Biostatistics part 2

By
Dr. Asmaa Mohammed
 Statistical data analysis
aims at:

Comparisons Association
between groups Correlation and
.significance are used regression

between 2 groups regarding

between 2 groups quantitative variable (e.g. Detecting the association
regarding smokers and non-smokers (correlation) between 2
qualitative regarding heart rate) quantitative variables (e.g.
variable (e.g. -independent sample t-test
if the data was normally
age and creatinine level)
smokers and non-
distributed - Pearson correlation test
smokers regarding
chronic bronchitis)
- Mann-Whitney test: if the used if the data was
data not normal y normally distributed
Chi square test distributed
 Screening test

• Tests done among apparently well people to detect early

(asymptomatic) disease or precursors of disease
Methods to identification of an undiagnosed disease
– Physical examination (blood pressure measurement)
– Laboratory testing (e.g. cholesterol level)
– Type II diabetes
– Thyroxin in newborn
– Cytological screening for cervical cancer
• To determine the quality of a screening test, it is best to have a
gold standard to compare it with. The gold standard provides a
definitive diagnosis of the disease.((‫المعيار الذهبى يوفر تشخيص نهائى‬
‫للمرض‬
• if the test they are numerical, there is a range called the normal
range ‫المعدل الطبيعى من المعايير الذهبية للتشخيص‬
 Benefits of screening test
• Screening permits early detection of disease and medical
referral
• Clinicians then make an early diagnosis
• prescribe early treatment lead to better outcome

Criteria for Good Screening Test

• Simple & quick
• Can be done by paramedics ( ‫المسعفين‬
• Safe
• Inexpensive
• Acceptable to population
• Reliable
• Valid and Accurate
 Vital statistics
• is the branch of medical statistics concerned with
measurement of health status of the community of vital
events through indicators.

Mortality indicators:
:Morbidity indicators - crude death rate ‫اجمالى معدل‬
- ‫الوفيات‬
• incidence rate - age specific death rate
• prevalence rate - cause specific mortality rate
• attack rate - proportionate mortality rate
- case fatality rate
Fertility indicators
‫مؤشرات الخصوبة‬
• Crude Birth Rate
• General Fertility Rate
3-Fecundity Rate
• Age Specific Fertility
Rate
• Total Fertility Rate
• Rate means the relation of part to all
multiplied by a factor usually standardized
(constant: 100, 1000, 100,000) at certain time
• Ratio is the relation between part and another
part e.g. Male / Female ratio.
• Calculation should be specified by time &
place for the reason of comparison by time
and different places (countries / governorate…)
• Mid-year population is the average number of
population of any given year and it denote the
population count on the 1st of July of that year
 Measures of Morbidity
• Definition: the number of new cases of a disease per 1000 of
population at risk for this disease in a specified period of
time and locality.
No. of new cases of specific disease in certain year / locality x =
1000 .Population at risk of the disease in same year and
locality
- It is usually used in measuring the frequency of .acute
diseases (communicable) per time
- It is Measuring the incidence of chronic diseases (e.g. non-
communicable) has to be done through follow up of disease-
free individuals and detection of cases throughout time.
 Concept of prevalence

No. of new and old cases of specific disease in certain time and certain locality X 100
total number of populations in same time and locality

• Criteria of prevalence
- Measures the amount of disease already present in a population
- The prevalence of the disease depends on its incidence rate and the duration of
illness

1-Crude Death Rate
No. of total deaths in a certain year and locality
Mid Year Population in the Same Year and Locality
Age Specific -2
Death Rates
It is the number of
deaths in a certain age
group in a certain year
and locality per 1000
midyear population
could be also presented
by sex
Measures of mortality
Infant
X 1000
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐂𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 X 1000 =
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
= 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝟒 𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 X 1000
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
Infant
Post-neonatal Mortality Rate (PNMR)
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟐𝟖𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡 =
𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 X 1000