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BOUNDARY MATERIAL KS, MILLIMETERS
m 1/6 1/6.6 1/7 1/8.8 1/10
Glass, plastic smooth Vmax/V 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.16
Copper or brass tubing 0.0015
Wrought iron, steel 0.046
Asphalted cast iron 0.12
Galvanized iron 0.15
Cast iron 0.26
Concrete 0.3 to 3.0
Riveted steel 0.9–9
Rubber pipe (straight) 0.025
type
LF NA ∝ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
TF smooth 𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 ∝ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
� � 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
tube 𝐷𝐷
< 10
Transitional 10 < ∝ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
TF < 1000 ∝ 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊