Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Primer
Ken Gentile, Systems Engineer
ken.gentile@analog.com
David Brandon, Applications Engineer
David.Brandon@analog.com
Ted Harris, Applications Engineer
Ted.Harris@analog.com
May 2003
Contents
I. Introduction to DDS
II. Fundamental DDS Architecture
III. Spectral Characteristics
IV. DDS as a Building Block
Definition of DDS:
A digital technique for generating a sine
wave from a fixed-frequency clock source.
DDS “advantages”:
The sine wave FREQUENCY is digitally
tunable (typically with sub-Hertz resolution).
The sine wave PHASE is digitally adjustable,
as well, with only a slight increase in circuit
complexity.
Since DDS is digital and the frequency &
phase are determined numerically, there are
NO ERRORS from drift due to temperature
or aging of components.
DDS “restrictions”:
The output FREQUENCY must be less than
or equal to 1/2 the clock source frequency.
The sine wave AMPLITUDE is fixed. This
can be modified by additional circuitry.
Since the sine wave is digitally generated by
using sampling techniques, the user must
be willing to accept a certain amount of
DISTORTION. That is, the sine wave is not
spectrally “pure”.
A Basic DDS
Accum ulator
Angle
Tuning N-bits P-bits D-bits Sam pled
to
W ord DAC Sine
Am plitude
IN W ave
Converter
N-bits
CLOCK
Accumulator
Angle
Tuning Sampled
N-bits P-bits to D-bits
Word Amplitude
DAC Sine
IN Wave
Converter
N-bits
- Amplitude +
2N 2P
Phase
Phase
0 0
Phase Truncated Phase Angle to Amplitude Quantized Amplitude Sampled Sine Wave
Transformation
C = 32
5
4 Instantaneous value of
the accumulator output.
•Accumulator capacity 3
2T T 2
T = 5 7T
A M P L I T U D E
1
•Tuning word value P H A S E
0
3T 0
N = 5
16 32 = 2N = C
6T 31
•Accumulator bits
4T
5T
(C/T=6.4).
DDS Primer - May 2002 9
Fundamental DDS Architecture
Definition of frequency:
Fo = FsT / 2N
CLOCK
Amplitude
sin(θ)
0 2π
B a seb an d
S p ectrum
C ontinuous S pectrum
f
0 F m ax
M agnitude
S am pled S pectrum (Ideal)
B a seb an d
im age im ag e im ag e
S p ectru m
f
0 Fs 2F s 3F s
F m ax
N yquist (F s /2 > F m ax )
SINC Envelope
sin(x)/x
Magnitude
SINC Envelope
f
0 1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts
SINC Envelope
Magnitude
SINC Envelope
f
0 Fs/2 Fs 2Fs 3Fs 4Fs
SUMMARY
A DDS is a sampled system
A sampled system produces images of the baseband
spectrum at multiples of the sample rate.
The finite pulse width resulting from the operation of the
DAC distorts the spectrum by attenuating the baseband
signal and its images based on the SINC envelope.
f
Fo Fs/2 Fs 2Fs 3Fs 4Fs
Magnitude
SINC Envelope
2Fo
2Fo
Fundamental Image 2Fo
2Fo
f
Fo Fs/2 Fs 2Fs 3Fs 4Fs
Magnitude
Fundamental
Image
f
Fo Fs/2 Fs 2Fs 3Fs 4Fs
Magnitude
Reconstruction Low Pass Filter
f
Fo Fs/2 Fs 2Fs 3Fs 4Fs
E3
E2
E1
128 16 0 0
24
192
T= 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
Accumulator Angle
20 8 to
T
Amplitude
DAC
20 Converter
Ideal Synthesizer
Accumulator Angle
20 20 to
T
Amplitude
DAC
20
Converter
Noise Source
Accumulator Angle
12 12 to
B
Amplitude
Scaler DAC
12
Converter
"Noise"
Accumulator Period of
Value Sawtooth
2B
0 Clock "Tics"
0
• Not to worry...
• A properly designed DDS forces the magnitude of the
largest truncation error spur to be less than the 1/2 LSB
error of the DAC.
• Truncation spur energy is comparable to the energy
contained in the integrated DAC noise floor.
0.5
0 Input Code
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
0.5
0 Input Code
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Magnitude
Fundamental
2nd harmonic
3rd harmonic
etc...
f
Fo Fs/2 Fs 2Fs 3Fs
Harmonic Distortion (unsampled system)
DDS Primer - May 2002 37
Spectral Characteristics
DAC Nonlinearity
Negative Fundamental
image
of fund. 2nd harmonic is in-band and NOT aliased in this example
and 2nd
harmonic mapped harmonics (aliases)
unmapped harmonics
f
Fs 2Fs 3Fs
0 Sampling Maps Harmonics Into the Nyquist Region
Magnitude
-Nyquist Nyquist
f
0 Fs 2Fs 3Fs
FSK Modulator
Mxf
COS
Tuning Word #1 0 DDS Core DAC FSK Out
(f1)
MUX
SIN
Tuning Word #2 1 (digital)
(f2)
FSK Data
(0,1)
f2
f1
PSK Modulator
0 0 Mxf
Phase Offset
MUX
Phase Word 1
COS
DAC PSK Out
Accum AAC
SIN
PSK Data
(0,1)
Shifted Phase
DDS Core
Normal Phase
Tuning Word
Quadrature Modulator
Frequency Clock IN PLL
Reference (f) (M)
Mxf
DDS Core
Tuning Word
(carrier=ωc)
(digital)
SIN(ωc) COS(ωc)
"I" Signal
Modulated
DAC Output
"Q" Signal
Sampler
Digital Modulator
Quadrature Up-Converter
Frequency Clock IN PLL
Reference (f) (M)
Mxf
DDS Core
P/Q Tuning Word
(carrier=ωc) (digital)
Input Output
SIN(ωc) COS(ωc)
Clock Clock
Chirp Modulator:
• A form of FM (frequency modulation)
• Requires the output signal to start at one frequency and
gradually “sweep” to another.
• For a DDS, this means repeatedly changing the tuning word
value from a value of T1 to T2 with a step size (∆T) such that
the “sweep” time requirement is met.
• A dual-accumulator DDS effectively accomplishes the
“frequency sweep” function.
STOP
STOP
Frequency M x Fs
Tuning Word Logic
∆f COS CHIRP
DELTA
Tuning DAC Out
Accum Word Accum
Frequency AAC
Tuning Word #2 #1 SIN
DDS Core
START
STEP RATE Frequency
Clock Tuning Word