SUMMARY

• Main elements of the communication system are :

(1) Transmitter (2) Transmission channel and (3) Receiver.
• Transducer : The device which transforms one form of energy into another form of energy
is called a transducer.
• Transmission Channel : Transmission channel is a link or medium between transmitter and
receiver. The signals of information are propagating through this medium and received at
receiver.
• Noise : Noise is an unwanted signal. They get admixed with the information signal in the
transmission channel and distort the information signal.
• Signal : For a transmission, the information is transformed into electric signal is called a
signal. There are two types of signals. (1) Analog signal and (2) Digital signal.
Communication Systems 263
• Bandwidth : In communication system the difference of maximum frequency and minimum
frequency efficiently transmitted by the system is called the bandwidth of the system. The
bandwidth of audio signal is 20 kHz and bandwidth of video signal is 4.2 MHz.
• Modulation : The process of superposing low frequency audio signals on high frequency is
called modulation. Low frequency is called the modulating signal and high frequency wave
is called the carrier waves. The resultant wave is known as modulated wave. There are three
types of the modulation. (1) Amplitude modulation (AM), (2) Frequency modulation (FM)
and (3) Phase modulation (PM).
• Amplitude Modulation : A modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is
changed according to instantaneous value of the modulating wave is called amplitude
modulation. Here, phase and frequency of carrier wave remain unchanged. Modulation
Index : The ratio of the amplitude of modulating wave and amplitude of carrier wave is
Em
called a modulation index. ma = Value of ma is always less than 1.
Ec
• Demodulation : The process of separating information signal from carrier wave is called
demodulation. This process is
performed in the receiver. The circuit
which performs the process of
demodulation is called a detector
circuit.
• Propagation of an Electromagnetic
Waves : (1) The wave propagating
along the surface of the earth are called
ground wave or surface wave. The
frequencies up to 2 MHz is
propagating through ground waves.
(2) The waves returned to the earth
after getting reflected by the
ionosphere at a height of about 60-400
km is known as sky waves. 2 MHz to
30 MHz frequencies are propagating
through the sky waves. (3) The waves
from the transmitting antenna,
reaching a receiver in a straight line
after the reflection from the ground are
called space waves.

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 MCQ
For the answer of the following questions choose the correct alternative from among the given
ones.
(1) Type of communication Possible by Modem duplex is ...................
(A) Half duplex (B) Simplex (C) Doudle Duplex (D) Full duplex
(2) To tranmit 1KhZ frequency signal, wave langth of the signal should be m.
(A) 3  103 (B) 3  105 (C) 3  107 (D) 3  1010
(3) What should be the minimum lenght of the antenna copable of emitting audio signal of
wave length  ?

  
(A) (B) (C)  (D)
4 8 2
(4) is used as a medium an space communication
(A) Two wire line (B) Space (C) Amplifier (D) Oplical fibre
(5) The band width of Audio signal is
(A) 20 HZ (B) 20 KHZ (C) 20 MHz (D) 20 GHz
(6) ground waves are polarised at direction.
(A) vertcally upward (B) horizontal
(C) tangential direction to the sarface of the earth (D) in all four.
(7) Intenity of electric field of ground waves is in of the distance travelled by it.
(A) Square (B)inverse of root (C) proportion (D) inverse
(8) In radio and television broadcast, the information signal is in the form of
(A) analong signal (B) digital signal
(C) Both analog and digit signals (D) neither ahalig nor digital signal
(9) In light modulation, which charactristie of the carrier light wave is varied?
(A) Amplitude (B) Frequency (C) Phase (D) intensity
(10) Though which mode of communication can radiowaves be sent from one Plate to
another?
(A) Ground wave ProPagation (B) sky wave Propagation
(C) SPace wave ProPagation (D) All of the above
(11) Which range of Frequencies is Suitable for sky wave Propagation ?
(A) 1 KHz to 500 KHz (B) 1 MHz to 2 MHz
(C) 2 MHz to 20 MHz (D) Above 30 MHz

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(12) Which of the Following is not a component of communication System ?
(A) Transmitter (B) Transmission channel
(C) Noise (D) Receiver
(13) Device which transform one form of enegy in to another form of energy is called a
(A) Transducer (B) Transformer (C) Transponder (D) Transistor
(14) is a link between the transmitter and receiver
(A) Microphone (B) Transmission Channel
(C) transducer (D) telephone
(15) in the receiver section are used to reduce the level of noise signal
(A) filter circuit (B) Modulator (C) de modulator (D) Amplifier
(16) The maniman distance a up to which T.V transmission from a T.V. tower of height h can
be received
1
is Proportional to 3
(A) h 2 (B) h (C) h 2 (D) h 2
(17) The energy attenuation in optical fibre is mainly due to
(A) absorption (B) scattering
(C) both a and b (D) neither absorption nor scattering
(18) The electromagnetic waves of frequency 2 MHz to 30 MHz are
(A) in ground wave propagation (B) in sky wave propagation
(C) in micro wave propagation (D) in satellite communication
(19) Coaxial cable offers a band width approximately MHz
(A) 1 (B) 20 (C) 250 (D) 1000
(20) Modulation is used to................
(A) reduce the band width used
(B) seperate the transmission of different areas
(C) ensure that information may be transmitted to long distance
(D) allow the use of practical antennas
(21) An antenna can transmit radiation with more efficiency.
(A) low frequency (B) high frequency
(C) long wave length (D) None of these
(22) For an amplitade modulated wave, the maximum amplitude is found to be 9V while the
minimum amplitude is found to be 3V. The modulation indext is
(A) 100% (B) 75% (C) 50% (D) 25%
(23) AM is used for broadcasting because
(A) it is more noise innunerable than other modulation system
(B) it requires less transmitting power compared with other system
(C) it's are avoids receiver complexity....
(D) No other modulation system can provide the neccessary band width faithful tranmission

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(24) Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagation by means of
(A) ground waves (B) sky waves (C) surface waves (D) space waves
(25) The area to be covered for T.V telecast is doubled. Then the height to transmitting
antenna will have to be
(A) doubled (B) halved (C) quadrupled (D) kept unchanged
(26) Which of the following is related to telecommunication
(A) X-rays (B) r-rays (C) sound wave (D) microwaves
(27) Suppose the amplitade of modulated wave equal to the signal amplitude. Then
modulatation is
(A) 10% (B) 25% (C) 50% (D) 100%
(28) Space waves are generally propagated in
(A) UHF (B) VHF (C) HF (D) None of there
(29) If the frequency of 3 KHz has to be transmitted through amplitude modulation. Which
of the following frequency should use as a carrier frequency ?
(A) 30 Hz (B) 300 Hz (C) 3000 Hz (D) 3 MHz
(30) The range of frequencies allotted for commercial FM radio broadcast is
(A) 88 to 108 MHz (B)88 to 108 KHz (C) 8 to 88 MHz (D) 88 to 108 GHz
(31) The process of superimposing signal frequency on the carrier wave is known as
(A) transmission (B) reception (C) modulation (D) detection
(32) A T.V tower has a height 150m. What is the population density around the T.V tower
if the total population covered is 50 lakh ? (Reduse of earth = 6.4  106 m)
(A) 82.6/km2 (B) 800.6/km2 (C) 828.6/km2 (D) 876.6/km2
(33) In which frequency range, space waves are normally propagated ?
(A) HF (B) VHF (C) UHF (D) SHF
(34) If M1 & M2 are the refractive indices of the material of core and cladding of an optical
fibre, than the loss of light due to its leakage can be minimized by having
(A) M1 > M2 (B) M1 < M2 (C) M1 = M2 (D) None of these
(35) Through which mode of propagation, the raido waves can be sent from one place to
another ?
(A) ground wave propagation (B) sky wave propagation
(C) space wave propagation (D) all of them
(36) A radio can tune to any station in the 7.5 MHz to 12 MHz band. What is the
corresponding wave lenght band ?
(A) 400m - 250m (B) 40m - 25m (C) 4m - 2.5m (D) None of these

351
 Assertion Reason type Question
In the following questaion from (37 to 40) statement-1 (Assertion) is followed by
statement-2 (Reason) Each question has the following four choice out of which only one
choice is correct
(a) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true.
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true, statement-2 is not a correct enplanation for
statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(37) Statement-1 :- sky waves are not used in the transmission of T.V signals
Statement-2 :- T.V signals have a frequency range of 400 to 200 MHz
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
(38) Statement-1 :- Micro waves and not radio waves are used in satellite communication.
Statement-2 :-The wavelength of microwaves is much shorter than that of radio waves.
Hence micro wave do not disperse or diffract like radio waves.
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
(39) Statement-1 :- sky wave communication is not suitable for frequncies greater than 30 MHz.
Statement-2 :- High frequency signals die out before reaching the ionosphere.
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
(40) Statement-1 :- Modulated wave is received directly on a head phone
Statement-2 :- High frequency waves are beyond audible range.
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
(41) The refractive inden of the ionosphere
(A) increase as we go from the lower to upper layer of the ionosphere
(B) decrease as we go from the lower to upper layer of the ionosphere
(C) remain the same through out the ionosphere
(D) is equal to unity
(42) A T.V tower has a height of 80 m. The maximum distance up to which T.V transmission
can be received is equal to . (radius of earth = 6.4  106 m )
(A) 16 km (B) 32 km (C) 80 km (D) 160 km
(43) A receiving station on the ground is receiving a signal of frequency 10 MHz, then the
mode of transmission is
(A) ground wave propagation (B) sky wave propagation
(C) both ground wave and sky wave propagation
(D) neither ground wave nor sky wave propagation

352
(44) On a particular day, the maximum frequency reflected from the ionosphere is 8 MHz. On
another day it was found to increase to 9 MHz. The ratio of the minimum electron
densities of ionosphere on the two days is
3 2
8 8 8 2
8
(A) (B) (C)   (D)  
9 9 9 9
(45) Consider an optical communication system operating at   800 nm . Suppose only 1% of
the optical source frequency is the available channel bandwidth for optical
communication. No. of channels that can be accomodated for transmitting video T.V
signals requiring an approximate band width of 4.5 MHz is .
(A) 3.8  1014 (B) 3.8  1012 (C) 8.4  105 (D) 1.71 107

(46) A signal e m  20 sin 2000 t amplitude modulates a carries wave e C  80 sin 2000 00 t .
The percantage of modulation is
(A) 25% (B) 0.25% (C) 400% (D) 40%
(47) A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 50m and the height of the
receiving antenna is 32m. The maximum distance between them for satisfactory
communication in line of right mode is . Given radios of earth R = 6400 km
(A) 25.29  103 km (B) 20.23  103 km (C) 45.5km (D) None of these.
(48) The characteristic impedence of a co-axial cable is between .
(A) 10  to 20  (B) 20  to 30  (C) 30  to 60  (D) 50  to 70 
(49) The relation between the maximum electron denisity N max and the critical frequency
f for the ionosphere can be given as

(A) fc   max (B) f c     max  (C) fc  q  max (D) None of these

(50) In order to cover a circular region of radios 128 km, by a TV transmitter, What must be
the height of the transmitting antenna ?
(A) 79 m (B) 1050 m (C) 1280 m (D) 1560 m
(51) The frequency of carries wave emitted from L - C osallator of 10 µ H inductance and
1 nF capacitor is .
(A) 1592 KHz (B) 1592 Hz (C) 1592 MHz (D) 159.2 Hz
(52) If the band width is 1.6  1012 Hz , how many communication channels can be obtained
with 16 KHz band width radio signal ?
(A) 1015 (B) 1011 (C) 1010 (D) 108
(53) A transmitter transmit a power of 10 kw when modulation is 50%. What is the power
of carrier wave ?
(A) 12 KW (B) 7.0 KW (C) 8.89 KW (D) 5.0 KW

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(54) A T.V. tower has a height 200 m. By how much the height of tower be increased to
triple its coverage range ?
(A) 1600 m (B) 800 m (C) 1800 m (D) 600 m
(55) In short wave communication wave of which of the following frequencies will be
reflected back by the ionospheric layer having electron density 1.23  1012 m
(A) 2 MHz (B) 10 MHz (C) 12 MHz (D) 18 MHz
(56) What is the frequency range of signals that can be transmitted in care of twisted pair of
wires ?
(A) 5 MHz to 20 MHz (B) 5 MHz to 10 MHz
(C) 100 Hz to 4 MHz (D) 5 MHz to 20 MHz
(57) What type of medium is used in optical communication ?
(A) guided medium (B) Unguided medium
(C) Both guided and unguided media (D) Neither guided nor unguided media
(58) The maximun electron density of a layer of the ionosphere is 9 1012 m 3 . The critical
frequency of this layer is
(A) 9 MHz (B) 6 MHz (C) 3 MHz (D) 3 GHz
(59) Which condition is to be satisfied in an AM detector circuit so that the signal corresponds
to an en.... of the carrier wave ?
1
(A) Te << RC (B) Te >> RC (C) Fc << RC (D) f  RC
n

(60) The transmission of audio signal in radio broadcasting is type.

(A) ASK (B) FSK (C) AM (D) FM
(61) Transmission loss per km in the optical fibre, ured presently is,
(A) 20 dB (B) 2 dB (C) 0.2 dB (D) 0.02 dB
(62) In satellite communication 6 GHz frequency is used for and 4 GHz frequency
is used for
(A) uplink, down link (B) down link, up link
(C) modulation, demodulation (D) demodulation, modulation
(63) Assertion : Microwave communication is preferred over optical communication.
Reason : Microwaves provide large number of channels and bandwidth an compared to
optical signals.
(A) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is correct enplanation of assertion
(B) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is not the correct enplanation of
assertion.
(C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) Both assertion and reason are false.

354
(64) If a radio receiver amphifier all the signal frequencies equally well, it is said to have high
(A) fidality (B) distortion (C) sensibility (D) sensitivity
(65) In frequency modulation
(A) the amplitude of modulated wave varies as frequency of carrier wave.
(B) the frequency of modulated wave varies as amplitude of modulating wave.
(C) The amplitude of modulated wave varies as amplitude of carrier wave.
(D) The frequency of modulated wave varies as frequency of modulating wave.
(66) A silicon optical fibre with a care diameter large enough has a care refractive inder of
1.50 and cladding refractive inder 1.47. The critical angle at the care cladding interface
is .
(A) 87.5o (B) 78.5o (C) 38.5o (D) 45o
(67) In satellite communication
(1) The frequency used lies between 5 MHz and 1 MHz
(2) The uplink and downlink frequencies are different.
(3) The orbit of geostationary staellite lies in the equatorial plane at an indication of 0o .
In the above statements.
(A) Only 2 and 3 are true (B) all are true
(C) Only 2 is true (D) Only 1 and 3 are true
(68) A signal wave of frequency 12 KHz is modulated with a carrier wave of freaquency
2.51 MHz.The upper and lower side band frequency are respectively.
(A) 2512 Hz and 2508 KHz (B) 2522 KHz and 2488 KHz
(C) 2502 KHz and 2498 KHz (D) 2512 KHz and 2498 KHz

(69) A radio wave has B0  3.3  10 12 J m 3 . What is value of electric energy density ?

(A) 106 V m (B) 104 V m (C) 106 V m (D) 104 V m Atom and Nucleus

(70) What is the sepeturor sparing in are of co-arial cables ?

(A) 20 km (B) 2 km (C) 200 km (D) 600 km
(71) What is the M.U.F (maximum unuable frequency of an electromagnetic wave aretiacl
frequency of 20MH z and incident at an angle of 60 in ionospheric propagation ?

20
(A) 20 2 MH z (B) 20 MH z (C) MH z (D) 40 MH z
2

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(72) An insulater ared in a transmission line has dierectrie unstant equal to 0.25 What is the
velocity factor of the transmission line ?
4 3
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 4
3 4
(73) What is the working principal of optical fibre ?
(A) Refraction (B) Total internal reflection
(C) Dispersion (D) Scattering
(74) For efficient transmission of a 100 MH Z frequency wave, the minimum lenght of an
antenna should be
3
(A) 3 m (B) m (C) 10 m (D) 100 m
4
(75) A photo director area light of wavelenght 1400nm Band gap of the Semiconductor used
in the photo detector is (h  6.63  10 34 J S ; C  3  108 m / s)
(A) 0.7eV (B) leV (C) 2 eV (D) 2.5 eV
(76) In modulation procrss radio signal is called
(A) modulating wave (B) Carrier wave
(C) modulated wave (D) transmitting wave
(77) Tank Circuit Contains lnf capcpcitor and 10 microhenry inductor What is the carrier
frequency generated by it ?
(A) 1629 MH z (B) 1592 MH z (C) 1582 MH z (D) 156.2 MH z
(78) The effective power radiated by an antenna varies
(A) inverscly as the lenght of antenna
(B) inverscly as the square of the length of the antenna
(C) directly as the lenght of antenna
(D) directly as the square of the lenght of the antenna
(79) A 1000 KH z carrier is modulated with 800 KH z audio signals What are the frequencies
of first pair side banch ?
(A) 1000 KH z and 800 H z (B) 800 H z and 999.2 KH z

(C) 1000.8 KH z and 999.2 KH z (D) 1000.8 KH z and 1000 KH z

(80) The critical frequency of Flayer is 50 MH z when angle of incidence is 74o What is the
maximum unable frequency ?
(A) 181.5 MH z (B) 191.5 MH z (C) 199.5 MH z (D) 171.5 MH z

356
(81) The velocity of e.m. waves in a medium is 2.5  108 ms -1 . what is the dielectric constant
of the medium ?
(A) 1.2 (B) 1.44 (C) 0.69 (D) 1.6
(82) How long will it take to transmit the information 30km away in space ?
(A) 0.1 m s (B) 0.1  s (C) 0.1 n s (D) 0.1 ps
(83) What is the velocity of electromagnatic wave in a good conductor ?
(A) 3  108 m / s (B) more than 3  108 m / s
(C) High (D) Very low
(84) If `fm' is the modulation frequency in Fm the modulation index is proportional to
1 1
(A) fm (B) fm2 (C) f (D) fm2
m

(85) For 100% modulation, What is the value of minimum amplitude  E min  of the modulated
wave ?
(A) Zero (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
(86) When electromagnetic waves enter the ionised layer of ionosphere, the relative permitting
of the ionised layer
(A) remain constant (B) appears to decreure
(C) appears to increare (D) chenger randomly
(87) IN which of the following media the wave propagation occurs with out attenation ?
(A) Conductor (B) perfect dielecrei medium
(C) Semi conductor (D) None of the above
(88) The step index fibre has a relative refractive index difference of 0.86% what is the critical
angle at the core cladding interface ?

(A) 28.4 (B) 82.4 (C) 24.8 (D) 75.6
(89) A silicon optical fibre has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive inden
1.47 what is the numerical aperture of the fibre ?
(A) 0.90 (B) 0.60 (C) 0.45 (D) 0.30
(90) Which of the following alternative is not nature Noise ?
(A) Thunder of light (B) Radiation coming from sun.
(C) Radiation coming from stars (D) Radiation produced by flickering of tube light
(91) In optical fibre communication, the APD semi conductor divece is ared
(A) to convert radio single into optical single
(B) to obtain intanxty modulayed signal
(C) to covert optical signal into electrical signal
(D) to covert optical signal into electri signal.

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(92) phase difference between space carrent and capacitive carrent is

(A)  rad (B)  2 rad (C) 3 2 rad (D)  rad

(93) Refractive index of ionosphere is

(A) one (B) more than one(C) less than one (D) Zero

KEYNOTE
1 D 26 D 51 A 76 A
2 B 27 D 52 D 77 B
3 A 28 A 53 C 78 B
4 B 29 D 54 A 79 C
5 B 30 A 55 A 80 A
6 A 31 C 56 C 81 B
7 D 32 C 57 A 82 A
8 A 33 C 58 C 83 D
9 D 34 A 59 A 84 C
10 D 35 D 60 C 85 A
11 C 36 A 61 C 86 B
12 C 37 B 62 A 87 B
13 A 38 A 63 D 88 B
14 B 39 C 64 D 89 D
15 A 40 D 65 B 90 D
16 A 41 B 66 B 91 C
17 C 42 B 67 A 92 A
18 B 43 C 68 D 93 C
19 B 44 D 69 B
20 A 45 C 70 A
21 B 46 A 71
22 C 47 C 72 B
23 C 48 D 73 B
24 D 49 C 74 B
25 A 50 C 75 B

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