 12 indexing will be
tion Fig. 15 was made, has 66 teeth made the easier because it will not be
the bull wheel so it is only possible necessary to actually mark the holes
use it for hexagons or two flats needed for any particular dividing
.metrica!ly opposite to each other. operation. For example, when form-
Simple indexing, for the most part, ing a square needing four divisions the
lsists. .: has been stated, in divid- detent will engage number I, number
; work .:o two, four or six divis- 3, number 6 and number 9 holes
IS. One <il. of providing for this is successively and these figures can
drillin? ,I ring of equally spaced readily be memorised.
Its in th.- chuck backplate. A detent An alternative to this arrangement
ty t!~lcn t,*‘ bk?ited r.t some conven- is the drilling of the face of the bull
It IL,:ation :.c engage the holes as wheel itself as seen in Fig. 17. This
TAPl/4*BSF ydl3SF --
136 THE AMATEUR’SWORKSHO
DETENT
&ERE
TO LOCK .WOPM
i
TAPBBA
DRILL No 34
‘ti CSNK~ ON UNDER -
SIOE FOR6EBiyA..
THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHO
i!g. 7. Diagram
‘f above
to ensure that the dividing ope-;tion indicator on the lathe bed and using
remains in step. to measure the milvement of t
- - saddle under the control of the ind
wheei. A series of consecutive me;
urements shoul~d be taken setting t
I’ / I indicator to zero be:ween each rnol
ment of the wheel. The set up is ilIt
0.262 trated in Fig. IZA.
Cl.224
0.194
18 0.175 The Rotary Table
0,157 The last device for dividing we have
;; 0.143
24 0.131
consider is the Rotxy Table. Thou
26 0.121 not strictly of prime use on the latl
being intended a.s an accessory to t
61) milling machine, under certain cc
60
0.087 i 45
ditions it neve:!heless, may find e:
40 I 0.079 I 60 ployment there and so merits SOI
i attention.
Its basic mechanism is simp
When the wheel train has been set consisting of a casting carrying t
up it is as well to check it. This is work table and a set of bearings
readily carried out by mounting a diai support ,the worm which engages
worm wh,eel forming part cf the wo
Fig. 14. Set-up for erlgraving on the
rotarytable
table. The worm shaft is provided WI
a hand wheel for operational purpo:
ROfARY
TABLE and both it and the table may
l--l? /----- locked against rotation under load.
The rim of the table is calibrat
and is engraved with a scale ofdegrel
The main casting carries a zero pla
and in some instances a vernier
enable the finer angular measul
ments to be made. Additionally t
operating hand-wheel is sometim
ENGRAVINGS -
engraved with a scale, a developme
that somewhat simplifies the maki
r- ofaccurate measurement.
DIVIDING 147
The surface of the table is crossed needed, these movements being deter-
with T-siots so that the work may be mined by dividing the figure of 360
secured to it by means of bolts en- degrees by the number of faces
gaging theT-slots. desired.
The centre of the table is bored
accurately so tha in addition to ‘a
dead centre’ plugs or bungs may be Engraving a Protractor
used to centralise work or even, jn An example of the c!ass of work that
some instances. to mount it. can be carried out with a Rotary T~able
In dividing work it will be apparent when mounted in the lathe is the pro-
rh,at a!1 measurements are made in tractor. In order to engrave it the
degrees or parts of them, this enables rotary table is secured to the lathe
dividing to be carried out quickly and faceplate. The work is secured to the
:.lrth certainty. Thlrs if a hexagon is to face of the table with the engraving
be machined the work is moved 60 tool mounted on the !athe top slide
degrees each time a face has been as seen in the illustration f’ig. 14.
completed: if a square is required the The lathe mandrel is locked against
mov~emcnt is 90 degrees and SC on rotation and all dividing increments
according to the number of faces carried out by the rotary table.
N our bock Beginners’ Workshop At auction, or sometimes on the dis
we base givrn some consideration posal market, it is often.possible to ac.
to thequestion ofdrili~ and drilling quire drills with tapered shanks made
and enough has been said there to to the Morse standard. Apart fron
enabie the i+ner to furnish him- their obvious advantages when usec
selfwith suthcrent equipment in order in connection with driiing machine:
FO carry out w~ork suited to his skiil equipped to accept them. taper shank
and the extent of his knowledge. As drills can u:;efu!ly be employed on the
this knowledge increases he will nat~ur- lathe. Aselccted few ot‘the larger sire:
;tiiy \vish to extend his facilities, so it is will be sufhrient, but. care should be
the purpose of the present chapter i0 taken to see that the drills chosen are
give some guidance on the subject. not too large for the machrnes witl:
At thr moment of writing the which it is intended to use them.
d~esirabiiit~. of -going metric’ is upper-
In the case of second-hand equip.
most in sveryone‘s mind. The value or
ment offered for sale the state of the
otherwise of doing so commercially is
tapers thernselves should be well in-
a matier for debate. but whichever
spected before any drills are acquired,
way the argument is settled it seems
Many of the sharnks get damaged in
h;irdly ssnsrbie for the amateur who
service so it is well to choose carefully
may hav~e painstakingly collbcied to-
before selecting a particular drill,
gether a set of drills, and for that
Slight damage may be put right by
matter screwing tackle based on
polishing with an oil stone or a swisr
English practice. to throw the whole
file, driil shanks being usually left soft.
lot away and start all over again. It
but a setere case of bruising will need
should be emphasised. however. that
the surface to be machined awav a!
of late years the extension ofthe avail-
depicted in the illustration @. I ai*B’
able rangeofmctricdrills.especiallyin.
If it is intended to use taper shank
the smafler categories. has made them
drills in a drilling machine adapted for
a valcabie subs&e for some of the
the purpose, the tangs of the dril
drill sizes. Letter and number drills,
themselves should be examined fat
for example. being weil covered by the
damage. As has been shown else-
metric range.
where the tang fits into a recess formec
The range advances by close in-
in the drill spindle itself; it prevent:
crements. in point of fact a few
the dril! turning under load and has ar
thousandths-of-an-inch at a time, so
essential part to play in the method
the purchaser has available to him
used to remove the drill when required
drill sizes that will be of the greatest
as illustrated in Fig. 2.
help when eirher reaming or tapping
threads. As will be seen a wedge, passed
The best advice we can give for the th,rough a slot in the drill spindle,
moment. therefore. is to retain the sets makes contact with both the tang and
already in the workshop and to sup- the spindle itself. A smart hammer
plement these by individual metric blow upon the end of the wedge drives
driils as occasion demands. itinandejectsthedrill.
)RILLS AND DRILLING 149
,r -~ 6 0 P
i (
c ,..__ -4
.- -
DrlIi Chucks
Chuckj for use with p~~~,:*! sl .nk
drills have already ?,c:en desc1.tL-d in
Chapter IV where equipment a~eed&
with th+: drilling machine is deait with.
Leaders are therefore referred io the
notes I-onrairted in that chapte:,
Drill Grinding
Whilst it is possible to resharpen a
drill by means of an off-hand grinding
operation, by this methcd the possi-
154 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOI
w AXIS OF DRILL
TANG w CUTTING EIXX
I I
CUTTING LIP
LIP CLEARANCE.
OR FLANK
CJTT;NG
--- LIP
Fig. 12. Drill point angle Fig. 13. Drill lip clearance
ULLS AND DR:LLING
Lurethe cutting edge will be weaken- observing the amount of blue trans-
and may: chip during the drilling ferred to the drill, point, the operator
beration. can check the effectiveness of his
In a correctly ground drill the angle movements, and whether these will be
e chisel point makes with the lip or successful when he makes use of the
tting edge is 130 degrees as seen in grinding wheel.
g. I3 at A. ~Fhisang!e depends how- Drills are usually ground on the
er, on the amount of back-off given side of the wheel as depicted in the
hind the hp. If no cfearance is given illustration Fig. 17. This leaves the
;d the drill point ground like a la-the
ntre the chisel pomt angle would be Fig. 16. Testing free hand grinding
duced to 110 degrees accordiag to methods
e illustration Fig. 14at B.
Two common faults in drib grind-
..
~illustrated in Fig. 15 at A and B
spectively. In ‘A’ the back-off given
I FF1
too great and, in consequence, the
tting edges have become thinned
.d weak, as well as crescent shaped.
L-
In ‘B’ the included angle of the drill
lint has been made greater than the
mdard 118 degrees resulting in the
ttingedges becoming hooked.
k
From all of this information it will -
clear that, when grinding by off- Fig. 17. Drill grinding on the side of
,na methods, the chances of pro- the wheel
Icing a theoretically correct drill
lint are extremely thin. The drill
anufacturers all stress this, but con-
de that some expet ienced operators
1occasionally produce an accurately
arpenedpoint free-hand. Those who
sh to experiment with this method
grinding would do well, in the first
stance, to set up a surface plate on
side as depicted in Fig. 16. The plate
n then be smeared with marking
ue and a correctly sharpened drill
lint rolled against it. In this way, by
156 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHO
20.
dified Drill dia. / Hi&-sped j Carbon .srei
in drills , drills
L point I
inches / r.p.,,,. r.p.nr.
-
hi I 4,000 1,800
: j 2,000 900
A I 1,500 600
i 1,100 450
+> / 900 j 340
; I ij;; / ;;
urc ill:it will :11lowthe drill to be in-
I /
a! acctrratei~ through 18Qdegrees
addition a knife-edge wheel must
When drilling brass and aluminium
mounted on the spindle of the
tding head so that the wheel’s these speeds may be doubled, but
should be matertally reduced when
iphery can reach into the hutes of
cast iron is being drilled. If not the
drill without the side of the wheel
lands that form the sides :)f the drill
ning into contact with the drill
If. may be worn away and the drill itself
will then bind in the hole. From the
‘he drill approaches the wheel in
table above, it will be apparent that
manner and at the angle in the
drills made from high-speed steel are
gram Fig. 21. Readers, who for the
St part will not be in possession of a capable of withstanding a greater !oad
:able grinding fixture. should not than those made from carbon steel.
leterred from attemptingthe mo ii- Moreover, they retain their sharpness
,tion free-hand. If experiments are longer and are less likely to breakage
iducted with the larger drills, say than carbon steel drills.
I. diameter upwards, and these are
drills that benefit the most from Fig. 21. Grinding the modified point
treatment, practice will soon make
worker, if no: perfect, then
quate.
11 Speeds
: speeds at which drills should be
I are recommended bv the manu-
turers on the assumption that the
11sare made from high-speed steel
1 are to be used in commercial
lduction. In the amateur sphere
re is no requirement to d;ivje drills
the limit, so any figures given in
nmercial handbooks can be re-
:ed with advantage.
158 THE AMATCUR’S WORK?%
numbers quoted refer to this illus- In order to ensure that the bushr
tration. are correctly positioned it is essenti;
The guide bushes. details of which that the clamp itself is accurate1
are see&in Fig. 27. are made from mild placed in relation to the V-block. Th
steel so that they may be case-harden- requirement can be met quite simpl
ed ifthought necessary. if the following procedure is adoptec
it is not proposed to give a detailed Referring to Fig. 28, the clamp (1)
description of methods that may be first marked off, then drilled with tw
used in the construction of the fixture; pilot holes, say ;‘i in. dia. Next,
for the most part the work is of an dircular chamfered plug (2) is fitted t
elementary nature. Rut one aspect of the clamp which is then secured to tf
the procedure calls for a little com- “J-block using a pair of toolmaker
ment. It will be readily appreciated clamps for the purpose. The & it
that the success of the device depends pilot drill is then fed into the V-bloc
entirely upon the position of the guide for 4 in. and one end of the block an
bushes in relation to the work seating the corresponding end of the clam
in the V-block. Ifrhe bushes are in any are marked either with a centre punt
way displaced otTeen!re then the jig is or a letter punch so that the clamp an
tHeleSS. V-block can always be registere
V-BLQCK
Fig. 28. Drilling the jig V-block
Fig. 2.
Countersink
with single
cutting edge
Fig. 1.
Countersink,
counterbore
ahd spot face
164 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHa
Counterboring
When it becomes necessary to si
cheese-head or cap-head screws
that they are flush with the surface
the work the operation of count<
boring is employed. As will be o
served from the original iilustrati’
Fig. ! this involves the machini
away from the original drilled hole
portlon equal to the thickness oft
screw head and ci the same diamei
as the head itself. When forming
counterbore three matters are il
portant. The first, and perhaps mc
obvious one, is that the depth oft
machining should be correct al
should match the head thickness
the screw itself. The second requil
ment is that the diameter of the cou
terbore should fit the screw he
closely or the appearance of the wo
will-be spoilt. Finally both the hole a
the counterbore must be in alignme
or the screw may not enter. The cut{
depicted in Fig. 6, and sometim
calied a pin dril;, is designed to ta
care of the two last requirements. T
cutter is made from a singie piece
tool steel machined and filed to pi
vide a pair of cutting edges. A pilot
guide pin is furnished to engage t
STONE
c ’
~oocil
NOT WORTH THE TROUBLE
OF RESHARPENING
INE
, STONf GRIND TONE
SE a
SLIP
(METAL) (METAO
166 THE AMATEUR’S WORKPHt
Fig. 3.
Standard
method of
retaining die
in holder
Fig. 2. Die
holder fitted
with guide
collet
169
_:..
h-My.In
I”.
Wrench for
large taps
ITTING SCREW THREADS 173
I.122 The
lstock die
l&r in use
Fia. 13.
Lathe - ~-~
Tapping from
the tailstock
174 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHO
Top rl!de
! ’
t
176 THE AMATEUR,‘S WORKSHOP
it is well started as shown at ‘C’. When fitted to the Myford is secured to the
this has been done the work can be re- adapter made for the change wheeh
moved and placed in the bench vice used for dividing purposes and de+
for hand tapping as depicted in the cribed in Chapter VII. The handle it.
diagram ‘D’. self is a diecasting, but a built-up
substitute will do equally well. The
two handles described are illustrated
When rapping in the lathe it is in Figr. 19and 20.
generally inconvenient, if not actuaily
detrimental, to drive the mandrel Tapping in the Drilling Machine
under Dower, so much itdvantage may Undoubtedly the drilling machin eisa
be gained Sy fitting some form of very conventent medium for sta;rtin
handle that will enable the mandrel to a tap and even for carrying ou t th 1
be turned with a sensitivity that would complete tapping operation.
otherwise be impossible. Some ingen- damentally, the machine is used i:
uity will need to be exercised in this way demonstrated by the dial
matter because accessibiiity will piay Fig. 21 where it will be seen tf
an important part in the eventual lathe carrier is attached to the rr
arrangement adopted. Two examples ine’s spindle to act as a handle, H
are handles that were made and fitted the work itself is placed on the t
by us to the Drummond and Myford The driving belts are removec
lathes respectively. As will be noted course, in order to maintain
the Drummond handie screws directly sensitivity ofthe set up. For those
into the h ow mandrel, which was contemplate much work ofthis n;
tapped out co accept it, whilst that the drilling machine handle illustl
in Fig. 22 may be found worthwhi
is secured to the spindle by the 1
gon screw ‘D’ engaging the key
The handle may be extended a
quired by siiding the bar ‘E’ thrs
point.
A ty~k-~.?lindicator i\ iliu~trated in
Figs. 9. whilst its gena-ai c0iisIrL!ctiOIl
is showr? in i-i,?. !O. a‘he ittdicatOr
ShOWI& consisting of three major
parts, \vas made for the Drummond
j---J J---JJpy’”
lathe. A brackrr ‘.ri’ is used to attach Fig. 8. Relation of tool point to lead-
the de-i;ice to the saddle, whilst a
swivel ‘B’ ailovvs the indicator body
‘C’ t:, be mo\.ed so that the pinion
mounted on the end of the indicator
shaft can be brought into contact with
the lead screw and then locked in
place.
Tix pinion itself has 16 tee:h mesh-
itis with the ,t in. pitch lead screw.
‘I-hi; GLIMS the head of :he indicator
to rc\iihe. ti1c cngrared numbers
registering in succession w~iththe zero
index line on the body. The intervals
between the figures quartering the
did each represenr four turns of the
le;ld~screwori :n. ofsaddlemo\,ement. Fig. 9. The thread indicator
so.the figures themselj-es can be used
for ail even-numbered pitches. OF- Fig. 10. Construction of the thread
indicator
posite pairs ci figures. 1 and 3 and 2
snd 4 ) represt” 8 :,“I?3 of the !end-
screw, or a saddle travel of I in.. so
serving for the cutting of odd num-
bered thread pitches. When the clasp-
nut is closed at any one number only,
the distance travelled by the saddle is
2 in. so this particular number can Abe
used as an indicator for half-pitches
suchas 124 threads to the inch.
Fig. 1 OA. Parts of the thread indicator ’ Ditch of the leadscrew and that of the
ihread to be cut. If the cutting of a
thread of & in. pitch, or 16 threads to
the inch, is taken as 2~ example then
the gears to produce this pitch using a
lead screw of: in. pitch can be calcul-
atedfrom the ratio:
8 (leadscrew thread)
-
16 (thread to be cut)
If gear wheels having 8 and 16 teeth
were available these would be satis-
factory but wheels having40 teeth and
80 teeth, or 20 teeth and 40 teeth,
would provide the same ratio; and as
these are among the set of change
Fig. 11~ A simple gear train
wheels normally supplied with the
lathe they could be used. It will, of
Fig. 12. Tumbler gearing course, not be possible to mesh the
wheels directly so an intermediate
wheel must be engaged with them.
However, this does not affect the gear
ratio in any way; moreover, the inter-
posing of a third, or idle wheel as it is
termed, is needed to ensure the pro-
duction of a right-handed thread, that
is unless the lathe is provided with
tumbler gearing that allows the direc-
tion of the leadscrew to be reversed at
will.
The location ofthe gears themselves
is shown by the rule:
Numerator Driving Gear
set-up can bc used for both external the work. But it will also be necessa
and internal threads in the way depict- to engage the thread indicator. If t
ed by the diagram Fi~y. 17. The cut is has a moveable index ring, adjustme
put on bq the top slide feed screw, its is simple. However many indica
index beir~p: used IO measure the have no adjustment, they must th
amount of in-feed. In this connection fore be set so that one of the engr
it should be neted that when the slide figures on the dial registers with
is set over in t!tis way a reading of index line before the slide indices
0.001 in. on the index represents an adjusted in the manner descri
actual rntiv~ement of 0,0008 in. ap- above. a?d, of course, with the I
prosimately. to be precise 0~00081 in. screw ,iap-nut closed.
The feed screw of the cross slide is The saddle can now be moved
only used to move the threading tool the right of the work, the ieadscr
out ofcontact with the work at the end engaged with reference to the thre
of each cut. and has its index set at indicator, a cut of some 0.002 in.
zero. whiie thetool point isjust touch- on by the top slide, the back gear
ing t!ris surface of the work. In this gaged and a trial cut taken. It
WLij’. each time the cross-slide is suggested that, when only a fine thre
wit!rdrawn past the zero mark on the has to be cut, the lathe is best turn
index the tool will ciear the work by hand leaving power operation
effectiv~ely. the coarser threads needing the
Before commencing the screw- moval of much material. Suita
cutting operation. however, the top equipment for turning the lathe
slide index must also have been set to hand has already been describ
zero. This must hav,e been done at the earlier in the chapter.
same time as the cross siide index was When the first cut has been corn
zeroed w-ith the tool in contact with pleted, the lathe is stopped, the lead
EXTERNAL
TTING SCREW THREADS IN THE LATHE 187
ew disengaged. the tool withdrawn Lard oil. or one of the many specially
m the work and m<>ved back to the prepared oils that are obtainable caE
g,inning :igain so that the whole be applied with a brush or via the suds
xation can be iq7eatecl; ihii pro- system about which we shall have
s is continued until the thread is something to say later.
1yformed. As to the depth of cut; until ex-
4r first. and before atlempCng to perience is gained light cuts are safest.
ew thread 2 iinishrd piece of \+urk, But One should remember that the
: newcomer wouid be well advised deeper the machining extends, the
pa&se tcii 3 piece ofmzieria! ofno greater is rhe work surface in contact
portance. In rhis way he can perfect with the tool. Therefore the operator
technique. When sufficient ex- may well start with a relati:ely deep
:ience has been obtained he will be in-feed,sayfromO.O05in. to0.007in.
le to tnck!e a screw-cuttingjob with finishing off with lighter cuts of from
nfidenir. 0.002 in. to 0.001 in. as he nears the
The work needs pienty of lubricant. end of the threading operation.
i‘j our pr~ious book Begktwrs’ the toois needed. Many of these COI:
;I I.
‘,rL:ii?<;::: he subject of the equip- into the category of measuring equi
ment usid io measure work in ment but it is rhought bz:ter to de
progrzss has already been touched with them as they are applied to tl
xpon, so. in some respects, little more specific work of marking of7 rath
is needed than to reinforce remarks than describe them in the catalog:
then made; particu!ariy those con- sense.
cerned with the proper care ofthe tools
employed.
tlowe~rr, the measuring equipment The Micrometer Fig. I
described was that considered to be of As h-2 already been assumed reade
fundamentai importance and essen- will be aware ofthis measuring dexvi
tial to the requirements of the new- and how to use it. They will a!
comer. if only acquaintance with the doubtless know that rricrometers a
tools in question was the outcome. available to measure both inside aI
For this reason it is not proposed to outside work. The inside micrometc
spend further time describing the however, isa somewhat unsatisfacto
micrometer caiiiper, for example, as tool, not capable of measuring tl
one must assume that readers will smal!er holes at all, and, unless co
already have experience of the tool tinuously handled, liable to provil
and know how to use it. Rather, space a series of readings of problematic
will be given to the use of the dial test accuracy.
indicator and its use, as well as the For the purposesoftheamateural
employment of other aids to accurate small worksilop it is far better to ma1
measurement and the setting of work tise of the familiar outside micromet
for machining. in conj&nction with particular devic
In the succeeding chapter, on that enable holes as small as + in. to I
‘ma~rking off’, fuli coverage is given to measured with great precision.
MICROMETER NUT FOR ADJUSl
SCYEEW WEAR OF SCRE\
/
FRAME
Fig. 1. The micrometer calliper
EASUR:NG EQUIPMENT
Iicrometer Stands
/hen using a micrometer to measure
number of small objects it is usually
tore convenient to moun.t the micro-
teter in a stand leaving the hands free
) hold the work and make the
measurement.
The stand shown in the illustration
ig. IA is a commercial product; b;lt
te making of a simple stand is wurk
tat can be undertaken in the small
lop and will form a useful and
tstrustive exercise.
Readers may well be ab!e to design
rch a stand for themselves; for those
owever, who may not be quite clear
s to the requirements of the device
set of simple drawings is given in
lg. ii?.
PLIT BALL
.Ei- ‘A
.P. em. The small ho!e gaugs
190 THE AMATEUR’S WQRKSH(
g. 11.
te ?aper
wge
194 THE AMATEUR’S
aeking Stripsand
Some difhculty may at times be ex-
perienced when mounting irregular
work on the surface plate, for example
the machined datum face may carry
a tenon as in the case of a tailstock
sole-plate, and two similar packing
pieces will then be required to support
the work.
To ensure equality of thickness, these
parallel packing pieces are ground on
all their longitudinal faces, and in
199
bl:ocks of the. type ihustrated in Fig. 7
are provided, afford a ,ready means of
setting the work at various heights,
and the:clamps may bebused, to secure
the.work in;position during marking-
out. ‘:i ““.
‘(Thelarger V-blocks, which are al~so
machined~in pai:rs;usually have only a
single, op:en V for: supporting ,round
material of large diamete,r. .A ~large
plain V-block is illust~rated in F&.8:
r
I+- ‘1 Q--
I /
.LI.L--l
------ --
centre Punches
glass, and the punch must be held In the above example the base lir
truly vertical to ensure that the centre serves for two-dimensional markin;
is not drawn over to one side when the out, but where solid objects are COI
punch is struckwith the bammer. cerned three-dimensional markir
The hammer used for this purpose may be required and a datum surfac
should be of light weight, but well becomes necessary in most cases.
balanced, to enable decisive but well- The datum surface is prepare
controlled blows to be struck. either by machining or by filing ar
As great accuracy is demanded of scraping, and it is essential that
the fine tools used for marking-out, should be truly flat to avoid ar
their carefmpreservation will be well possibility of rocking on the markin,
repaid. The small kit of band tools out table; at the same time it must i
requi:ed may be kept in a separate box so positioned as to ensure that tt
or drawer near the marking-out table dimensions specified in the machit
and ready for immediate use, whilst drawing can be accommodated on tl
the larger tools and appliances should component when marking-out. Sam’
be stored together in a cabinet se that times the datum surface is not USC
they are readily accessible, but are at directly, but the component is locate
tile same time well protected from by this surface on an angle plate (
possible damage. other fixture during both the markin,
out and machining operations.
In this manner, as has already her
mentioned, when the part is attache
to a box angle plate, five of its surfao
When components are made singly or can be marked-out or machined :
in small numbers, some preliminary accurate rectangular relationsh
~ ;, work is usually required to prepare without alterations ofthe setting.
them for the actua! marking-out In addition to sheet metal work ar
~
,,’ process. In the case of castings of
Pa solid objects, a third type of con
malleable iron, brass and aluminium ponent, represented by a hollo
alloys, as we3 as forgings, some setting cylinder, frequentlv hasto be market
or straightening may be required to out. For example, the casting of 2
give the parts their correct form, engine cylinder with cast-in bore mu
otherwise the excessive removal of be marked-out to enable the bore ar
metal during machining, in an attempt flanges to be machined, prior
to remedy the distortion, may well marking-out and machining the stt
render the casting useless. holes in the cylinder flanges.
In addition, as the component is not After it has been ascertained th
positioned for machining in a jig, it is the bore is centrally placed in the car
usually necessary at the outset to pro- ing, the centre line of the bore
vide a flat reference or datum surface marked-out as a guide to the machi
for locating the part on the marking- ist when adjusting the casting for tl
out table, and later to position it for boring operation. To enable this to 1
machining. carried out, plugs of metal or ha:
In the case of sheet metal work, wood are fitted to the bore at eith
however, a straight base edge may be end, and the bore centres are markc
formed, from which centres can be on these by means of dividers or jem
located and dimensions marked-off as callipers; from these centres dime:
in making a machine drawing; this sional and witness circles are scribe
edge can also be used later to locate as a guide to the operator.
the work for machining operations. In the case of a large cylinde
Fig. 17. Using bridge pieces
Figs, 20 and 24. Using Jenny callipers Figs. 22 and 23. Using Jenny calliper
scribing point, it is essential that a true found that the arcs meet exactly at
face or edge should be provided to centralpoint.
ensure the accurate transfer of dimen-
sion to the work. Pitch Circles
It is sometimes required to scribe th
ar~~R~-out Centres for Bolt Holes pitch circle of a series of holes on
The operation of marking-off the component, such as a cylinder cove]
centres of four bolt holes on a square which has a circular periphery a
piece ofmaterialisillustratedin Fig. 19.
register. This is readily done by usin
In this case, the jenny is set to the the jenny callipers, which are set equs
distance ofthecentre ofthe hoies from to rhe distance between the pitc
circle and the periphery of the cover
the edge of the component, and the
Fig. 21 illustrates the method c
intersections of the four scribed lines
indicate the drilling cenires for the setting and using the callipers, and i
bolt holes. It will be appreciated that will be seen that the dimension A =
this principle may also be used to C-B
mark-off additional holes on the same
component, if the jenny is reset to the 2
Marking-out will be facilitated i;
distance of the new centres from the
edge ofthe work. this instance if the work is rotated, a
shown by the arrow, and the jenny i
he!d stationary; otherwise, the scrib
Finding the Centre of a Shaft ing point will tend to rotate about th’
One of the more common uses of the guide leg and a circle of varyinl
jenny callipers is to determine the diameter may result.
centre of a round shaft. To do this, the It may, in some cases, be fount
jenny is set to the approximate half- more convenient to scribe from thl
diameter of the shaft and, as shown in inner machined surface or bore of i
Fig. 20 four arcs roughly at right angles component, and the method here usit
to one another are scribed on the end is similar to the foregoing, except tha
oftheshaft. the jenny is set equal to the distance
The centre of the small area enclos- between the pitch circle and the bore
ed by these arcs is the centre of the as shown in Fig. 22, where A = B---L
shaft, and this can be accurately deter-
mined by resetting the jenny until it is 2
tKlNG OUT 207
/- /
f-4 / l-l
FLUID
208 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHC
WE Dial Test Indicator is prob- little use. The user must then furnish
ably one of the most important himse!f with additional feet such as
items in the tool kit of the serious those depicted in the illustration
,orker. It enables him to set his work Fig. 2.
lrrectly in the machine tool he is All three feet are designed to fit over
sing, and also allows him to check the plunger of the indicator and are
re accuracy of the machines and held in place by the thumb screw seen
teirequipment. in the illustration. The foot depicted
Dialindicatorsaremadeinavariety on the ieft is an extension enabling the
f forms- but those most commonly indicator, to reach what might ot.her-
mpioyed have clock-type faces wise be an inaccessible surface. Ex-
pence the colloquial name for the tensions of this nature are sometimes
evice the ‘clock’j and are operated by provided \iiith a !ong pointed stem
plunger driving a train of gears set in that may be used, for exampie, on a
le body of the instrument. The narrow projection such as a spigot
lunger may project from either side machined or a component held m the
f, the indicator as seen in Ffg. 1 or lathe chuck.
:ay enter the body from the back as
Tillappear in later tllustraiions. Fig. 1. A dial indicator mounted on an
,The range and capacity of the in- ‘Eclipse magnetic base
icator varies but those of general
tility are graduated in one-thousand-
IS of an inch and have a maximum
ieasuringcapacity of 4 in.
The indicator is designed te be
taunted on a suitable stand such as
16: ‘Eclipse’ magnetic base already
lustrated in Fig. I or it may be
ttached, as we shaii see presently, to a
onventional surface gauge enabling it
I be set by means of the rocking lever
djustment common!y provided.
The bezel of the instrument carry-
tg its dial can be rotated, and in some
ases subsequently locked, when
:tting the indicator needle to zero
efore taking a readin_p.
The plunger fitted IS normally sup-
lied with a single contact, either in
se form of a baii in a holder or a
lrger spherical foot screwed~ to the
lunger extremity. But there are
umbers of applications where either
f the two feet mentioned would be of
THE AMATEUR’S WORXSHOI
g. 6. Details
: the mounting
kr clamping
I the lathe
101
g. 6. Details
: the mounting
kr clamping
I the lathe
101
slocom be
centre hole
6b@ point
Fig. 17.
Checking a pair
of common
V-blocks
HE overhea.d shaft used for the amateur worker needs to move the
driving cutter frames and other cutter more than a few inches at a time
tools mounted on the saddle or in a lateral direction, such a move-
sewbere has long been known to ment being easily accommodated by
a.the users, and its;mnorrance to the the simple belt layout that can be em-
mateur worher has not lessened with ployed.
leyears. Fig. 1 illustrates an elementary
Formerly, many of the round belt overhead drive unit made for use with
rives, forming the basis of the the Drummond lathe and designed to
~uipment of the oid time lathes, were be bolted to the bench behind the
,mewhat elaborate in layout and lathe itself. The shafting is carried in a
ften cumbersome to set up. These pair of self-lubricating plummer
rrangements allowed work to be blocks whilst the pulley, adjustable
killed or driiled at either end of the along the shaft, is secured to it by a
1th.eas well as providing a method of simple clamping device consisting of
machining a long keyway? for exam- an allen grub screw and brass pad
le, without the possible necessity of bearing on a flat surface machined on
esettingthe work.
,‘lToday, however, there are other
a:nd better ways, perhaps, of achieving
tfae same end, at the same time bring-
iirg to bear a good deal more power on
t1le work.
Formerly, in order to provide for
xtensive lateral movement of the
utter, the driving pulley on the over-
h ead shafting ha.d either to be fitted
rith a running key permitting the
‘ulley to travel in step with the cutter
rame, or the pulley to be a long fixed
rum-like affair along which the belt
self could travel as the cutter made
Nrogressdown the work.
Much of this requirement stemmed
rom the practice of ornamental
urning where long objects such as
andle sticks and table legs, needing
.uting or otherwise decorating, had to
le machined. Today, however, for the
lost~part, the necessity for this kind of
acility has gone and it is seldom that
2. $0. The
iiling spindle
use on the
ddle of the
!/ford iathe
d spindle fnj
y, al!ow the lathe self act to be A size collet chucks with a maximum
rployed. holdin capacity of a $ in., these are
The success of the taiistock drilling secured by means of a hollow draw
indle suggested that a complemen- spindle operated from the tail of the
ry headstock spindle to the same mandrel.
sign would adequately meet the It is manifestly impossible to in-
se. clude here all the detailed drawings
The headstock spindIe, therefore, needed to produce the narts for any of
sses through the hollow mandrel of the devices just described. But it is
e lathe, is carried on a pair of deep- hoped that enough has been said to
oove races placed in a housing encourage and guide those who have
tached to the mandrel nose, and is a use for such equipment to design and
pported in a second bearing assem- make similar devices for themselves.
eated or it may scale badly. All that is lamp, has been adapted to employ a
eeded is a dull red heat when the coal-gas blow-pipe and is of commer-
ilver solder will be seen to melt cial origin. The second, making use of
eadily and to flow uniform!y around a small lathe-side turner’s cabinet, is
he joint forming a tillet requiring the equipped, as will be seen, for bottled
minimum of cleaning up, if any at all. gas. Both have a firebrick lining to the
bottom and backs of their trays and
:q~ip~ent Needed for Hard each has plenty of refractory material
;oldering and Brazing for packing around the work.
Ye have already referred to the use of
bottled gas in connection with soft A Rotary Blower
oldering. This method of heating the In a subsequent chapter the use of
vork is eminently suitable when hard compressed air in the workshop will
oldering is to be undertaken. AS has be discussed. Whilst it is possible to
Jready been said bottled gases have a employ compressed air in connection
iigh-calorific value, are clean. and the with a bottled-gas blowpipe such as
,pparatus employed very controllable that illustrated in Fig. 4 owing to
The two principal forms of burner their sensitivity it is better to make use
,uitable for brazing and silver solder- of a rotary blower similar to that de-
ng with bottled gases are depicted in picted in Fig. 7. The particular con-
heillustration Fig. 4. trivance illustrated is a piece of home-
The torch ‘A’ is really a form of made equipment and is of the eccen-
3unsen burnerequipped witha handle tric vane type; that is to say its rotor
tnd is very suitable for heating up is set off-centre in the stator so that
arge objects. It needs no air supply the air drawn in through the induction
rnder pressure whilst the torch ‘B’
Ioes require this. The second o? the
.wo torches illustrated gives a mar’.-
:oncentrated and steady flame and so
s the better for dealing with fine wsork.
With equipment such as rhis the
objects to be brazed need to be sur-
.ounded by some refractory materiai
n order to conserve the heat applied
md to ensure that all parts of the work
reach an even temperature. Formerly
;as coke was used for the purpose but
;or many years now fire-clay cubes
lave been employed as they are quite
inert and produce no fumes likely to
damage the work.
In order to make the best use of this
refractory material some form of
hearth is essential. In Figs. 5 and 6 two
hearths that have been in our work-
shops for over 30 years are illustrated.
The first of these Iitments, originally
intended for use with a paraffin blow-
Fig. 9.
The electric
muffle
and cooled either in air or, if wanted We need not concern ourselves here
in a hurry, by being plunged in cold with the precise metallic changes that
water. take place. Suffice it to say that the
case-hardening process increases the
igb Speed Steel amount of carbon present in the steel
and converts it from what is virtually
The hardening and tempering of high-
a mild steel into a tool steel.
speed steel need not concern the
This condition is brought about by
amateur worker or even the small
heating the work to between 800°C
professional shop. As has been stated
to 1,OOO”Cin the presence of a car-
elsewhere fully treated round or burising agent. There is a number of
rectangular section tool bits are avail-
proprietary substances on the market
able. These only require grinding to
suitable for treating small compon-
shape. In any case the equipment
ents, but undoubtedly, if one is
necessary for the treatment is more
fortunate enough to obtain it, bone
complex than would be warranted in
dust as used by the gun-makers pro-
the amateur workshop.
vides the best medium. The work is
packed in a cast-iron box, the cast
Case Hardening boxes used for electrical wiring are
Case hardening is the process whereby excellent for the purpose, and is then
steel components have their outer raised totherequired temperature and
surface layers converted into a mater- held there for a period depending on
ial that may be hardened in the same the depth of case desired.
way as tool steel, at the same time Methods of heating small work
leaving the core of the work in the vary from the simple use of the blow-
softened condition. pipe and brazing hearth to the ideal:
In this way the necessity for tem- the electric muffle.
pering is avoided and the skin or case A small muffle, made by amateurs,
may be left glass hard. Examples of is illustrated in Fig. 9. This device,
case-hardened parts are those used in controlled by asimmerstat as used in
the producti~on of motor cars where it cookers, consists of a vitrosil quartz
is essential that, in addition to having chamber, over which a heating ele
a hard wearing surface, the compon- ment is wound. This chamber, as may
ents should have adequate mechanical be seen in the illustration Fig. 10 ir
strength. supported in a frame with end plates
SOLDERING AND BRAZING 233
Fig. IO.
The muffle-
to show
construction
234 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOP
HERE are many uses for com- ally suffer. It is better to have available
pressed air in the workshop, so too much air rather than too little.
the provision of a simple but In our own shops a pair of com-
ficient supply system would seem pressors of the type illustrated in Fig.
Ily justified. Unfortunately com- 1 are used, both compressors are
ercially made equipment is expen- separately mounted on small two
ve and the amount of use it is likely wheeled trolleys and each has its own
get in the amateur shop would air receiver also attached to the trolley.
arceiy warrant the initial cost. In this way both compressors,
owever, much may be done by which are of course independently
e amateur himself to provide driven may either be used together or
lequate apparatus of his own separately as the occasion demands.
aking, indeed our own workshops They are normally kept together in the
‘e so equipped, with modified shop but can be removed for duty
aierial obtained for the most part elsewhere when needed.
i the surplus market. Useful air-receivers for the purpose
The keynote of any system is the are the oxygen cylinders once supplied
impressor itself, and this should be as aircraft equipment. For the most
lpable of providing at least three part these cylinders are made from
tbic feet of free air per minute. stainless steel and so are proof against
therwise the demands of the various the corrosive action of the condensate
r-driven tools are not likely to be inseparable from compressed-air sys-
et, so their performance will natur- tems.
g. 1.
me workshop
mlpressor
236 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHO,
The gravity feed gun is provided located at the top of the handle am
with two valves. one. the upper valve operated by thumb pressure. The ai
seen in the illustration, controls the then passes to the air nozzle where i
paint supply whilst the other, set in issues to atmosphere through th’
the handle of the gun, deals with the combining cone thus causing a de
air supply. pression in the body of the gun itself
The timing of the two valves is so Paint is then drawn fromthecontaine
arranged that air is turned on in and delivered to the combining con
advance of the paint supply. In this where it is finely atomised befor,
way spitting or b!obbing of the paint being sprayed on the work.
is avoided, the more so since the paint In order that the device shal
valve has a tapered needle enabling operate properly it is essential that tht
the pigment itself to be supplied in air nozzle is located centrally in thl
graduallyr increasing quantities up to combining cone, To ensure this i
a pre-set maximum amount. centring device consisting of a smal
Per contra, the suction fed gun, has length of brass gearing, made a gooc
but one valve and this controls the air sliding fit in the body of the gun am
supply. The quantity ofpaint supplied bored concentrically, is sweated o:
is adlusted by the position of the brazed to the air tube itself.
combining cone in relation to the air In this way the air is suppliec
nozzle seen in the illustration Fig. :I correctly to thecombiningcone whils
where the detai!s of the various parts thepigment,passingalongtheteetho
are depicted diagrammatically. the centring device, also finds its wal
The action of the gun is simple. Air there. An illustration showing tht
is supplied under the control of a valve parts in question is given in Fig. 12.
CQMBIffi COM
LOCK RING
J
,.i;;‘;
r
AIR TUBE
,. 13.
mplete
Jipment for
we I
smelling
-l-EC AMATEUR’S WORKSHO
Fig. 1.
The Cowell
machine
hacksaw
ftcr .J lengthy trial ;htt it was decided
) dispense with this added complica-
on.
In fact, over this long period of use,
:newal of the saw blade has been a
are occurrence, in spite of the large
mount of work undertaken in mak-
Ig other machines ~.tid workshop
JO!S.
The saw operates at 90 strokes a
Gnute, and the primary drive from.
he i h.p. electric motor is by a V-belt
o a countershaft: From there the drive
D the crankshaft by means of a
:onnecting rod, fitted at either end
Hith a bail bearing. The saw frame
;lides on a pivoted carrier-bar, and
Jrovision is made for ral. ing up wear
md ensuring adequate iubrication.
The height of the’pivot bar can be
adjusted to set the saw blade for level
The frame, forming part of a camera, circular path travelled. The circular
was made in tLs way, and Fig. 8 shows hole in the stand for a voltmeter shown
that the joints, straight from the saw, in Fig. 9 was cut in this way. Sheet
have been accurately cut and have metal or metal strip can be cut in the
needed no hand-fitting. machine when a suitable saw blade is
Circular cutting of either discs or fitted. To illustrate the capacity of the
holes is readily carried out in the jig-saw machine, the lathe fitting also
machine. For this work, a coned shown in Fig. 9, was slit through to the
centre, on which the material rotates, bore of this mild steel part, which
is attached to the spind!e carrying the meassres 14 in. in height.
blower nozzle. This form of mounting
enables the radius of the cut circle to The Circular Saw
be adjusted as required. A narrow saq~ The workshop circular saw, illus-
blade should be used to negotiate the trated in Figs. 10 and II, is mostly
SOMEADDITIONALMACHINETOOLS 249
enabling the tool itself to be adjusted operations are well suited to rear-
for height, though of course with mounted and inverted tools and can
scmc‘ adverse eRect on too! rake. most conveniently be performed with
Errors in this matter, however. may be a turret enabling the requisite tool to
corrected by interposing packing be brought into play immediately.
where possible between the tool and The prototype back toolpost, ilius-
the boat. The body is secured to the trated in Fig. 3, is cfbuilt-up construc-
cross siide by a sing!e bolt. An alter- tion preparatory to making it from an
native tcoipost is seen in the illustra- iron casting in conformity with usual
tion Fig. 2. engineering practice. A casting en-
This tcclpcst comprises a base that sures rigidity as well as materially
may be bolted to the lathe cross-slide simplifying manufacturing pcssibili-
and a toclpcst that is attached to the ties.
base. The tcolpcst may be swung In the prototype rigidity was
through 360 degrees thus facilitating attained by using a long central screw
the mounting of any form of tool in- securing the body to the base; this
cluding bcripg tools. In point of fact screw is extended to carry the clamp-
this toolpcst is one of a pair, the other ing lever locking the tool turret to the
being designed to take the place of the body. When a casting is used, hcw-
top slide for certain operations. ever, the central screw is replaced by a
The rear too!pcst does not need to stud and the attachment secured to the
be confined to the mounting of a cross slide by two T-slot tools located
single too!. If a simple turret i:, prc- directly under the cutting point of the
vided, two or more tools may be used tool. The location of these T-slot bolts
at the back ofthe lathe. When making is an essential feature of the design.
a number of repetitive parts there are The placing of them directly under the
two operations that recur; they are toolpoint is intended to overcome the
chamfering and parting off. Both tipping strain imposed on the attach-
THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOP
Fig. 5.
The turret-Part A
Fig. 6.
The base-type D
Fig. 7.
The base-Part M
Part B
PART A
-~
\CK TOOL POST 253
DRiL‘ 11132” 1 I
SPOTFACE 5/B”
i I
254 THE AMATEUR’S WORKSHOI
TYPE D PART C
L $.A
2 1- ‘8 I i OFF
JYPE D PART J - -__
TYPE M PART D
3dDIA --+-
II
2
TYPE M PART J
4CK TOOL POST 255
TURRET
,, TA? 2JA
E4MEKS are used for opening increase the effective diameter of the
GIG!hoies !har have already been reamer as a whole. The same resul,
drilled or machined somewhat can also be obtained by. placing 2
undersize. As an example, the fitting length of round material Into one 0.
of3 pin iill a hLiSiiset in a particular the flutes ofthe reamer.
componcn: is usually perfo;med with
;I 1rc3mer taking, out only a few Adjustable Reamers
thousandths ofan Inch ofmateriai. In order to offset these difficulties twc
This is w\;ork that requires the use cf forms of adjustable reamer were in
the parallel reamer deoicted in the traduced. The first of these, illustratec
illustration Fig. 1. As ‘its name im- in Fig. 2, was of one-piece construe
p!ies the t;:ol is parallel for the tion split down three or more of it:
greater part of its length, but has a flutes and drilled and tapped axially
very short taper lead to enable it to to accept the expander screw used fol
enter the hole being sized. It is intend- adjustment purposes. As might br
ed for hand operat;on when caught in expected their range of expansion wac
a suitab!e wrench, but is not designed somewhat limited, only a few thou.
for the remov~al of large amounts of sandths of an inch being possible, ant
metal. It may be used also in the lathe they were also somewhat expensive
held in the tailstock chuck. The to produce; so to provide greatel
straight-fluted form shown in the coverage the reamer seen in Fig. 3 wa:
illustration tend to reproduce their developed.
pattern on the work and are now This form of reamer has a body
generally replaced by reamers having slotted to accept its detachable blades
a helical form since these do not ex- The blade seatings are tapered so that
hibit the same tendency. when the blades themselves are movec
axially by means of the nuts at eact
‘Packing’ the Reamer end of the body, the effective diameter
A parallel reamer can only form a hole of the reamer can be expanded or con,
of the size to which it was originailv tracted at will.
ground uniess thepracticeof‘packing When using reamers of this type
the tool is adopted. This isa somewhat grearcare must be taken to ensure thrt
haphazard procedure involving the they are not asked to cut heavily
use of paper or thin card placed over Especially in the smaller sizes likely tc
one or more of the blades in order to be of interest to the amateur, for tot
heavy a loading may irretrievably ine on directly from the boring of the
damage them. tape; seating-when the reamer”is held
The rang? a\ailahle is considerable in the tailstock chuck. Light cuts only
and the coverage from anq given size are taken with the reamer and the
suficient to provide overlapping be- work well lubricated to ensure that the
fween tl-e sizes. work surface remains smooth.
When dressing existing tapers that
may have suffered slight damage, the
The reamer illus:rated in Fig. 4 is in- reamer is held in the hand and turned
tended for use in machines. In the with a suitable wrench.
small workshop this will imply ,the
lathe and possibly the drilling mach-
inc. In all cases machine reamers must Taper Pin Reamers
be accurately mounted or they will If parts are to be held securely by
tend to cut oversize. .As is common means ofa taper pin, not only must the
with man:\- fixed reamers .*-hen new, parts themselves be a good fit but t.he
the machine reamer is usually made seating for the taper pin that holds
somewhar oversize to allow for re- them must be correctly formed or the
sharpening. Before making use. then, parts may start to ‘work’ and bec,nme
‘of any non-adjustable parallel reamer loose.
,it should be measured with a micro- To makecertain that the pin seating
meter to establish its exact size. is correctly formed, reamers ground to
the correct taper are used. Since in the
Taper Reamers smaller sizes they are very delicate. for
For the most part reamers of the type the most part these tools are used by
illustrated in I-&. 5 are employed for hand, taking light cuts and cleaning
the purpose of sizing or dressing the the reamer of swarf by withdrawing it
Morse Taper seatings of machine tool frequently and oiling it before re-
spindles. This is an operation follow- placement.
D
Boring Work in the La?he. 94-96 Callipers, Jenny, 202-203
Boring Tool with detachable cutters, 96 Compressed Air, 235.-241
Boring Bar for small tools, 97 Circular Saw, 246-248
Back Facing, 98-T)
Boring Tool Holders, Two Simple, 100
%oring Work on theSaddle, IOO--101
BoringBar, 101-103 Drummond Lathe, 27-28
Buttons, Toolmakers, 115-l 17 Drummond Toolpost, 28
Blocks, ‘V’, ! 99 Drilling Machine, The, 4048
Blowptpe, Self-blowing 226-227 Drilling Machine, ‘Champion’, 4043
Back Toolpost, 250-257 Drilling Machine ‘Mode! Engineer’, 404
Back Toolpost, Tools for, 255-256 Drilling Machine ‘CowelI’, 4041, 44
Broach, 260 Drilling Machine ‘Pacera’, 42
Drilling Machine, Driving the, 42-44
Drilling Machine ‘Chucks’, 44-46
& Drilling Machine, Speed Changing
Cable Support, 18 Arrangements, 43-44
Cooling of Electric Motors, 22 Drilling Machine, High Speed .4ltachments,
Centres, 30-32 4647
Chip Trays, 38--39 Drilling Machine, Testing the, 4748
Chucks, 44--46,65-73 Dividing Head, 64
ChucLs, ‘Albrecht’, 45 Drilling Machme Setting Ring, 151-l 52
Chucks, ‘Jacobs’, 45 Drives, V-belt, 51-53
Chucks, securing dril!, 44-45 Depth Stops, 152-153
Clapper Box, 58 Drill Grinding, 153-157
Chucks, Bell, 65 Drilling from the Tailstock, 92-94
Chucks, 4-Jaw Independent, 6546 JIf~~9~eep Holes, 94
Chucks, Self-centring, 66-67
Chucks, Collet, 67-69 Dividjne in the Lathe. 129-136
Chucks, Keyless, 69-70 Dividing,-137-147 ’
Chucks, care of, 71-72 Dividing Compound, 131-132
Chuck Brace, 72-73 Dividing with simple attachments, 134-136
Collet Chucks, 6749 Di;;idi~g,gtachment for the Headstock.
Chucks, Drilling Machine, 44-46
Cables, Electric,, 17-18 Dividing Attachment for the saddle,
Centres, Mountmg Work Between, 92 141-142
INDEX 263
Dividing, Linear, 142-144 Hard Soldering, 228-229
Drills and Drilling, 148-161 Hard Soidering Equipment for, 229-230
Drili Stands, 149-150 Hardening, Case, 232-234
Drill Chucks. 150 Hacksaw Machine, 244-246
Drill Point, 154-157
Drill Speeds, 157
Drill Lubricants, 158 I
Drill, Pin, 165 Indicator, Thread, 18:)-1X1
Die Ho!dw colle!ed. 169 Independent Feed Screws, 222-223
Drilling Machine, Tapping in the. 176-177
202 .I
Dial
Dividers,
indicator, 2 12-2 17
Dial Indicator Magnetic Base for, 212 ‘Jacobs’ Chuck, 45
Dial indicator, lnternai Attachment, Jacks, Screw, 198~-199
213.-214 Jenny Caliipers, 202-203
Jenny Callipers, use of, 205-207
Jigsaw, 246.-248
E
Electric Power Supply, I7 K
Electric Cables, 17-18
Electric Plugs, 17 Knife Tool, 79
Electric Moto:cs. Cooling of. 22 r Keyless Chucks, 69-70
Electric Drill, Low Voltage, 20 Kwrling, 87-9i
End Mills, lisrng. I27 Knurl Wheel Holder, Hmd, 87
Equipment Measuring 188-194 Knurling Tool, Single Wheel, 88
Errors in Marking Out, 1’)6-197 Kilurling Straddle, 88
‘Eclipse’ Magnetic Base, 212 Knurling Operation, Starting the, 89-90
Electiic !M.&ile,232~-234 Keyways, Cutting Internal, 103
Ename;ling, Stove, 241-2 $2 Keyways, Marking out internal, 208-209
Keyways, Angular Location of, 208
F
Furniture, Wxkshop, 15 L
From Tool, 78 Lighting the Workshop, i6--17
Fasteners, Belt, 49-50,53-54 Low-Ve!?age Power Supply, 19-24
Ftycutting, 1I8~-120 Low Voltage Electric Drill, 20
Feed Screws, Icdependent, 223-224 Lathes, 27-39
Leadscrew, 32-37
Lathe, Levelling the, 35-36
c Lathe, caring for the, 36-39
Grinding Rest, Angular, 53-84 Lathe, bearings, 37
Grimiing Wheels. 84-86 Lathe, bed, 37
Grinding Wheels, Tuning, 85-86 Leadscrew guard, 37
Grinder, Bench, 26.26 Lathe Tools, 78-86
Guard, Leadscrew, 37 Lathe, Drummond, 27-28
Grinding Drills, 154-157 Lathe Operations, 92-103
Gearing, Change Wheel, I8i-184 Lapping, 110-i 14
Gear Train, Proving the, 183- 184 Lapping of shafts, 110--i 11
Gauges, Small Hole, 189--190 Lapping, Internal, ii 1-I 13
Gauges, Depth, 193 Lapping compounds, 113
Gauges. Taper. 194 Lap, Boyar Schulze, ! 12
Gauges, Slide, 191--192 Lapping, Protection of Machine, 113-l 14
Gauges, Surface, 199-201 Lathe, Milling in the, 118-128
Gauges, Scribing, 201 Lubrication, Oil Mist, 220
Lathe Overhead Drives, 22 l-225
H La;:;_Mla3n4drelChange Wheel Mounting,
Heating the Workshop, 15-16
Headstock Mandrel, 35
Hand Tools,82 M
Head. Dividmg, 64 Motor generator, 20
Hand Knurl Wheel Holder, 87 Motors, cooling of, 22
Holes, Drilling Deep, 94 Motors, internal connections, 22--23
Headstock Dividing Attachment, 137-141 Morse Taper, 34
Heads:ock Spindle, High Speed, 224-225 Milling Machine, the, -64
264
Machine- Vices, 61
Machine Vices, errors in, 61~~-62
Machine Vices, testing, 62
Milling Machine, Tr,n Senior, t? -,-6J
Milling Machine, Vertical, 63
Mandrels. -l---l1
Mandrels, Plain, 74
Mandrels, Expanding, 74-75
Mandrels, Stub, 75
Mandrels, Le Count, 74---75
Mandrels, Hollow, 76--.77
Mandrel, Headstock. ~:j
Milling in [ill- I~aihe. I i ill---128
Milling Attachments, 126-127 Spot ~~rilling:~tta~hmcni, ZO
Mandrel Handle. 176 Switches, reversing, 23
Micrometer, I88 Switches, Heavy Carrent, 23
Mizromeier Stands, I89 Switches, Foot. 24
Micrometer-, Depth Gauge, 193 Steadies 2% 30
Measuring Eyuipment, I%+ !W Shaping’Machine, the. 55 --~-5%)
Marking Out, 1‘)5.~~~2111 Shaping Machine, The Drummond Hand,
Marking Out. Errors i:l, I’XG ~1‘17 SC
Marking Out lntzrnni KC ywap. 1OEI--~209 Shaping Machine, ‘The Cowell Hand,
Mist Lubrication Od, 2LO SYNC ~36
Muffle. Elecstric, ,32-.~-~Xi3 Shaping Machine. The Acorn Tools Power,
Machine Toois. l~,ddiiional, 244~~-.249 56-m57
Machine, Hacksaw, 241-246 Shaping Machiw, Operating the, 57...-.58
Marking-out Tables, I97 Shaping Machine Tools, 57
Machine Reamers, ZL? Shaping Machine Toolholders, 58
Screw Cutting .Tools, 80
Self-centring chuck, 66~--~.67
- Small Tools, Boring Bar for, 97
Saws Circular 122~G-124
0 Slides, Vertical, 123-124
Oil Mist Lubricaiion, 220 Spotfacing, 166
Owl-head Dri\~es, Lathe, 221 .--225 Screw Threads, cutting, 167.--I77
Overhead Driws for Drummond Lathe, 22 I Squares, 202
Overhead Drives for Myford Lathe, 222 Squares Combination 202
Suds Eq’uiprrtient,2 I&~220
P Saddle, Boring work on the, 94-96
Smail Tools, Bo-ing Bar for, 97
Power Supplj, 17-21 Setting Rmg, Drilling Machine, I5 I-152
Parting Tools, 80--8 I Stops, Depth, l52--153
Plugs, Electric, 17 Spotfacirig, I51
Power Supply, Low V&age, 19-24 Screw Cutting Tools, 178-180
Pin Drill, 165 Screw Cutting, Practical, l84--187
Plates, Surface, 197 Small Hole Gauges, 189-190
Plates, Angle, 197-198 Steel Rules, 193- 194
Packing Strips, 198 Slide Gauge, 191-192
Punches, Centre, 203-204 Surface Plates, 197
Painting, Spray, 239-240 Screw Jacks, 188-189
Paint Tables, Rotary, 243 Scribers, 203
Surface Gauge, use of, 207-208
Q Soldering and Brazing, 226-230
Solders and Fluxes, 226
Self-Blowing Blowpipe, 226-227
R Soldering, Hard, 228-229
Raw Material Siorage, i4 Spray Painting, 239--240
Rectifiers, 19, Stove Enamelltng, 241.-242
hve&;g Swtch, 23
T
Rotab Table, 64 Tool Storage, I4
Racks, Cutting, 144-146 Toolposts, 29
Rotary Table, 146-147 Tool Turrett, 29
INDEX
U
-
V
Tooi!kds, B&k: 81-82 Vice mounting, 14
Trays, drip, 38-39 V-belt Drives, 51-53
Toolpost, Drummoad, 28 Vertical Slides, 124-125
Testing the Drilling Machine, 4748 V-Blocks, 199
Tools, Hand, 82
w
Wheels, Grinding, 84-86
Taper Turning, 104-109 Workshop, Heating the, IS-
Taper Turning Attachments, 104-105 Workshop, Lighting the, 16-
Tailstock, Adjusiab!e Centre for, 105-107 Workshop Furniture, 15
Tapers, setting v.ith Dial Indicator. Wrenches, Tap, 170
‘Wobbler’, 215-216
To&wakers. Butt&s, 115-l 17
Toolmakers Buttons, Setting, 115-l 17
Tap Wrenches, 170
Threading in the lathe, 170-!75
Tapping in the Drilling Machine. 176-177
1Speed, 224
‘, Toolpost, Back, ?56--;-
,:,Too:post, Back, Tools for, 255-256