Isolated-phase bus duct

In electrical engineering, isolated-phase bus (IPB), also known as Phase-isolated Bus (PIB) in some
countries, is a method of construction for circuits carrying very large currents, typically between a
generator and its step-up transformer in a steam or large hydroelectric power plant.

Each phase current is carried on a separate conductor, enclosed in a separate grounded metal housing.
Conductors are usually hollow aluminum tubes or aluminum bars, supported within the housing on
porcelain or polymer insulators. The metal housings are electrically connected so that induced current,
nearly of the magnitude of the phase current, can flow through the housing, in the opposite direction
from the phase current. The magnetic field produced by this current nearly exactly cancels the magnetic
field produced by the phase current, so there is almost no external magnetic field produced. This also
limits the amount of force produced between conductors during a short circuit. The external housings of
the conductors remain at a low potential with respect to earth ground and are usually bonded to
ground. Additionally, by enclosing the conductors in separate housings a high degree of protection from
faults between the generator and the transformer is obtained. Since these conductors are between the
generator and the first circuit breaker, if a fault were to occur the only way to interrupt it would be to
stop the generator, which would take considerable time and result in much damage to the generator or
conductors.

Isolated-phase bus is made in ratings from 3000 amperes to 45,000 amperes, and rated for voltages
from 5000 volts up to about 35,000 volts. In the larger current ratings, dry air is forced through the
enclosures and within the tubular conductors to cool the conductors. Some items of switchgear, such as
circuit breakers and isolating switches, are made in housings compatible with the isolated-phase bus.
Accessories such as instrument transformers, surge arresters, and capacitors are also made in
compatible housings. Due to the expense of its construction and the energy loss, isolated-phase bus is
usually used in short segments; a large underground powerhouse may have isolated-phase bus up to
about 50 meters or so to connect generators to transformers in an underground cavern.

A smaller form of isolated-phase bus is manufactured for use with direct-current circuits; this may be
used in the field circuit of a generator.

Other types of bus are:

 Metal-enclosed segregated phase bus

 Low and high impedance bus duct
 Bare flat or tubular bus bars

These are used at lower ratings or where adequate protection of the circuit by over current devices is
possible.