NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11

Chapter – 1

LESSON -1 : Successive Differentiation

• In this lesson, the idea of differential coefficient of a function and its successive
derivatives will be discussed. Also, the computation of nth derivatives of some standard
functions is presented through typical worked examples.
1.0 Introduction:- Differential calculus (DC) deals with problem of calculating rates of
change.When we have a formula for the distance that a moving body covers as a
function of
time, DC gives us the formulas for calculating the body’s velocity and acceleration at
any
instant.
• Definition of derivative of a function y = f(x):-

f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Fig.1. Slope of the line PQ is
∆x
The derivative of a function y = f(x) is the function f ′(x ) whose value at each x is defined as
dy
= f ′(x ) = Slope of the line PQ (See Fig.1)
dx
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
= lim -------- (1)
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim (Average rate change)
∆x → 0

= Instantaneous rate of change of f at x provided the limit exists.

The instantaneous velocity and acceleration of a body (moving along a line) at any instant x is
the derivative of its position co-ordinate y = f(x) w.r.t x, i.e.,
dy
Velocity = = f ′(x ) --------- (2)
dx
And the corresponding acceleration is given by

d2y
Acceleration = = f ′′( x) ---------- (3)
dx 2
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
• Session - 1
1.1 Successive Differentiation:-
The process of differentiating a given function again and again is called as
Successive differentiation and the results of such differentiation are called
successive derivatives.
• The higher order differential coefficients will occur more frequently in spreading
a function all fields of scientific and engineering applications.
• Notations:
dy d 2 y d 3 y dny
i. , 2 , 3 ,…….., nth order derivative:
dx dx dx dx n
ii f ′(x ) , f ′′(x ) , f ′′′(x) ,…..., nth order derivative: f n (x)
iii Dy, D 2 y , D 3 y ,………..., nth order derivative: D n y
iv y ′ , y ′′ , y ′′′ ,……, nth order derivative: y (n )
v. y1 , y 2 , y 3 …, nth order derivative: y n
• Successive differentiation – A flow diagram
df
Input function: y = f (x ) Operation Output function y′ = = f ′(x) (first order
d dx
dx
derivative)

d2 f
Input function y ′ = f ′(x ) Operation Output function y ′′ = = f ′′( x) (second order
d
dx
dx 2
derivative)

d3 f
Input function y ′′ = f ′′(x ) Operation Output function y ′′′ = = f ′′′( x) (third order
d
dx
dx 3
derivative)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dn f
Input function y n −1 = f n −1 ( x) Operation Output function y n = n
= f n (x) (nth order
d
dx
dx
derivative)
Animation Instruction
(Successive Differention-A flow diagram)
Output functions are to appear after operating

Operation
d
dx

on Input functions, successively.

• 1.1 Solved Examples :

d2y dy
1. If y = sin(sin x ) , prove that 2
+ tan x + y cos 2 x = 0
dx dx
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
Solution: Differentiating y = sin(sin x ) --------- (1) w.r.t.x, we get
dy
y1 = = cos(sin x ). cos x -------------- (2)
dx
dy
Again differentiating y1 = w.r.t.x gives
dx
d2y
y 2 = 2 = [cos(sin x)(− sin x) + cos x(− sin(sin x) cos x ] Using product rule
dx
d2y
[
y 2 = 2 = − sin x cos(sin x) + cos 2 x sin(sin x)
dx
]
 sin x 
i.e. y 2 = −  cos x cos(sin x) + cos 2 x sin(sin x )
 cos x 
[ ]
y 2 = − tan xy1 + cos xy , using Eqs. (1) and (2)
2

or y 2 + tan xy1 + cos xy = 0

2

d2y dy
or 2
+ tan x + y cos 2 x = 0
dx dx

(ax + b)
2. If y = , show that 2 y1 y 3 = 3 y 22
(cx + d )
(ax + b)
Solution: We rewrite y = , by actual division of ax+b by c x+d, as
(cx + d )
 ad  1 a  ad 
= + k (cx + d ) ---------- (1)where k =  b −
−1
y = a + b −  
c  c  cx + d c  c 
Differentiating (1) successively thrice, we get
dy
= y1 = − kc (cx + d )
−2
---------- (2)
dx
d2y
= y 2 = −2kc 2 (cx + d )
−3
2
---------- (3)
dx
d3y
= y 3 = −6kc 3 (cx + d )
−4
3
---------- (4) From (2), (3) and (4) we get
dx
[ ]
2 y1 y 3 = 2 {− kc (cx + d ) −2 }{− 6kc 3 (cx + d ) −4 }
2 y1 y 3 = 12 k 2 c 4 (cx + d ) −6
[
2 y1 y 3 = 3 − 2kc 2 (cx + d ) −3 ] 2

Therefore 2 y1 y 3 = 3 y 22 , as desired.

d2y dy
3. If x = sin t , y = sin pt , Prove that (1 − x ) 2 − x + p 2 y = 0
2

dx dx
Solution: Note that the function is given in terms a parameter t. So we find,
dy dy
= cos t and = p cos pt , so that
dt dt
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
dy dy dt p cos pt
y1 = = = . Squaring on both sides
dx dx dt cos t
p 2 cos 2 pt p 2 (1 − sin 2 pt ) p 2 (1 − y 2 )
( y1 )2 = = = (by data)
cos 2 t 1 − sin 2 t 1− x2
∴ (1 − x 2 )( y1 ) = p 2 (1 − y 2 ).
2

Differentiating this equation w.r.t x, we get

( )
1 − x 2 2 y1 y 2 + ( y1 ) 2 (−2 x) = p 2 (−2 yy1 ) .

Canceling 2 y1 throughout, this becomes

( )
1 − x 2 y 2 − xy1 = − p 2 y
( )
or 1 − x 2 y 2 − xy1 + p 2 y = 0
d2y dy
i.e. (1 − x ) 2 − x + p 2 y = 0
2

dx dx
d2y
4. If x = a (cos t + t sin t ) , y = a (sin t − t cos t ) , find
dx 2
dy
Solution: = a (− sin t + t cos t + sin t ) = at cos t
dt
dy
= a (cos t + t sin t − cos t ) = at sin t
dt
 dy  dy at sin t
∴   = dt = = tan t
 dx  dx dt at cos t
d2y  dt   1  1
Hence, 2
= sec 2 t   = sec 2 t  = 3
dx  dx   at cos t  at cos t

( a ), prove that a y = 1 + y
5. If y = a cosh x 2 2
2
2
1

= a sinh (x )(1 ) = sinh (x ), and

dy
Solution: y = 1
dx a a a

= cosh (x )( 1 ),
2
d y
y = 2
dx a a 2

∴ ay = cosh (x ), so that a y = cosh (x )

2 2 2
2 a a
2

i.e. a y = 1 + sinh (x ) = 1 + y , as desired.

2 2 2 2
2 a 1

• Problem Set No. 1.1 for practice.

(
1. If y = e ax sin bx , prove that y 2 − 2ay1 + a 2 + b 2 y = 0 )
2
d y h − ab
2
2. If ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1 , prove that =
dx 2
(hx + by )3
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
2
3. If y = Ae − kt cos(l t + c ) , show that
d y
dx 2
+ 2k
dy
dx
( )
+ k2 +l2 y = 0

( )
2
4. If y = log x + 1 + x 2 , prove that 1 + x 2( d y
dx
)2
+x
dy
dx
=0
2
d2y  dy 
5. If y = tan −1 (sinh x ) , prove that + tan y   = 0
dx 2  dx 
d2y
6. If x = a(cos t + log tan t 2 ) , y = a sin t , find Ans: sin t
dx 2 a cos 4 t
d2y b cos ecθ sec 4 θ
7. Find 2 , when x = a cos 3 θ , y = b sin 3 θ Ans:
dx 3a 2
d3y  x  1 + 2x 2
8. Find 3 , where y = tan −1   Ans:
dx  1 − x 2 
 (
1− x2 2
5
)
d2y π
9. If x = 2 cos t − cos 2t , x = 2 sin t − sin 2t , Find  2  x = Ans: -3/2
 dx  2
d2y dy
10. If xy = e x + be − x , prove that x 2 + 2 − xy = 0
dx dx

• Session -2

1.2 Calculation of nth derivatives of some standard functions

• Below, we present a table of nth order derivatives of some standard functions for ready
reference.
Table : 1
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
Sl. y = f(x) dny
No yn = = Dn y
dx n
1 e mx m n e mx
2 a mx m n (log a ) a mx
n

3 (ax + b )m i. m(m − 1)(m − 2 )....(m − n + 1)a n (ax + b )

m −n
for all m .
ii. 0 if m < n
iii. (n!) a n if m = n
m!
iv. x m− n if m < n
(m − n )!
4 1 ( −1) n n ! n
a
(ax + b ) ( ax + b) n +1
5. 1 ( −1) n ( m + n − 1) ! n
a
(ax + b )m ( m − 1) !( ax + b) m+ n
6. log( ax + b) ( −1) n −1 ( n − 1) ! n
a
( ax + b) n
7. sin( ax + b) a n sin( ax + b + n π )
2
8. cos( ax + b) a n cos(ax + b + n π )
2
9. e ax sin(bx + c) r n e ax sin(bx + c + nθ ) , r = a 2 + b 2 θ = tan −1 ( b a )
10. e ax cos(bx + c ) r n e ax cos(bx + c + nθ ) , r = a 2 + b 2 θ = tan −1 ( b a )

• We proceed to illustrate the proof of some of the above results, as only the above
functions are able to produce a sequential change from one derivative to the other.
Hence, in general we cannot obtain readymade formula for nth derivative of functions
other than the above.

1. Consider e mx . Let y = e mx . Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

y1 = me mx . Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get
( )
y 2 = m me mx = m 2 e mx
Similarly, we get
y3 = m 3 e mx
y4 = m 4 e mx
…………….
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
And hence we get
dn
y n = m n e mx ∴ n e mx = m n e mx .
dx
[ ]
2. (ax + b )m (See Sl. No-3 of Table-1 )
let y = (ax + b ) Differentiating w.r.t x,
m

y1 = m (ax + b )m −1 a . Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get

y2 = m (m − 1) (ax + b )m − 2 a 2
Similarly, we get
y3 = m (m − 1) (m − 2 ) (ax + b ) a 3
m −3

………………………………….
And hence we get
y n = m (m − 1) (m − 2 ) ………. (m − n + 1) (ax + b ) a n for all m.
m−n

Case (i) If m = n (m-positive integer),then the above expression becomes

y n = n (n − 1) (n − 2) ……….3.2.1 (ax + b ) a n
n −n

i.e. y n = (n!) a n
Case (ii) If m<n,(i.e. if n>m) which means if we further differentiate the above expression,
the
right hand site yields zero. Thus D n (ax + b ) [ m
]= 0 if (m < n )
If m>n, then y n = m(m − 1)(m − 2)......(m − n + 1)(ax + b ) a n becomes
m −n
Case (iii)
m(m − 1)(m − 2 )......(m − n + 1)(m − n )!
= (ax + b )m −n a n
(m − n )!
m!
. i.e yn = (ax + b )m −n a n
(m − n )!
1
3. (See Sl. No-5 of Table-1 )
(ax + b )m
1
= (ax + b )
−m
Let y=
(ax + b ) m

Differentiating w.r.t x
y1 = − m(ax + b ) a = (− 1)m(ax + b )
− m −1 − ( m +1)
a
[
y 2 = (− 1)(m ) − (m + 1)(ax + b )
− ( m +1)−1
]
a = (− 1) m(m + 1)(ax + b )
2 −(m+ 2 )
a2
y 3 = (− 1) m(m + 1)(m + 2)(ax + b )
3 − ( m+3 ) 3
Similarly, we get a
y 4 = (− 1) m(m + 1)(m + 2 )(m + 3)(ax + b )
4 − (m + 4 )
a4
……………………………
y n = (− 1) m(m + 1)(m + 2).....(m + n − 1)(ax + b )
n − (m+ n ) n
a
This may be rewritten as
 NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11

yn =
(− 1) (m + n − 1)(m + n − 2).....(m + 1)m(m − 1)! (ax + b )−(m + n ) a n
n

(m − 1)!
or yn =
(− 1)n (m + n − 1)! a n
(m − 1)!(ax + b)m+ n

1
4. (See Sl. No-4 of Table-1 )
(ax + b )
Putting m = 1, in the result
 1  (−1) n (m + n − 1) ! n
Dn  m 
= m+n
a
 (ax + b)  (m − 1) !(ax + b)
n 1  ( −1) n (1 + n − 1) ! n
we get D  = 1+ n
a
 ( ax + b)  (1 − 1) !( ax + b)
 1  ( −1) n n ! n
=
n
or D  1+ n
a
 ( ax + b)  ( ax + b)

• 1.2.1. Worked Examples:-

In each of the following Questions find the nth derivative after reducing them into standard
functions given in the table 1.2.1
(3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 − 3 x )
1. (a) log(9 x − 1)
2
[
(b) log (4 x + 3)e 5 x+7
] (c) log10
( x + 1) 6
Solution: (a) Let y = log(9 x 2 − 1) = log{(3 x + 1)(3 x − 1)}
y = log(3 x + 1) + log(3 x − 1) (Q log( AB ) = log A + log B )
dn dn
∴ y n = n {log(3 x + 1)} + n {log(3 x − 1)}
dx dx
( −1) ( n − 1) ! n ( −1) n −1 ( n − 1) ! n
n −1
i.e y n = (3) + (3)
(3 x + 1) n (3 x − 1) n

[ ]
(b) Let y = log ( 4 x + 3)e 5 x +7 = log(4 x + 3) + log e 5 x +7
= log(4 x + 3) + (5 x + 7) log e e (Q log A B = B log A )
∴ y = log( 4 x + 3) + (5 x + 7) (Q log e e = 1 )
( −1) n −1 ( n − 1) ! n
∴ yn = ( 4) + 0 Q D (5 x + 6 ) = 5
( 4 x + 3) n
D 2 (5 x + 6) = 0
D n (5 x + 1) = 0 ( n > 1)
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
(3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 − 3 x )
(c) Let y = log 10
( x + 1) 6
1  (3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 − 3 x)  log e X
=   Q log10 X =
log e 10  ( x + 1) 6  log e 10
1 1  (3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 − 3 x ) 
=  log   Q log A B = B log A
log e 10  2  ( x + 1) 6 
 A
Q log  = log A − log B
B
1
=
2 log e 10
{
log(3 x + 5) 2 + log( 2 − 3 x ) − log( x + 1) 6 }
1
∴ y= {2 log(3x + 5) + log(2 − 3x) − 6 log( x + 1)}
2 log e 10
Hence,

1  (−1) n −1 (n − 1) ! n (−1) n −1 (n − 1) ! (−1) n −1 (n − 1) ! n 

yn =  2. (3) + ( −3) n
− 6. (1) 
2 log e 10  (3x + 5) n (2 − 3x) n ( x + 1) n 

2. (a) e 2 x + 4 + 6 2 x + 4 (b) cosh 4 x + cosh 2 4 x

1 1
(c) e − x sinh 3 x cosh 2 x (d) + + (6 x + 8) 5
( 4 x + 5) (5 x + 4) 4

Solution: (a) Let y = e 2 x + 4 + 6 2 x+ 4

= e 2x e 4 + 62x64
∴ y = e 4 (e 2 x ) + 1296(6 2 x )
dn dn
hence y n = e 4 n (e 2 x ) + 1296 n (6 2 x )
dx dx
{ }
= e 2 e + 1296 2 (log 6) n 6 2 x
4 n 2x n
{ }
(b) Let y = cosh 4 x + cosh 2 4 x
2
 e 4 x + e −4 x   e 4 x + e −4 x 
=   +  
 2   2 
= (e + e − 4 x ) + {(e 4 x ) 2 + (e − 4 x ) 2 + 2(e 4 x )(e − 4 x )}
1 4x 1
2 4
y = (e + e − 4 x ) + {e 8 x + e −8 x + 2}
1 4x 1
2 4
hence,
1
2
[ ] [ 1
y n = 4 n e 4 x + ( −4) n e − 4 x + 8 n e 8 n + ( −8) n e −8 n + 0
4
]
(c) Let y = e − x sinh 3 x cosh 2 x
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
 e 3 x − e −3 x  e 2 x + e −2 x 
= e−x   
 2  2 
−x
=
e
4
{(e 3x − e −3x )(e 2 x + e −2 x )}
e −x 5x
=
4
{e − e − x + e x − e −5 x }

= {e − e − 2 x + 1 − e − 6 x }
1 4x
4
y = {1 + e 4 x − e − 2 x − e −6 x }
1
4
y n = {0 + ( 4) n e 4 x − ( −2) n e − 2 x − ( −6) n e −6 x }
1
Hence,
4
1 1
(d) Let y = + + (6 x + 8) 5
( 4 x + 5) (5 x + 4) 4

Hence, y n =
dn  1  dn 
n  + n 
dx  (4 x + 5)  dx  (5 x + 4)  dx
1  dn
4 
{
+ n (6 x + 8)
5
}
( −1) n n ! ( −1) n (4 + n − 1) !
= n +1
( 4) +
n
4+ n
(5) n + 0
( 4 x + 5) (4 − 1) !(5 x + 4)
( −1) n n ! ( −1) n (3 + n) ! n
i.e y n = ( 4) +
n
(5)
( 4 x + 5) n +1 3!(5 x + 4) n + 4

• Session - 3
• 1.2.2 Worked examples:-
1 1 x2
1. (i) 2 (ii) (iii)
x − 6x + 8 1 − x − x2 + x3 2x 2 + 7 x + 6

 x+ 2
(iv)  + 2
1
 x + 1  4 x + 12 x + 9
(v) tan −1 x( a) 1+ x 
(vi) tan −1 x (vii) tan −1  
1− x 

• In all the above problems, we use the method of partial fractions to reduce
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
them into standard forms.
1 1
Solutions: (i) Let y = 2 . The function can be rewritten as y =
x − 6x + 8 ( x − 4)( x − 2)
• This is proper fraction containing two distinct linear factors in the denominator.
So, it can be split into partial fractions as
1 A B
y= = + Where the constant A and B are found
( x − 4)( x − 2) ( x − 4) ( x − 2)

as given below.

1 A( x − 2) + B ( x − 4)
=
( x − 4)( x − 2) ( x − 4)( x − 2)

∴ 1 = A( x − 2) + B ( x − 4) -------------(*)
Putting x = 2 in (*), we get the value of B as B = − 1
2
Similarly putting x = 4 in(*), we get the value of A as A = 1
2
1 (1 / 2) ( −1 / 2)
∴y= = + Hence
( x − 4)( x − 2) x − 4 x−2
1 dn  1  1 dn  1 
yn =  −  
2 dx n  x − 4  2 dx n  x − 2 

1  (−1) n n ! n 1  (−1) n n ! 
=  n +1
(1)  −  n +1
(1) n 
2  ( x − 4)  2  ( x − 2) 

1  1 1 
= (−1) n n !  n +1
− n +1 
2  ( x − 4) ( x − 2) 

1 1 1
(ii) Let y = = =
1− x − x + x
2 3
(1 − x ) − x (1 − x ) (1 − x)(1 − x 2 )
2

1 1
ie y = =
(1 − x )(1 − x )(1 + x ) (1 − x ) 2 (1 + x )
Though y is a proper fraction, it contains a repeated linear factor (1 − x ) 2 in its
denominator. Hence, we write the function as
A B C
y= + + in terms of partial fractions. The constants A, B, C
(1 − x ) (1 − x ) 2
1+ x
are found as follows:
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
1 A B C
y= = + +
(1 − x) (1 + x)
2
(1 − x ) (1 − x ) 2
1+ x

ie 1 = A(1 − x )(1 + x ) + B (1 + x ) + C (1 − x ) 2 -------------(**)

Putting x = 1 in (**), we get B as B = 1
2
Putting x = -1 in (**), we get C as C = 1
4
Putting x = 0 in (**), we get 1 = A + B + C
∴ A = 1− B − C = 1− 1 − 1 = 1
2 4 4
∴ A= 1
4
(1 / 4) (1 / 2) (1 / 4)
Hence, y = + +
(1 − x) (1 − x ) 2
(1 + x )
1  (−1) n n ! n  1  (−1) n (2 + n − 1) ! n  1  (−1) n n ! n 
∴ yn =  (1)  +  (1)  +  (1) 
4  (1 − x) n +1  2  (2 − 1) !(1 − x)
2+ n
 4  (1 + x)
n +1


1  1 1  1  (−1) n (n + 1) !
= (−1) n n !  n +1
+ +  
4  (1 − x) (1 + x) n +1  2  (1 − x)n + 2 
x2
(iii) Let y = 2 (VTU July-05)
2x + 7 x + 6
This is an improper function. We make it proper fraction by actual division and
later
spilt that into partial fractions.
1 ( − 7 x − 3)
i.e x 2 ÷ ( 2 x 2 + 7 x + 6) = + 2 2
2 2x − 7 x + 6
1 −7 x − 3
∴y= + 2
Resolving this proper fraction into partial fractions, we get
2 ( 2 x + 3)( x + 2)
1  A B 
y= + + . Following the above examples for finding A & B, we
2  ( 2 x + 3) ( x + 2) 
get
1  9 ( −4) 
y= + 2 +
2  2 x + 3 x + 2 
9  (−1) n n ! n  (−1) n n ! 
Hence, y n = 0 +  n +1
( 2) −
  4 n +1
(1) n 
2  (2 x + 3)   ( x + 2) 
 9 (2) n 4 
i.e y n = (−1) n n !  2 n +1
− n +1 
 (2 x + 3) ( x + 2) 
( x + 2) x
(iv) Let y = + 2
( x + 1) 4 x + 12 x + 9

(i) (ii)
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
Here (i) is improper & (ii) is proper function. So, by actual division (i) becomes
 x+ 2  1 
  = 1+   . Hence, y is given by
 x +1   x +1

 1  1
y = 1+  + [Q (2 x + 3) 2 = 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 ]
 x + 1  (2 x + 3)
2

Resolving the last proper fraction into partial fractions, we get

x A B
= + . Solving we get
( 2 x + 3) 2
( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3) 2
A = 1 and B = − 3
2 2
 1   1 − 32 
∴ y = 1+  +
2
+ 2 
 1 + x   (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3) 
 (−1) n n ! n  1  (−1) n n ! n 3  (−1) n (n + 1) ! n 
∴ n
y = 0 +  (1)  +  n +1
( 2)  −  (2) 
 (1 + x ) n
 2  ( 2 x + 3)  2  ( 2 x + 3) n + 2 

(v) tan −1 x( a)
Let y = tan −1 x ( a)
1 1 a
∴ y1 =  = 2
1+ x ( a)2
a x +a
2

 a 
y n = D n y = D n −1 ( y1 ) = D n −1  2 2 
x +a 
a a
Consider 2 =
x +a 2
( x + ai )( x − ai )
A B
= + , on resolving into partial fractions.
( x + ai ) ( x − ai )

=
(
−1
2 i
) ( )
+
1
2i , on solving for A & B.
( x + ai ) ( x − ai )
 a  n −1  − 2 i  n −1  
1 1
∴ D n −1  2  = D   + D 
2i

x +a   x + ai   x − ai 
2

n −1 n −1
 1   (−1) (n − 1) !  1   (−1) (n − 1) !
=  −   +    -----------(*)
 2i   ( x + ai)   2i   ( x − ai )
n n


• Since above answer containing complex quantity i we rewrite the answer in terms of real
a
quantity, We take transformation x = r cos θ a = r sin θ where r = x 2 + a 2 , θ = tan −1  
x
x + ai = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) = re iθ

x − ai = r (cos θ − i sin θ ) = re −iθ

NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
1 1 e inθ 1 e −inθ
= = , =
(x − ai )n r n e −inθ r n (x + ai )n r n

now(*) is y n =
(− 1)n −1 (n − 1)! [e inθ − e −inθ ]
n
2ir

yn =
(− 1)n −1 (2 i sin nθ ) ⇒ (− 1)n−1 (n − 1)! sin nθ
2 i rn rn

(vi) Let y = tan −1 x .Putting a = 1 in Ex.(v) we get

y n which is same as above with r = x 2 + 1 θ = tan −1 1 ( x)
θ = cot −1 ( x ) or x = cot θ
1 1
∴ r = cot 2 θ + 1 = cos ecθ ⇒ = = sin n θ
r n
cos ec θ
n

D (tan x ) = (− 1) (n − 1) ! sin θ sin nθ where θ = cot −1 x

n −1 n −1 n

1+ x 
(vii) Let y = tan −1  
1− x 
put x = tan θ θ = tan −1 x
1 + tan θ 
∴ y = tan −1  
1 − tan θ 
= tan −1 [tan(π 4 + θ )] Q tan π( 4
)  1 + tan θ 
+θ =  
 1 − tan θ 
π
=π +θ = + tan −1 ( x )
4 4
π
y= + tan −1 ( x )
4
y n = 0 + D n (tan −1 x )
n −1 n −1
 1   (−1) (n − 1) !  1   (−1) (n − 1) !
=  −  +
   
 2i   ( x + ai)   2i   ( x − ai )
n n


Problem set No. 1.2.1 for practice

Find the nth derivative of the following functions:
6x x x 2 + 4x + 1 x
1. 2. 3. 4.
( x − 1)( x 2 − 4) ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 1) x3 + 2x2 − x − 2 4x − x − 3
2

x3  2x   1 + x2 −1
5. 6. tan −1  2 
7. tan −1  
x 2 − 3x + 2 1− x   x 
 
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11

• Session 4
1. sin( ax + b) .(See Sl. No-7 of Table-1 )
Let y = sin( ax + b) . Differentiating w.r.t x,
π
y1 = cos(ax + b).a As sin( X + ) = cos X
2
We can write
y1 = a sin(ax + b + π / 2).
Again Differentiating w.r.t x,
π
y 2 = a cos(ax + b + π / 2).a Again using sin( X + ) = cos X ,we get y 2 as
2
y 2 = a sin(ax + b + π / 2 + π / 2).a
i.e. y 2 = a 2 sin( ax + b + 2π / 2).
Similarly, we get
y 3 = a 3 sin( ax + b + 3π / 2).
y 4 = a 4 sin( ax + b + 4π / 2).
……………………………
y n = a n sin( ax + b + nπ / 2).
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
2. e ax sin (bx + c ). (See Sl. No-9 of Table-1 )
Let y = e ax sin (bx + c ).....(1)
Differentiating using product rule ,we get
y1 = e ax cos(bx + c )b + sin (bx + c ) ae ax
y1 = e [a sin (bx + c ) + b cos(bx + c ) ] . For computation of higher order derivatives
ax
i.e.
it is convenient to express the constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ in terms of the constants r and
θ defined by a = r cosθ & b = r sin θ ,so t r = a 2 + b 2 and θ = tan −1 b .thus,
a
( )
y1 can be rewritten as
y1 = e ax [(r cosθ ) sin(bx + c ) + (r sin θ ) cos(bx + c ) ]
or y1 = e ax [r{sin(bx + c ) cosθ + cos(bx + c ) cosθ }]
i.e. y1 = re ax [sin (bx + c + θ )]...........( 2)
Comparing expressions (1) and (2), we write y 2 as
y 2 = r 2 e ax sin (bx + c + 2θ )
y 3 = r 3 e ax sin (bx + c + 3θ )
Continuing in this way, we get
y 4 = r 4 e ax sin (bx + c + 4θ )
y 5 = r 5 e ax sin (bx + c + 5θ )
…………………………….
y n = r n e ax sin (bx + c + nθ )
[ ] ( a)
∴ D n e ax sin (bx + c ) = r n e ax sin (bx + c + nθ ), where r = a 2 + b 2 & θ = tan −1 b

• 1.2.3 Worked examples

1. (i) sin 2 x + cos 3 x (ii) sin 3 cos 3 x (iii) cos x cos 2 x cos 3x
(iv) sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x (v) e 3 x cos 2 x (
(vi) e 2 x sin 2 x + cos 3 x )
• The following formulae are useful in solving some of the above problems.
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
(i) sin 2 x = (ii ) cos 2 x =
2 2
(iii) sin 3 x = 3 sin x − 4 sin 3 x (iv ) cos 3 x = 4 cos 3 x − 3 cos x

(v) 2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin ( A − B )

(vi) 2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B )

(vii) 2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B )

(viii) 2 sin A sin B = cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B )

 1 − cos 2 x  1
Solutions: (i) Let y = sin 2 x + cos 3 x =   + (cos 3 x + 3 cos x )
 2  4
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
∴ yn =
1
2
[ ( 1
)] [ ( )
0 − (2 ) cos 2 x + nπ + (3) cos 3 x + nπ + 3 cos x + nπ
n
2 4
n
2 2
( )]
3
 sin 2 x  sin 3 2 x 1  − sin 6 x + 3 sin 2 x 
(ii)Let y = sin 3 x cos 3 x =   = =  
 2  8 8 4 
1
= [3 sin 2 x − sin 6 x ]
32
1  n  nπ   nπ  
yn = 3.2 sin  2 x +  − 6 sin  6 x +
n

32   2   2 

(iii) )Let y = cos 3x cos x cos 2 x

1
2
1
[
= (cos 4 x + cos 2 x ) cos 2 x = cos 4 x cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x
2
]
1 1 1 − cos 4 x 
=  (cos 6 x + cos 2 x ) + 
2 2 2 
1 cos 2 x 1
= cos 6 x + + (1 − cos 4 x )
4 4 4
 nπ   nπ 
2 n cos 2 x +  4 cos 4 x +
n

1 n  nπ   2   2 
∴ y n = 6 cos 6 x + + −
4  2  4 4
(iv) )Let y = sin 3 x sin x sn 2 x
1
= [sin (2 x ) − sin 4 x ]sin 2 x
2
1
[
= sin 2 2 x − sin 4 x sin 2 x
2
]
1 1 − cos 4 x 1 
=  − (sin 2 x − sin 6 x )
2 2 2 
 1 − cos 4 x  1 
=   − (sin 2 x − sin 6 x )
 4  4 
1 n  nπ   nπ   nπ 
yn =  4 cos 4 x +  − 2 sin  2 x +
n
 + 6 sin  6 x +
n

4  2   2   2 

(v) Let y = e 3 x cos 2 x (Refer Sl.No. 10 of Table 1)

∴ y n = re 3 x cos(2 x + nθ ) where
2
r = 3 2 + 2 2 = 13 & θ = tan −1  
3
(vi) Let y = e (sin x + cos x )
2x 2 3
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
1 − cos 2 x 1
[
We know that sin 2 x + cos 3 x = ] 2
+ [cos 3 x + 3 cos x ]
4
1 − cos 2 x  e
[ ]
2x
∴ y = e 2 x sin 2 x + cos 3 x = e 2 x 
 2  + 4 [cos 3x + 3 cos x ]
1
2
[ ] [
1
∴ y = e 2 x − e 2 x cos 2 x + e 2 x cos 3 x + 3e 2 x cos x
4
]
1 n 2x
2
[ ] [ 1
]
Hence, y n = 2 e − r1n e 2 x cos(2 x + nθ1 ) + r2n e 2 x cos(3 x + nθ 2 ) + 3r3n e 2 x cos( x + nθ 3 )
4
where r1 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 8 ; r2 = 2 2 + 3 2 = 13 ; r3 = 2 2 + 12 = 5
2 3 1
θ 1 = tan −1   ;θ 2 = tan −1   ;θ 3 = tan −1   ;
2 2 2

Problem set No. 1.2.2 for practice

Find nth derivative of the following functions:
1. (sin 3 x + cos 2 x) 2. sin 2 x cos 3x 3. cos 2 x. sin 3x 4. cos x cos 2 x
5. sin x sin 2 x 6. e 3 x (sin 3 x + cos 2 x) 7. e x cos 2 x cos 4 x 8. e − x sin 2 x cos 2 x
.9. e −3 x cos 3 x (VTU Jan-04)

LESSON -2 : Leibnitz’s Theorem

• Session - 1
• Leibnitz’s theorem is useful in the calculation of nth derivatives of product of two functions.
• Statement of the theorem:
If u and v are functions of x, then
D (uv ) = D n uv + n C1 D n −1uDv + n C 2 D n −2 uD 2 v + ....+ n C r D n −r uD r v + ...uD n v ,
n

d n n(n − 1) n!
where D = , C1 = n , n C 2 = ,........, n C r =
dx 2 r!(n − r )!
• Worked Examples
1. If x = sin t , y = sin pt prove that
(1 − x 2 )y n+ 2 − (2n + 1)xy n+1 + ( p 2 − n 2 )y n = 0 (VTU July-05)
Solution: Note that the function y = f (x ) is given in the parametric form with a parameter t.
So, we consider
dy dy dt p cos pt
= = (p – constant)
dx dx dt cos t
2
 dy  p 2 cos 2 pt p 2 (1 − sin 2 pt ) p 2 (1 − y 2 )
or   = = =
 dx  cos 2 t 1 − sin 2 t 1− x2
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
(
or 1 − x 2 y12 = p 2 1 − y 2 ) ( )
( ) ( ) Differentiating w.r.t. x,
So that 1 − x y − p 1 − y 2 2 2
1
2

[(1 − x )(2 y y ) + y (− 2 x )] − p (− 2 yy ) = 0
2
1 2
2
1
2
1

(1 − x )y − xy + p y = 0
2
2
2
--------------- (1)
1 [ ÷ 2 y , throughout] 1

Equation (1) has second order derivative y 2 in it. We differentiate (1), n times, term
wise,
using Leibnitz’s theorem as follows.
[( )
D n 1 − x 2 y 2 − xy1 − p 2 y = 0 ]
{
i.e D (1 − x ) y 2 − D {xy1 } − D n p 2 y = 0
n 2
} n
( ) ---------- (2)

(a) (b) (c)

Consider the term (a):
[( ) ]
D n 1 − x 2 y 2 . Taking u = y 2 and v = (1 − x 2 ) and applying Leibnitz’s theorem we get
D n [uv ] = D n uv + n C1 D n −1uDv + n C 2 D n − 2 D 2 v + n C 3 D n −3 uD 3 v + ...
i.e
[ ]
D n y 2 (1 − x 2 ) = D n ( y 2 ).(1 − x 2 ) + n C1 D n −1 ( y 2 ).D (1 − x 2 ) + n C 2 D n − 2 ( y 2 ) D 2 (1 − x 2 ) + n C 3 D n −3 ( y 2 ) D 3 (1 − x 2 ) + ...

n(n − 1) n( n − 1)(n − 2)
= y ( n )+ 2 − x 2 ) + ny ( n −1)+ 2 .( −2 x ) + y ( n − 2 )+ 2 .( −2) + . y ( n −3) + 2 .(0) + ...
2! 3!
[ ]
D n (1 − x 2 )y 2 = (1 − x 2 )y n + 2 − 2nxy n +1 − n( n − 1) y n ----------- (3)

Consider the term (b):

D n [xy1 ] . Taking u = y1 and v = x and applying Leibnitz’s theorem, we get
D n [ y1 ( x)] = D n ( y1 ).( x)+ n C1 D n −1 y1 .D ( x)+ n C 2 D n −2 ( y1 ).D 2 ( x) + ....
n( n − 1)
= y ( n ) +1 .x + ny ( n −1) +1 + y ( n − 2 )+ 2 (0) + ....
2!
D n [xy1 ] = xy n +1 + ny n ---------- (4)
Consider the term (c):

D n ( p 2 y) = p 2 D n ( y) = p 2 yn --------- (5)
Substituting these values (3), (4) and (5) in Eq (2) we get
{(1 − x 2 )y n+2 − 2nxy n+1 − n(n − 1) y n }− {xy n+1 + ny n } + {p 2 y n } = 0
ie (1 − x 2 )y n + 2 − ( 2n + 1) xy n +1 − n 2 y n + ny n − ny n + p 2 y n = 0
( ) (
∴ 1 − x 2 y n + 2 − ( 2n + 1) xy n +1 + p 2 − n 2 y n = 0 as desired. )
2. If sin −1 y = 2 log( x + 1) or
y = sin[2 log( x + 1)] or y = sin log( x + 1) 2 [ ]
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
or y = sin log( x 2 + 2 x + 1) , show that
(x + 1)2 y n+ 2 + (2n + 1)(x + 1) y n+1 + (n 2 + 4)y n = 0 (VTU Jan-03)
Out of the above four versions, we consider the function as
sin −1 ( y ) = 2 log( x + 1)
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
1  2 
( y1 ) =   ie ( x + 1) y1 = 2 1 − y
2

1− y 2
 x +1
Squaring on both sides
(x + 1)2 y12 = 4(1 − y 2 )
Again differentiating w.r.t x,
(x + 1)2 (2 y1 y 2 ) + y12 (2( x + 1) ) = 4(−2 yy1 )
or (x + 1)2 y 2 + ( x + 1) y1 = −4 y (÷2 y1 )
or (x + 1)2 y 2 + ( x + 1) y1 + 4 y = 0 -----------*
Differentiating * w.r.t x, n-times, using Leibnitz’s theorem,

 n n(n − 1) n −2 
n −1
 D y 2 ( x + 1) + nD ( y 2 )2( x + 1) +
2

2!
{
D ( y 2 )(2) + D n ( g1 )( x + 1) + nD n−1 y1 (1) + 4 D n y = 0}
 

On simplification, we get
( )
(x + 1)2 y n+ 2 + (2n + 1)(x + 1) y n+1 + n 2 + 4 y n = 0
3. If x = tan(log y ) , then find the value of
(1 + x 2 )y n+1 + (2nx − 1)y n + n(n − 1) y n−1 (VTU July-04)
Consider
x = tan(log y )
−1
i.e. tan −1 x = log y or y = e tan x
Differentiating w.r.t x,
−1 1 y
y1 = e tan x . =
1+ x 2
1+ x2
(
∴ 1 + x 2 y1 = y ) ( )
ie 1 + x 2 y1 − y = 0 -----------*
We differentiate * n-times using Leibnitz’s theorem,
We get
[( ) ]
D n 1 + x 2 y1 − D n ( y ) = 0
{ } { }
ie. D ( y1 )(1 + x 2 )+ n C1 D n −1 ( y1 ) D(1 + x 2 )+ n C 2 D n −2 ( y1 ) D 2 (1 + x 2 ) + .... − D n y = 0
n

 n(n − 1) 
ie  y n +1 (1 + x 2 ) + ny n (2 x) + y n−1 (2) + 0 + .... − y n = 0
 2! 
(1 + x )y n+1 + (2nx − 1)y n + n(n − 1) y n−1 = 0
2

[
4. If y m + y − m = 2 x , or y = x + x 2 − 1 or y = x − x 2 − 1
1 1
]
m
[ ]m

Show that (x 2 − 1)y n + 2 + ( 2n + 1) xy n +1 + (n 2 − m 2 )y n = 0 (VTU Feb-02)

NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
Consider
1
+ y− = 2x ⇒ + = 2x
1 1 1
y m m
y m
1
y m
⇒ (y ) 1
m
2
− 2x y ( ) + 1 = 0 Which is quadratic equation in y
1
m
1
m

1 − (−2 x) ± (−2 x) 2 − 4(1)(1) 2 x ± 4 x 2 − 4

∴y m
= =
2(1) 2

=
2x ± 2 x 2 − 1
2
(
= x ± x2 −1 ⇒ y m = x ± x2 −1
1
) ( )
( )
∴ y = x ± x 2 − 1 . So, we can consider
m

y = [x + x − 1] or y = [x − x − 1]
m m
2 2

Let us take y = [x + x − 1]
m
2

∴ y = m (x + x − 1 ) 1 +
 1  m −1
1 (2 x)  2

 2 x −1 2

m −1 
y1 = m x + x 2 − 1 

(x 2 − 1 + x 
x 2 − 1 
)

or
( x − 1)y 2
1 = my . On squaring
(x 2
)
− 1 y = m 2 y 2 . Again differentiating w.r.t x,
2
1

(x 2
)
− 1 2 y1 y 2 + y12 (2 x) = m 2 (2 yy1 )
or
(x 2
)
− 1 y 2 + xy1 = m 2 y (÷2 y1 )
or
(x )
− 1 y 2 + xy1 − m 2 y = 0
2
------------(*)
Differentiating (*) n- times using Leibnitz’s theorem and simplifying, we get
(x 2 − 1)y n+ 2 + (2n + 1) xy n+1 + (n 2 − m 2 )y n = 0
Problem set 1.3.1
In each of the following, apply Leibnitz’s theorem to get the results.

d n  log x  (−1) n n!  1 1 1 1
1. show that n   = n +1  log x − 1 − − − .........  Hint: Take v = log x; u =
dx  x  x  2 3 n x
2. If y = ( x − 1) , Show that y n satisfies the equation
2 n

d2y
(1− x 2

dx
) 2
dy
− 2 x + n( n + 1) y = 0 Hint : It is required to show that
dx
(1 − x )y n+ 2 − 2 xy n+1 + n(n + 1)y n = 0
2

3. If y = a cos(log x) + b sin(log x ),
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
x 2 y n + 2 + (2n + 1)xy n +1 + (n 2 + 1)y n = 0
−1
4. If y = e m sin x , Prove That
(1 − x 2 )y n+2 − (2n + 1)xy n+1 − (n 2 + m 2 )y n = 0
n
 y  x
5. If cos −1   = log  , Show that
b n
x y n + 2 + (2n + 1)xy n +1 + 2n 2 y n = 0
2

( )
6. y = sin m sin −1 x , Pr ove That
(1 − x 2 )y n+2 − (2n + 1)xy n+1 − (n 2 + m 2 )y n = 0
7. If y n = D n (x n log x ), Prove That
 1 1 1
(i) y n = ny n −1 + (n − 1)! (ii) y n = n! log x + 1 + + + ......... + 
 2 3 n
n!
8. If y = x n log x, Show that y n +1 =
x
• Summary:- The idea of successive differentiation was presented. The computation of nth
derivatives of a few standard functions and relevant problems were discussed. Also, the
concept of successive differention was extended for special type of functions using
Liebnitz’s theorem.
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
Chapter – 2 : POLAR CURVES

LESSON -1 : Angle between Polar Curves

• In this chapter we introduce a new coordinate system, where we can understand the idea
of polar curves and their properties.

• Session-1

2.1.0 Introduction:- We are familiar with Cartesian coordinate system for specifying a point
in the xy – plane. Another useful system for similar purpose is Polar coordinate system, and the
curves specified by these coordinates are referred to as polar curves.

• A polar curve by name “three-leaved rose” is displayed below:

π
ө=
2

3π π
ө= ө=
4 4

ө=π ө=0

3π
ө=
2

• Any point P can be located on a plane with co-ordinates (r ,θ )

P(r, ө)
called polar co-ordinates of P where r = radius vector
OP,(with pole ‘O’) ; θ = projection of OP on the r
initial axis OA.(See Fig.1) Ө
• The equation r = f (θ ) is known as a polar curve. O A
r = f(ө)
• Polar coordinates (r ,θ ) can be related with Cartesian
coordinates ( x, y ) through the relations Fig.1. Polar coordinate
x = r cos θ & y = r sin θ . system

2.1.1 Important results

Y T

L
φ
P(r, ө)
φ
r
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
• Theorem 1: Angle between the radius vector and the tangent.:

dθ
i.e. With usual notation prove that tan φ = r
dr

• Proof:- Let “ φ ” be the angle between the radius vector OPL

and the tangent TPT 1 at the point `P` on the polar
curve r = f (θ ) . (See fig.2)
From Fig.2, Fig.2. Angle between radius
ψ =θ +φ vector and the tangent
tan θ + tan φ
tanψ = tan (θ + φ ) =
1 − tan θ tan φ
dy tan θ + tan φ
i.e. = ................. (1)
dx 1 − tan θ tan φ
On the other hand, we have x = r cos θ ; y = r sin θ differentiating these, w.r.t θ ,
dx  dr  dy  dr 
= r (− sin θ ) + cos θ   & = r (cos θ ) + sin θ   //NOTE//
dθ  dθ  dθ  dθ 
 dr 
dy r (cos θ ) + sin θ  
dy dθ  dθ  dr
= = dividing the Nr & Dr by cos θ
dx dx  dr  dθ
dθ r (− sin θ ) + cos θ  
 dθ 
dy
=
(r dθ
dr
) + tan θ
dx − (rdθ dr ) tan θ + 1
(
dy tan θ + r dr
=
dθ )
i.e.
(
dx 1 − tan θ rdθ ) dr
………………….(2)

Comparing equations (1) and (2)

we get tan φ = r dθ
dr
 1 dr 
• Note that cot φ =  
 r dθ 
• A Note on Angle of intersection of two polar curves:-
If φ1 and φ2 are the angles between the common radius vector and the tangents
at the point of intersection of two curves r = f1 (θ ) and r = f 2 (θ ) then the
angle intersection of the curves is given by φ1 − φ2

• Theorem 2: The length “p” of perpendicular from pole to the tangent in a polar
curve i.e.
1 1 1  dr  2
(i) p = r sin φ or (ii) = 2 = 4 
p 2
r r  dθ 
• Proof:- In the Fig.3, note that ON = p, the length of the perpendicular from the pole to
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
the tangent at p on r = f (θ ) .from the right angled triangle OPN,
ON
sin φ = ⇒ ON = (OP ) sin φ
OP
φ
i.e. p = r sin φ .......... ....(i ) P(r, ө)
r φ
1 1 1 Ψ
Consider = = cos ecφ O Ө
p r sin φ r
r = f (ө)
1 1 1
∴ 2 = 2 cos ec 2φ = 2 (1 + cot 2φ ) P
p r r
N
Fig.3 Length of the perpendicular
from the pole to the tangent
1   1 dr  
2
1
=  
1 +  
p 2 r 2   r dθ  

2
1 1 1  dr 
∴ 2 = 2 + 4   ............(ii )
p r r  dθ 
2
1 1  du 
• Note:-If u = , we get 2 = u 2 +  
r p  dθ 
• Session-2
• In this session, we solve few problems on angle of intersection of polar curves and pedal
equations.
2.1.2 Worked examples:-
• Find the acute angle between the following polar curves
1. r = a (1 + cos θ ) and r = b(1 − cos θ ) (VTU-July-2003)
2 r = (sin θ + cos θ ) and r = 2 sin θ (VTU-July-2004)
3. ( 2 ) and r = 25 cos ec (θ 2 )
r = 16 sec 2 θ 2

4. r = a log θ and r = a (VTU-July-2005)

log θ
aθ a
5. r = and r =
1+θ 1+θ 2

Solutions:

1. Consider Consider
r = a (1 + cos θ ) r = b(1 − cos θ )
Diff w.r.t θ Diff w.r.t θ
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
dr dr
= − a sin θ = b sin θ
dθ dθ
dθ a (1 + cos θ ) dθ b(1 − cos θ )
r = r =
dr − a sin θ dr b sin θ

tan φ1 = −
2 cos 2 θ ( )
2 tan φ1 = −
( )
2 sin 2 θ
2
2 sin θ
2
( ) ( )
cos θ
2
2 sin θ ( ) ( )
2
cos θ
2
= − cot θ = tan θ
2 2
i.e tan φ1 = tan π
2
(
+ θ ⇒ φ1 = π + θ
2 2
)
2
( ) tan φ1 = tan θ
2
⇒ φ1 = φ2
Angle between the curves
(
φ1 − φ2 = π 2 + θ 2 − θ 2 = π 2)
Hence ,the given curves intersect orthogonally

2. Consider Consider
r = (sin θ + cos θ ) r = 2 sin θ
Diff w.r.t θ Diff w.r.t θ
dr dr
= cos θ − sin θ = 2 cos θ
dθ dθ
dθ sin θ + cos θ dθ 2 sin θ
r = r =
dr cos θ − sin θ dr 2 cos θ
tan θ + 1
tan φ1 = (÷ Nr & Dr cosθ ) tan φ2 = tan θ
1 − tan θ
i.e tan φ1 =
tan θ + 1
1 − tan θ
= tan π + θ
4
( ) ⇒ φ2 = θ

⇒ φ1 = π + θ
4
∴ Angle between the curves = φ1 − φ2 = π ( 4
)
+θ −θ = π
4

3. Consider Consider
r = 16 sec θ
2
( 2) r = 25 cos ec 2 θ ( 2)
Diff w.r.t θ Diff w.r.t θ
dr
dθ
( ) ( )
= 32 sec 2 θ tan θ . 1
2 2 2
dr
dθ
( ) ( )
= −50 cos ec 2 θ cot θ . 1
2 2 2
( ) ( )
= 16 sec θ tan θ
2 2
( ) ( )
= −25 cos ec 2 θ cot θ
2 2
dθ 16 sec (θ ) 2
dθ 25 cos ec (θ ) 2

= 2 = 2
dr 16 sec (θ )tan (θ ) dr − 25 cos ec (θ )cot (θ )
r 2
r 2
2 2 2 2
tan φ = cot θ = tan (π − θ ) tan φ = − tan θ = tan (− θ )
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
⇒ φ1 = π ( 2
−θ
2
) ⇒ φ2 = −θ
2
Angle of intersection of the curves = φ1 − φ2 = π ( 2
−θ
2
) − (θ 2 )
=π
2

4. Consider Consider
r = a log θ r= a
log θ
Diff w.r.t θ Diff w.r.t θ
dr a dr
= = − a (log θ ) . 1
2

dθ θ dθ θ
dθ
( ) dθ  (log θ ) θ 
2
r = a log θ θ r = − a
dr a dr  log θ  a 

tan φ1 = θ log θ ..........(i) tan φ 2 = −θ log θ ..........(ii )
We know that
tan φ1 − tan φ 2
tan (φ1 − φ 2 ) =
1 + tan φ1 tan φ 2

θ log θ − (− θ log θ )
=
1 + (ϑ log θ )(− θ log θ )
2θ log θ
i.e tan (φ1 − φ 2 ) = ............(iii )
1 − (θ log θ )
2

From the data: a log θ = r = a ⇒ (log θ ) = 1 or log θ = ±1

2
log θ
As θ is acute, we take by θ =1 ⇒ θ = e NOTE
Substituting θ = e in (iii), we get
 2e 
tan (φ1 − φ 2 ) =
2e log e
= 2 
(Q log e
= 1)
1 − (e log e )
e
1− e 
2

 2e 
∴ φ1 − φ 2 = tan −1  2 
1− e 

5. Consider Consider
aθ aθ
r= as r=
1+θ 1+θ 2
1 1+θ 1 1
r
=
aθ
=
a θ
+1 ( ) (
∴ 1+θ 2 = a ) r
Diff w.r.t θ Diff w.r.t θ
− 2
1 dr 1 1
r dθ a
= −
θ2
( ) 2θ = − a
dr
2
r dθ
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
1 dr r − 2rθ 1 dr
= =
r d θ aθ 2 a r dθ
dθ aθ 2 dθ − a
r = i.e r =
dr r dr 2 rθ

aθ 2 a 1+θ 2 
tan φ1 = tan φ2 = −  
aθ 2θ  a 
(1 + θ )
∴ tan φ1 = θ (1 + θ ) tan φ2 = −
1
2θ
(1+θ 2 )
Now, we have
aθ
⇒ aθ (1 + θ 2 ) = a (1 + θ )
a
=r=
1+θ 1+θ 2

or θ + θ 3 = 1 + θ ⇒ θ 3 = 1 or θ = 1
∴ tan φ1 = 2 & tan φ2 = (− 1)
tan φ1 − tan φ2
Consider tan (φ1 − φ2 ) =
1 + (tan φ1 )(tan φ2 )
2 − (− 1)
= = −3 = 3
1 + (2 )(− 1)
∴ φ1 − φ2 = tan −1 (3)
Problem Set No. 2.1.1 for practice.

• Find the acute angle between the curves

1. r n = a n (cos nθ + sin nθ ) and r n = a n sin nθ (ans: π )
4
2. r n cos nθ = a n and r n sin nθ = b n (ans: π )
2
3. r = aθ and r = a (ans: π )
θ 2
4. r = a cos θ and r = a (ans:5 π )
2 6
5. r = a cos mθ and r m = b m sin mθ
m m
(ans: π )
2
LESSON -2 : Pedal Equations
• Session - 1
• 2.2.0 Pedal equations (p-r equations):- Any equation containing only p & r is
known as pedal equation of a polar curve.

• Working rules to find pedal equations:-

(i) Eliminate r and φ from the Eqs.: (i) r = f (θ ) & p = r sin φ

2
1 1 1  dr 
(ii) Eliminate only θ from the Eqs.: (i) r = f (θ ) & ∴ 2 = 2 + 4  
p r r  dθ 
• 2.2.1 Worked Examples on pedal equations:-
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11

• Find the pedal equations for the polar curves:-

2a
1. = 1 − cos θ
r
2. r = e θc cot α
3. r m = a m sin mθ + b m cos mθ (VTU-Jan-2005)
4. l = 1 + e cos θ
r
Solutions:
2a
1. Consider = 1 − cos θ ……….(i)
r
Diff. w.r.t θ
( )
2a − 1 2
r dθ
dr
= sin θ
1 dr − r sin θ
=
r dθ 2a
dθ 2a 1
r =−
dr r sin θ
(1 − cosθ ) 2 sin 2 θ
tan φ = −
sin θ
=−
2 sin θ
2
cos θ
( ) = − tan θ
2
2 2
( )
tan φ = tan − θ ⇒ φ = − θ
2 2
Using the value of φ is p = r sin φ , we get
( )
p = r sin − θ = − r sin θ .............(ii )
2 2
Eliminating “ θ ” between (i) and (ii)
2θ 2  1 − cos θ  r 2  2a 
p = r sin
2 2
=r   =   [See eg: - (i)]
2  2  2 r 
p = ar.
2

This eqn. is only in terms of p and r and hence it is the pedal equation of the polar curve.
2. Consider r = eθ cot α
Diff. w.r.t θ
= eθ cot α (cot α ) = r cot α (Q r = eθ cot α )
dr
dθ
We use the equation
2
1 1 1  dr 
= 2 + 4 
p 2
r r  dθ 
1 1
= 2 + 4 (r cot α )
2

r r
= 2 + 4 (cot 2 α ) = 2 (1 + cot 2 α ) = 2 cos ec 2α
1 1 1 1
r r r r
1 1
2
= 2 cos ec 2α
p r
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
2
p2 = r or r 2 = p 2 cosec 2α is the required pedal equation
cosec 2α

3.Consider r = a sin m θ + b cos m θ

m m m

Diff. w.r.t θ
dr
mr m −1 = a m (m cos mθ ) + b m ( − m sin mθ )
dθ
r m dr
= a m cos mθ − b m sin mθ
r dθ
1 dr a m cos m θ − b m sin m θ
= m
r dθ a sin m θ + b m cos m θ

a m cos mθ − b m sin mθ
cot φ =
a m sin mθ + b m cos mθ
1 1
Consider p = r sin φ , = cos ecφ
p r
1 1
2
= 2 cos ec 2φ
p r

= 2 (1 + cot 2 φ )
1
r
1   a m cos mθ − b m sin mθ  
2

= 2 1 +  m  
r   a sin mθ + b m cos mθ  
 
( ) (
1  a m sin mθ + b m cos mθ + a m cos mθ − b m sin mθ ) 
2 2

= 2
r 
 (a m
sin m θ + b m
cos )
m θ
2


1 1  a 2m + b 2m 
=   Note
p 2 r 2  r 2m 
r 2 ( m +1 )
⇒ p = 2m
2
is the required p-r equation
a + b2 m

4. Consider l = (1 + cosθ )
r
Diff w.r.t θ
 1 dr   dr 
l − 2  = − e sin θ ⇒ l r  1 r  = e sin θ
 r dθ   dθ 
l (cot φ ) = e sin θ
r
( )
∴ cot φ = r e sin θ
l
We have 2 = 2 (1 + cot 2 φ ) (see eg: 3 above)
1 1
Now
p r
NCET – Class Notes 10MAT11
1 1  l 2 + e 2 r 2 sin 2 θ 
=
p 2 r 2  l2 

1
( 2 2
= 2 1 + e r 2 sin 2 θ
r l
) 1 + e cos θ = l
r

l−r
e cos θ =
r
 2   l − r  2  
2 2
 l + e r 1 −   
1 1   re    l −r
= cos θ =  
p2 r2  l2 
 re 
 
 
 
sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
1  e2 − 1  2
2
l −r
On simplification 2 =  2  + = 1−  
p  e  lr  re 

• Problem Set No. 2.2.1 for practice.

Find the pedal equations of the following polar curves

1. r n cos nθ = a n and r n sin nθ = b n

2. r = aθ and r = a
θ
3. r = a cos θ and r = a
2
4 . r = a cos mθ and r m = b m sin mθ
m m