BIOSTATISTICS OR

VITAL STATISTICS
PREPARED BY:
PRECIOUS MARIE CATAPANG SYDNEY DACUT EDRIEL ROYCE DELEN
VITAL STATISTICS

• Vital statistics pertains to birth and death records in general, it pertains to life or
concerning marriages, births, death and illnesses.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Statistics
 the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.
 deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of
surveys and experiments.
• Statistician
 is someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking for the successful
application of statistical analysis.
• Morbidity Statistics
 Statistics of disease
• Mortality Statistics
 concerned with death and the causes of death
 Indicate more or less the healthfulness of a community and the success and failure of health
work.
IMPORTANCE OF VITAL STATISTICS

• Statistics of disease, or morbidity and mortality statistics, indicate the state of

healthfulness of a community and the success or failure of health work/services.
• More important, they give valuable clues as to the character of work required or needed.
• Birth rates together with death rates influence directly the population, the prediction of
which is essential in planning for sanitary facilities such as water supplies, sewerage, food
sanitation, and others.
SOURCES OF VITAL STATISTICS

• Statistics on population and its characteristics such as age and sex distribution are
obtained from records of National Statistics Office (NSO), the office in charged with the
duty of registering vital facts in the country.
• A census of the country is undertaken by the government at intervals and the data
obtained therein are considered official figures.
BIRTH

• Birth registration is required of all babies born and the local civil registrar handles the
required registration.
• The birth certificate contains the date and place of birth, name and sex of child; name,
age, birthplace, residence and occupation of parents.
• It is accomplished by the person who attended at birth, such as physician, midwife, nurse,
etc.
• Incidentally the registration birth is of great importance not only to the community but
also to the individual.
DEATH

• Death certificates are required even more so, for no person can be buried unless his
death is duly registered.
• Information of the death certificate includes name, age, nationality, civil status, occupation,
date of death and cause of death and is accomplished by a physician or undertaker.
• A copy of the birth and death certificate as used in the country today can easily be
obtained from the office of the municipal health officer.
ESTIMATE POPULATION SIZE FOR A FUTURE DATE

• Arithmetic Method – it is assumed that the actual increase in population per year is
constant.
𝑷𝒇 = 𝑷𝒑 + 𝒏𝒌
where:
Pf – future population
Pp – present population
n – number of years
k – constant annual increase
• Geometric Method – it is assumed that the rate of increase in population per year as a
percent of the previous population is constant.
𝑃𝑓 = 𝑃𝑝(1 + 𝑘) 𝑛
where:
Pf – future population
Pp – present population
n – number of years
k – constant rate of increase
RATES

• This refers to the occurrence of events over a given interval of time

• Rates are very useful when events being studied are dynamic; in other words, it measures
amounts of change.
COMMONLY USED FORMULAS IN VITAL STATISTICS

• Fertility Rates
Crude Birth Rates (CBR) – measures how fast people are added to the population through
births.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐶𝐵𝑅 = × 1,000
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

General fertility Rate (GFR) – is more specific rate than the crude birth rate since births are
related to the segment of the population deemed to be capable of giving birth.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐺𝐹𝑅 = × 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 15 − 44 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒
1,000
• Mortality Rates
Crude Death Rate (CDR) – gives the speed with which mortality occurs in a given population.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐶𝐷𝑅 = × 1,000
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Specific Mortality Rates – show rates of dying in specific population groups.\

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑆𝑀𝑅 = × 1,000
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
Cause-of-Death Rate or Mortality Rate – from specific diseases or conditions gives the
rate of dying secondary to specific causes.

𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 − 𝑜𝑓 − 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
= × 1,000
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – is defined as the number of deaths among infants under one
year of age in a calendar year per one thousand live births in the same period.

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐼𝑀𝑅 = × 1,000
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Case Fatality Rate (CFR) – is the proportion of cases which end up fatality.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝐶𝐹𝑅 = × 100
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
• Morbidity Rates
• Incidence Rates – measures the development of disease in a group exposed to the risk of
the disease in a period of time.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ×𝐹
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘
Prevalence Rates measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in the population. The
term “existing” refers to old and new cases of the disease.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ×𝐹
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒/𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

The following data are taken from the 1985 Philippine Health Statistics Report.
Number

Total Males 27, 437,246

Total Females 27,231,086

Females aged 15-44 years 12,913,036

Total Deaths 334,663

Deaths due to Tuberculosis 31,650

Total Live Births 1,437,154

Tuberculosis cases 153,406

Over 28 days to less than 1 year 54,613

Deaths under 28 days 22,343

• Using the information given, compute and interpret the following vital health indicators.
a. Crude Birth Rate
b. Crude Death Rate
c. General Fertility Rate
d. Infant Mortality Rate
e. Mortality Rate from tuberculosis
f. Morbidity Rate from tuberculosis
g. Case-Fatality Rate from Tuberculosis
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

A. A State has a population of 2,000,000 from the year 1943. The physician of the state
reported 3,895 cases of tuberculosis with 2,305 deaths from this disease.
Compute
a. Case Rate
b. Death Rate
c. Fatality Rate
B. The population of a city in the year 1980 was 98,344 and increased by 110,855 in 1986.
a. What is the rate of growth?
b. Find the population of the city in the years 1984 to 1985.