COMENTARIO DE TEXTO

Si la redacción trata de algo relacionado con el texto que te dan:

- What the text says is that .....................
- This is the story of ……………………
- This text is about…………../ mentions ……………/ says that ……………..
- According to the text…………………
- This text / passage shows different views of …………………
Si quieres mencionar alguna parte determinada, con referencia a la
opinión del autor:
- The autor explains / suggest / gives a short story of / anayses the ................
He also explains that ……………………
- The author uses the word “ …………” in a pejorative sense
- In the first / the last paragraph the author suggest / explains / says that……../ wonders
about ………………
Si te preguntan tu opinión :
- I personally think that...................
- Well, personally………….
- In my opinion, it is perfectly possible to ……….
- I believe that………….
- To answer this question I should like to say that I ………………..
- From my point of view ……………………
- I suppose the writer uses “ ……” to mean that
- I am not quite sure whether ……….
- I certainly cannot see many advantages in ………..
- I am optimistic / pesimistic about ………………… ( v - ing )
- For me ,……………..
- In a nutshell, it is nearly impossible to give a clear answer to the question / problem
because it depends mainly on …………….
- Let us consider the following example
- I ( totally / certainly / completely ) agree / disagree with ( the idea of …../ those who
think that …………….)
Si quieres hablar en general :
- One of the problem is that .............
- It is difficult to explain this, ………..
- It is true that…………..
- It is good to know about…………..
- Some people consider………………..
- Certain people normally think
- Most people want to
- To some people, the traditional ideas about……………are quite different from …
- Traditionally, there are …………… There are others, however, who believe that…
- In the past human beings …………………….but nowadays………………..
- For centuries man has ………………….but nowadays…………………
- So the best thing to do is to …………………..
- This is due to………………………..
- As far as I know…………………….
Para finalizar :
- In ( reality / general ) things have changed not only ....................but also……
- Without any doubt, …………
- Obviously the essential reason for ………..( v - ing )
- The anecdote of ………..is a clear example of ………………….

CLAUSES OF TIME ( temporales )

When, while, before, after, since ,as, by the time ( that ), as soon as, the moment (that ),
till, until, whenever, as long as, once, now that,
1.- Cuando nos referimos al futuro, utilizamos una oración en presente simple detrás de las
conjunciones : after, as soon as, before, by the time, the moment, till, until y when

- I won’t talk to them until they apologise

2.- Las conjunciones : when, after, before, since , while, pueden ir seguidas de gerundio

- Since getting the job, he’s much happier

- When driving his car, he fell asleep

3.- Cuando queremos expresar que las cosas suceden al mismo tiempo, podemos usar: when,
as, while

- We looked through the window when we heard a noise

- As they were walking down the street, they saw Susan

- I often listen to the radio while I’m having breakfast

4.- Cuando queremos decir que las cosas ocurren unas después de otras, podemos emplear :
when, as soon as, before , after

- When I had finished breakfast, I went out

- She arrived home before he had cooked dinner

5.- Con dos acciones cortas que ocurren al mismo tiempo, se suele utilizar : as
- As we arrived home, the dog started to bark
6.- “When” puede tener el mismo significado que : while, as, before, after

- When / While / As I was watching T.V., the phone rang

- The train had left when / before they arrived at the station

- When / After he left school, he started working in a bank

7.- Se puede utilizar la estructura “ It’s + período de tiempo + since + oración subordinada con
el verbo en pasado simple

- It’s a long time since we saw your brother

También se podría expresar : I haven’t seen your brother for a lon time

CLAUSES OF REASON : because, as , since, because of

1.- Because se emplea cuando contestamos una pregunta y va seguido de sujeto + verbo. No
suele ir al comienzo de la frase.
2.- As / since suelen ir al comienzo de la frase

- As / Since you can cook, you could make a chocolate cake for us
3.- Because of va seguido de sustantivo

- We didn’t go out because of the rain

CLAUSES OF RESULT : so, as a result, therefore,

1.- “So” y “as a result” van seguidas de una oración

- The car broke down, so we had to call the garage

- It was raining hard and as a result we didn’t go out

2.- “Therefore” puede ir seguido de oración o de verbo. Es bastante formal.
therefore I took it again
- I failed my driving test the first time and
 I therefore took it again

CLAUSES OF CONTRAST : although, even though, even if,

despite, in spite of, however,

1.- Although, even though van seguidos de oración con sujeto y verbo. Para dar mayor
énfasis se emplea “even though”

- Although he hadn’t eaten all day, he wasn’t very hungry

- Even though the weather was bad, we had a very good holiday
2.- “ Though” puede sustituir a “although” en lenguaje mas informal. Igualmente puede tener
el significado de “however”( conjunción )

- Though I didn’t feel well, I went to work

- The room is very small. It’s quite confortable though

- She said she didn’t want to change her job. However , she may change her mind
3.- In spite of / despite van seguidas de sustantivo / v-ing / the fact that + oración
subordinada

- In spite of / despite his fortune, he lives in a modest house

- In spite of / despite being rich, he lives in a modest house

- In spite of / despite the fact that he is very rich, he lives in a modest house

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE : to, in order to, so as to, so that

1.- To, in order to, so as to van seguidas de infinitivo. In order to y so as to es más formal

- I went to Paris to / in order to learn French

2.- En oraciones negativas empleamos: in order not to, so as not to

- We got up early so as not / in order not to be late

3.- So that va seguida de oración subordinada. Se suele emplear : can, can’t, will, won’t
you can write to me

- I’ll give you my address so that

we won’t arrive late
Para hablar del pasado se emplean : could, couldn’t, would, wouldn’t

- I gave him my address so that he could write to me

- We left early so that we wouldn’t arrive late

STILL YET ALREADY

STILL : Significa que algo en el presente, no en el pasado , no ha terminado. La acción
todavía continúa.
- Se coloca detrás de “ to be ” : She’s still asleep
- Delante del verbo ( mid-position ) : I still remember your first birthday
- Va con oraciones afirmativas, pero también aparece con interrogativas y negativas :
I’ve been thinking for hours, but I still can’t decide
Are you still here ? I thought you had gone ages ago
- En oraciones negativas da idea de énfasis o extrañeza
She still hasn’t written to me
ALREADY : Significa que algo en el presente o en el pasado, no en el futuro, quizás haya
ocurrido antes de lo esperado. Suele ir en oraciones afirmativas
When is Sally going to come ? She’s already here

- Se coloca delante del verbo, normalmente “ mid-position ”

He has already gone
When I was 14, I already knew that I wanted to be a doctor
- Puede aparecer al final de la frase para dar énfasis
Have you finished already ?
YET : Significa que algo va a pasar en el futuro, no en el presente ni en el pasado, y que
nosotros estamos esperando por ello hasta el momento de hablar.
Has Sally arrived ? Not yet
The postman hasn’t come yet
- Se emplea en oraciones interrogativas y negativas y suele ir al final de la frase
Is Robert back yet ?
Don’t eat the pears. They are not ripe yet
- Si se utiliza con oraciones interrogativas-negativas da idea de extrañeza / impaciencia
Aren’t you ready yet ? ( ¿ Todavía no estás preparado? )
ALREADY y YET pueden usarse en oraciones interrogativas , pero no significan lo mismo
Have you met Richard yet ? Información
Have you already met Richard? Sugiere una respuesta afirmativa. La persona que habla
supone que probablemente haya conocido a Richard
Is my coat dry yet ? Información
Is my coat dry already? Sorpresa