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UNIVERSIDAD AERONÁUTICA EN QUERÉTARO

Innovación Educativa para el Desarrollo de México

1er REPORTE DEL PROYECTO

Asignatura:

Sistemas Dinámicos en Control Continuo

ELECTRIC OVEN

Presenta:

Villagómez López Elihud

Pilón Colorado Misael
Hernández Alvarez Abner Abraham

Asesor:

Moisés Torres

IECSA 03A
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Municipio de Colón, Querétaro. Septiembre de 2018

INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………..……………… 3
a. GENERAL PURPOSE ……………………………………………………………………………. 3
b. SPECIFIC OBJETIVES ……………………………………………………………………………. 3
c. JUSTIFICATION ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……………………………………………………………….………….. 4
a. HEAT DRIVING ……………………………………………………………………………….……. 4
b. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE ……………………………………………………………….……. 5
c. CONTROL SYSTEM ………………………………………………………………………….…… 5
d. THERMAL INSULATION ……………………………………………………………………….. 5
e. HEAT FLUX …………………………………………………………………………….……………. 6
f. THERMOCOUPLE ……………………………………………………………………….……….. 6
g. MICROCONTROLLER …………………………………………………………..……………..… 7
3. STATE OF ART ……………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 8
a. ELECTRIC OVEN ……………………………………………………………………………..……. 8
i. RESISTANCE OVENS …………………………………………………….…….…….. 8
b. HEAT RIDING IN A RESISTANCE ………………………………………………………..….. 9
i. JOULE EFFECT ………………………………………………………………………… 10
c. THERMOCOUPLE J ……………………………………………………………………………… 10
4. DESCRIPTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ….11

5. MATHEMATICAL MODEL ………………………………………………………………………………… 12

a. EQUATION OF TERMOCOUPLE ……………………………………………………………12

b. ADAPTATION CIRCUIT ………………………………………………………………………….12
c. POWER CIRCUIT …………………………………………………………………………………..15
d. BLOCKS DIAGRAM ………………………………………………………………………………. 16
6.- GEOMETRIC ROOTS PLACE…………………………………………………………………………………16
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1. INTRODUCTION

a. GENERAL PURPOSE

Design, build and automate an electrical device that generates heat and keeps it inside
a compartment, to be used for oven or incubator purposes.

b. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Design and select each of the elements necessary for the implementation of an
instrument of heating Implement a Temperature and Timer Controller for system
control Select the right temperature sensor for the control Apply the knowledge
acquired in the course of Continuous Control to control temperatures in the heating
system.

c. JUSTIFICATION

Currently the calorific devices are very expensive in terms of their price in addition to
their use due to the large amount of electrical energy that they consume, for this reason
there is the need to design a and build a device that generates heat and keep it inside.
a compartment, an electric furnace that can also be used for incubator purposes is a
good solution to the problem due to the way in which it operates and its structure, due
to this a similar design is sought in order to put in practice the knowledge obtained
throughout our university career in addition to improving the dies in order to make its
use more efficient.
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2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The present work applies the control to a system of heat, in this case an oven, by means
of the control for the regulation of temperature, also analyzes the construction of said
oven, by means of electrical components and programming of microcontrollers. In that
sense, it is necessary to clarify some concepts.

a. HEAT DRIVING

The transmission of heat by conduction, between two bodies or between different parts
of a body, is the exchange of internal energy, which is a combination of the kinetic
energy and potential energy of its microscopic particles: molecules, atoms and
electrons. The thermal conductivity of matter depends on its microscopic structure: in
a fluid it is mainly due to random collisions of the molecules; in a solid it depends on the
exchange of free electrons (mainly in metals) or the modes of vibration of its
microscopic particles (dominant in non-metallic materials).

Figura 1. (Heat Driving).

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b. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

Electrical resistance is all the resistance that is on its way through a closed electrical
circuit, attenuating or braking the flow of electric charges or electrons. Any device or
consumer connected to an electrical circuit represents a load, resistance or obstacle for
the circulation of the electric current.

Figura 2. (Electrical Resistance).

c. CONTROL SYSTEM

A control system is a set of devices responsible for managing, ordering, directing or

regulating the behavior of another system, in order to reduce the chances of failure and
obtain the desired results. In general, industrial control systems are used in industrial
production processes to control equipment or machines.

d. THERMAL INSULATION

A thermal insulator is a material used in construction and industry, characterized by its

high thermal resistance. It establishes a barrier to the passage of heat between two
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media that naturally tend to equalize in temperature, preventing heat from passing
through the separators of the system of interest with the surrounding environment.

e. HEAT FLUX

Heat is energy that causes a change in temperature, and moves from high to low in the
same way as water and electricity. The degree of this migration is called ”heat flow” and
is expressed as the amount of thermal energy that flows through a given area during a
given period of time (units: W / m2).

Figura 3.(HEAT FLUX).

f. THERMOCOUPLE

Is a transducer formed by the union of two different metals that produces a very small
potential difference (in the order of millivolts) that is a function of the temperature
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difference between one of the ends called ”hot spot” or ”hot junction” or of measure and
the other one called cold point or cold union or reference (Seebeck effect).

Figura 4. (Thermocouple).

g. MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller (abbreviated C, UC or MCU) is a programmable integrated circuit, capable

of executing the commands recorded in its memory. It is composed of several functional
blocks, which fulfill a specific task. A microcontroller includes in its interior the three main
functional units of a computer: central processing unit, memory and input / output
peripherals.
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3. STATE OF ART

a. ELECTRIC OVEN

An electric oven is that appliance for cooking that works with electric power. This is
converted into heat by resistances. Electric ovens are fully automated; the cooking is
the most perfect because of the control it maintains over the temperature at all times.
It is true that the consumption of electricity is expensive, although in modern ones it is
not excessively high.

i. RESISTANCE OVENS

Basically they work with the premise that once a body is crossed by the electric current
its temperature increases, and it can even melt.
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Figura 5. (Resistance Ovens).

b. HEAT RIDING IN A RESISTANCE

In regard to physics and its various applications, a resistance can refer to the obstruction
that a material can present at the time of being altered by a current of electricity, when we
speak of electrical resistance; or on the other hand it refers to the opposition of a body
when it is crossed by heat, when speaking of thermal resistance; However, when we speak
of heating resistances, we refer to those devices that, through a stimulus of electrical
energy, manage to convert it into heat.
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Figura 6. (Heat Riding in a Resistance).

i. JOULE EFFECT

It is known as the Joule effect to the irreversible phenomenon by which if a conductor

circulates electrical current, part of the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into
heat due to the shocks they suffer with the atoms of the conductive material through which
they circulate, raising the temperature of it. The movement of electrons in a cable is
disordered; this causes continuous collisions with the atomic nuclei and as a consequence
a loss of kinetic energy and an increase of the temperature in the cable itself.

f. THERMOCOUPLE J

In this project we will use the type j thermocouple for temperature sensing, this type of
joint the iron is electropositive and the electronegative constantane. It measures higher
temperatures than the previous one since the iron starts to oxidize from 700 C. It is not
recommended to use it in an atmosphere where there is free oxygen. It has a very low cost
and this allows its use to be widespread.
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Figura 6. (Thermocouple).

4. DESCRIPTION

We decided to carry out this project because a furnace is a calorific system to which control
can be applied to obtain a desired temperature within a range of temperatures, this can be
done thanks to the use of a type J thermocouple, which is responsible for to sense the
temperature that the oven throws and in this way send the data to a control system, which
will be responsible for evaluating if the temperature at which the oven is equal to the
temperature that the user wants, if not, the controller will be responsible for raising or
lowering the temperature in the oven to thus level the desired temperature with the
temperature in the oven, this will be done thanks to the programming of a microcontroller
which will regulate the temperature at the desired temperature , also the use of some other
electronic components.
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5. MATHEMATICAL MODEL

For our project, we will divide it into two parts, a circuit commissioned for the conditioning
of the thermocouples and another that is responsible for supplying or removing power to
our resistance and / or heat source. In this report we will focus on finding an analog control
of what we want without using the microcontroller, in other words, using only analog gates
that will convert our signals into inputs and outputs to control our power switch that is the
component RELAY.

I. EQUATION OF THE TERMOCUPLA

𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑎
+ 𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑎
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒(𝑚𝑉)

II. ADAPTATION CIRCUIT

First we will obtain the ambient voltage made with lm35 and the thermocouple voltage
obtained by means of an AD620 that is an instrumentation amplifier, since our
thermocouple voltage is in the ratio of millivolts and therefore our microcontroller can not
read us millivolts so the AD620 helps us to amplify depending on the gain that we give, the
output voltage. Here comes the good, the signal that gives us the thermocouple can be
adjusted to read a microcontroller or without adjustments, to a LM358 gate.

Figura 7. (LM35 midiendo temperatura ambiente). Figura 8. (Termocupla conectada a

___________________________________________________________________ nuesto AD620)
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To obtain the value of the resistances that we will use in our thermocouple amplifier we will
make the following calculations assuming that our gain will be of 1000:

1 49.4
𝑅 = (49.4𝐾𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠) = = 49.35 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐺 + 1 1001

For the calculation of the voltage of lm35 we will occupy a voltage follower due to
disturbances that exist in the environment. It should be noted that the voltage of the LM35
and the thermocouple will be added, but since they are of different magnitudes, an
amplifier will be used. With the help of MATLAB we can graph the voltage of both with
respect to the same temperature. To graph it we assume a temperature of 30 ° C, where
we observe that the voltage of Lm35 is 0.3V and that of the thermocouple is 1.3V.

Figura 9. (Voltajes de LM35 y TERM a la misma T°)

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With these values of voltages we can take the slope of our graph that will help us calculate
the resistors connected to our amplifier and assuming the value of the resistance R2 of 1K.

1.537 𝑅2
𝑚= = 5.123; 𝑚= ; 𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑅2 = 1𝐾 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: 𝑅1 = 1950
0.3 𝑅1

Having already the voltages of the thermocouple and our LM35, of course passing through
their respective amplifiers, we will proceed to compare them but for that you need an
inverter amplifier since we want one of these signals to be negative to be able to compare
and add them. The next circuit shows us how they will be connected.

On the left the LM35, in the middle the thermocouple and on the right the voltage output
to our microcontroller or to our analog gate LM358, where we could compare the input
signal with a reference, where if the reference is larger than the voltage of input, it will be
like a closed circuit, but if the voltage passes it will become an open circuit obstructing the
passage of current to our heat source. in the microcontroller only be programmed in such
a way that the output signal of the microcontroller to our power circuit is zero leaving an
open circuit and obstructing the current to our heat source
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III. POWER CIRCUIT

We will use a relay that will read the output signal of our microcontroller or our analog gate
allowing it to be activated or deactivated by the inputs it will suffer.

Figura 11.(Circuito de Poder).

IV. BLOCKS DIAGRAM

The block diagram that more or less represents our design and which is closest to our
diagram in PROTEUS, is the following:
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We can see that the input is feedback. here is because the output intervenes or rather the
output voltage to make a relationship with the temperature you want to reach. If you pass
or still need to reach the given temperature, the feedback will be responsible for adjusting
the inputs so that the output is the expected.

The control of our system is the microcontroller or the analog gate itself called LM358.
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6.- GEOMETRIC ROOTS PLACE

The first-order system of equation shows the locus of the roots, where the existence of a
single pole is evidenced. In consecuense, the bode will show only the phase margin
corresponding to 104º.

The function of the PID controllers is to place two zeros in the left semiplayer forcing
the poles to the stability of the system. In practice, for a control system to have a
proper operation, the profit margin must be greater than 6dB and the phase margin
be between + 30º and + 60º. With these margins, the stability of the system is guaranteed
Although the component time constants vary within certain limits.