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ARI Newsletter42 PDF
ARI Newsletter42 PDF
ARI Newsletter42 PDF
Special Feature
Outreach Event
WORD FROM
NOTES FROM
COX’S BAZAR
THE DIRECTOR
ASIAN STUDIES
FORUM ON SOUTHEAST
news
ARI
13TH SINGAPORE GRADUATE
MICA(P)223/01/2006
WORD FROM
THE DIRECTOR
PROF JONATHAN RIGG
This is my last ‘Word from the Director’. I step down in December after three
years in post. It has been a wonderful 36 months, and my successor is a
lucky person.
It will probably not be a surprise that I should think neighbours into friends? One of the initiatives that
ARI a fine and thriving hub of scholarship on Asia. Tony Reid, ARI’s first Director, introduced was our ITB—
The significant question that arises is: what makes it so? or ‘In the Beginning’—sessions. Because we have so many
In the next few hundred words, I will lay out what I think short-term visitors passing through, finding out who they
makes ARI tick, and tick so well. are, what they do, and what drives and inspires them, is
essential. Otherwise, they would be gone before anyone
First of all, there is the matter of Geography. Not just knows that they had ever arrived. And a round-robin email
the obvious geographical advantage that we enjoy: just does not do the business.
being an Institute of Asia, in Asia. Nor the fact that just
over two years ago we moved back to NUS’s main campus Each person is allocated 30 minutes, and we schedule
to enjoy the benefits of being close to allied departments two individual ITBs over the lunch hour. New staff
and the central library. But that we actually have space give a 20-minute informal presentation—essentially
—in fact a whole floor of a new building—with rooms an autobiographical vignette, sometimes from birth,
to meet and gather, even a pantry. (Although I dearly photos allowed. These are informal affairs, but often
wish that we had also created a common room. Note to surprising in what they reveal. Even the most taciturn
incoming Director: carve out a common room, if you can, scholars let their guard down, and talk about personal
somewhere or other.) ARI is not a virtual research centre matters. Occasionally we even have tears. It really is quite
or institute where people who work on Asia are listed, moving—and revealing.
with the belief that a listing makes a centre. We have staff,
they have offices, pass each other daily in the corridor or, There are also a pair of important institutional matters
more likely, are crammed into the pantry. We literally rub worth noting, my fourth and fifth essential ingredients.
shoulders, exchange ideas and, in the process, turn To begin with, our clusters and their leaders. Our clusters
a space into a place, and a place into a community. give focus and coherence; our cluster leaders give
direction. But they are more different than alike, and I see
This highlights the second element in the ARI mix: warm that as positive. Some clusters emphasise team working
bodies. While accepting that sometimes people need and co-publishing; others are more individualistic in tone
to ferret themselves away in some corner to have time and approach.
to work, read and write in peace and quiet, a research
institute needs sufficient people around to make a crowd Our clusters have each found their own ways to foster
and raise the intellectual temperature. We generally research and collegiality, and their success in achieving
2 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
Simply throwing people into the mix, however, is not Perhaps even more importantly, and second, I have
enough. Where’s the glue that makes people stop and to mention our support staff—ten in total. They
chat in the corridor, or share a coffee or lunch? That turns are individually wonderful, collectively superlative.
strangers into colleagues, colleagues into neighbours, and I appreciate that it has become common practice to
MAIN STORY
thank support staff; I am not doing (just) that here. They
are the heart of ARI. Ask anyone. Truly. In fact they are
the only thread that links the past with the present.
Post-docs come and go, and so do Directors for that
matter. Our support staff are with us for the long term
and their pride in what they—and therefore what we—do,
shines through. Just don’t poach any (more)!
Prof Kenneth Dean gave 2 distinguished lectures: Prof Jonathan Rigg gave 3 keynote addresses: ‘The
‘The Transmission of Chinese Civilisational Techniques importance of Being Wrong: Reflections on 35 Years of
to Southeast Asia: Daoist Rites, Spirit Possession, Methodological Blunders, Empirical Errors, Theoretical
Networking and Hybrid Ritual Forms’, for the Faculty of Culs-de-sac, and Historical Misinterpretations’, at the
Humanities Distinguished Lecture Series, The Hong Kong conference on Changing Research Styles, Methodologies
Polytechnic University, 19 June 2018; and ‘Building a New and Perspectives on Southeast Asia, Universiti Brunei
Jerusalem in the Forests of Borneo: The Migration of Darussalam, Brunei, 30-31 July 2018; ‘The Future of Small
Chinese Methodists from Fuzhou and Xinghua, Fujian to Farmers in Asia’s Mekong Region’, at the N8 Agrifood
Sibu, Sarawak’, at the CCK Distinguished Speakers Lecture International Conference 2018, University of Liverpool, UK,
Series, CUHK, 19 June 2018. He also gave 3 invited 13-14 June 2018; and ‘The Puzzling Asian Farmer: Past,
lectures: ‘Networking the Gods: Chinese Civilisational Present and Possible Futures’, at the workshop on
Techniques in Southeast Asia’, at the Max Planck Institute A Comparative Assessment of Transformations to Agrarian
for Religious and Ethnic Diversity Invited Seminar Series, Livelihoods in the Ayeyarwady, Ganges and Mekong
8 June 2018; ‘Ritual Spatialities and Temporalities in Deltas, University of Cologne, Institute of Geography,
Chinese Local Religion’, at the workshop on Rendre un 5-6 April 2018.
Culte, University of Chicago, 6 May 2018; and ‘Rise of
the Underworld Deities in Singapore’, for the Nelson He was also appointed Deputy Chair, Faculty Promotion
Lecture Series on Southeast Asia, University of Virginia, and Tenure Committee, and to a Provost’s Chair, NUS,
3 April 2018. July 2018.
Assoc Prof Elaine Ho Lynn-Ee gave a plenary speech Dr Minna Valjakka was appointed to the international
on ‘Diaspora Diplomacy: In Whose Service, For What advisory board of Nuart Journal in May 2018.
Purpose?’, at the Conference on Diaspora, Diplomacy and
Development, Clinton Institute, University College Dublin, Prof Brenda Yeoh gave 2 keynote lectures and a plenary
24-26 May 2018; and a keynote speech on ‘Incongruence speech: ‘Diaspora and Diversity: Temporary Migration and
and Multi-directionality: Re-theorising Migration and the Spaces of Difference’, at ASEANnale 2018: Capturing
Citizenship through the Lens of China’, at the 6th Global the Spirit of ASEAN in the Digital Times, ‘Diaspora,
Social Sciences Graduate Student Conference, 20 April Disasters and Democracy’, Asian Center, University of
2018, Hong Kong Baptist University. the Philippines, Philippines, 28 February-2 March 2018;
‘Migration and New Mobilities in Southeast Asia: Spatial
Dr Stefan Huebner gave a public lecture on ‘The Origins Scales, Moral Geographies and Critical Temporalities’,
and Heritage of the Asian Games: Dreams of Asian at the UC Berkeley/UCLA/University of Toronto
Integration during Late Colonialism and Decolonisation’, Conference on Southeast Asia Migrations and New
at the National Museum of Singapore, 1 September 2018. Mobilities in Southeast Asia, UC Berkeley, California, USA,
He also received a US SSRC Transregional Research Junior 27- 28 April 2018; and ‘The Well-Being of Left-Behind
Scholar Fellowship on 27 March 2018. Families under a Regime of Temporary Migration: Care
Temporalities and Gender Politics in Southeast Asia’, at
Dr Michelle Miller gave a keynote address on the International Conference on Wellbeing and Migration:
‘Transboundary Communities of Commoning in Inter-Asian Perspectives, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey,
Environmental Governance’ at the Association for 7-8 May 2018.
Borderland Studies 2nd World Conference, University
4 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
May Ngo Minna Valjakka & Meiqin Wang (eds) Catherine Gomes & Brenda
Between Humanitarianism Visual Arts, Representations and S.A. Yeoh (eds)
and Evangelism in Faith-based Interventions in Contemporary China. Transnational Migrations in the
Organisations: A Case from the Urbanized Interface Asia-Pacific: Transformative
African Migration Route Asian Cities Series Experiences in the Age of
Routledge, New York, 2018 Amsterdam University Press, 2018 Digital Media
5 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
COX’S BAZAR
RESEARCH FELLOW
In May and July this year I joined Relief Singapore, a local humanitarian
organisation, for a mission to the Rohingya refugees’ camps in Cox’s Bazar,
Bangladesh. The main focus was on water and sanitation through the provision
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Interestingly, besides these figures which have become the wheels barely turning in the
the stereotypical image of refugees as victims seeking ground, since the earth has turned
and receiving help, the road side makes visible also other,
into mud with the chronic rain of the
parallel realities, more fluid and dynamic: in particular,
little shops selling everything from snacks, to textiles, monsoon season.
meat, betel nut, medicines. Given that provisions donated
FEATURE STORY
N.M: Your personal story of migration spans the two arms or sub-oceanic regions of the Indian Ocean, the
Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. You were born in Kenya and yet the East African side of the migration
story has eluded focus in your own writing. Can you reflect on that?
S.A: When I was an undergraduate what I loved most was studying African history. For reasons that are perhaps
not even clear to me, I moved away from it for my PhD. In the end I realised that the kinds of questions that
were primary in my mind were those coming out of South and Southeast Asian history. In terms of my own
personal history it is a little bit more complicated because my parents were never settled in East Africa,
and were never part of what we would think as the East African community. They belonged to the 1970s’
generation of professional migrants from South Asia who started to go to other parts of the world, and are
very different from those I write about. So my own connection with East Africa is actually very tenuous. I was
born in Kenya but moved to Singapore when I was a year old. In a sense then, it is a story of loss.
N.M: In October 2017 you won the MacArthur Fellowship. Congratulations. You were at ARI a couple of months
before to deliver a keynote lecture at the Graduate Forum. Has the fellowship shaped your decision in any
way to return to ARI and take on a more participatory role in the Graduate Forum this year?
S.A: I don’t think the MacArthur Fellowship has directly influenced that decision. I was and continue to be
8 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
impressed by the programme itself. I think it is one of the most important initiatives I have ever been
involved in. It is highly commendable that ARI uses its position, resources and prestige to create this
programme which is one of the most meaningful forms of academic engagement that I know of, for
students from the region.
N.M: Do you see your presence here as intellectually seeding some new projects?
FEATURE STORY
S.A: Absolutely. The MacArthur Fellowship was very unexpected and generous. It is a sort of no strings attached
fellowship and very wide open in terms of what I can do with it. That is all very well but one needs time and
space to imagine what these projects might look like. That’s where being here has been fantastic. Discussing
ideas with colleagues and students who come from around the region has given me a really great sense of
what I want to do next.
N.M: Do you also see some scope for collaboration with some of these graduate students and postdoctoral
fellows at ARI?
S.A: Absolutely. The interests I have developed since Crossing the Bay of Bengal was published have really
been in the direction of environmental history and environmental humanities. I am interested in water,
in air pollution and in what a historical perspective can bring to these issues that are very often discussed
as if they are purely contemporary issues. This can only be done through interdisciplinary collaboration.
I’m working in collaboration with a colleague at Harvard Medical School on the history of science and air
pollution in India, and that gives me a sense of what a bigger project might look like. It’s precisely the kind
of energy that I have found here at ARI in terms of conversations with some of the fellows and visitors that
I hope will turn into something that the project funds.
S.A: That is not far from my plans. I started thinking about this in the Indian context with the Delhi haze which
we think of as a problem of the past few decades. In fact there are very interesting iterations of this that
go back to the early 20th century and certainly to the 1960s and 70s. I have been trying to gather some
of those histories with David Jones, a colleague at Harvard and who is both a physician and a historian of
science. With my interest in Southeast Asia I have been thinking about Indonesia and how my work on India
might link up with a history of the smoke haze in Indonesia.
N.M: ARI’s location in Singapore has allowed it to give scholars based in and working on themes central to
Asia greater preference over those based in the West. At the same time, it builds bridges and promotes
scholarly exchange with the western academia through visiting fellows and senior researchers and now
with the Graduate Forum itself. How different do you think its impact might be from the traditional way of
having Asian scholars trained in the West brought in as teaching faculty?
S.A: Global academia is changing quite dramatically, and this has been felt more so over the last decade.
I really don’t think there is a sense any more that western institutions, American institutions, are in a position
of leadership. There is a sort of multi-centred academic world developing and a place like ARI may well
be in a position of leadership with a lot to teach institutions elsewhere. Both in the US and the UK whose
institutions I know best, there is a feeling of pessimism in the academia, a feeling of retrenchment, a feeling
perhaps of even being left behind. More and more of our students want to come here and learn what they
can from what often feels like a much more dynamic environment. There is a relationship developing in the
academia between Asia and the West on the basis of equality, of what we can learn from each other.
And that is where the old model that you alluded to, no longer really works.
S.A: In December. It is a book I’ve been working on for several years now. It came out of the Bay of Bengal book.
It is a history of the monsoon in modern times, and by that I mean both the history of monsoon science and
the cultural and political history of what scientists studying the South Asian monsoon as deeply connected
with all sorts of other parts of the global planetary climate system implied for India in the 20th century.
Since 2017, Drs Minna Valjakka and Sonia Lam-Knott of the Asian Urbanisms
Cluster, together with Assistant Prof Kah Wee Lee and Assoc Prof Im Sik Cho
of the Department of Architecture, have jointly organised the Activate!
seminar series that showcases the diverse array of civic engagement found
within Asian cities.
Activate! is a timely seminar series, as it examines the of civic actions including community movements, online
role of the state and the citizenry in mediating the array campaigns involving netizens, street protests, artistic
of socio-political issues pertaining to environmental interventions, and more. The first series focused primarily
sustainability, urban renewal and development, heritage on civic actions in Singapore, debuting with a seminar
conservation, and the reconfiguring of urban governance, on grassroots efforts to save the Bukit Brown Cemetery,
that many cities in Asia now face. The seminars attempt followed by a session on urban gardening, then a
to articulate who the actors and organisations addressing comparative presentation on cyber activism in Singapore
these issues are, how they have mobilised, the challenges and South Korea, before concluding with a talk looking
they experience and their subsequent response to redress at the potential of public-government cooperation in
this, and the interactive dynamics that have been fostered conserving the built environment. The second series
amongst them. broadened the geographic scope of Activate!, opening
with a seminar on the role of volunteerism in China,
The series has run for two semesters already, containing then on community-led urban rejuvenation in Taiwan,
a total of eight seminars thus far. Not only did these prefigurative spatial experimentations spearheaded by
seminars review civic actions from different disciplinary artists and activists in Hong Kong, before returning to
10 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
perspectives ranging from architecture to media studies Singapore with a presentation on citizen deliberation in
to anthropology; but they also featured a broad variety the online and offline domains.
FEATURE STORY
Photo credit: Sonia Lam-Knott
These seminars successfully brought together researchers, Activate! will continue for the Fall 2018 semester, this time
practitioners, students, and members of the public whom with a pedagogical emphasis. Returning our attention
are involved or are interested in civic actions. Each session exclusively to the Singaporean context, four new seminars
served as a platform allowing presenters and the audience will look at how civic engagement is actually enacted and
to share and discuss their respective insights towards the makes an impact, exploring the ways in which people
civic practices that have emerged across various Asian cities. become involved in civic issues, and how information
about civic issues are disseminated throughout society.
These themes will be approached through looking at the
We would like to thank everyone efforts to improve migrant labour conditions, how online
who has participated in, contributed platforms can foster public participation in civic affairs,
the role of physical spaces in enabling mass gatherings
towards, or attended the Activate!
of people sharing common ideologies, to the significance
series over the past months; of photography as a communicative medium to frame
the series would not be possible civic issues.
ACADEMIC
RISK AND
RESILIENCE
FOR CHILDREN
IN ASIA
DR HAIBIN LI AND
PROF W.J. YEUNG
The fruits of their labour have appeared in two special journal issues edited
by them recently, one in Educational Psychology and the other in Social
Indicators Research.
12 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
References
Li, H., Martin, A. J., & Yeung, W.-J. J. (2017). Academic risk and resilience for children and young people in Asia.
Educational Psychology 37(8), 921-929. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2017.1331973
Yeung, W.J. & Li, H. (in press). Educational resilience among Asian children in challenging family environment.
Social Indicators Research.
FEATURE STORY
Jean Yeung with a migrant
mother and her child in a Beijing
school for migrants
The 15 articles in these two issues expand the existing children from socially disadvantaged groups. Moreover,
literature that is mostly based on Western societies with many socially excluded children live in remote areas
Asian socioeconomic and policy contexts. Most of them where schools have poor infrastructure, and they face
were presented at an international conference supported language barriers because the medium of instruction is
by ARI and held here on 4-5 February 2015, convened often not their preferred language. In this situation, we
by Li and Yeung. find that students who enjoy school are more motivated to
study hard and this is the most important factor for their
These papers attempt to identify factors in multiple levels educational resilience.
of children’s social ecology including individual, peers,
family and school. They report similarities and differences Some nuanced factors that are rarely mentioned in the
in academic resilience factors that are found in Asian and western literature are also identified. For example, a
Western countries. Consistent with previous findings, paper in the collection identifies technology and animals
this collection of papers show that, in general, families to be helpful in building children’s resilience. In addition,
(e.g., support from the family, parental academic how children perceive adversity is also underscored as
expectation and help) and schools (e.g., having a close important. Disadvantaged Asian adolescents may share
bond to school, and being in a positive school and different understandings of the risky/stressful/challenging
classroom learning environment) can facilitate students’ circumstances they face. For example, most Chinese left-
access to individual, relational and contextual resources behind children understand that their parents leave them
that are conducive to better academic performance. to work in the cities out of love, to give them a better
However, the articles illustrate that resilience factors are future, and this understanding propels many of them to
influenced by particular social-cultural and policy contexts. work hard. Some Hong Kong students regard adversities
For example, in China, studying in a ‘key school’ plays an as normal events that everybody will meet. These findings
important role in building educational resilience among suggest that these children are not merely passively
Chinese left-behind adolescents and rural students exposed to experiential factors but active agents who
because key schools are better than other government construct their own life chances. Future research should
or private schools in terms of teacher quality, equipment, focus on how children/youth perceive the risk factors that
and funds. With a large number of Chinese parents in rural they encounter and how these perceptions affect their
areas leaving their children to work in the cities, these coping abilities.
schools are particularly important.
Taken together, the Special Issues take stock of and add
According to previous research, when children are in to what is known from research and practice to improve
difficult or problematic family environments (e.g., poor/ our capacity to promote the resilience of Asian children
13 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
rural family), the protective factors from school can be facing challenging life circumstances. They showcase
a form of intervention that buffers some of the stressors multiple approaches (e.g., prevention and interventions
from family to improve children’s resilience. Despite this from family and school) to building academic resilience
potential, in India and Vietnam, schools fail to provide and empowering students and their educators and
an environment that can create resources necessary for caregivers across the Asian region. Efforts to promote
fostering resilience in socially excluded groups. This is resilience should be tailored to the unique risks and the
because many teachers come from relatively privileged cultural contexts that a sub-population of children and
groups, and they usually have low expectations for youth experiences.
NEW ARI MEMBERS
Miss Dalreena Gupta joined ARI as Miss Nicole Park will be attached
Senior Executive (Human Resources) to the Asian Migration Cluster as
on 7 September 2018. She has six Research Assistant for four months
years of experience working in human from 17 September to 14 December
resource positions in the education 2018. She is a fourth year student
and private sectors. at the University of British Columbia
pursuing a BA in Political Science.
She is especially interested in
the study of foreign policy and
international relations. During her
attachment, she will be working with
the Asian Migration Cluster on the
16 | SEPTEMBER 2018 ISSUE NO. 42
CHAMPSEA project.
FORTHCOMING EVENTS
19 OCTOBER 2018
25 – 26 OCTOBER 2018
1 – 2 NOVEMBER 2018
8 – 9 NOVEMBER 2018
19 – 20 NOVEMBER 2018
3 – 4 DECEMBER 2018
15 – 16 JANUARY 2019
24 – 25 JANUARY 2019
The Asian Migration Cluster embarked on a new three- The inter-disciplinary research team consists of nine
year project in January 2018 titled, Transnational Relations, members: Assoc Prof Elaine Ho (Primary Investigator);
Ageing and Care Ethics (TRACE). Supported by a Ministry Professor Brenda Yeoh and Assoc Profs Shirlena Huang
of Education Tier 2 grant, the project investigates how and Thang Leng Leng (Co-Investigators); Drs Sylvia Ang,
global care circulations mediate ageing and impact Chiu Tuen Yi, Ting Wen-Ching and Guo Zhou (Postdoctoral
transnational relations and care ethics. The study Fellows); and Mr Liew Jian An (Research Assistant).
approaches Singapore as a hub where migration inflows
and outflows connect the city-state to China through
grandparenting, retirement and/or lifestyle migration, and
to Myanmar through labour migration for eldercare. The
study also compares Singapore with Sydney, a comparable-
size city that experiences analogous care migration trends.
FAMILY IN ASIA
‘Adult Children’s Educational Attainment and the Cognitive
Trajectories of Older Parents in South Korea’ (Lee Yeonjin,
CLUSTER NEWS
Social Science and Medicine), ‘Social Exclusion and
Cognitive Impairment among the Elderly in China: A Triple
DR LAVANYA BALACHANDRAN
Jeopardy for the Rural Female Elderly’ (Yang Yi and co-
authors, Journal of Health and Place), ‘Parents’ Migration
Over the last few months, members of the Changing and Adolescents’ Transition to High School in Rural China:
Family in Asia Cluster have been involved in organising The Role of Parental Divorce’ (Hu Shu, Journal of Family
conferences as well as producing publications including Issues) as well as a forthcoming article ‘Four Decades of
special issues and edited books. Trends and Determinants Transition to First Marriage in China: Economic Reform and
of Retirement and Related Policies in Asia was an Persisting Marriage Norms’ (Gu Xiaorong, International
international conference hosted at ARI by Lee Yeonjin Journal of Population Studies).
and Jean Yeung on 8-9 February 2018 that focused
on examining the relationship between public old-age Cluster members have also done their part in contributing
support, intergenerational support, elderly labour force to public debates through their Op-ed pieces in the
participation and retirement processes and policies. Jean local daily The Straits Times. Jean Yeung and Hu Shu’s
Yeung and Hu Shu published an edited volume Family editorial (17 May 2018) on issues of marriage and family
and Population Changes in Singapore where previous and in Singapore calls for open public discussions and policy
current cluster members and associates (Sharon Quah, Mu reforms around issues of cohabitation, marriage and
Zheng, Hu Shu, Lavanya Balachandran, You Yenn, Thang divorce. Yang Yi’s op-ed piece (2 August 2018) argues that
Leng Leng, Angelique Chan) have contributed chapters to. social exclusion in ageing societies can lead to significant
mental issues amongst the elderly including cognitive
The Cluster looks forward to hosting two more conferences impairment, increasing their risk of dementia.
in November 2018—The Value of Children and Re-
partnerships, Remarriages and Stepfamilies. Four special We are very happy to welcome Professor Sonja Drobnič
issues are forthcoming, two on long-term care of elderly by from the University of Bremen, who commenced a 3-month
Jean Yeung and Thang Leng Leng in the Journal of Aging appointment as a Visiting Senior Research Fellow in July
and Health and Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology, and 2018. After five years with the Cluster, we bid farewell to
two on educational resilience by Jean Yeung and former Hu Shu who is leaving ARI to join the Singapore University of
cluster member, Li Haibin, in Educational Psychology Social Sciences as Lecturer. We wish her all the very best and
and Social Indicators Research. Among several published thank her for her substantive contributions to the Cluster.
IDENTITIES
MR AMIT JULKA
This year marked the 13th year that the Asia Research Institute hosted the
Asian Graduate Student Fellowship Programme and organised the Singapore
Graduate Forum on Southeast Asian Studies.
various research techniques, how to
deal with mixed reviews, and how
to apply for a PhD scholarship. The
Skills-Based Sessions kicked off with
three researchers at various stages of
their careers reflecting on how they
ended up in academia. A roundtable
which focused on the question of how
to flourish as an early career academic
then finalised the two days. The
organisers would like to specifically
thank all those who so graciously
volunteered to hold workshops on
various topics.
This issue of the ARI Newsletter was compiled by Eric Kerr, Saharah Abubakar, Lavanya Balachandran,
Céline Coderey, Nisha Mathew, Chand Somaiah, Minna Valjakka, and Sharon Ong.