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Name:: STPM Physics Formulae Sheet
Name:: STPM Physics Formulae Sheet
Time of flight, T
2g 5.1 Angular displacement and angular
velocity
u2 2
Maximum range, R , where 45 T 2f v r
g
where T = period, = angular velocity,
STPM PHYSICS FORMULAE SHEET 2= angular displacement of a complete
3 Dynamics
circle, v = velocity, r = radius of the circle
3.1 Newton’s laws of motion
Name: 5.2 Centripetal acceleration
Newton’s First Law: A body at rest will
a v
remain at rest, a body that is moving will
TERM 1 continue with constant velocity, unless acted a r 2
1 Physical Quantities And Units upon by an external force. v2
1.1 Base Units and SI Units / Newton’s Second Law: The rate of change a
1.2 Dimensions of Physical Quantities of momentum of a body is directly r
Quantity SI Unit Symbol Dimension proportional to the resultant force acting on it where a = centripetal acceleration,
time second s T and is in the same direction as the resultant = angular velocity, v = velocity, r = radius
mass kilogram kg M force. of the circle
length metre m L 5.2 Centripetal force
Force, F = ma (unit: N or kgms 2 )
current ampere A I mv 2 mv 2
temperature kelvin K Impuls, Ft = mv − mu (unit: Ns or kgms 1 ) F mv F mr 2 F T
amount of Newton’s Third Law: Every action has a r r
mole mol N where F= centripetal force, m= mass,
substance reaction which is of the same magnitude but
light opposite in direction. = angular velocity, v = velocity,
candela cd
intensity r = radius of the circle, T = tension
3.2 Linear momentum and its conservation
Prefix Power Abbreviation Momentum, p = mv (unit: kgms 1 ) 6 Gravitation
peta 1015 P Total linear momentum before collision 6.1 Newton’s law of universal gravitation
tera 1012 T = Total linear momentum after collision m1m2
giga 109 G m1u1 m2 u 2 m1v1 m2 v2 F G
mega 106 M r2
kilo 103 k
3.3 Elastic and Non-Elastic Collisions where G = 6.67 x 10 11 m 3 kg 1 s 2
hector 102 h Elastic collision is where kinetic energy is 6.2 Gravitational field
deka 101 da conserved. Gravitational field strength,
deci 10−1 d F
centi 10−2 c
m1u1 m2 u 2 m1v1 m2 v2 E
Non-elastic collision is where kinetic energy m
milli 10−3 m Acceleration due to gravity,
micro 10−6 is not conserved.
M
m1u1 m2 u 2 (m1 m2 )v g G (unit: ms 1 )
nano 10−9 n
R2
pico 10−12 p
3.4 Centre of mass 6.3 Gravitational potential
femto 10−15 f
Coordinates of center of mass Mm
Gravitational potential energy, U G
i n
1.3 Scalar and Vectors r
Resultant vector, C = Vector A + Vector B m1 x1 m2 x 2 ... mn x n
(mi xi )
M 1
i 1 Gravitational potential, V G (Jkg )
x-component: F x F cos x
m1 m2 ...mn i n r
y-component: F y F sin mi gR2 = GM
i 1 6.4 Satellite motion in a circular orbit
Fy i n Velocity of satellite,
angle = tan 1 ( ) (mi yi )
Fx m1 y1 m2 y 2 ... mn y n gR 2 GM
y i 1 v or v
1
( ms )
m1 m2 ...mn i n
r r
F Fx2 Fy2 mi
Total energy of satellite, E = U + K
i 1
P•Q = PQ cos , |P Q| = PQ sin = GmM GmM
3.5 Frictional forces r 2r
1.4 Uncertainties in measurements
Limiting static friction, Fs s R = GmM
If l l, where l is absolute uncertainty 2r
Fractional uncertainty = l / l Kinetic friction, Fk k R 6.5 Escape velocity
Percentage uncertainty = l / l 100%
2GM
4 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER Escape velocity, ve 2 gR
R
4.1 Work
2 Kinematics And Dynamics Work done W F s = Fs cos
2.1 Linear motion 2.2 Projectile 7 Statics
(Nm, J or kgm2s−2)
s 7.1 Equilibrium of particles
v (ms 1 ) 4.2 Potential energy and kinetic energy
v u 2as
2 2
F1 + F2 + F 3 = 0
t 1 6.2 Closed polygon
Kinetic energy, K = mv 2 (J or kgm2s−2)
v u at 1
s ut at 2 2 F1 + F2 + F 3 + F4 + F5 = 0
2 Potential energy, U = mgh
v u 1 Total energy, E=K+U 7.3 Equilibrium of a rigid body
a (ms 2 ) a (u v)t Resultant force on a rigid body = F + (-F) = 0
t 4.3 Power
2 Fd = I
W = mg, W – F = ma P
W
(unit: Js
1
or W or kgm 2 s 3 ) where I = moment of inertia of the rigid body
u sin
2 2 t about the axis of rotation
Greatest height, H 3.4 Efficiency Torque produced by a couple = Fd
2g Poutput where d = perpendicular distance between
Efficiency 100%
u sin 2
2
Pinput the two forces of magnitude F
Range, R
g
1
7.4 Frictional forces 10 Thermodynamics Of Gases t
Limiting static friction Fr = s R 10.1 Heat Capacity Vo
V = Voe CR ; Io =
where s = coefficient of static friction Specific heat capacity, c C R
m Time constant τ = CR
between the surface areas, R = normal
reaction Molar heat capacity, C mx c
m 14 Electric Current
1000
(where m= mass of substance, c Current I = dQ = nAve
8 Deformation Of Solids = specific heat capacity, C = heat capacity) dt
8.1 Stress and Strain 10.2 Work Done by a Gas Current density, J = I/A
F e v2 2
Stress = (Nm−2), Strain = (no unit) W pdV Power P = VI = I2R = V
v1
A l0 R
10.3 First Law of Thermodynamics RA
where F = force, A = cross-sectional area, Resistivity ρ =
Q U W
e = extension, l 0 = original length (where Q = heat energy supplied, U
1 ne 2
8.2 Force-Extension Graph and Stress-Strain = increase in internal energy, W = work done Conductivity σ = =
Graph by gas)
m
F 10.4 Isothermal and Adiabatic Changes Temperature coefficient of resistance,
Young’s modulus, Stress Fl = (R – R0)/R0
E A 0 Cv,m CV ,m R
C p.m
Strain e Ae
CV ,m 15 Direct Current Circuits
l0
(unit:Nm−2, dimensions ML−1T−2) f 2 f Emf E = I (R + r )
C p ,m R CV ,m R
Hook’s Law, F = ke 2 2 E Rr
Ratio of principal molar heat capacities =
8.3 Strain Energy V R
Work done, W Fx C p ,m f 2 Kirchhoff’s Law ∑I = 0 & ∑(IR) = ∑E
Work done / Stress energy = 1 Fe C V ,m 2
2 16 Magnetic Fields
11 Heat Transfer Fm = qvB sin θ
9 Kinetic Theory Of Gases 11.1 Conduction = BI sin θ
9.1 Ideal Gas Equation
dQ d Magnetic field due to current
Gay- kA where I
Lussac’s dt dx For a straight wire, B = o
Charles’ 2x
Boyle’s Law Law or k = thermal conductivity ( Wm1 K 1 )
Law o NI
Pressure A = cross-sectional area ( m 2 ) For a circular coil, B =
Law d temperature gradient ( Km 1 ) 2r
For a solenoid, B = μonI
V1 V2 p1 p2 dx
p1V1 p2V2
T1 T2 T1 T2 Thermal resistance = l where For two parallel conductors, force per unit length
kA
l= length of rod F II
= o12
Ideal Gas Equation 2d
k= thermal conductivity
pV nRT pV nkT A= cross-sectional area Torque on a coil Г = IBAN
23 1 11.2 Convection / 11.3 Radiation / 11.4 Global
(k=Boltzmann constant, 1.38 x 10 JK Hall voltage VH =
BI
warming nte
9.2 Pressure of a Gas Stefan – Botzman law:
1 1 P = eAT 4, Pnet = eA(T 4 – T0 4) 17 Electromagnetic Induction
p c 2 or p nm c 2 Magnetic flux Φ = BAcosθ
3 3
TERM 2 d
12 Electrostatics Faraday Law, E = -
9.3 Molecular Kinetic Energy dt
Average translational kinetic energy of Coulomb’s Law Fe = Q1Q2 Induced emf, E = Bv straight conductor
the random motion 4 0 r 2 E = πR2fB rotating disc
1 3
m c 2 kT E = NBAω sin ωt rotating coil
F
2 2 Electric field strength E = dI
Translational kinetic energy per mole on an q E=-L ; L = self inductance
dt
ideal gas =
3
RT Gauss’s Law ∑Q = 0 Φ ; Φ = EA NΦ = LI
2
Q N 2 A
For a point charge Q, E= Self inductance for a solenoid , L =
9.4 The R.M.S. Speed of Gas Molecules
40 r 2 Energy stored in an inductor , E = ½ LI2
3kT or
c r.m.s. c2 Q
m V = 18 Alternating Current Circuits
3RT
4 0 r Capacitor in ac circuit,
cr.m.s. c 2
dV r V =Vosin 2πft
m E =-
dx
↔ V=- Edx I = Io cos 2πft = Io sin (2πft +
)
9.5 Degrees of Freedom and Law of 2
Equipartition of Energy 13 Capacitors Vo 1
Reactance Xc = =
Average total energy of a molecule with f Energy stored in capacitor, Io 2fC
degrees of freedom = f ( kT )
1 E = ½ CV2 = ½QV = ½ Q2/C Inductor in ac circuit,
2 E I = Io sin 2πft
Charging capacitor: Io =
9.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas R
1 f V =Vo cos 2πft = Vo sin(2πft + )
f
U N A f ( kT ) ( N A k )T RT t t t 2
2 2 2 I I o e CR CR CR Vo
; Q = Qo(1- e ); V = E (1- e ) Reactance XL = = 2π f L
v mp v av v rms and the ratio
t
Io
v mp : v av : v rms Discharging capacitor : I = Ioe CR ; Q = Qo e
is 1.00 : 1.13 : 1.23 t
CR ;
2
TERM 3 20 Wave Motion 23 Wave Optics
19 Oscillations 1 x ax
Period, T v f 2 ( ) Interference
For SHM, −a = 2 x ( 2 = positive constant)
F = − kx ( k = positive constant)
f D
2 where f = frequency, v = velocity, = Single slit diffraction sin θ = for 1st minimum
Angular frequency,
a
wavelength, = phase difference Diffraction grating d sin θn = nλ ; highest order nmax
T
Period, T = 1/f Equation of progressive wave d
≤
Displacement, x x0 sint x 2
y a sin(t x) intensity of transmitted polarized wave I = Io cos2θ
dx
Velocity, v x0 cos t (+) for negative Ox=direction and Speed of light c =
1
dt (-) for positive Ox-direction o o
Acceleration, a 2 x0 sin t 2t 1
Wave Intensity, I a2 2 Interference
ax
r D
Velocity, v x0 x
2 2
(where I = intensity, a = amplitude, r =radius
Single slit diffraction sin θ = for 1st minimum
Total energy, E = U + K of sphere) a
1 Principle of Superposition: Diffraction grating d sin θn = nλ ; highest order nmax
Kinetic Energy, K m 2 ( x02 x 2 )
= Displacement of y at the point due to two d
2 ≤
waves, y y1 y2
1
Internal Energy, U = m 2 x 2 Standing wave equation intensity of transmitted polarized wave I = Io cos2θ
2 2
1 y (2a cos x) sin t
Total energy, E = m 2 x02 24 Quantum Physics
2
hc
dU 21 Sound Waves
= − m x
2 Energy of photon E = hf =
Force, F = −
dx Fundamental frequency
Einstein’s photoelectric equation
Spring-mass system , Along a stretched spring
v 1 1 T (unit: Hz) hf = W + 1 mv max
2 where
m e f0 2
Period, T = 2 2 2l 2l 2l work function W = hfo ; fo = threshold frequency
k g
v v 1 2 = eV ; V = stopping potential
Vibrating air column, f 0 mv max s s
Simple pendulum, T 2
l 0 4l 2
g v v h h
Tube open at both ends, f 0 de Broglie wavelength: λ = =
p mv
0 2l
Simple pendulum, f 1 g
2 l Intensity level, 10 log10
I
25 Nuclear Physics
dB
(l = length of pendulum, I0 Work function, hf = Ef - Ei
g = acceleration due to gravity)
(where I = intensity of sound, Shortest wavelength, λmin =
hc
Spring-mass system, f 1 k
I 0 1 10 12
Wm2 ) eV
2 m Bragg’s Law: 2d sinθ = nλ
(k = force constant, m = mass of load Beat Frequency, f ( f1 f 2 ) E = mc2 ; m = mass defect
Torsional pendulum, T 2 I Doppler Effect: dN ln2
Radioactivity, - N ; Half life T½ =
C Apparent frequency, v u0 dt
f' ( )f
v us N = No e-λt 1 n
= ( ) No where n = no of half life
2
22 Geometrical Optics Reaction energy, Q = [(Mx + mx) (My + my)]c2
r
f=
2
refraction at curved surface,
n1 n 2 n 2 - n 1
u v r
1 n 1 1
lens maker’s formula, ( 2 - 1 )( )
f n1 r1 r2
1 1 1
lens formula,
f u v
3
STPM Physics Syllabus
10 Thermodynamics Of Gases
10.1 Heat Capacity
10.2 Work Done by a Gas
10.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
10.4 Isothermal and Adiabatic Changes
11 Heat Transfer
11.1 Conduction
11.2 Convection / 11.3 Radiation / 11.4 Global
warming