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♦ Incidence Density
♦ Incidence Rate Difference and Ratio
♦ Confidence Intervals
♦ Standardized Rates and Their Comparison
♦ PT = 2.5+3.5+…+1.5 = 26.
♦ ID=5/26=0.192 per (person-) year
or
1.92 per 10 (person-)years.
Hormone use
Yes No Total
CHD 30 60 90
Person-years 54308.7 51477.5 105786.2
I0 I1
SE( IRD) = + ♦ Standard error of ln IRR can be
(PT0 ) ( PT1 )2
2
estimated by:
♦ 95% CI for:
IRD: -0.00061 ± 1.96·0.00018 = (-0.00096, -0.00025)
ln IRR: ln(0.474) ± 1.96·0.22 = (-1.178, -0.315)
IRR: (e-1.178, e-0.315) = (0.308, 0.729)
♦ Indirect method
• Age-specific rates from the standard population are applied to the
age-distribution of the study population.
(rates standard → age study)
Copyright © 2014 Department of Public Health sawilopo@yahoo.com 24
Direct Standardization
Age Study Population Standard Population
Group (e.g., USA 1990)
Observed Person-years Rate Observed Population Rate
<40 I1 PT1 I1/ PT1 B1 N1 B1/N1
40-64 I2 PT 2 I 2/ PT 2 B2 N2 B2/N2
65+ I3 PT 3 I 3/ PT 3 B3 N3 B3/N3
Total It PT t I t/ PT t Bt Nt Bt/Nt
♦ DSR for Colorado: 10.45 (per 1000 life births; crude: 9.8).
♦ DSR for Louisiana: 9.35 (per 1000 life births; crude: 11.8).
♦ SMR for Colorado: 527/488.3 = 1.08 (8% higher than the US).
• ISR = SMR x 10.1 = 10.9 (race-adjusted infant mortality-rate).
♦ SMR for Louisiana: 872/908.8 = 0.96 (4% lower than the US).
• ISR = SMR x 10.1 = 9.7 (race-adjusted infant mortality-rate).
Copyright © 2014 Department of Public Health sawilopo@yahoo.com 32
Standardization of Rates: Example
♦ Is it reasonable to use the
adjusted rates?
•The plot of race-specific rates
shows similar trend
(black>white>other).
•The distribution of race in the US
is similar to the two states
(white>black>other).
•Results for both standardization
methods are similar.
DSR1 − DSR2
Z=
SE( DSR1 − DSR2 )
♦ On the other hand, it is valid to ask whether SIR (or SMR) is different
from 1.