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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 127
FROM
LINGUISTIC MATERIAL
THE TRIBES OF SOUTHERN TEXAS
AND NORTHEASTERN MEXICO
By
JOHN R. SWANTON
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 127
FROM
LINGUISTIC MATERIAL
THE TRIBES OF SOUTHERN TEXAS
AND NORTHEASTERN MEXICO
By
JOHN R. SW ANTON
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1940
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D. C, July 1, 1939.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled
"Linguistic Material from the Tribes of Southern Texas and North-
eastern Mexico," by John R. Swanton, and to recommend that it
PAGE
Historical sketch 1
The material 4
Phonetics 8
Coahuilteco-English vocabulary 10^
Words from a dialect spoken near the Mission of San FranciBco Solano,
below Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande 54
English-San Francisco Solano index 55
Additional Coahuilteco words from the Mission records 56-
Comecrudo-English vocabulary 55
Comecrudo texts 105
Dancing song 105
English-Comecrudo index 107
Cotoname-English vocabulary 118
English-Cotoname index 120
Maratino-English vocabulary 122
English-Maratino index 123
Words in Aranama 124
Karankawa-English dictionary 124
English-Karankawa index 130
Supplementary material 134
External and internal relations of the South Texas tongues 137
V
LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM THE TRIBES OF
SOUTHERN TEXAS AND NORTHEASTERN MEXICO '
By John R. Swanton
HISTORICAL SKETCH
Around the northwestern angle of the Gulf of Mexico, and encircled
by tribes belonging to the large and better known linguistic families
called Muskhogean, Siouan, Caddoan, Athapascan, Uto-Aztecan,
Otomian, and Mayan (the last-named represented by the Huastec),
there was early in the sixteenth century a great number of tribes or
bands which differed markedly from their neighbors in language and
showed great diversity among themselves. These tribes extended
from the Mississippi River to the neighborhood of Panuco, Mexico,
on the south and Monclova, Coahuila, on the west. The original
linguistic classifications of Powell and Orozco y Berra ranged these
tribes under 10 stocks, Natchesan, Tonikan, Chitimachan, Attacapan,
Tonkawan, Karankawan, Coahuiltecan, TamauHpecan, Janambrian,
and Olivean. Later researches, however, have shown that Natchesan
is remotely connected with the Muslchogean family and that Tonikan,
THE MATERIAL
The Coahuiltecan material known to students was a small
first
missionary work by Bartholome Garcia, the Franciscan missionary
at San Francisco de la Espada, printed in Mexico in 1760. It is
entitled "Manual para administrar los Santos Sacramentos de Peni-
tencia, Eucharistia, Extrema-uncion, y Matrimonio," and on the title
page Garcia states that it was prepared for the benefit of the 'Taja-
lates, Orejones, Pacaos, Pacoas, Tilijayas, Alasapas, Pausanes, and
many others, which are in the missions of the Rio San Antonio, and
Rio Grande, belonging to the College of the Most Holy Cross of the
City of Queretaro, such as the Pacuaches, Mescales, Pampopas,
Tacames, Chayopines, Venados, Pamaques, and all the young people
belonging to the Pihuiques, Borrados, Sanipaos, and Manos de Perro."
The proper languages of the four last mentioned tribes evidently
differed somewhat from that used in the Manual, but it is probable
that the differences were merely dialectic. On the basis of informa-
tion obtained from some Tonkawa informants, Mr. Mooney believed
that the Chayopines were Tonkawan rather than Coahuiltecan, but
I am inclined to regard any such connection, if real, as the product
of later conditions, and there can be no reasonable doubt regarding
the affiliations of the remaining tribes mentioned. Indeed, there is
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 5
every reason to believe that the stock included a much larger number
of bands, a conjectural list of which is given elsewhere. (See pp.
134-136.) Garcia notes slight differences between the dialect spoken
about San Antonio and that on the Rio Grande, and very much
greater diversities are indicated by one or two lists of words collected
from the mission records by Prof. H. E. Bolton and sent to the
Bureau of American Ethnology. The most important of these was
taken down at San Francisco Solano between 1703 and 1708, i. e.,
before this mission was removed to the San Antonio and renamed.
From the location of this mission one would expect to find a vocab-
ulary closely resembling the material contained in the Manual, but
in fact it differs widely and appears to be as near the Tamaulipeco
dialects as to Coahuilteco. The same divergence appears in some
— —
words only two it is true attributed to the language or languages
of the Parchaque, Mescaleros, Yoricas, Chomes, Alachomes, and
Pamais, but this is less surprising since the people in question lived
a considerable distance toward the northwest. We also have a
single word from the tongue of the Payaya who lived on or near the
Rio San Antonio.
In 1861 a German traveler named Adolph Uhde published at
Heidelberg a work entitled "Die Lander am untem Rio Bravo del
Norte," and on pages 185 and 186 he gives a short list of words from
the Carrizo, or properly the Comecrudo, language of the lower Rio
Grande.
Uhde's material is interesting because it furnishes a slight check
on the very much longer Comecrudo vocabulary collected by Dr.
Albert S. Gatschet of the Bureau of American Ethnology from the
same people in 1886. Gatschet found the remnant of the tribe at Las
Prietas near Camargo, Tamaulipas, and but few remembered the
ancient tongue, none of his informants seeming to have had a fluent
command of it. Much of the native structure appears to have
broken down already as the result of contact with Spanish. Dr.
Gatschet made use of three informants, Emiterio, Joaquin, and
Andrade, and part of that taken from Emiterio he reviewed with the
help of Joaquin. This Emiterio was also one of his authorities for a
second dialect, Cotoname, though Gatschet obtained considerably more
material on that language from a man named Santos Cavazos. The
Cotoname material is much more fragmentary in every way than
Comecrudo. In the latter, as here printed, I have indicated the
authorities,where determinable, by the letters (E), (J), and (A).
Dr. Gatschet was compelled to get practically everything through
Spanish and I have given the Spanish equivalents whenever they
appear in his notebooks. There are many questionable points con-
nected with this material, but I have endeavored to include every-
thing that might cast any light whatever on meaning or structure.
6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
out 10 years later from the same sources and by the same savants.
This has one advantage over all the others, however, in having been
recorded eariier than any of them. It was obtained, indeed, along
with some other material, from two survivors of La Salle's colony,
the brothers Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Talon, who had lived with the
Indians awhile after the death of their leader, had been captured
subsequently by the Spaniards and rescued later through the capture
by a French frigate of the vessel in which th^j were being sent to
Spain. According to their statement, the tribe which made use of
this language was called Clamcoches, but they lived about Matagorda
Bay and this name was evidently a synonym of Karankawa. On
comparing these early vocabularies with the Gatschet material, it
seems evident that the words in this last agree with it more closely
than those obtained by B^renger, and this would tend to confirm
the opinion of Du Terrage and Rivet that the latter had been collected
from the more westerly Karankawan tribes, near Aransas Bay.
The marked differences these vocabularies exhibit only accentuate
the testimony of the Coahuiltecan and Tamaulipecan material that,
in the territory in question, linguistic diversity was the rule. Just
what this signifies we have yet to learn, but the fact renders the frag-
mentary nature of our records all the more deplorable.
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
PHONETICS
The phonetic symbols employed by Bartholome Garcia in his
Coahuilteco Manual were drawn from the current Spanish and
Church Latin of his time. The vowels had their continental values,
and while we find, besides the pure vowels, two series with distinct
diacritical signs, a, a, 6, e, i, i, 6, 6, u, t, we are informed that both
merely indicated long vowels and we may assume that the fonts of
type used did not have enough of either style by itself. The only
concession to native peculiarities of pronunciation was in discriminat-
ing certain consonants by placing an apostrophe after the symbol
with the explanation that these phonetics were "pronounced with
force." They are, in the modified form adopted by myself, k', P, p',
tz', and t'. In the present text I have made the following changes in
order to bring Garcia's material into line with the other vocabularies:
substitution of the long sign over vowels for the acute and circumflex
accents, substitution of k for c and q, x for j, tc for ch, c for sh, wa
for gua, and the dropping of the u-sound between g and e or i. So
far as has been necessary, the same changes have been made in the
supplementary mission material obtained from San Francisco Solano
and other missions, and in the Maratino fragment.
The two Karankawa vocabularies recorded by the Frenchman
B^renger and the brothers Talon require another set of changes:
c-hard to k, c-soft to s, ch to c, ou to u, que to ke, qui to ki, qu in
other situations to kw, x to ks, ai to e, eu to o, au to o, y to i when not
followed by a vowel, dropping of final mute e and preceding consonant
when that is also unsounded, dropping of acute accent over final e,
final e's being always sounded in this vocabulary, II sometimes changed
to y.
The remaining vocabularies were collected by Dr. A. S. Gatschet
whose phonetic system might be characterized as of the rough-and-
ready type usual among our pioneer ethnologists. In most particulars,
however, it conformed to a system which had been worked out for
the recording of American Indian languages by Major J. W. Powell,
Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology and his collaborators.
The greater part of these were comparatively simple. Students did
not then employ the elaborate methods of determining and recording
sounds now in vogue but had mastered a limited series of symbols
which they applied by ear as the Indian's voice passed rapidly over
the native term. The great bulk of symbols thus fall within certain
very general categories, and in addition we have a relatively small
number of variants. The following table gives the sounds used in
the five dialects, including the alterations made in the Spanish and
French vocabularies as above explained and a few changes in Gatschet's
system. These latter comprise the use of tc instead of tch, x instead
of X, X for 'h, a" for a, e"" for e.
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 9
Table 1. Sound symbols used in five Indian dialects
VOWELS
Symbol
10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
spirants, the latter formed a little farther back in the throat than
the other; f is usually bilabial. The Coahuilteeo sounds k', V, p',
tz', and t' are pronounced with force.
The vowels, with diacritical marks, except those with the macron,
are relatively uncommon, mainly, it may be suspected, because of
Gatschet's failure to distinguish them in many places. The con-
sonants f, V, j, n, and th are rare; tc is rare in Comecrudo and Coto-
name, r in all dialects except perhaps Cotoname; and 1 in Cotoname,
except in conjunction with other consonants. The common South-
eastern surd 1, often printed 1, is not certainly represented but the
frequent use of 1 in the combinations gl, kl, tl, and dl suggests that
it may have been present but not regarded as an independent sound.
COAHUILTECO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Extracted from the "Manual para administrar los Santos Sacramentos de
Penitencia, Eucharistia, Extrema-uncion, y Matrimonio," of Father Bartholome
Garcia, by John R. Swanton.
The numbers refer to the page and line where the form in question will be found.
The following changes have been made in rendering phonetics:
k is substituted for c.
X is substituted for j.
ge and gi are substituted for gue and gui, though occasionally we find them
used for we and wi.
a, e, I, o, u are substituted for a, a, e, e, i, i, 6, 6, u, u.
Words followed by (RG) are from the Rio Grande dialect; those followed by
(SA) from the San Antonio dialect.
(RG), aheuh (aheuh) (SA) (10-23, axako, year (4-19, 23; 6-9; 8-13; 17-1;
26). 33-23).
ahaux, his body (38-23; 39-6, 12; axam, yaxam (after a vowel, except
40-2, 4, 6, 12, 21; 41-7; 66-5, 9). when the word is preceded by au,
nahaux, my body (53-7, 18; 67-26; ai, not (33-1, 8; passim).
or oi),
71-21, 27). nak'ai axam, I do not touch or let
xahaux, your body (53-8). him not touch! (33-8).
times seeming to replace in)
ai, also (at nak'au axam, I do not marry, do not
apatcalaux sima ai kuet, before she marry! (33-7).
bore Him (37-2; 47-5). naxoi axam, I do not do, or let him
naikomulgar sima {or sanima) aita not do! (33-8).
before we commune (44-1). nouxtcalak axam, I do not steal
nakuatzum ai, I pardon (also?) (33-6).
(69-25). axpam (perhaps = ax, if + pam, the
nakuax ai, I suffer also (?) (71-22). objective article) (82-17; 83-6;
pil'ai ta (?) (84-19, 23). 84-10).
184198—40 2
12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull 127
axtzo, many {or other) (22-8; 23-21; anua, moon(?), a month (2-14; 13-22;
27-1, 6, 12, 16). 17-2; 34-11).
Quaresma axzo hin, many other apa, ap, during, during that time, at
Lents (26-21). that time, what things,
tagu apaux axtzo hin ma, with apa iliwat, any feast (2-10; 10-1, 5).
many other women (16-5). apa Lunes, Monday (34-11).
tagu apaux axtzo hin tutcem, with apa Quaresma, on any Lent (10-21).
many other women (21-3). apa timiko or apa Domingo, any
axtcixu oxtcixu (RG), few.
or Sunday, the Sunday (10-1, 4; 34-9).
axtcixu tee, they are few (33-18); apa Vi ernes, on the fast days (10-22;
hut if people, axtclxupa (33-19). 11-1).
axtclxuyokuen, a few times (33-16). apa Vigilias, on the vigils (10-22;
apauxpam yo, maklok axtcixu ai, 11-4).
many times or few times (18-2). apax, (?) (41-21; 57-1).
axte, two (18-26; 31-18). apox, (?) (41-25).
aptcika, many (2-2, 15; 4-20; 8-14; atciyo, in (47-20; 60-2); with (57-2).
13-22; 17-1, 3; 33-4; 34-1, 3). atclyokuex, in all the (34-21).
aptclyoka, (how many) times (9-11; pinwak apsa atcet, and all things
10-5, 25; 11-6, 11; 13-12; 15-18; (34-25).
21-20, 22). apaxumatz tupat, all the dead (66-1).
t'axat aptclyoka, how many times? mamixatzo yam e, do you (pi.)
(5-6; 6-1; 7-13; 8-5; 34-4). know? (86-2).
aptxam in t'axat aptxam (SA), how naiwamatza kam, we will have
many people are there? (34-13). (43-14).
apasa, where he is (18-14; 48-21; ata, every (?).
38-19; 40-25; 51-5). f il ata, every day (17-27).
apasa in apam, he is also in (48-23). pil' ata, any (3-23).
63-2, 4, 6, 8, 15, 17, 25, 29; 65-6, nakuax ai, I suffer them (71-22;
7, 13, 14, 21, 29; 66-5, 9, 16, 18; 72-1).
67-8, 13, 26; 68-1, 7, 12, 21, 22; kuaxo, to bewitch.
69-7, 19; 71-1, 4, 11; 72-17, 22, 24; xapakuaxo e, are you a witch (or
73-8, 10, 15, 21; 74-5, 15, 20; wizard)? (8-8, 14) (SA).
82-9; 85-8, 14, 19, 21; 86-5, 13; kuam, to hope, to wait for.
87-2, 5). xakuamexe, do you hope (etc.)?
-ko, so many verbs end in this syllable Jesu-Christo tupot apkuam
(9-3)
that it would seem to be a suffix sal tupa, those who are awaiting
(cf. so or o meaning "to be"). Jesus Christ (48-5).
koi, to fight. nakuam, I hope (51-6; 55-23; 66-24;
mamayaxkoi wako yam e, did you 67-3, 10; 73-14).
fight with (your wife)? (13-5). kuam, to care for.
k'oxtawai, to strike, to give blows upon, xapakuam santupayokuen, in order
xak'oxtawai, you give blows on (50- that you care for it (73-11).
26). pitupamoyo taxkuam mamkalo axo,
komulgar {comulgar, Spanish word), you have always been caring for
to commune, me (74-23).
xapakomulgar, that you commune Santo Angel tapkuam tupoyo, the
(46-4). holy angel that takes care of me
mameyakomulgar am e, did you com- (55-29).
mune? (3-2; 5-16). taxpakuamex santupayokuen, in order
naiwakomulgar sima (SA), (RG, used that you may care for me (53-19).
sanima), before we commune (43- kuan, maternal grandfather.
29), xakuan po e, is he your maternal
naxoapakolmugar santupayo, in or- grandfather? (77-17).
der that we may commune well xapakuan wak5 po e, is he your
(43-25). father-in-law? (79-13).
kotctan, paternal uncle younger than kuan, to go.
father (SA). nakpakuane napasa santupayo, that
xakotctan po e, is he your younger I shall always be with you there
paternal uncle? (79-2). (54-25).
kotstan, paternal uncle younger than naxopakuan axam santupayo, in
father (RG). order that we do not go (37-27).
xakotstan po e, is your younger k'uana, to be born (SA) (65-13). (See
paternal uncle? (79-3). k'uax.)
kou, paternal uncle older than father, apak'uana, he was born (65-13).
xakou po e, is he your paternal uncle? kuanax, maternal uncle older than
(78-18). mother,
k'tai (sing.), k'tatzei (pi.), to entreat, xakuanax po e, is he your maternal
to implore, uncle? (79-5).
apak'tatzei santupayo, that they may kuanitap, elder brother(of woman) (SA)
implore (63-28). xakuanitap po e, is he your elder
xak'tai, you entreat (74-19). brother? (78-6).
xak'tayex, ask (God)! (73-25; 74-20). kuant'an, grandson, granddaughter,
nakak'tai, I entreat you (71-1). grandchild (probably applied to
k'uax, womb (SA). (See k'uana.) daughter's children),
ak'uax tukuex, in her womb (36-24; xakuant'an po e, is it your grandson
65-11). or granddaughter? (77-16, 17).
ak'uax tukuet, in her womb (37-9; k'uap, to kiss.
47-9). mamikk'uap'ame, did he kiss you?
xak'uax, your womb (15-13) (SA). (22-13).
kuax(ai), to suffer. tagu pil' fan mamaik'uap ko mama-
apakuaxai, he suffered (on the cross) yop'ol am e, did you kiss and
(54-5). embrace any woman? (19-21).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 19
52-23).
apaxumatz tukuaxat, when they
die (40-22; 41-8).
nakaxuakam, I ask you (55-3;
70-14).
apaxumatz tupat, all the dead (66-1).
nakaxuakam in, I ask you also
apaxum pomino, because He died
(70-20).
(54-17).
nakaxuakamino, because I ask you apaxum san ma, that they might die
(11-14; 14-2, 18).
(55-25).
nakpaxuakam san ano, I will ask
apaxum tukuet wamalexta, after He
died (48-12),
you (55-20).
naxuakam, I ask (70-2). apaxGm tupayo, through his death
naxuakamino, I ask it (50-25; 52-25). (67-17).
xapaxle san pam e, that you will tell? sometimes seems to mean, "that,"
(82-11). "of." (2-6, 8; 3-25; 8-21, 23, 28;
xapaxle tukuaxat, when yuu spoKe; 9-6, 10, 24; 11-15; 12-7, 16; 14-3,
(21-14). 15, 18, 21, 23; 16-1, 6; 20-3, 25,
xapaxleyaxam tukuaxam, when you 27; 21-1, 19, 21; 22-6, 8; 23-16,
were silent (or concealed) (5-14, 18, 22; 24-3, 8, 20; 25-4, 12;
19; 6-5). 26-4, 13; 27-15; 29-12; 52-13;
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL, FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 25
64-20, 21; 55-21; 57-13, 23; 63-6, miyanako yaxam ayexta, when you
7; 76-9, 10; 77-6, 7; 73-28; 74-2, do not think (19-18).
20; 83-19, 20; 84-5, 7, 8). pir mameyak'au atapamo, did you
zaai-, personal pronominal prefix of marry? (77-2).
the second person singular and puhum maihoi tcik ex, if you
plural subjective, (pi.) do so (85-7).
fess it (44-3).
manam tcan, well (5-20; 6-15; 29-15,
nakamalkuita wako yaxam, I will not 17; 43-6, 25; 46-4; 53-12).
makpaax san apam, he is to give you matikal kam, you will come to me
(46-25). here (18-27).
makapakam ta, your children (subj. matiat'al' pam, you are very ill
miayara kalo yam e, you have been mitcal, maternal aunt younger than
angry with? (14-12). mother (RG) (see teal),
mi, or ami, to own, to possess; with the xamitcal po e, is she your maternal
pronominal prefixes it forms posses- aunt? (80-15).
sive pronouns and adjectives, xamitcal wako po e, is she your
axomexo, you are mine (67-6, 7, 8). sister-in-law? (80-19).
ami, ami, his (39-15, 16; 69-4). mo, to bewitch,
apamatza santupayokuex, in order xapamo santa, you to bewitch {d
that you may have (40-27). hechizar) (8-12).
apami tutcen, what He had (70-26). makmo e, did you bewitch (them)?
apami tutciyokuen, that He had (8-17).
(71-24). mamakmota, those that you be-
Spamiyaxam, she had none (37-10; witched (8-18).
47-10). piP maxmo te e (with what things)
apt'al apnan pam panami, I have did you bewitch? (8-27).
very great grief (69-12). pil' ta apamo san ma, to bewitch
Dios nam!, my God (31-8; 69-14). anyone? (8-22).
xami, your (9-5, 8; 57-15; 63-3, pin ma pil' xapamo saux tapam, the
18, 20; 85-11). thing with which you bewitched
xapami, yours (15-14; 75-9; 85-2; (8-28).
86-9, 17).
mo, no more than, only (31-16, 17;
xapami san pan, you are to have
34-17; 35-11, 22, 24; 36-2, 8;
(57-13).
53-25; 64-10; 65-9).
mamaiamiam, you have (26-5).
na-, pronominal prefix of first person,
mamaiami yam e, do you have?
possessive and objective (na-,
(24-10; 25-15).
singular; nai, subjective, plural;
mama Naml, my father (45-6;
naxo, objective plural),
51-1; 53-4, 16, 26).
xamin nakpatai ano, you are my
naiwamatza kam, we will have
mother (72-15).
(43-14).
napahoi san pan, that I will commit
naiwamatza, if we have (44-3).
(71-18).
naxo-amatza, our (sins) (38-2 12
43-9; 47-22; 49-21).
napakal' santupayo, that I may go
(68-16).
nami, nami, my (51-7; 54-6, 11 27
nak'au axam, I do not marry (33-7).
65-17; 66-24; 67-1, 3, 6, 10, 11
nakuam, I hope (51-6).
18, 24; 68-3, 7, 11, 14, 18, 25
69-1, 10, 14, 16, 21, 26; 70-5, 7
napaxam sanpan, I will remember
(55-15).
10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 27; 71-6, 20, 23
naxuakam, I ask (70-2).
26; 72-2, 3, 6, 12, 21; 73-1, 6, 13
napaxiim, when I die (54-22).
18, 24, 26; 74-3, 9, 14, 18; 75-7
napapilam san ma, that I live
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18).
(54-19).
panami, in my (heart) (pa may be
naspamo, I believe it (46-14).
separate) (69-11; 70-6).
napakuantzam tukuen, when I die
pil'amika mO, who does it (animal)
(54-21).
belong to? (24-27).
saxpam pinapsa xami, your sins nayam ino, I do not love (31-13).
namo, now (Spanish yd), then (13-24 watcono, that He raises them (64-15).
14-9; 8; 24-17; 26-10, 20
19-3, wahoi ex. Who made? (34-25).
31-9; 43-19; 45-4; 52-10; 53-1 wahoi inox, when he makes (43-1).
57-20; 63-11; 70-11, 13; 75-18 wahoi, that he cause, that he do
83-16, 18; 84-5, 6). (74-20).
namokuc, (?) (the RG dialect has wak'au atapamo pa apo, she who
namoko). wishes to marry (83-22).
no, a suffix or placed after
enclitic waxum e, did he die (for our sins?)
verbs. It may
be a usitative or (38-7).
possibly a combination of n, "I", waxauxu axam, there are not many
and 0, to be. (34-5).
no, wahouxt'am. He throws them (41-9).
nox in pilapaxle Santas tutcex oxle waxatam ate, one cannot (28-27).
nox wamalexta, after the priest watanko, he commands (6-18).
says the words (42-25). watayagu tapamo apo, he who wishes
non, because (porque). to marry (83-16).
0-, U-, wa-, personal pronominal prefix wahawai, they have done (41-1).
of the 3d person, subjective and waxumatze, (how many) died? (8-20).
possessive; see a-, u-, and wa-. waktanko, he commands them (41-23).
akpahakoxt'am san apam, He will o, this is found after a number of verbs.
cast them into (49-12), When the preceding verb takes the
ikuantzam e, will it be dead? (40-7). personal pronominal prefix xa-, o is
iwaxum e, will it be dead? (40-7). preceded by ax which probably con-
miwak'au ma e, if she is married tains xa- repeated; sometimes in-
(84-5). appears instead and possibly this is
miwaxum. He died (39-19). used with the first person but there
miwaxum ma e, if she is dead? are apparent exceptions, o may
(83-20). be nothing more than another form
miwatum, has he promised? (83-3). of the verb "to be," (so) but, if so,
niwaxum axam kalome, if perchance the connection is not clear (3-19).
I should not die (71-12). axo, (?) (49-23; 72-6, 8; 74-24;
niwahoi axam kam, I will not com- 82-12, 13; 84-15).
mit them (31-11). axom, (?) (63-23).
niwahoi in axam kam, I will not again ax5mino, because you are very (good)
commit (75-20). (67-21, 23; 68-2, 8, 15).
ohaux, his name, her name (36-17; ano, (?) (72-15).
43-14). anomino, because I do not (love you
ohawai e, did he make himself? (36- much) (69-13; 70-9).
11). apo, (?) (83-2, 16, 22; 84-1, 4; 85-19).
ouminox, because he tells (42-8). ap5m, (?) (86-3, 11).
oxle, he says (42-25). ox (RG), oxua (SA); no (33-1; 35-21;
oso, he is there (34-22). 40-9).
osa, they are there (35-26; 65-5.) oxaux, many (RG) (see apaux under
piltce watzamoxuaxamate, there is no apa).
sleeping (?). oxaux pam, very many (33-11).
t'axakat ohauxue, what was his name? oxauxyokuen, many times (33-15).
(36-16). waxauxu axam, there are not many
ukuantzam e. He died (38-7), it dies (34-5).
(40-4). oxtcixu, a few (RG) (33-9).
ukuakantzam, they died (8-19). oxtclxuyokuen, a few times (33-16).
uhaux, her name, she is called (37-20). op'ol, to embrace.
ukakoxt'am ate, he casts them (into mamikop'ol, did he embrace you?
hell) (41-9). (22-12).
uk'au atapamo apo, she who wishes tagu pil' fan mamayop'ol am e, did
to marry (84-1). you embrace any woman? (19-22).
32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun. 127
49-4, 9; 50-17, 22; 64-11, 15; 66-4, 37-21; 38-29; 39-3; 41-23; 50-3,
4; 52-6; 64-10; 85-20).
8; 68-27; 69-22, 24; 70-1.)
xapapilam, your life (28-13; 63-15). pa, (pi.), (35-19; 41-20, 21).
in order that I may live well pomino, that they are (65-9, 13, 14,
always (53-12). 16, 21, 22; 70-20).
miapilame, if you live bad (29-21). puhu, polio; thus, so, like that.
miapllam kam, if you live (well) pohomopax, in the very same way, so
(29-16, 17). (36-3).
napapilam, (?) (72-10). pohon, so (68-16).
napapilam san ma, that I live pohoyokuex, for that reason (37-20,
(54-19). 29; 47-13; 56-7).
napapilam santupayo, in order that pohoyokuen, for that (55-2).
I live (53-12). p5xoyokuex, in that way (42-11).
papllam kam e, is he an inhabitant? puhum maihoi tcik ex, if you do so
(83-9). (85-6).
pin, thing (2-23; 3-29; 7-10; 8-26, 28; puhum malum kam e, will you say
9-16; 14-20; 15-10; 19-13; 24-3, so? (25-13).
5, 14, 20; 25-4; 27-14; 35-25,
9, puhum miahoiaxam awaxta, if you
29; 42-19; 43-27; 52-21; 67-26; do not do so (18-19).
69-24; 70-2; 85-24; 86-2). puhupax Dios tupo watanko, God so
pinpa atcen, these things (55-25). commands (24-17).
pin pil' ma, with anything (27-14). puhupax xaspamo e, do you believe
pintcex, (?) (42-4). that also (asi) (50-5).
pintci nakammam axam, I am worth puhupam, so (57-23; 69-26).
nothing (51-2). puhupan nakatzo, so I receive them
pinta, things (28-23; 35-26, 27, 28;
(87-7).
59-4).
puhut, so (Span, asl) (37-18).
pinwak, (40-26; 46-22, 24; 53-21;
(?)
piixoyokuex, on account of that, for
54-1; 66-20; 69-1; 71-17).
that (6-17).
pinwakai, any animal (7-25; 21-17,
19, 21). ptik'al, grandfather.
(37-1; 43-29; 47-4). t'axat Dios apsa tee osa e, how many
gods are there? (34-15).
sk'atzauxt'am, dream.
usa, there are (three things) (35-26,
xapask'atzauxt'am, your dreams, or
27, 28; 36-5).
you dreamed (8-1).
wasa yaxam, it will not be (29-1).
sno (18-11), snazo (3-19), snaxomino spamo, to believe.
(67-4), probably future forms con- apaspamo, what it believes (46-9).
taining san (q. v.).
xapaspamo yaxam, you do not be-
so, sa, so, to be, certain forms indicate lieve (7-11).
so (sing.), sa (pi.), (pronounced se xaspamo e, do you believe? (7-9;
by the Rio Grande Indians). 46-13, 15, 19; 47-15, 26; 48-8, 16,
akuet oxsam apo, who are here 23; 49-13; 50-5).
(85-19). xaspamo hine, do you believe this
anikuekat (or anukuekat) Dios tupo also? (46-21; 47-1, 17, 28; 48-11,
oso e, where is God? (34-19). 18, 25).
apasa, where he is (18-14). xaspamo yaxam 6, did you not be-
apasayaxam kalo santce, they are not lieve? (7-14).
perhaps true (7-21). mamayaspamo xam e, did you be-
apsa (55-1, 16; 57-3, 7; 64-1, 6; 66-5, lieve that? (8-2).
9; 67-25; 68-1, 4; 69-2; 82-12; mamayaspamo yam e, do you believe
71-2, 22, 27; 72-7, 8, 9, 25; 73-2, something? (7-27).
10, 15, 28; 74-6, 10; 75-4, 7, 16; miaspamo kam, you are to believe
85-15). (46-12).
apsakame, (what) is it? (42-20). mikaspawamo yaxam san ma, they
isa klom, if there is (86-1). are not to believe you (25-11).
kanac kuem xasa yaxam ino, you naspamo, I believe it (46-14, 20, 27
have not freed yourself (appears to 47-16, 27; 48-10, 17, 24; 49-14
be exception) (18-8). 50-7; 64-9, 11; 65-4, 7, 10, 19, 26
xapasa, you are (in) (55-17). 66-4, 14, 21).
maisa klo, if you place yourself (well) caic; evil, bad; pi. cakaic
(63-11). pilam apcaic, bad people (39-9; 41-4;
maisaxak mem, you would be there (?) 64-15, 16; 66-8; 69-24; 70-2).
(29-5). pilam apcakaic, bad people (49-9).
SwantoD] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 37
tcakei, to hear (perhaps plural form; tci, tee, those, these (a demonstrative
singular tceiP). or indicating plurality,
particle
maktcakei e, (how many) heard you? generally a plurality of inanimate
(21-15). objects but occasionally a plurality
mamik-tcakei am e, did they hear ofanimate beings, as angels, saints,
you? (12-18). 36-4; 65-5; and passim)
etc. (35-5;
apatcalaux sima {or sanima) ai kuet, apaux tee {or oxauxuitce), there are
before she bore Him (37-1; 47-4). many (33-20).
apatcalaux tukuaxat, when she bore axtcixu tee, there are few (33-18).
(37-8; 47-8). manam tcan ta apatclyaxam, they
apatcalaux wamalexta, after she bore are not good (6-16),
Him (37-2; 47-5). tcex, (?) (25-15; 41-1, 28; 43-1; 76-1).
xapatcalaux k'aux san tupayo, that teem, something (obj.) (7-26; 10-23;
you might miscarry (15-11). 15-3, 6; 26-16).
teen, (?) (31-13).
teal, maternal aunt younger than
tcet, (?) (20-1, 11; 22-20; 23-3;
mother (SA) {see mitcal).
36-26; 37-10, 25; 65-12).
xatcal po e, is she your maternal
tcik, (?) (23-12; 52-6; 72-16; 84-14,
aunt? (80-14).
15, 16; 85-2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14,
(6ux)tcalak, to steal.
16, 17).
nouxtcalak axam, I do not steal
t'axat Dios apsa tee osa e, how many
(33-6).
gods are there? (34-16).
pilamxapouxtcalaktupom, the people
utce, they are (36-3).
you stole it from (24-11, 15).
tcikuas, six (SA) (31-23),
pin pil' ma
xouxtcalake x5 e, did
tcikuas axtikpir, eighteen ("three
you steal anything? (27-15).
times six") (32-18).
pin pil' ma mamayouxtcalak am e,
tcikuas axtikpil' ko pil', nineteen
have you stolen anything? (24-3, ("three times six and one") (32-19).
8, 20).
tco, to carry, to take, to bring,
pin t'axat apsakam xouxtcalake, akpatcu ean apam. He will raise them
what thing did you steal? (24-6). (49-8).
team, daughter-in-law (of man or akpatcu santupayo, that He may
woman), a woman's father- or raise them (48-8).
mother-in-law. aktco sanpo. He will take them (to
xatcam po she your daughter-
c, is heaven) (39-8; 66-7).
in-law? (79-17), is she your mother- apatcu san ma, that He raise me (to
in-law? (79-19), is he your father- heaven) (74-2).
in-law? (79-17). apatcu santupayo, in order that He
tcan, carry up (50-12; 64-2).
manam tcan, well, good (5-20; 6-15). xapatcu san pan, that you will raise
it (51-11; 73-17).
tcap, to kill.
xapachu santupayokuen, in order that
mamaitcap am e, did you kill some-
you raise me (73-4; 74-7, 12).
one? (14-27; 15-15; 24-24; 25-2),
maitcu kam, you will carry it (72-20).
t'axatapsakam mamik-tcapko yam e, makpatco san apam. He is to raise
how many did you kill? how many
you (46-23).
were killed by you? (14-29).
makpatcu santupayo, in order that
tcatz xop, nephew or niece (son or He raise you (30-12).
daughter of a woman's younger maktco sanpo, he will carry you (3-
brother) 20; 29-20).
xaptcatz xop po e, is he your nephew? maktcSsnex, that he carry you (28-
is she your niece? (80-1, 3). '
11).
40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
maktcu san pa, he will carry you t'axakat (SA), xakat (RG), why?
(82-6). (passim).
miktcti tzam kam, He will take you t'axat (or xat), how many? (passim).
(pi.) (85-9). t'oaxam tukuet maktco san po, he
nakpamas tco santupayo, that I shall will carry you to hell (3-19).
"go" to see you (54-23). tukuaxat, since (2-17).
takpatcu santupayo, in order that He ta, a subjective article (pi.) (3-19
raise carry
or us (37-26; 44-8; 6-15; 7-4; 8-22; 12-10, 13, 17, 22
54-16; 68-13). 26; 13-2; 18-13, 20; 19-29; 20-11
takpatcu santupayokuet, to carry us 22-20; 23-2; 25-9; 37-4, 12; 38-15
to? (47-25). 16, 22, 23; 39-5, 10, 28, 29; 41-23
taxpatcu santupayokugn, in order 46-25; 47-7, 10, 11; 54-1; 55-18
that you carry me (54-9). 21; 68-1; 69-4, 24; 71-23; 72-25
taxtco, carry me! raise me! (69-17). 26; 74-22; 83-3, 4, 16, 17, 22, 23
taxtco snaxomino, that you may carry 84-20, 23).
me (67-4, 14). tax, (?) (42-27).
tamaxtcox, bring me (that thing)! tam, the (obj.) (2-18; 8-6; 14-14;
(8-29; 9-1). 67-26).
waktcote, He raises them (40-20, 23). tan, (?) (43-22; 85-24).
watcono, that He raises them (64-15), tatce (tatci, San Juan Capistrano)
tcoxai, there is (28-23, 25). (85-16).
toon, tatcet, on (22-14, 15, 17, 18, 22;
mamakkaman tcon, he comes (here) 23-1).
to visit you (46-3). tat, (?) (39-1, 2; 49-3; 84-21, 24).
mamakkamam tcon, he comes (here) tapa, this (24-26; 52-15; 57-4).
to visit you (52-3). tapam, (?) (73-11; 74-7; 4-6, 15, 21).
tcum, night or evening (SA) (11-3). tapan, (?) (53-9).
tcum aye (or tcomxam), tomorrow tapat, (?) (19-16; 28-13; 50-12; 57-8
(34-7). 64-1).
-t, a suffix said by Garcia to mark the tapam, (?) (5-3, 10, 14, 19; 6-4; 8-29
third person. While this is usually 20-6).
the case, it occasionally appears to tapo, this (sing, subj.) (14-1; 15-20
be employed after the second 16-3; 17-7; 30-21, 22).
person, tapom, this (sing, obj.) (13-18; 14-5
anikuekat Dios tupo oso e, where is 8, 9; 17-16, 21, 22; 19-6, 7; 30-24
God? (34-18). 25).
xagut apahawai tukuaxat, after he takuem, from it (15-14; 24-7; 26-5).
made himself man (36-14). takuet, in it (28-5).
xapamalkuita tukuaxat, since you takulyo, in (your heart) (52-6).
confessed (2-16). ta-, ti-, objective pronominal prefix of
xapatxam tukuet pitupamoyo mitxam the first person (ta-, singular; tak,
am e, he lives always in your house? plural)
(17-8). takpatcu, that he carry us (37-26).
namo xapaxle wako yaxam tukuaxat, takxo, it teaches us (46-9).
since you refused to speak to him takpaiim, he tells us (7-5)
(13-25). takakawa, he loves us.
pin penitenciakat mamlkax e, what taxakawa, you love me (55-25).
penances did he give you? (2-23). taxtco, carry me! (69-17).
pinguac apsa achet, and all things taxpatcu, that you carry me (54-9).
(34-25). taxpoi axomino, because you do (love)
Santo Sacramentot, the Holy Sacra- me (67-23).
ment (84-7). taxpakuamex, you care for me (53-
saxpam pinapsa xami tutcet mak- 19).
pakuatzum san ma e, he will taxpakuatzum san, you will pardon
pardon all your sins? (9-8). me (51-8).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 41
tamox, the devil (probably this word tzin naktanko, I command you
was originally applied to some (30-15, 19, 21, 27).
native spirit or spirits) (3-19; 8-6, takpatanko tutcen, what they com-
11; 18-20; 28-1, 8, 10, 18, 20; mand us (44-11).
41-10; 55-10, 18, 21; 57-4; 73-8; taxtanko tutcen, what you command
75-1; 82-5). me (71-18).
t'ampam (19-29) (probably a mis- taxtankono, because you command
print; see t'anpam). me (69-27).
fan, a postposition apparently of very waktanko, he commands them (41-
general signification, meaning "of," 23).
"with," "at, "etc., and at times "either watanko te, does he command?
or." (2-10; 7-25; 8-21; 11-13, (42-5), he always commands (42-7).
17,20, 22; 13-10, 16, 17; 14-27 t'anpam,
15-2, 11, 16; 18-2; 19-21, 24, 26 t'anpam can, the little child (15-13).
20-15, 16, 18, 22; 22-12, 14; 23-6 t'anpam ta, (?) (20-11; 22-19; 23-2).
7, 11, 13; 27-4, 5; 37-4; 44-3; 45-2
tap, world, earth.
47-7; 56-2; 76-5; 77-3; 85-24
tap akuex, in the earth (34-20;
86-2; 87-7; 88-1). 41-13).
tan t'ani, very near (of relationship; tap pa akue, this world (38-27; 40-9;
(15-24; 22-4). 48-26; 65-27).
t'anage, father (of a woman). tap pa akuem, in this world (26-2).
xat'anage po e, is he your father? tap pa akuet, in this world (29-14
(77-12). 37-13; 38-28; 39-4, 9; 47-12
tane, perchance (52-22). 49-5, 9; 64-12, 16; 65-29; 68-27
tanko, to command, to order (ko pos- 69-1).
sibly a suffix)
tap pa akulkuex, here in this world
axpatanko tutcem, what they com- (40-28).
manded you (11-9).
tapai, stepmother.
apatanko, what He commands (29-19;
xatapai po e, is she your stepmother?
41-1, 14; 49-6; 63-16; 85-4, 22;
(81-10).
86-6, 14; 87-6).
apatanko sanpax, what he com- tapamo, to wish.
shall
mand (42-9). ax xek'atzawamke tapamo axpam,
apatanko tutcet, the things He com- those who wish to marry (82-16;
mands (49-10; 64-13; 65-1). 83-5).
22, 26, 28; 29-5, 25; 37-27; 39-14; widely for syntactic purposes,
41-9; 49-12; 65-2; 66-10; 82-6). tuawaxayo (misprint for tuaguajayo),
tox, to gain, with (19-2).
tawaxayo indulgencias napatox, the tukuaxam, (?) (5-15, 20; 6-5; 7-24,
indulgencies I have gained (54-13). 26; 13-3; 14-24; 15-10; 22-19).
46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
tukuaxat, (?) (6-14; 13-25; 17-10, tupayokuen, with all (66-13; 67-19;
xapayax santupayo, in order that you xayewal e, are you a witch? (RG)
enter (51-5). (8-8).
xayax atapamono, you have wished yo, yo, an adverbial particle or demon-
to enter (53-7). strative usually found in composi-
yam, to be angry with (SA). tion with other elements and con-
xayamexo e, you were angry with veying a general meaning (of which
(27-5). there have been suggested "all,"
mameyayam am e, were you angry "during," embracing certain objects
with? (11-18). or a certain period of time) (passim).
miayam kalo yam e, you have been axtcixuyokuen (or oxtuxuyokuen)
angry with? (14-12). few times (33-16).
nayam ino, I do not love, I am angry apauxpamyokuen (SA), oxauxyokuen
with (?) (31-13). (RG), very many times (33-14).
yam, tofly (?). apauxyokuen (SA), oxauxyokuen
awayam, bird, "always flying" (?) (RG), many times (33-12).
(7-23).
apoiyokuet, by the work of the
yat'an, the younger sister (of a man),
(36-27).
xayat'an po e, is she your younger
apsa yokuet, (?) (47-21).
sister? (78-5).
pil'yokuem, (?) (30-20).
yawa, son-in-law (of man or woman),
xayawa po e, is he your son-in-law? pil'yokuet, to the (38-9; 47-19;
65-15).
(79-13).
yewal, to bewitch. yokuex, with (52-5).
xapayewale, you are (or have been) yokuem, that (obj.) (30-17).
COAHUILTECO NUMERALS
two axte
three axtikplP
four puwantz'an
five xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo)
six tcikuas (or axtikpll' axte)
seven puwantz'an, ko axtikpil'
eight puwantz'an axte
nine puwantz'an, ko xuyopamaux (or ko maxuaxuyo)
ten xuyopamaux axte (or maxuaxuyo axte)
eleven xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axte ko pil'
twelve puwantz'an axtikpil'
thirteen puwantz'an axtikpil' ko pil'
fourteen puwantz'an axtikpil' ko axte
fifteen xuyopamaux axtikpil' (or maxuaxuyo axtikpil')
sixteen xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axtikpil' ko pil'
seventeen xiiyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axtikpil' ko axte
eighteen tcikuas axtikpil'
nineteen tcikuas axtikpil', ko pil'
twenty taiwako
twenty-one taiwako ko pil'
thirty taiwako ko xuyopamaux axte (or ko maxuaxuyo axte)
forty taiwako axte
fifty taiwako axte ko xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axte
"And in this way they count to 100 and 200, multiplying with the number 20.
Swanton]
50 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
The final -m is used after words governed by second person n after those governed
;
Plural tci found with words meaning: confessions, doctrines, people, men, sins,
dreams, Sundays, feast days, priests, breasts, women, animals.
ENGLISH-COAHUILTECO INDEX
COMECRUDO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Recorded by Albert S. Gatschet in 1886
The letters (E), (J), and (A) indicate the names of Dr. Gatschet's Indian
informants, Emiterio, Joaquin, and Andrade. The numbers refer to pages in
his two manuscript field books.
aiwama'm, I go there! (voy alldl) (101). (A) gave the word as a' x powui'
ak, a blackish louse (piojo prieto) (38). (20).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 57
a'x ko'n, bank of the (pool of) water ko-ome't a'x pakape'tle (or paka'mle),
(orilla del agua) (49). the pot is full of water (la olla
a'x me'l, the water falls (el agua cae), llena de agua) (22).
the water slips down (resbala el xai' a'x pakati', fisher-boat (68).
agua) (54). pamkam a'x me'kwe ( ?) I drink water ,
a'x paka'mle, I wish to drink water (who wishes to drink water) (19).
(quiero beber agua) (119). to'm a'x apapa'kla, I am washing
a'x pakieke't, the water is running (yo soy levando) (22)
agua) (49) water
{estd corriendo el ; yape't a'x ikami, before drinking
channel (canal de agua), the water (antes de (mi) beber) (129).
runs (el agua corre) (70). axklepe'-u, toad (sapo) (35).
a'x pakli', cold water (agua fria), to axkuapo',
cool water (friar el agua) (49).cocoanut (perhaps from
akuapo',
a'x pakma't, lagoon (laguna, muchas
Spanish guaje) (68).
aguas) (50). akuapo' paktel, a kuapo' paktel,
a'x pako'n, pool of standing water rattle used in dancing (made of a
(charco) (49). cocoanut or guaje) (68).
a'x pakwu', a'x pepo'k, foam (espuma axpakle'k (see apaket(le), ahane'k(la)).
del agua) (50). map axpakle'k, ma'p a'x pakle'k, to
a'x pamelai' pakieke't, the water falls smooth with a plane (fregar con
in rain (el agua lloviendo ccie) (54). cepillo) (67, 119).
a'x pamesai', the rain falls (la lluvia a'l, sun (57) (also Uhde, p. 185) a'l,
cde) (54). day(?) (53); al, today,
a'x papa'k, to wash with water (lavar a'l etela'mle, it is now late (es tarde
con el agua) (119). sun has gone down.
yd) (57), the
a'x paptu'k, a dry pool (un charco a'l makua'k, parasol (Mex. para'-u)
seco) (61). (67).
a'x pasewetiau', hot water (agua a'l pamatamak, thesun arises(?) (Ill)
caliente) (49). a'l pamatama'k anekna', saying that
a'x patepa'tla, island (isla) (49). the sun is going to rise (hablando
a'x payesu'i, clear water (agua limpia que va ser sol), he says day is com-
(or clara)) (49). ing (dice que de dia (E)) (75).
a'x pe'xpola'm, to throw the water a'l pasowetiau', the sun is warm (sol
(?) (50). a'l pe'm, the sun sets (el sol se mete, el
sed, or it may be al emet, "the sun alpekuete'n xa'l pawalai', the little
sleeps") (32). box is to be closed (la cajita va se
cerrar) (65).
ale'l, leg (pierna) (8, 12); ale'l (or el),
alpekuete'n, see kuiti'n.
buttocks, backsides, bottom (culo)
alua'x, (cf. alpa, elua'x).
(8)
a'l yauna' alua'x(?), midday (medio-
ale'l wai', thighs (rmtslos de los
dia) (53).
piernas) (8).
ke'm ale'l pepo'k, woman with white
apalua', I am going to be this (voy d
ser esto) (95) (the verb "to be"),
legs (mujer a las piernas hlancas)
a'x epalue'm, otter (nutria), "which
(27).
is in the water" (25).
male'I mapta'kle, to stand with legs
gna':y nawi's palue'm, the man is
separated (117).
alone (el hombre estd solo) (17, 95).
ali', ear.
xai' nawi's apalua', all the plants
ali paboska'm, who has large ears
(todas las plantas) (nawi's, "all"),
(qui tiene las orejas largas) (25).
xa'm apalua', nest, "bird-staying
alpa', to be, there is.
place" (nido, nidito) (30).
alpa' alpa ma'xle, who looks at kiau' palue'm ketekui', star in the
another stopping (que se mira a el south (estrella en el sur) (57).
otro par ado) (95). na'wis palue'm, you alone (listed
alpaka'm, there is nothing (no se hay solito) (A) (36).
nada, no tiene algun, no tiene nada, nawi's palue'm nana', you alone
no hay, no hay nada) (29, 80, 95, (listed solito) (95).
120). nawi's palue'm pakiapai'n, we alone
alpaka'm ke'm, ke'm payi'y, there is go (nosotros solitos ) (103). —
no woman (ninguna mujer) (23). somi palue'm, sumpalue'm, foreign
gla'm' yen kam xat alpa', where is my (ladino) (81).
dog? (donde es mi perro?) (93). waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a wild
kepe'l palpaka'm (8), kepe'l pa animal (animal de la res ladino)
alpaka'm, he has no buttocks (no (75).
tiene nalgas) (121, 130). am, liver (higado) ; also stomach(?).
ko-ome't a'x alpaka'm, the pot is dry am pele', good liver (higado bueno)
(la olla seca) (22). (9).
primero palo que estd parado) (67). (from whence do they come?) (74).
ama't am kie', where do you come
men omta'-i alpaka'm, he has no
from? (donde vienes?) (quien es
parents (sus parientes no hay) (16).
Ustedf) (91).
nawi's palpa', hollow (79, 95), "it is
ama't awan kie', where do you come
by itself."
from? (or where do you walk from?)
nawi's palpa' wama'k, an empty (donde vienes? donde andas?) (91,
house (casa hueca) (22).
131).
telo'm alpaka'm, he did not grow esto'k ama't amkie', where did the
feeble (no se acabd) (29). Indian come from? (que donde
alpai'(la). venia India?) (73).
wama'k alpai'la, in front of the house esto'k ama't meta'p, who are you?
(en frente de la casa) (26). (quien es listed?) (74).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 59
184198—40-
60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
a's a'x, caccaccio (a little plant (yerbita)) a'yami, a word used in a song (137)
(45). (perhaps meaningless),
atanawai', sea {la mar) (43, 50). ayapa,
atmahau', atmau', river (rio) (50); ahua'p aha'k ayapa', to put (some-
abbr. hau', xau' (50). thing) inside (129, 130).
atmahau' e'-u, atmahau' o'-u, deep ahua'p ayapa', to put on the top
river {rio Jiondo) (50). (130).
atmahau' pakieke't, steamboat (70). ahua'p gleka'l ayapa' {or apa'), to
Atmahau' {or Atmau') pakma't, the put on the side of (130).
Rio Grande (21). ahua'p tokom ayapa', to put some-
atui's, fish {pescado) (36). thing on the top (93).
atui's akike'te, the fish swims (36). peya-una'ma, he stays inside, he
atui's gna.xpa't, a fish called "alewife" remains inside (138).
(Spanish matalote), "old fish" (36). ayawe't (perhaps should be payawe't,
atui's kica'x, sea bream {besugo), much),
"little fish" {pescado chiquita) (36). tawelo' ayawe't nahakme'm, harvest
atui's xa'l awagatil6, fish-hook {an- {cosecha) (51).
zuelo) (67). ayema', to give {darme!) (A), to give
atui's pakati', fisherman (49). something {dar cosa) (14); pi.
atui's pakma't, bagre {Silurus bagre, ayema'lo.
L.) (36). payema', he gave {did) (99).
a'u, a'-u, fruit of the tuna or cactus fig yenko't manza'na payema', you gave
(44). my son an apple {listed did 6, mi
au' awai', flower of the tuna {fior de hijo una manzana) (68).
la tuna) (45), au' nawai', the same ayenwa'p(la),
in a song (136). plato ayenwa'pla paikai', plate {plato,
au' heke'l, seed of the tuna {semilla casuela) (67).
de la tuna) (42) bala (Spanish word).
au' kica'x, little fruit (of tuna?), bala kemio'p helahua'mla, the ball
any small fruit (42).
berry, (68).
aussoles, aduachapan, "hot baths," boto'n, button (identical with Spanish
"sweat baths" {termas) (?) (49). word) (68).
awa, awei', dieina'wi, 10.
a'l ya-una'k awa kiu', the sun is dieina'wi sekua'ssi, 10 times (10
rising {el sol se levanta) (131). vezes) (25).
awei' kiu' Reinosa, let us go to e' (interrogative particle?),
Reinosa {vamos a Reinosa) (131); nane' {or nawe') ihua halau kame e',
cf. sen owe' ya. (131). do I not know? {no conosco y?)
awagat, ehuakat, to catch by (se pren- (120).
dio) (118), awagati'ie, to take (cf. ehap, evhap, ellap,
aka). a'x evha'p, to sprinkle water (116).
atui's xal awagati'lg, fish-hook (67). xai' ma-uta' peha'ple, the timber fell
mapi' pehuaka't, handle {manijera) yesterday {el palo cay 6 ayer) (36)
(71). (ma-uta'-ala'k (?)).
awai', flower {flor) (45) (cf. exno'). xai' inyu's peha'ple, the timber is
au' awai', flower of the tuna {flor de going to fall {elpalo vacaer){i6, 119).
la tuna) (45). xai' peha'ple, fallen timber {palo
xai' pawai', flower {flor "al monte") caido) (46).
(43). xai' perra'ple, xai' pella'ple, the tree
awakui'l (cf. payiwa'k), fell, or clearing the
(2d wood
xai' awakui'l, hammer {martillo) (A). informant)
awekna't(le), pake'm somixo'p peha'pleme, the
xai' awekna'tle, cradle for a baby snow fell yesterday {la nieve cay
{cuna por nifios) (70). ayer) (54).
Swanton] LIXGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 61
pake'm eha'plame, the snow stops {la ekna't(la), it fits closely (se atoro, se ha
nieve se retira), (54). tor of) (67).
pake'm ma-uta' eha'plame, the snow mapi' ekna'tla, ring {anillo) (67).
stopped yesterday, or the snow fell poya'k
poya'k apeme'tle,
emi'
(cayo) yesterday (Spanish given pekna'tle (A), horseshoe {herradura)
same as above) (54). (71).
ehio, to snort ihufar) (120). ekohua'k, I am sorry for him {le tengo
ewe' pehio' + e'hio, the deer is snort-
, lastima) (115).
ing (es bufando el venado) (77). eko'k(le), it opens {es abriendo) (65).
eh<iei', bone; also xi' (cf. we). ekuete'n, extinguished {extinguido) (78,
eh-de'm, skin (cf. emo'l). 98).
ewe' ehue'm, deerskin (28). le'n ekute'n, the fire is extinguished or
out {la lumbre es extinguida) (54).
eikahua'k, wanting or going to? (115).
pa'l ekuete'n, the charcoal is extin-
meme't eikahua'k, meme'te eikahua'k,
guished {el carbon es extinguido)
telo'm meme'te, he very sleepy
is
(54).
{tiene mucho sueno), a sleepy head
exno', to sniff, to smell {huele) (cf.
[dormilon) (37, 73, 116).
weka'payo) (116) (cf. awai').
eke', his {el suyo) (89); eka'm, his (59,
mok e'xno, the hog sniffs or smells {el
89).
cochino huele) (50), to snuff.
ewaye'he eka'm, church {iglesia)
xai' exmo', flower {Jlor, que huele) (43)
{"es del cura," "es del prete")
(originally xai' exno', but n is
(61, 89).
crossed out).
nawaso'l torn eke' payawe't, a rich
pohue'n, steam engine {maquina d
man {kombre rico) (89). vapor). (It is smelling on account
semi' eke', his land unwooded {terreno
of the oliendo par queniar)
fire {estd
peloncito el suyo) {eke' = el suyo)
(28). (So Gatschet, but it is pos-
(8, 89, in song),
sibly related to po(t).)
wai' eka'm pa-uta'p, (?) (89).
expe'n, tongue.
ekla', daughter {hija) (15). e'xpen papo'l, tongue cut off {lengua
yen ekla, my daughter {mi hija) (15). mocha, "mocha ravon," "mocha
yen ekla' (contr. yekla') petawi's, my rabon") (10).
younger daughter (15). expe'n pawaska'm, broad tongue (6).
ekna, el {or ale'l), bottom {culo) (8, 31); it
al pamatama'k anekna', saying that seems to be used as a prefix mean-
the sun is going to rise {hablando ing "down," as in the verbs elka-
va ser sol) (75). petle, elpa, elpau, elua'x).
anekna', he says {dice), he speaks ela'x, ella'x, ela', head, hair.
{habla), he discourses {platica) ela'x kayau', headache {enfermo de
(19,111). cabeza) (29).
anekna' kio', to utter a discourse e'lax pamso'l, red headed {cabellos
{hablar platica) (19), conversation, colorados) (24).
kat pa-uka'm kekna', the Indian was ela'x peke'l, bald headed {pelona la
not able to speak the other language cabeza) (31).
(but this is somewhat uncertain, ela'x tewa'k {or iwema'k (A)), to cut
"you yourself who can't speak that the head {cortar la cabeza) (28).
language" being a possible render- poya'k ela'x, horsehair {cerda) (28).
ing) (74). elea', fever (?) (cf. len, fire).
kekna', to speak {hablar) (111), elea' wamte' pakayau' amkamau',
xa'm pekna', the bird sings {el p&jaro dead of fever {muerto de la fiebre)
canta) (30, 112) (pi. same). ^(32).
somi' peknakami', silent, dumb {mudo) elia'wa-ite,
(79). xai' elia'wa-ite', the play went badly
wa-uta'k anekna', who is going to for him {el juego huizo lui dar mal)
speak? {que va hablar?) (61). (37).
62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
gnaxpa't, old (viejo) (both men and xa't tetehala', what it means in the
animals) (77). language (que en el
quiere decir
gna'x patotiau', shadow of man (10). idioma) (120) (also tetefala').
gna'::j patotiau' patopetne, shadow xa't yen halaka'm, I don't under-
of man is grasping (?) {estd prendi- stand the language (120).
endo (?)). xa't yen uhalau', I understand the
gna'x u'i kayau', eyesore (29). language (entiendo el idioma) (64).
gna'vx akna', an old man {un hombre nana', iskwala'wye, I do not know
viejo) (52). anything (also given as "I say")
kna'x pese'x pakwau'Ia, a married (64).
man (un hombre casada) (17). nane' (or nawe) ihua halau kam e',
nawaso'l gnaxpa't, old people {gente do not I know? (no conosco yol)
viejo) (58). (120), that I do not know (que no
paikua'm gna', I bite someone {yo conosco yo).
muerdo alguno) (93). pape'l payana'm wahglau', he knows
pewai'le gna'x, to wound someone, to read the paper (120) (sabe leer
to cut someone (30). el papel) or he goes to read the
pisna'k gna'k, the last man {el ultimo paper (va leer el papel) (74).
hombre) (67). somi' tete' hala', how will that one
Reinosa gnaxpa't. Old Reinosa be named? (como se llamard aqu'i?)
(Reinosa vieja) (in Tamaulipas) (91).
(21). tete hala' (or tete fala'), language
gni'ss, a small snail (caracolito) (39). (idioma), "que quiere decir?" (73,
gni'ss pakma't, a snail (caracal) (39). 91).
guahia'k, armpit (sobaco) (9). yen hal5 ka'm, yena' la kam, to
guapi', straps with which oxen are forget one's self (olvidarse) (89)
tied to the yoke (coyundas) (65) (olvidarme) (120), I do not know,
(cf. kuapi'). or I do not recognize (yo no se, yo
no conosco) (105).
guapo'k,
heke'l, seed (semilla) (42)
a'x guapo'k, (guaje, "calabash"?) (45).
au' heke'l, seed of the tuna (semilla
guati', quadi, (Uhde, p. 185), hare
de la tuna) (42).
(la liebre; larger than conejo) (26).
hexlai'le, it is now night (es noche yd)
hak, -ak, (53, 95).
ahua'p aha'k ayapa', to put (some- pa-ma-ute' hexlai'le, at midnight (a
thing) inside (129). media noche) (53) (A).
met hak, in his heart, in his insides homble't, north (norte) (16, 53) (cf.
(en SM coragon, en el dentro) (39, le't).
129). hua'm,
wai' hak pakieke't, he goes running aihua'm, aiwa'm, thing bought
a
to the mountain (anda corriente al (cosa comprada) another in-
(98);
monte) (129). formant gave ayema', but this
wai' hak wakate', head of cattle in means "to give" or "give me"!
the mountain (res al monte) (129). emna° gna°paihua'mle, I bought a
wai aka'ma, he does not come out man (yo compro un hombre) (121).
of the mountain (no sale del monte), gna°apahua'mle, a man bought (un
probably "he is not in the moun- hombre comprado) (121) (there is no ;
xai' inyu's peha'ple, the post is going wai iyu°'si, side of the mountain {lado
to fall {el palo va caer) (46, 119). de la moniaiia) (49).
kabristo', (cabristo'), a cord, a rope
isma'-u, squirrel {ardilla) (26).
{mecaie) (72) (a Mexican word?),
isma'-u paka'-u, the squirrel goes
kahue'l,
jumping about {ardilla anda brin-
ax kahue'l, tobacco pipe (65).
cando) (26).
kai, to eat.
icikue'n, in a little while {poco tiempo
ayenwa'pla paikai', plate (67).
hay) (125).
esto'k pakai', Comecrudo Indian
icnako', antelope {berrendo en el llano) {Indio Comecrudo) (pakai, they eat
(26). {comen)) (23).
itakua'k, to finish, to end {acabar) (117). esto'k sepe'n kai', Indians eat salt
paitakuya'k paisellai', I finish weep- {Indios comen sal) (34).
ing {yo acabo a llorar) (64). ewe°kai', meat.
68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
though first m
is omitted in note- gritar) (110).
book) (45). nane' {or nawe') ihua halau kame', do
pakai'la, eatable (78) I not know? {no conosco yol) (120).
pakai'le, is going to eat {va comer); somi' ka'm, nothing at all {nada)
nut; squash, pumpkin, calabash {or (126).
pakai'la) (43, 44, 69) ,
gourd {cala- somi' tokom kaite kam pessua', that
baza) does nothing {que no hace nada)
pakakui', to chew, to masticate (126).
{masticar) (113). to'm ikai kami, not to eat anything
pamkai', do you eat? (104), do you (116).
wish to eat? to'm ite' ka'm, I will do nothing {no
pase' pakai', bread {pan) "to be hare nada) (93, 99, 118).
eaten"? {comida) (68). wai' aka'ma, he does not come out of
payawe't pakai', all men eat {todos the mountain {no sale del monte),
hombres comen) (8). probably "he is not in the moun-
pele' pakai', chapote (which has a tain (138-text)."
large fruit) ("good to eat") (same kam, to drink.
as zapote (pine?) (44). a'x ika'mi semi', after drinking water
pitai' pakai'le, pitahaya, pitaya {pita, {despues de beber) (129)
agave) (44). a'x paka'mle, I wish to drink water
{quiero beber agua) (119).
to'm ikaikami, to'm ikai kami, not to
eat anything, to fast {ayunar) (61, afesewitiau' paika'm mekme'k, give
116).
me coffee to drink! (103).
afisiau' paika'm mekme'kne, I enjoy
to'm i'kai semi', after eating {despues
drinking wine {or mescal) {me tiene
de comer) (129).
gusto de beber vino {or mescal)) (45).
kaise't, haisohue'l, (g)loxkue'l (44), xai'
kafe' paika'm mekme'k, coffee {caf4),
(33), grass {yerba, zacate).
or "give me coffee to drink!" (22).
kale't, cagador (faeces or pot for same, lafesiau' ika'm, brandy is bitter
or person defecating), {aguardiente es amargo) (52).
kale't, kale't pawetia'p, pot for faeces paika'm mekme'kne, I want to drink
{cagador) chamberpot (60). (105).
kale't (a)pela'pla, to clean the pot paikino'k, that is going to drink {que
(66). va beber) (14).
SwantOD) LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 69
ka'mla xo'p pakiapai'n, who goes esto'k ama't amkie, where did the
far, who walks far, (que anda Indian come from? (que donde
Ujos) (103). venia India?) (73).
napi's pakiapai'ne, walking alone
I xai' pakwatata'ple pakieke't, railroad
{yo andando solito) or they walking (ferrocarril) (70).
alone {son andando solito) (103). xau' pakieke't, hau' (abbr. from at-
nawi's paikiapai'ne, who walks alone mahau'), pakieke't, steamboat (70).
(andando solo (or solito)) (103). nana° pamkie', come here! (ven acd)
nawi's pakiapai'n, he is walking alone (66).
(el solito es andando) (74, 103). paite' paikie'm apaikie', me to come
nawi's palue'm nana', you alone here (?) (135-text).
(Ustedsolo) (74). pelawi's pa'kie, he (the boy) came
nawi's palue'm pakiapai'n, we are there (vino acd) (47).
walking alone (nosotros solitos, pelawi's yakie', boy, come here!
etc.) (103). (muchachito, vien aqui!(1)) (47).
kiau', south (sur) (53, 139) (cf. pelawi's pekio't pakieke't, the boy is
pasekiau'). running (el muchacho es corriendo)
kiau' ketekai', south star (26). (24).
kiau' palue'm ketekui', star in the sap yakie', come quick! (101).
south (estrella en el sur) (26, 57). wai' hak pakieke't, he goes running to
kiau' yawe't esto'k, Mexico, also the mountain (anda corriente al
Mexican Indians (Indios Mexi- monte) (129).
canos) (23). woyekue'l pakieke't, the stone moves
xai' kiau', paper, book (another in- (corre) (49).
formant) . ya akie'!, also ya kie', come at once!
kie', to come, to go, to run, to walk (?) (vien pronto!) (101).
(91) ; cf. kio. ya wanki'!, sudden!
ama't akie' esto'k? where is the Indian ya' wan kie', come quickly! (vien
going? (par onde se va el Indiol) repentino!) (101).
(91). kiexue'n, ki'ehuen, kixue'n, rabbit
ama't am kie' ? where are you coming (conejo) (19, 26).
from? (donde vienes?) (91), who are kiemu', navel (ombligo) (9).
you? (quien es Ustedf) (perhaps kiemu' kakaye'-u, stomach (estomago)
ta'n emna'n). (12).
ama't awan kie'? where are you com- kio, to go (andar) (cf. kie').
ing from? (donde vienes? andas?) Abaikio', the native name of Las
(91, 131). Cuevas and Charco Escondido
apaikie', that I go (que voy) (38) according to one informant, but
maptama't kie', he is going to come Andrade called Las Cuevas Wama'k
today (el va venir hoy) (125). kiot awalpa'. The ab- in Abaikio'
ax kekieke't, running water (agua is probably intended for the com-
xa'm unakekiu' (probably xa'm ya- ye'n ko's kica'x, my younger brother
una'k ekio'), the bird flies (29). (15).
pakio', to go (irse) (14), go there! {va kiwa,
alia!) (101) and pL).
(sing, inan to'kom kiwa, what do I say? (el
paikio'kam, do you wish to walk? lo que digo yol) (64).
(or
do I walk?) (104). mesmati' kenkiwa'ye, hear what I
pelawi's pakio', little boy, go there! tell you! (oyese lo que digo!) (32).
kla'm payenhe'l pessua', (a man) le'n komiau', le'n kayemiau', the fire
walking without a dog {{hombre) is smoking (la lumbre estd humeando)
sivo perro) (119, 131). (54).
kla'm pay owe' t papi', many brave kon,
dogs (muchos perros bravos) (4) ax k5'n, edge of the water (orilla del
kla'm sumia'k, coyote, "which agua), shore (49).
wanders alone" (anda fuera solo) a'x pako'n, a'x powui', a pool (charco)
(25). of standing water (49)
kla'm yi'y, three dogs {tres perros) kamla' kon ima'k, in the midst of the
(84). land (en medio de la tierra) (50).
klap, ko-ome't, kettle, cauldron (tinaja),
alpekuete'n anakla'p, to pinch each earthen pot (olla) (Aztec ko'mil)
other (peMizcar entrambos) (97). (70).
emna° paiyakla'p, I pinch you (yo komat epe'tle, chocolate cup (jicara)
te pellizco) (97, 117). (70).
nakla'p, to pinch (pellizcar) (117). ko-ome't a'x pakape'tle (or paka'mle),
napi's yena'n payakla'p, I pinch my- the pot full of water (la olla llena
self alone (yo me pellizco solo) (97). de agua) (22).
nawi's yen a'npayakla'p, I pinch ko-ome't pehue't, a dry pot (una olla
myself (yo me pellizco mismo) (117). seca) (22).
pan akla'pnata, it is already pinched xa'l ko-ome't, edge of the earthen pot
(yd estd pellizcado) (97). (orilla de la olla) (70).
seklape'l, to handle or touch (mano- ko'p, peyote (44).
sear) (59). Kopte', name of the last conjurer
klemi', bone. (medicine man) (brujo) (26).
klewe'm, klehue'n, light, fire (lumbre) ko's (see kanosa').
(of match, etc.) (73). yen ko's kica'.x, yen ko's kica'x, my
klewe'm pemoya'k ahane'kla, to light younger brother, my younger sister
a match (cerillo) klewe'm pemoya'k
; (47).
{sacar lalumbre) (65). yen ko's pakna', yen kas pakna', my
paklehue'nle, to thunder (tronar) elder brother, my elder sister (47).
(113). ko't, son (hijo) (15).
ye-una'k paklehue'nle, steam (vapore), yenkla', to my son (d mi hijo) (68).
it is thundering above (esta tru- yen ko't, my son (mi hijo) (15).
enando arriba (por el viento)) yenko't manzana payema', you gave
(ye-una'k := up) (28). my son an apple (listed did a mi
kne'm, see kene'. hijo una manzana) (68).
ko-e'rewe, he raised himself (138). Kotoname, Cotoname.
ko'k, tick (garrapata) (38). Esto'k somaxo'p (or somixo'p) Koto-
ko'l, crane, heron {garza, gruya) (31). na'me, Cotoname Indians (Indios
kol, Cotonames) (24).
pako'l, to lie (mentir) ;
pi. pakwawe'l koyoti'yo (Spanish word).
(14). xai' koj'oti'yo, coyotillo (43).
emko'l, an impostor, a cheat (em- kua'k, reed, cane (carrizo, cana); also
busiero) (43). arrow (fiecha) (7, 45) (quae, Uhde, ;
kuakau', lagartijo (newt, small lizard) paikai' kuampama't, dance the peyote
(34). (baile del peyote!) (42).
kuani, kuama't, to dance (21), quam (Uhde,
ala'k ankua'menta, yesterday you bit p. 186).
(ayer Vsted mordio) (65). kuampak,
ankua'manta, you bit (Usted mordio) kua'mpake't, violin (el violin) (71,
(99). 120), to sing (cantar) (120).
apankua'menta, tomorrow I will bite kuampakue', a singer,
{manana yo mordere) (65). kuampakue' pele', a good singer (un
emna" paikua'men'ta, to bite each buen cantador) (120).
other (morder entravibos) (97). kuampakue'he, he is singing (esid
glam pakua'm, biting animal {animal cantando) (120).
mordiente) (36). kuana'ya, kewa'naya, (in dance song)
kuame't, kueme't, rat (raton) (26). (136).
xai' apelkua'mle, bridle (freno) (43). kuapi', whip (cf. guapi').
xa'l apekue'mle, given as meaning kua's, fruit of a shrub called tasajito in
"to throw at" (from aka) but Mexican, v/hich has a long, thin,
probably wrong (71). prickly berry of a red color; the
xal apekuemle, bridle (lo voy echar name is also given to the granjeno,
caballo) (71). a shrub 5 to 8 feet tall (46).
napi's paikua'menta, to bite himself kuaska'm (pi. same), to grow (crecer)
(morder se mismo) (97). (plants) (cf. pepewe't) (114).
nawi's apankua'mgna, already it is xai' kuaska'm, the plant grows; (pi.)
bitten (yd estd mordito) (97). xai' yawe't kuaska'm (45).
paikua'm, he bit him (le mordio) (99), kuayama'ya, a word used in a song
to bite (mordar) (117), I bite (yo (138).
muerdo) (97).
kuayoinane, examines, looks (se otira)
paikua'm enta', to bite one's self
(138).
(mordar se mismo) (117).
kuis,
paikua'm gna', I bite someone (yo
xa'm pakui's, xam pamso'l; cardinal
muerdo alguno) (93).
bird (29).
paikua'm kica'x, to have a rash or
pakui's, pamso'l; red (Colorado) (76).
tetter (ser pullido) (73, 117).
pakua'm, biting (mordiente) (102). kuiti'n, pekuete'n, one (uno) ;
pequeten
pamkwa'ment keta, to cause to bite (Uhde, p. 186).
anquailam, I love you (Uhde, p. 186). xai' kuaska'm, the grass grows {la
ke'm al pakwa'ula pese'x, a married yerba crece); pi. xai' yawe't
woman {mujer casada) (27). kuaska'm (45).
ke'm pese'x pakwau'la, a married xai' kumpehau'la, a wooden ball
woman {mujer casada) (17). {bola de palo) (72).
kna'x pese'x pakwau'la, a married xai' xom, fiishpole (67).
xai' pamoxma'm, bark (corieza) (27, xai' pella'ple, xai' perra'ple, the wood
41). fell (el palo se cayo), it was cleared
xai' pamso'l, colariu (a weed with of wood (limpiado el palo) (41).
small red berries) (46); also given xai' peme'nle (peme't (J)), wood to
as brazil wood (palo brazil) (43). burn (lena para quemar) (41)
xai' papo'l, stump of a tree {irunco del also given as "locomotive" (70).
arhol) (24, 41). xai' peme't, burned stick (41).
xai' papta'kle, back of chair (68). xai' pepo'k, white stick (palo bianco)
xai' pata'ple, bow; jaipatable (Uhde, (41).
p. 185); to draw the bow (tirar del xai' pewe'nla, locomotive (carrozo)
arco) (68). ("artiza la lumbre"). (70).
xai' pa-uta'p, hard wood (lefia dura) xai' pohue'l, a heavy (or hollow) tree
(in the forest) (also judge (juez)) (tepegudje (palo), (palo mujerado,
(52). palo hueco, palo grueso) (41, 43).
xai' pawai', flower (in the forest (ai xai' se'l, leaf (hoja) (41).
monte)) (43), including the rose xai' se'l pa-uple, a vegetable poison
and the brazil tree (?) (43). (veneno vegetal) (46).
xai' pawape'l, knot (in wood) (nodo, xai' te't pawoska'm, long thorns
nodito (en el palo)) (41); also given (espina a shrub without
larga),
as "nacahuita" (see wai wuel leaves but with long thorns (46).
under wai (45)). xai' torn apapa'kle, lignum vitae
xai' pawapta'k, split log {palo rajado) (guayacan) (61).
(41, 98). xai' torn apawe'nle, he goes rowing
xai' pawema'k, I am sawing (estoy (el va ramando) (68, 116).
cortando) (70) xai' tom apela'pl, xai' tom apapa'kle
xai' pawetlai', branch (?) (ramada) (A),guayacan (lignum vitae tree),
(41). "one wants to wash with it" (quiere
xai' payalu'i (abbr. pelui), broom (?), lavar con el) (43).
a bush (retama) colored green and xai' tomepehau'la, a wooden ball
yellow) (43). (bola de palo) (72).
xai' payau', to draw the bow (tirar xai' tompalakua'ple, auger (barrena,
el arco) (68). varena) (46).
xai' payauya'p, evergreen oak (?) xai' wama'k apahuai'le (A), scant-
{encina) (43). lings (huilote?) (21).
xai' payauya'p payawe't, wood of the xai' weme'n, straight post (palo
evergreen oak (encinal) (43). derecho) (46).
xai' payawe't, forest (monte) (41). xai' wuemak, I cut a stick (or many
xai' payelu'i, mariposa, "green sticks?) ; wai wuemak (sing, of
obj.) (73).
flower"? (39).
xai' yase'n ama'k, I break a stick at
xai' payerae't, burning stick (palo
its end (51).
quemando) (41).
xai' yawe't yama'k, I break many
xai' payena'-u, play (el juego) (68).
sticks (51).
xai' peha'ple, a fallen post (palo
xa'm xai' pateta'm, woodpecker (car-
caido) (46).
pintero) (29) recargado, parado (en
;
alpekue'ten xa'l pawalai', the little xa'm pakui's (?), locust (langosta,
box is to be closed (la cajiia va se chapulin) (39).
cerrar) (65). xa'm pa'], raven (cuervo) (29).
atui's apekue'mle, fish-hook (anzuelo) xa'm pamso'l, cardinal (pdjaro Colo-
(67). rado) (29).
emna' xa'l kawi', I shave myself (52). xa'm papu's, xa'm papu'c, goose
emna° payawe't xa'l pawe'nle, ye (ansar), water hen (gallina de
all shave yourselves (105). agua) (papu's = "low") (29).
xa'l apalai'la (?), covered with some- xa'm pa-ulamai', hen (gallina), "cry-
thing (cobierta de alguna cosa) (28). ing bird" (ave gritando) (29).
xa'l apekue'mle, bridle (freno) (71). xa'm pa-ulape't, parake,
parrot
xa'l emo'l, xa'l emu'l, beard, mus- ("pa-uraque"), "bill crooked" (29).
tache (7). xa'm pa-uta'p, eagle (aguila), or
xa'l epawe'nle, razor (navdja de hawk (?) (29).
barbero) (116). xa'm pawata'p, sparrow-hawk
xa'l e-ula'k, lower lip (labro de abajo) (gavilan) (cf. above) (29).
xet, puyumate (a little plant among the lemi'; foot, feet, tip, point (see emi').
lagoons) (yerhita enlaslagunas) (45). expe'n lemi', or yase'n, tip of the
xe't, he drew (sac6) (76). tongue,
u-ika' xe't aina'p piauno'k, they drew lemi' payawe't, "muchos pies", centi-
out the blood of the sick in curing pede (ciento pies) (38).
(chupaban la sangre de los enfermos) ya'x lemi', tip of the nose, point of the
(76). nose (puntilla de la nariz) (11).
xi', clear. len, fire (ftiego, lumbre) (54) ;
(also Uhde,
ape'l xi', clear sky (cielo claro) (54). p. 186).
xi', ki',bone (hueso) (9, 51) (see ehllei', le'n komiau', the fire is smoking (la
we, i'). lumbre estd humeando) (54).
xi' pakayau', lame, crippled (cojo) le'n pamakua'k, the fire burns (8).
(78), sick in the bones (enfermo en le'n seme'l, ashes (ceniza) (8).
los huesos) (9). lenai'kwena', he goes hunting (va
mapi' ki, wrist. cagando) (138) (see le'xo).
media awamke', stockings (11, 66). lesum, lesom,
xi
xi'kwap, xai'kwap; to draw, to pull ketekui' palesu'm, evening star (es-
(tom, something) (116). trella de la tarde, estrella voyera)
xom, (57).
xai'xom, fish-pole (67). lesuma'k (A), yesterday (ayer, en la
xomenaiik, eight (see mata'he). tarde) (13, 125).
jomenanc, eight (Uhde, p. 186). paleso'm, palisom, palesu'm, evening,
jomennaumeteu, ten (Uhde, p. 186). late (ayer, en la tarde) (13, 53, 80,
xo'p, far, distant (otra parte) (27). 125).
esto'k xo'p, another Indian (oiro le't, rnle't, east (este, oriente) ("por
Indio) (93). abajo") (53).
ka'mla xop, distant land (tierra de mle't ketekui', north(?) (26).
lejos) (49). mleta'-u, letau', from above (de
ka'mla xo'p pakiapain, who goes far arriba) (119), to below (16, 20).
(que anda lejos) (103). lok,
somi xo'p, very far (muy lejos) (126). lok emo'l, scrotum (pendazo) (10, 27).
somna'-u xo'p payaina'p, to make lo't, arm (brazo) (9) (see mapi').
suck (hacer chupar) (65). lo't pat alpekuete'n, who has two arms
(qui tiene dos brazos) (89).
xowamte', the damage, injury (el
pake'm ma-uta' eha'plame, the snow meklai, maklai, metlai, wetlai, skirt
fell yesterday {la nieve cay6 ayer) {falda) (118), covering,
(54). imeklai', he covers himself with it
organ
mesmati',
(9).
mesmati' kenkiwa'ye, hear what I tell
men, his.
you! (oye se lo que te digol) (32).
kla'm mentka'm ta'hikam, whose is
Mesme't(?), Tamaulipas (27).
that dog? (de qiiien es ese perrol)
met, soul (alma), alive (vivo) (80),
(91).
body(?).
lavor mentke', the crop is his (lavor
met plau', the body is dead (11).
estd suya), the crop (el milpero) (51,
meta'k pame'he, the thought (el
89).
pensamiento) (10) (seeing within!).
menke', in his (en suya) (mentke, in
;
met ha'k, meta'k, in his heart (en su
ours (en nuestra)) (89).
corazon) (39), in the inside (en el
me'n mat, thy mother (ti madre) (89)
dentro) (10, 129).
(probably should be "his mother").
it
mete'l, soul (alma) (10).
men omta'-i alpaka'm, he has no ne't pakayau' (evidently this should
parents (sv^ parentes no hay) (116).
be me't pakayau') sick in the body,
to'm (m)entka'm pama'p, to seek
met, me,
something (buscar alga) (89).
xai' peme'nle (peme't (J)), wood to
wama'k menke' panelue'm, in his
burn (lena para quemar) (41); also
house (26).
given as "locomotive" (70).
ment, our (?). xai' peme't, a burned stick (41).
mentke, in ours (en nuestra) (89). xai' pewe'nla, a big coach (carroza),
wama'k mentke' panelue'm, in our a locomotive, "to stir the fire"
house (26). (atiza la lumbre) (70).
Swanton] LIISTGUISTIC MATERIAL FROINI SOUTHERN TEXAS 83
nawaso'l gnaxpa't, old people {gente nawi's pai-aina'p, they are curing
vieja) (58). {son curando), I am curing {yo
nawaso'l kica'x, newaso'l kica'x, boy soy curando) (120).
{muchacho) (5). nawi's paikiapai'ne, nawi's paiki-
nawaso'l met, live body (31). apai'n, going alone {andando solo,
nawaso'l paplau', a dead body {cuerpo andando solito) (103).
muerto) (sing, and pi.) (31). nawi's palpa wama'k, a hollow house
nawaso'l torn eke' payawe't, rich {casa hueca) (22).
man (hombre rico) (89). nawi's palue'm, you alone {listed
nawoso'l payawe't, many Indians solito) (36).
{gente son muchos) (7). nawi's palue'm nana', you alone
newaso'l pitawic kica' (or kicia'), {Usted solito) (95).
little boys (?) {gente muchachito nawi's pamaina'p, they are sucking
chiquito) (53). {son chupando), you are sucking
{tu estds chupando) (120).
payawe't nawaso'l pajdwa'k, to beat
many people {golpear muchas gentes) nawi's papia-una'p, he made the
(30).
sound of sucking (?) {sono chu-
pando), they are sucking {ellos son
nawi's, napi's, alone, self, one's self,
chupando) (120).
itself,
nawi's payaina'ple, to suck themselves
napi's, I alone, I myself {yo solo)
{chupar si mismos) (97).
(77).
nawi's wata'p payawe't, we are
napi's emna' xa'l mawe'nle, they pulling up {nosotros somos arran-
'
shave themselves (52). cando) (85).
napi's paikua'menta, to bite one's self nawi's yen a'npayakla'p, I pinch
(97). myself {yo me pellizco mismo) (117).
napi's yena'n paiyakla'p, I pinch payenue'n nawi's wata'p payawe't,
only myself {yo me pelUzco) (97). we are pulling up {nosotros somos
nawi's, alone; mavi's (afterm) (26), arrancando) (77).
the same; mawi', the same {el wama'k panelue'm mavi's, in the
mismo) (138-text) (?). house {en la casa), or "he is alone
gna'x nawi's palue'm, a man is alone in the house" (?) (26).
{un hombre estd solo) (17). yen wata'p payawe't, they (mas. or
kamla' nawi's palue'm, uninhabited fem.) are pulling up.
land {tierra despoblada, tierra nawiya'we, word in song said to be
desierta) (51). meaningless (136).
xai' nawi's apalua', all the plants
nawui', nawuyi', nawu-i', na'-u,
{todas las plantas) (42).
pana'-u (cf. panawuyi) (84), na'wi
(135-text), naiye (Uhde, p. 186),
nawe' {or nane') ihua halau kame',
four,
do not I know? {no conosco yo?)
kekla'x papau' na'wi, four boys (4
(120).
ninos) (35).
nawi's apakiasa'mla, I comb myself
pamatama'k panau', four days (111).
(67).
na'yowe, thrown to the plain {echado
nawi's (a)palue'm, unpopulated {des-
al llano) (139).
poblado), "being by itself " (?) (85).
ne'-eke, a word in a song (138).
nawi's apankua'mdna, already he is neke't, chigoe {nigua) (38).
bitten {yd estd mordito) (97). nelpo'k (sing, and pi.), to stand, to
nawi's ig-wata'p, nawi's iguata'p, stop prepared (?) {pararme) (14)
I am pulling up {estoy arrancando) (cf. elpau').
(85). gna'x nelpo'k, the man stands (?)
na'wis i kamau'la, to kill one's self {el hombre se para) (14).
(93). nua'ya, nuwaya, nueno (137, 138)
nawi's xal emkawi', I shave myself (used in a song),
(105), nua'ya ma, (?) (137).
S wanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 85
mirando) (138).
(estd with it" (quiere lavar con el) (43);
nuewo, a word used in a song (137). soap (jabon) (71).
nuewa'na (dance song-136). xai' tom apapa'kle, lignum vitae
ore, gold (fr. Spanish) (73). (guayacdn) (61).
pa-, verbal prefix. pakue'l, wet (mojado) (39).
kepe'l pa alpaka'm, he has no buttocks papakue'l, wet (humedo) (79).
(no tiene nalgas) (93). tom ax apapa'kla, I am washing (yo
payawe't pa-ser payawa'p, provisions soy lavando) (22).
(69) (ser = Spanish "to be"). tom apapa'kle, soap (A) (71).
pah.alai'(la), to scratch (rascar, raspar) wewui' pakue'l, fat(?) (68).
(60). pakahuai', pakawai', to write (escribir)
paliuai'(l), near (estd cercano) (26, 126). (118), to paint, paper (cf. kawi and
xai' wama'k apahuai'le, scantlings pekatai').
{huilotes) (A) (21). esto'k pakahwai'le, esto'k pakawai',
wama'k apahuai'le, rafters, beams painted Indian (Indio Pinto), same
{cahio) (66). as Tompakua's.
wama'k pahai'le, roof (techo) (66). kem apaikawai' (pakawai' (J)), Tat-
pahuel, tooed woman (mujer Pinta) (23).
tompahue'l, yame'l tompahue'l, devil kem pakahwai'Ia esto'k, an Indian
(pahue'l= seeking?); latter also woman of the Pinto tribe (rmijer
given as meaning "he goat" (cabron). India Pinta) (23).
pai-, forms the future tense sometimes Newaso'l pakawai', Pinto Indians
(?) (47). {Indios Pintos) (their tongue was
pa'-i, the same as that of the Comecrudo
axklelo' pa'-i, (a plant which flowers and Tejones) (23).
in lagoons and is perhaps the pakahuai'le, to paint one's self (pintas
Nuphar?) (lampazo) (46). afeitarse) (60), painting (pintura)
pai, (66) to cut in or tattoo with a
;
xai' pai' nelpau'le, chair (silla, butaco) needle (se rajan con aguja) (acabaron
(68). toditos) (23).
paikomla'(s.), pamaleau' (pi.); to paka'(le), same as ha'la? (117).
laugh (reirse). ene't paka'le, to make fun of (hacer
paikue'sne, corral (that I am going to burla) (117), to mock.
work on) (que toy d trabajar) (two
paka'm(Ie), full of (lleno de) (49, 80).
informants)).
koome't a'x pakape'tle (or paka'mle),
paina'k, (nak = to come) (cf. kiapai'ni)
the jar is full of water (la olla llena
yeina'n paina'k, I arrive (yo llego)
de agua) (22).
(85).
paka'in(Ie), it grunts.
painate'l, darkened {borrado) (27).
pa-isia'u, bitter {amargo)
mo'k paka'mlg, the hog grunts (25).
(78) (cf.
sewetiau). pakassa'p,
paite', to sleep {suefiar) (?) (112). xai' pakassa'p, cat's claw tree (una
pa-iwe'-uni, to go frisking and skipping de gaio) (46).
about {anda retogando) (119, 137- pakati', crooked (corcovado, tuerto, tor-
text). cido) (77).
pa'k,(cf. pawape'l). atui's pakati', fisherman (49).
ax papa'k, a'x papa'k, to wash with xai' a'x pakati', fisher-boat (68).
water (lavar con el agua) (119). xai' pakati', bent wood (polo gacho,
kamla pakue'l, rnud {lodo, tierra polo tuerto, polo torcido) (46).
mojada) (50). ya'x pakati', crooked nose (6).
86 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
pake' tie, bark (corteza) (41). wama'k payawe't pakna', city (51).
pakiap, wemu'(k) pakna'x, shark {tiburon) (9).
papa'kia'p, cooked (sing, and pi.) yen ken pakna', my elder sister {mi
(cocido) (78). hermana mayor) (15).
waxpaka'm, I am boiling food, I am ye'n ko's pakna', my elder brother
cooking (estoy cociendo) (111). {mi hermano mayor) (15).
paki's, pregnant (78). pakokla'p, I spit, or spitting (gargajiar)
ke'm paki's, a pregnant woman (111).
{mujer prenada) (27). pakomlayau' (78),pako'm.laya'-u (39),
paki's, clean (limpio) {see payesu'i, pakumleyau' (8), sweet {dulce).
and peki's). paktel,
paklape'n, straight (derechito) (77) {see axkuapo' paktel, rattle for dancing
weme'n (26). (from cocoanut or guaje) (68).
ya'x paklape'n, straight nose {nariz pakuape'l, grind {moler) (cf. kuam).
derechito); pi. ya x waklape'n (77). i pakuape'l, xewu'i {or he-ewu'i
pakle'l, seed of the usachito (put into pakuape'l,) molarteeth (mwel'a.s) (11).
rattles) {semilla de usachito se meten pakuape't(le), pakape'tle (A), (1) hat
en las cascabeles) (46). (sombrero), (2) chocolate cup
pakli', {jicara) (12, 21, 70, 80) (cf.
pa'muapl, food (comida) (69) (A) {see xai' papta'kle, back of chair, chair
pamakua')- back (68), (probably "wood divided
pana'l, into rods"),
sepiau' pana'l, honey of wild bees (39). ya'x klemi' papapta'k, nostrils (7).
panate'l, painate'l, spotted (as a snake) paptewe't, tall (alto) (77).
(pinto) blotted, obscured ihorrado)
, gna'x paptewe't, a tall man (hombre
;
patoli'to, beans (?) (frixolillo) (in the pamalai' pa-uta'p, to stamp strongly
woods) {en los monies) (45). {parar fuerte) (49).
patope'tne, he is taking (estd prendi- pamalai' pa-uta'p ka'mla, to stamp
endo) (113). forcibly on the soil (118).
gna'x patotiau' patopetne, shadow of wai eka'm pa-uta'p, (?) (89).
man {estd prendiendo) (?) (10). pa-uyau', the refuse of sugar, or crust
patotiau', patotie'-u, it is night {es la of sugar that remains in the boiler
noche) (53), it is dark {es oscuro) (47), sugar sediment {piloncillo,
(53), dark {oscuro) (79) (cf. yatau'). chancaca).
gna'x patotiau', shadow of a man pawai', flower.
(10). xai', pawai', rose {rosa), brazil tree
gna'x patopetne, shadow
patotiau' (in the woods) {"en el monte") (43).
of man {estd prendiendo) (?) (10). pawape'l, pa-ape'l, bend, bent (as
wama'k patotiau', the grass house is arm) {vuelto), round {redondo) (9,
dark {el jacalli eatd oscuro) (95). 78, 102) (sing, and pi.),
patua'm, brave {valiente, bravo) (79). xai' pawape'l, knot in wood {nodo,
gna'x patua'm, a vaHant man, a nodito {en el palo)) (4); (or wai
warrior {or peyua'k). wue'l), nacahuita (43).
selamkampo'm patua'm, Comanche mapi' pawape'l, elbow {codo) (9).
(J) (23). pawape'l, basket {canasta) (which is
pa-vika'm, not to understand (perhaps green!, "que esta verde") (71).
pa-u or u). pawape'l, see pak.
kat (probably xat) pa-uka'm kekna', a'x pawape'l, to bathe in the water
the Indian was not able to speak {banarse en agua) (112) (cf. pa'k).
the other language (or possibly pawapta'k, hole {hoyo) (50).
"you yourself who can't speak kua'k pawapta'k, joints in the cane
that language") (74). {conyunturas de la cana) (102).
xa't pa-uka'm, the language {el xai' pawapta'k, a split log {palo
idioma) (also says "?io se le entiende," rajado) (41, 98, 102).
E) ("they are the same") (76). pawe'le,
pa-ulape't, parakeet, parrot; name gloxkue'l pawe'le, straw, "pulling up
said to sig. "bill crooked" (?) (29). grass" {zacaie arrancando), mat
xa'm pa-ulape't, parakeet, parrot, {petate) (44) (cf. anawe'n).
(29). pawetia'p, to defecate {cagar) (66).
paulape't, countryman, fellow country- kale't pawetia'p, vessel for faeces
man {paisano) (J) (31). {cagador), chamberpot (66).
pa-uple, pamka'me pawetia'p, medicine to
xai' se'l pa-uple, vegetable poison cause purging {remedio para purgar)
{veneno vegetal) (47). (66).
pa-uta'p, pawatap (77), (1) hard, strong poya'k pawetia'p, horse manure or
{duro, fuerte, fuertamente (125)), dung (28).
hard (forest wood), (2) hard money yeina' paseyau' paipetia'p, I can't
{peso duro), gold (73). defecate {yo no puedo cagar) (110).
xai' hard wood {Una dura payahuai', fence {cerca) (67).
pa-uta'p,
{en el monte)) (41); also given as payai'la, which is wrinkled (?) {rugado)
judge {juez), probably by some (79).
mistake (52). pai'la, wrinkle {arruga); {ruduzull).
xa'm pa-uta'p, xa'm pawatap, hawk, payase'l, life {la vida) (36).
sparrow hawk {gavilan); or eagle payasu'i, blue {azul) (76).
{aquila) (29). u'-i payasu'i, blue eyes {ojos azul) (24).
pakwasel pa-utap, very furious {muy paya'-u, pakaya'-u, to prick {picar),
furioso) (60) the lance (105).
papo't pa-uta'p, a strong wind {viento xai payau', to shoot with the bow
fuerte) (53). {tirar del arco) (pi. same) (68).
90 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
drade gave papo'l) (115). moon (luna llena), "se lleno" (cf.
mapi' payawai'le, I contract or bend pepola'm and pe'xpolam, under)
the arm {yo contracto el brazo) (9). (58).
payawa'p(le), food {la comida) (69). pehue't, dry {seco).
payawe't paser payawa'p, provisions i-ape'l pexue't, i-ape'l pehue't, who
(69) {ser, Spanish word) (payawa'p has a very dry face (like an old
= llevar) person) {qui tiene la cara muy seca)
torn paya°wa'p]e, porcelain, china, (11).
(also plata) (67). koome't pehue't, ko-ome't ax
payawela'-u, to fear {tener miedo) (114). alpaka'm, a dry kettle {la olla seca)
payawiau (53). (22).
kla'm payawiau', wolf {lobo) (25, 53) mi-ape'l pexue't, his face is very dry
(J). (11).
payaye'l, flexible (said of paper) {flojo) pe'-iwa's, ripe {maduro) (42, 81).
(80). to'm piwa's, fruit "thing ripe" {cosa
payehepi', madura) (42) (payalui, non maduro)
payehepi' kemio'p, pehepi' kemio'p, (42).
to shoot (a carbine) (^irar {carabina)) peka'm,
(112) {tirar con carabina) (68). xa'm peka'm, tzentzont(li) (a species
payenui', to return (v. intr.); also of bird) mocking bird (29).
payenue'n (112). pekatai', (121).
payenue'n nawi's wata'p payawe't, kua'k apekatai'le, what is smeared
we are pulling up {nosotros somos upon arrows {que unto a las fiechas)
arrancando) (77). poison (121) (cf. pakahuai').
payesiau', peke'l, bald {pelon, desnudo, peloncito)
sepe'n payesiau', salted (?) {salado) (77) (/rom peki's?).
(50). ela'x peke'l, bald headed {pelona la
payesu'i, clear {limpio, claro) (80). cabeza) (31).
ax payesu'i, clear water {agua limpido, gna'x emo'l peke'l, a poor man (or
dara) (49). nahakme'm), "skin deprived of
payiwa'k, to beat {aporrear) (112) (pi. hair" (28).
of obj. same) {golpcar) (114) (cf. peke'lena, hairless {peloncito) (139).
anelua'k(le), awakui'l). pekio't emo'l peke'l, anaked boy, an
payawe't nawaso'l payiwa'k, to beat uncovered boy {muchacho desnudo,
many people {golpear muchas gentes) non encuerado) (67).
(30). pekio't {and pelawi's), boy.
payowa'tni, ipekio't, I as a boy (135-text).
paisellai' payowa'tni, I begin to weep pekio't emo'l peke'l, a naked boy, a
{yo comienzo a llorar) (64). boy uncovered {muchacho desnudo,
pe-a-una'ma, it doesn't leave the muchacho non encuerado) (67).
mountain (or wood) una, away (?),
; pekio't kica'x, boy, baby, child (135-
cf. unakehui (dance), text) .
pe-i-una'ma, does not come out (from pelawi's pakieke't, pekio't pakieke't,
the forest?) (song-136) {no sale del the boy is running {el muchacho es
peki's, clean, and flat(?) (see paki's). pele' pakai', (sapota-tree?) (chapote
a'x pekgwe'k, low water {mar bajo) said to be same as zapote) (44).
(50). somi' pele'xhi, somi' pele'hhi, a
somi' peki's, flat, a field (llano) (23). plain, a prairie, a savanna (llanura)
pe'kla, to suck {chupar) (112). (somi' = afuer a) (23, 50).
a'x pe'kla, to suck tobacco (chwpar wama'kpele', church (iglesia), "sacred
tobaco) (47). house" (61), "good house" (66).
a'x pe'kle, cigarette {cigarito), to suck wama'k pele'he, wama'k pele'x, the
tobacco (65). house is good (la casa estd buena)
peklai', turtle (tortuga) (34) (see glai'). (66).
pekota'mle, to win, "they have won pelkua'm, to return to (tr. verb with
it"? {lo han ganado) (37). sing, obj.) (112).
pekue'l,
pella'p(le),
set sepiau' pekue'l, the wasps (bees?) apela'pla, I wash (yo lava) (22).
make honey (las avispas hacen
xai' pella'ple, xai' perra'ple, the tree
miel) (39).
fell (el palo se cayo), the wood was
pe'x, forehead (frente) (31). cleared (limpiado el palo) (cf.
(41)
pel, to break wind (form denied by 2d elua'x)
informant)
pela'pla, to wash (lavar, limpiar) (113).
ampela'm pape't, the act of breaking
kale't (a) pela'pla, to clean the pot for
wind (rumbadorl) (27). faeces (limpiar el cagador) (66).
pelai(le),
kem apela'pla, a washerwoman (22).
alekueten torn pele'x apelai'le, seams xai', apela'ple, a long hollow washing
(71). wood
trough made of (artesa) (71).
alekuete'n tom pele'x apelai'le, two
xai' tom lignum vitae, "one
apela'pl,
seams (71).
wishes to wash with it" (quiere
apelai'le, to sew (coser) (and deriva-
lavar con el) (43).
tion) (114).
to'm apela'pla, soap (jabon) (71).
ke'm to'm pelai'le, seamstress (cosi-
ya'x (a)pela'pla, to wipe the nose, to
dor).
wash the nose (limpiar el nariz)
to'm (a)pelai'le, (1) needle (aguja),
(10, 36).
(2) thread (hilo), (3) one who sews
peniai', see wai.
(cosidor) (71).
pelawi's, boy (see pekio't). pepeki'sen, right (derecho) (79).
pelawi's pa'kie, he (the boy) came lo't pepeki'sgn, right arm (brazo
pelawi's pakieke't, the boy running pepo'k, pepu'k, white (bianco), a white,
is
184198—40-
92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
(?)).
yeina' pessua' papusamai', I am not
ye'm pesa'm ya-uno, he says he wishes able (or I am unable) to whistle (yo
(dice que quiere), lit. "he says he does no puedo chiffar) (110).
not wish; yes, (he does)" (50). pe't (or ipe't), to load (cargar) (114).
ye'n pesa'm, I don't desire (no quiero) toko'm paipe't, the load (la carga)
(113, 121). (114).
toko'm paipe't payahua'p, that is
pese'x, good (bueno, manso), pretty
going to leave the load (que va d
(bonita,hermosa) Uhde (p. 186)
;
and pi.) (cuerpo muerto) (31). emna' pot, I am blowing (or they are
paiplau' enta, he is dead (se murio) not blowing?) (18).
(99). gnax papo't, a blower (18).
paplau' papiewi', he died of faintness papo't, pepo't, (1) to blow (soplar);
(se murio de flaqueza) (36). (2) wind (viento) (53, 120).
paplaua'p, paplawa'p, dead (muerto) papo't pa-uta'p, strong wind (viento
(80). fuerte) (53).
paplaua'p mahue'l Tejon, the Tejon papo't wametua'k, tornado (chubasco,
(Indians) are all gone (los Tejones "voltio el aire") (53).
son todos acabados) (99). pokue't, breath (alie^ito) (according
yen te' Tonita paplau', my mother to one informant, but tee pokue't)
Antonita died (135). (29).
pohokue't, tired (cansado) (79, 102). powi,
paiwakue't, to rest (cansarse) (102). gna' powa'tni, a mad man (cf. pa'tni).
pokue't, feeble (flojo), it is dying (estd pa'powi', rage, wrath (ira) (79).
muriendo) (29) (given by one powui,
informant as "breath") (aliento) ax powui' (A), spittle (see ax
(see po(t)). kekiete't) (20).
pozla'p, pretty (bonito) (80) (cf. poya'k, horse (cavallo) (25); poiat
pele'x, pese'x). (Uhde, p. 186).
pamata'p poxla'p, a good odor (bonito poya'k apeme'tle, horseshoe (herra-
olor) (43). dura) (71).
poska'm, woska'm, wide, large, great; poya'k ela'x, horsehair (cerda) (28).
also pakma't. poya'k emi', horse's hoof (una del
a'x pawoska'ra, a cigar (cigarro) (65). cavallo) (23).
ali paboska'm, which has large ears poya'k emi' pekna'tle, horseshoe
(qui tiene las orejas largas) (25). (herradura) (A) (71).
94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
poya'k kica'x, colt, "little horse" sel, straw {paja) ; (2d informant) torn
(23). umse'l, to.
poya'k pake'm, mare (yegua) (25). xai' sel, leaf {hoja) (41).
poya'k pawetia'p, horse dung, horse xai' se'l pa-uple, vegetable poison
manure (28). {veneno vegetal) (47)
ptau', p'tau', paptau', dry {seco, seca) selakampo'in, Comanche (135-text);
(44, 79); also pehue't, pexue't (79). Cotoname (23); brave {or wild)
ax paptu'k, a dry pool (un charco Indians {Indios bravos) (23).
seco) (61). selakampo'm ampiwa'klen, the
(28).
selamkampo'm patua'm, Comanche
(23), "wild people."
kemio'p papu's, a pistol (68).
sela'i, sellai', paselai', paselei' (sing.
xa'm papu's, xa'm papu'c, water hen
(gallina de agua), goose (29).
and pi.), to cry, to weep {llorarse)
semi' ya'k, after arriving (129). somi' pele'xhi, a prairie {llanura) (50).
tomikai semi', after eating {despues somi' tete hala, how will that one be
de comer) (129). called? (como se llamard aqul?) (91).
sen, somi' toko'm kaite kam pessua',
sen akma't, little by little (poco a that does nothing {que no hace
poco) (125). nada) (126).
senowe'ya, around itself, all about {at somi' yentka'm, in my land {en mi
rededor) (126, 138 in song), tierra) (89).
sepe'l,
so'misek, Texas (21).
yau' sepe'l, sepe'l yau'; eggshell {cas-
somise'k apalue'mle, an inhabitant
cara del huevo) (29).
of Texas {morador de Texas, Tejano)
sepe'n, salt (la sal) (50) (cf. sepiau',
(24).
honey),
sumia'k, going about {or out) alone
esto'k sepe'n kai', Indians eat salt
{anda fuera solo) (25).
(Indios comen sal) (34).
waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a wild
sepe'n payesiau', salted (salado) (50).
animal {animal de la res ladino)
sepiau', bee (abejas), honey (miel)
(75, 78).
(39).
sepiau' pana'l, honeycomb semi-eke' [somi-eke'j, his land {terre-
(39).
se't sepiau' pekue'l, the bees make no el suo) (given as "terreno pelon-
honey {las avispas hacen miel) (39). cito el suyo") (80, 89, 138).
sepiauya'm, it is a dart or stick (wil- somixo'p, somi xo'p, very far {muy
low??) ijara, jaracina) (45). Ujos) (125), against the sierra (?).
ser, (probably Spanish word "to be") esto'k somaxo'p {or semixo'p) Koto-
(69). na'me, Cotoname Indians {Indios
payawe't pa ser payawa'p, provisions Cotonames) (24).
(69). pake'm somixo'p peha'plem.e, the
set, wasp (avispa) (37) bee. snow fellyesterday (la nieve cay6
se't sepiau' pekue'l, the bees make ayer) (54)
honey (las avispas hacen miel) (39). somixo'p akiawai'ne, forests? {silvasf),
sewetiau', {see sowetiau'). he wandered in the forests {rotart
pasewetiau', strong (or hot?). d silvas) (47).
ax pasewetiau', warm water {agua somixo'p anelue'me, you (pi.) will
caliente) (49). be far? {estards lejos?) (95).
a'l pasewetiau', the sun is strong {el
somixo'p anelue'me maseka'm, will
sol estd fuerte) (57) you be far away another day?
seyota-iye, (word in a song) (136). {eslards lejos otro dia?) (99).
somi', there is nothing {no hay nada),
somixo'p wama'k, name of Saltillo
which is outside {que es afuera)
(21).
(78), without {afuera, afuera de,
mundo) (126). somna'-u, people {gente), Indian;
sino aqul, en el
sonna'-u (J); said to be name of
glam somipe'x, a tame animal {ani-
Emiterio {see esto'k) (na-u perhaps
mal mansito) {27)
from nawaso'l) (23).
kla'm sumia'k, coyote, "going about
alone" {anda fuera solo) (25). ke'm somna'-u {or ke'm sonna'-u),
somi ka'm, nothing at all {nada) an Indian woman {muger India)
(126). (23).
sowetiau', hot (caliente) (78). ye'n wata'p payawe't, they are pull-
a'l pasowetiau', the sun is warm (sol ing up (ellos (or ellas) son arran-
estd caliente) (57, 95). cando) (85).
pasopta'm, making heat American red pepper (45).
(haciendo ta-u', chile,
calor) (53). payawe't amkamau', chile stings
ta-u'
sulpape'l, to write (this is uncertain; much (el chile pica mucho) (45).
the word may be corrupt Spanish). tawelo', corn, maize (maiz), ear of corn
swahue'l, back, spine (dorso, espinazo) (mazorca del maiz) (44).
(also three-spined stickleback) tawalohi', corncob (olote) (A) (see
swahue'l teme't (?) pa't teme't, side pakenha'le) (44).
of the body (lado del cuerpo) (9). tawelo' ayawe't nahakme'm, harvest
tcau', oil (aceite) (45). (cosecha) (51).
ta'hikam, te, mother (?) (see ma't).
klam mentka'm ta'hikam?, whose is ye'n te, my mother (mi madre) (15,
that dog? (de quien es ese perro?) 135-text).
(91). te, (cf. we).
ta-i, ax patepatla, island (isla), "cut off
omta'-i, parents (parientes) (16); by water" (49).
A. gave keka's, kana-usa' in what ela'x tewa'k, ela'x iwema'k (A), to
is perhaps another dialect, cut off the head (cortar la cabeza)
men omta'-i, his parents, (28).
men omta'-i he has no
alpaka'm, xai te't pawoska'm, long spines (es-
parents {sus parientes no hay) (16). pina a leafless shrub with
larga),
omta'-i kica'x, grandson (nieto) (16). long thorns (46).
tarab6r, drum (adopted from the xa'l apate' gna'x, barber, "man who
Spanish) (71) also patapta'k (q.v.).
; cuts off hair" (51).
ta'n, mesquite tree, mesquite pod (43). xa'm xai' pateta'm, woodpecker (car-
tan, pintero), "bird piercing trees" (29).
ta'n emna'n? who art thou? {quien es le'xo te' emte' pameklai', pocket
tu?) (91). (bolsa) (probably wrong (le'xo =
tap, va y vien) (76).
xai' pata'ple, xai', bow (arco) (68, patewa'k, to cut one's self (cortarse)
73, 112). (113); also given "it stops short,"
xat ati's patata'p, to cast the saliva "it is ashamed."
(que tira la saliva) (112). te't, (1) thorn (espina)', (2) lechu-
pata'ple, to draw (as a bow) (tirar guilla (a plant, Spanish "small
arco) (15, 73). lettuce") (44); (3) tasajio (42).
patata'p, to draw (tirar) (111). te't amkie't, the thorn pricked him
emna" wata'p payawe't, you (pi.) are (la espina lo pico) (42, 87).
pulling up {vosotros estais (?) arran- Tejo'n,
cando) (85). esto'k Tejo'n, Tejon Indian (Indio
nana" ig-wata'p, you are pulling up Tejon) (acabaron toditos) (23).
(tu eres arrancando) (85). paplaua'p mahue'l Tejon, the Tejon
nani' ig-wata'p, he (she, it) is pulling Indians are all gone (los Tejones
up (el (ella) es arrancando) (85). son todos acabados) (99).
nawi's ig-wata'p, I am pulling up telom,
(estoy arrancando) (85). telom memi'te [nemite], sleepyhead
nawi's wata'p payawe't, we are pull- (dormilon) (73).
ing up (nosotros estamos arran- telo'm alpaka'm, he did not grow
cando) (85). feeble (no se acabo) (29).
payenue'n nawi's wata'p payawe't, teme't,
we are pulling up (nosotros somas e'p pateme't mukiewe't, the tail of
arrancando) (77). the pigs is twisted (la cola de los
watap, to pull up (arrancar) (120). cochos es torcido) (44).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 97
xal pateme't, hollow mouth {hoca xai' tom apapa'kle, lignum vitae
chueca) (7). {guayacan) (61).
pateme't, twisted {chueco, torcido) xai' tom apawe'nle, he goes rowing
(102). {el va romando) (68, 116).
swahue'l teme't, pat teme't, side of xai' tom apela'pl, xai' tom apapa'kle
the body {lado del cuerpo) (9, 35). (A), lignum vitae {guayacan), lit.
wi pateme't, squinting {ojos tuertos, "wishes to wash with it" {quiere
ojos torcidos) (2, 79). lavar con el) (43)
tet, tasajio (tasajo), jerked beef (?); also xai' tompalakua'ple, auger {barrena,
aikiet (q. v.). varena) (46).
tete, how, what, why. nawaso'l tom eke' payawe't, rich man
nana"' tetepaye', what shall you do? {hombre rico) (89)
(99, 118). temkaxmau', witchcraft (A) (25, 61)
tet aine'me, what shall I do? (que hare (probably tom kamau, "to kill some
yo?) (91). one"),
tetamneka, que tiene? (64). to'm ax apapa'kla, I am washing {yo
tetepamne'ka pamselai, why do you soy levando) (22).
weep? (porque lloras) (64).
to'm apamakua'kle, dish {or cup) for
tete hala', tete'fala', language (idioma, food {vaso pot comida, "cosa que
"que quiere decir)" (73, 91). va cocer") (69).
how will that one be
somi' tete hala' ?
to'm apakamau'le, lead {plomo) (73).
named? {como se llamard aqui?)
to'm apapa'kle, soap {jabon) (A) (71).
(91).
to'm apawema'k, scissors {tijeres
te'-u, {also po'so); moccasins (70).
(should be tijeras)) (71); der. from
tewalise'l, conjurer (61).
gna'x tewahse'l, a wizard (brujo) (61).
wuemak {see we),
kem tewalise'l, a witch (hechizero) (61). to'm (a)pelai'le, (1) needle {aguja),
u-i, u'-i, hu-i, eye {ojo) (in all num- waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a wild
bers) . animal (animal de la res ladino)
gna'x kayau', eyesore (29).
u'-i (75).
hu'i alpekuete'n, two eyes (6). wai' wa-uta'p, the rough mountain
huipawe'l, xuipawe'l, wipawe'l, one- (duro al monte) (36).
eyed (79), blind in one eye (tuertos) wai aka'ma, he does not come out
(42), also given as crosseyed. of the mountain (no sale del monte) ,
xa'm u'-i mo'elpa', tecolote (29). probably "he is not in the moun-
xa'm u'-i pakma't, owl {ojos grandes) tain" (138-text).
(29). wai', great white "fruit," round
u-i eme'n, eyebrows. (mushroom?) (46).
u-ika' xet aina'p piauno'k, they wai wuel, nacahuita-tree (45).
sucked the blood of the sick wa'k, le'he wa'k a'pal, bad house
(chupaban la sangre de los enfermos) (casa mala) (66).
(76).
wak,
u-ika'x, the temple bone (7).
aligwa'kle (sing, and pi.), to fight
u-i kmehue'l, eyelash (6).
(pelear) (15).
u-i pamoya'k, blind (ciego) (129).
gna'x peyua'k, a valiant man, a
u-i papis, or u'-i pamoya'k, blind
fighter; also gna'x patua'm (118).
(ciego) (79).
peyua'k, he scuffled (se peleo) (118).
u'-i payasu'i, eyes blue (ojos azul), a
selakampo'm ampiwa'klen, the Co-
native of Spain (24).
manche fight (los Comanches
ulamai',
pelearon) (in 1853 at Matamoros)
paulamai', to cry (sing, and pi.)
(66).
(gritar, gritarse) (14); one shouts
yeni' nana' ampeywa'kle, to fight
(111); wa-ulamai', many shout each other (pelear entrambos) (I
(111).
and thou) (97).
xa'm pa-ulamai', hen, cock (gallina,
wakate', cow (from Spanish vaca).
ave gritando) (29).
xai' apaka'mle wakate', ox-yoke (yugo
nana" pa-ulamai' kame yeina', you
de bueyes) (67).
(pi.) can't shout (Usted no puede
wai'hak wakate', cattle on the moun-
gritar) (110).
tains (res al monte) (129).
payawe't pa-ulamai', many shout.
waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a
urio'n (Mex. word), flying squirrel
foreign or wild animal (animal de
(ordilla volante) (26).
la res ladino) (75)
va-utisa'ra, to baptize (from Spanish
wakat eme'l, skin of cattle (cuero de
bautizar) (62, 135-text).
res) (pakatome'l is false).
wahue'n (sing, and pi.), soft (mole)
wakate' gne'm, milk (27).
(79), soft earth, sand (arena,
wakate' kne'm, a cow's teats (tetas de
tierra molida) (50), sand (arena),
la vaca) (28).
metal (plata, arjento) (73).
wakate' pamua'l, bull, ox (toro, macho)
wai', hill, mountain, forest (montana,
"male bison" or "male of cattle"
monte, cerro) (8, 46, 49, 138) (cf.
(7, 25).
yahue'n)
wakate' papi', bison, buffalo (27).
ale'l wai', thighs of the legs (muslos
wakate' somipe'x, a tame cow (vaca
de la pierna) (8).
mansita) (27).
pemai', the mountain (la sierra), the
wakati' yemo', horn of an ox (19).
slope (la loma) (50).
wai' eka'm pa-uta'p, (?) (89). wa'x, belly (barriga, vientre, pansa)
wai' iyu°'si, side of the mountain (9, 12).
lo't pawame'n, left arm (brazo iz- pewai'le gnax, to wound someone;
quierdo) (9). also to cut (30).
wami', warn, emi', sole (of foot), tom apawema'k, scissors (tijeras) (71,
sandals (also leather whip) (see 112) (cf. pewai'le above),
emi') wuemak, wemak, to cut (cf. te).
wami' makmetlai', sandals (sandalos, wehemo', see wa'x.
baqueta de cuero guarachis (70)). weka'payo, smelHng (oliendo) (136)
wami' pakayau', centipede (ciento (cf. exno').
pie) (?), ("picador de las gua- wekati', measuring worm (gusano medi-
raches") (38). dor) (10).
w a rate', welkua'm,
elea' wamte' pakayau' amkamau', pawelkua'm (sing.), papelkua'm (pi.)
dead of a fever (muerto de la fiebre) to steal (hurtar) (14).
(32) (cf. warn). tom pawelkua'm, a thief (ladrone)
wapna'k, (117).
ax wapna'k, on the other side of the welo',
river (d el u-i welo', cheek (pakma't, muy cache-
otro lado del rio) (50, 129)
wata'k, ton) (11).
a'l wata'k (A), the sun comes up, the weme'n, straight, a line (linea)
(80).
sun rises (el sol viene saliendo) klam ep pawene'n, the tail of the dog
(57, 111), is straight (la cola del perro es
wata'p, to flee (huir) (121). derecha) (44)
iwata'p, they fled (121, 135-text). xai' weme'n, straight wood (palo
wa'-u, ebony (ebano) (44) (?). derechito) (46).
u-i wau', given as name for fluid in mapi' weme'n, mapi' paweme'n,
the eyes and also earwax, ear water stretching the arms (yo estiendo el
we'na, weno', word in song, perhaps yahue'n, rising ground, hill, sierras
meaningless (136, 137). (loma) (49) (cf. wai).
wena'payo, word in a song, perhaps ya'k,
meaningless (136). semi' ya'k, semi' neme't, neme't semi'.
wene', weni', word in song said to be after arriving, after sleeping (despues
meaningless (136). de llegar, dormir) (103, 129).
wessi', bat (animal) (viurcielago) (27). yape't ya'k, before arriving (antes de
wessi', nit {liendre) (10). llegar) (37).
wewa'na (in dance song) (136). ya'x, ya'x, nose.
wewui', fat (manteca) (wewui' pakue'l, ya'x (a)pela'pla, to wash the nose
fat?). (limpiar el nariz) (10, 36).
wiau', ya'x lemi', point of the nose (puntilla
kua'k pawiau', sugarcane {cana dulce) de la nariz) (11).
(46). ya'x papna'an, pug nose (22).
pa-uyau', the crust of sugar that ya'x pawoska'm, pelican (31).
remains in the boiler {piloncillo), ya'x wawoska'm, or ya'x papo'l (A),
sweet (47). flat nose (22).
pawiau', pa-uyau', sweet, sweetmeats, yalu'-i,
sugar (?) (dulce) (78). payalu'i, payelu'i, pelui, unripe, not
pawiau' pepu'k, white sugar (azucar ripe (nan maduro, verde), green,
bianco) (69), "sweet white" (78). light-green (verde), yellow (amarillo)
wixne'p, a little stick.
(42, 44, 45, 76, 81) (guisache).
wixne'p, xai' pakassa'p, "cat-claw xai payalu'i (abbr. pelui), broom, a
tree" (una de gato) (46). bush (retama) (43).
wisne'p, perhaps word for "insect" but xai' payelu'i, butterfly (mariposa).
given as "spider" (arana) (39), xa'm payalu'i, xa'm payelu'i, a parrot
bedbug (chinche), and cockroach of the smallest kind (perrico,
or beetle (cacaracho) (38). cotorra), a "green bird" (pdjaro
woska'm, poska'ra.
see verde) (29, 30).
woyekue'l, stone, rock (piedra) (49).
yame'l, ya'mel, devil (diablo) (61);
pa-aka't wuyekue'l, to throw a stone
yamis emi's (E), (6).
(echar una piedra) (30).
woyekue'l aka't, to throw a stone
yanam, to know (saber), he knows
(echar piedra) (49)
(sabe) (120); yeme'm? (120).
woyekue'l kica'x, (piedritas de
pape'l payana'm wahglau', he knows
flint
to read the paper (sabe leer el
lumbre) (68).
papel) (120).
woyekue'l maketiau', a heavy stone
(piedra pesada) (49). yap,
woyekue'l pakieka't, the stone runs aleyape'tle, a file, a row (una jila)
sap ya kie', come quick! (101). first stick which is prepared (el
ya akie', ya kie', come here!, come at primero palo que estd parado) (67).
once! (vien pronto) (101). paineme't yape't, before sleeping
ya' wankie', come quickly! (vien (antes de dormir) (103, 122).
repentino!) (101). pe'yap, to follow, to be following
esto'k yak elpa', we ourselves (cor- (seguir, estar siguiente) (116).
rected as "here is the Indian") yape't ax ikami, before drinking
(aqui es el India) (95) (antes de (mi) bever) (129).
ya-ama'm, yape't yak, before arriving (antes de
ahua'p ya-ama'm, to place against llegar) (37).
another thing (poner contra otra yape'l pehio'l, dot, blot (cacarizo)
cosa) (130). (73).
102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY rBull. 127
mesmati' kenkiwa'ye, hear what I ama't pakio', klam yen ka'mle, where
you! (oye se lo quetedigo!) (32). did my dog go? (73).
tell
anquailam, I love you (Uhde, p. 186).
nana' tokom yene', I think it is this
emna" yen mat, your (pi.) mother
(pienso ser esto) (yene = pensar) (64).
(madre de vosotros) (89).
paiye', in order to hear (para oir)
esto'k yeni' payawe't, they are com-
(103, 115).
panions (son companeros).
paye'he, to think and to hear (pensar
esto'k yen mat, their mother (madre
y oir) (111, 115), that one thinks de ellos, madre de ellas) (89).
(aquel piensa) (39) ; you think (tu
gla'm yenka'm, where is my dog? (or
piensas) (39).
this dog is mine) (73).
somi' pexka'm, deaf (sordo) (79). gla'm yen kam xat alpa'x, where is
ye-ina'n paye'he, we think (nosotros my dog? (donde estd mi perro?) (93).
pensamos) (39). gla'm yen ka'mi, my dog is eating
yena'x paye'he, you (pi.) think (mi perro estd comiendo) (103).
(vosotros pensais) (or emna' gna' yen mat; their mother (madre de
pame'he) (39). ellos, ellas) (89).
yen paye'he, I think (yo pienso), I kamla yentke', my land {mi tierra)
hear (yo 6yo) (39). (89).
104 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
ke'm yen he'l, I am married, "a ye'n ko't manzana payema', you gave
woman goes with me" ("me casS") my son an apple {listed dio a mi
(17). hijo una manzana) (68).
xa't yen halaka'm, I don't under- ye'n ma't, my mother {mi madre) (15).
stand the language {no entiendo la ye'n meklai', my skirt {falda) (49).
idioma) (120). ye'n mo's, ye'n mawi's, my father
xa't yen uhalau', I understand the {mi padre) (15, 135).
language {entiendo idioma) (120).
la ye'n omta'i, my parents {mis
lavor yentke', lavor i-entke', the crop parientes) (16).
is mine (la mil-pa estd mid) (51, 89). ye'n paye'he, I think {yo pienso) and
my foot {mi pie) (8). ye'n wata'p payawe't, they are pull-
ing up {ellos son arrancando, ellas
yena'ha {or yena') la kam, I don'r
son arrancando) (85).
know {yo no se), I don't recognize
yena'mle, tied {amarrado) (102).
{yo no conosco) (105).
yeme'm, he bridled alone {arrendo
yenamera, looking {mirando) (138-
solof).
text)
yene'-i, you (pi.) {vosotros) (75, 85).
(yen) apakua'menta, I will bite {yo
yena'x paye'he, you think {vosotros
mordere) (99).
pensais) (39).
yeni' nana' ampeywa'kle, to fight yenhel, to walk {andar)
(?) (119) (cf.
each other (I and thou) {pelear apehe'l, other),
entrambos) (97) (yeina' can't be esto'kklam yenhe'l, klam yen kam,
used for "I"). an Indian with a dog {Indio con
yen ekla, my daughter {mi hija) (15). perro) (119).
yen ekla' (contr. yekla') petawi's, my esto'k klam yenhe'l kam, an Indian
younger daughter (15). without a dog {andando sino un
yen halS kam, to forget one's self perro) (119).
{olvidarse) (89). gna'x kla'm yentka'm payenhe'l, a
yenke', in mine {en mia) (89). man (walking) with a dog (119,
ye'n ke'n, my aunt {mi tia) (16). 131, 189).
ye'n kenesa', ye'n kenosa' (A), my kla'm payenhe'l pessua', (a man)
little sister {mi hermanita) (15). walking without a dog (131, 179)
ye'n ken kica'x, my younger sister {{hombre) sino perro) (119).
{mi hermana menor) (15). ke'm yen he'l, my wife, "she married
ye'n ken pakna', my elder sister {mi me" {me case) (17).
hermana mayor) (15). kla'm yen kam, Indian with a dog
yenkepo', I recline (on a chair) (68). {Indio con perro) (119).
ye'n kia'm, my uncle {mi Ho) (16). yeso',
yenkla', to my son (d mi hijo) (68). knem yeso', to nurse,
ye'n ko's kica'x, my younger brother yeso' knem, to nurse {mamar las
COMECRUDO TEXTS
This material is very crude but was all that Dr. Gatschet was able to obtain
and all that ever can be obtained owing to the utter extinction of the language.
Selakampo'm.
the Comanches.
Dancing Song
12. Nuwe' nua'ya ma, nua'ya ma, nueno a'ma, nuekwo a'yami nua'ya
(the deer is coming)
pakna'x klatai'l
call it makes &, S, a
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 107
ENGLISH-COMECRUDO INDEX
about to, inyu's. auger, xai', palakua'p.
above: aunt, ke'm, ken.
from above, le't (apparently on the ax, apake't(le).
Rio Grande). baby, pekio't.
to below, le't. back, swahue'l.
above, ape'l, ya-una'k. back of chair, paptak.
ache, kayau'. backsides, ale'l.
after, semi', ya'k. backward, pesna'k.
afternoon, etela'm(le). bad, a'pal, elia'wa-ite, pilie'p.
against, somi', ya-ama'm. bagre (a fish), pakma't.
agave, kai, pitai'. bald, peke'l.
agile, yekere'na. ball, a; bala, kemio'p.
agility, feats of; yekere'na. band, wam.
alewife, atui's. baptize, to; a'x, pepolam, va-utisa'ra.
alive, met, nawaso'l, yowe'n. barber, te.
all, mahue'l, yawe't. bark, xai', pake'tle, pamoxma'm.
all about, senowe'ya. basket, pawape'l.
alligator, selau'. bat, wessi'.
alone, nawi's, somi'. bathe, to; pawape'l.
angry, pakwase'l. baths, hot; aussoles.
animal, kla'm. be, to; alpa', alua'x, aneluem, nati,
anoint, to; apekatai' (le) ser, ya-uno', ya't.
another, apehe'l, xo'p. beam, pahuai'(l).
ant, kiome't. beans, patoH'to.
antelope, icnako'. bear, kla'm, yatau'.
anthill, e'-u, kiome't, yawe't. beard, xa'l.
anything, tom. beat, to; anelua'k(le), payiwa'k.
apple, manzana. bed, elua'x.
arise, to; ake'k. bedbug, wisne'p.
arm, lo't mapi'. bed covering, mepe'l.
armadillo, mowe'n. bee, sepiau'.
armpit, guahia'k. beef, jerked; aikiet.
around, gleka'l, warn, beetle, wisne'p.
around itself, senowe'ya.
before, ya'k, yap,
arrive, to; kio, paina'k.
begin, to; payowa'tni.
arrow, kua'k (cf. reed),
behind, pesna'k, wama'k.
ashamed, te.
ashes, len, seme'l. belch, to; aikatua'k.
at home, elpau'. bell, a; xalma't.
at once, ya. belly, wa'x.
184198—40 8
108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
wama'k, yawe't.
-city, cradle, awekna't(le).
clasp-knife, wen. crane, ko'l.
clean, papi's, peki's. crippled, xi'.
(184). (188).
kata'm, woman (perhaps really "adult") xua'npa, see hua'npa.
(188). xuwa'xi, see huwa'xe.
kata'm xai'ma, an Indian woman makua't, hair {pelo), head {cabeza),
{una India) (188). face (?) {car a) (54, 188).
kato'wan, right arm {braze derecho) ma'nex, man, fire {lumbre) (188).
(186). marano, see esmo'k.
ka'-u, kau', (1) reed (for roofing) ma'tsekuka, to sleep {duerme) (188).
{carrizo, cana) ; (2) arrow {flecha) ma'yen, fog {nieblinazo) (188).
(186). meso'-i, white {bianco) (188).
kema's, kema'sa, kema'sia (P), deer mia'pa, wings {alos) (188).
{venado) (187); (2) flesh, meat, msa'-e, red {Colorado) (188).
ke'mma, bow {arco por tirar) (187). mta'ra, to run {para correr) (188).
kena'x, good {estd bueno) (187). na'xe, a seat, a chair {silla, asiento)
sa' kgna'x, bad, "not good", (189).
kena'm, kna'm, female breasts nan, female.
(1)
{tetas, la chiche) (2) milk {leche); kema's nan, a female deer.
(187). 6', o', (1) sun {sol); (2) day {dia) (189).
kia'xhem, rabbit {el conejo) (187). oka' we, to dance {bailar) (189).
kia'-uxa, kiau'xa; snake {vibora) (187). oka'we koya'ma, to dance {va bailar)
kissa', fox {la zorra) (187). (55) {see koya'ma).
kna'm, see kena'm. ota'-ume, ota'-uma, east {oriente, por
koka'tere, horse {cavallo) (187). abajol) (189).
ko'x, belly {panza, vientre) (187). ovx, o'x, evening {tarde) (the signs after
kombo'x, wolf {el lobe) (187). the vowel o represent a curious
komio'm, bird {pdjaro) (187). sound with the glottis open) (189).
komio'p, (1) iron {hierro) (187); (2) pa' ma, to cry (they cry) {gritar) (189).
gun, rifle {fusil) (187). pa'-vma, pau'ne; (1) pipe {pipa); (2)
komio'po, knife {navaja) (187). to smoke {chupar) (189) (cf.
pe'n, earth, land {tierra) (189); mud titca'x me'n, what do you want? (que
(lodo) (last meaning questioned), quiere listed?) (190).
po'-una, dust (polvo de tierra) (189). wa'mena, wamina, tuna or cactus-fig
po'-tme, to blow (soplar) (189). (la tuna) (190).
sa', no (189). wapxa'p, maize-husk (paja de maiz)
sa' kSna'x, bad, "not good" (no estd (190).
bueno) (song) (189). wa'texo, he died (se murid) (190).
sa'x, sa'x, blood (sangre) (189). wa'txiika, to kill (matar) (190).
sa'nxe, come here! (vien acd!) (189). we'fta, west (oeste), up the country
se'ta, south {el sur) (189). (arriba) (190) (from the Spanish?),
se'wuya, sheep (oveja) (189). wuia'-u, bison(?), buffalo(?).
sua'-u, su-a'-u, (1) grass (zacate, wiya'-u ka'tara, cow (la vaca grande)
yerbas) (189); (2) tobacco (tabaco); (190).
(3) to smoke tobacco {chupar wuyopa'-u, young ox (becerro chiquito)
tabaco) (189), to smoke a cigar (56, 190).
(chupar cigarro). ya'-ex, ya"x, ya'x, nose (nariz) (186).
tsema'x, rat, mouse (raton, ratoncito) ya'x, sweet (dulce (de comer)), sweet-
(190). meats (186).
ta'nie, see da'n. yo'ino, horn (cuerno (de los mochas))
tawalo', maize (niaiz) (190). (186) ; same word also given as male
tha'we, painted (on body, face) (pinto), quadruped.
(referring to Indios Pintos) .
ENGLISH-COTONAME INDEX
MARATINO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
From the Spanish of Father Santa Maria
(Corrected by published list of Father Santa Maria)
ENGLISH-MARATINO INDEX
able, kugtima. flee, to; pamini.
after the manner of, niwa. forces, koh.
although, kuaahne. forest (P), tamu.
and, he. go, to; nohgima.
arrow, ciri. joy, maamehe.
bird, magtc. kill, to; paahtcu.
bow, mahka. leap, to; maatzimetzu.
but yet, kuaahne. like, niwa.
children, tzikuini. lion, xuri.
come home, to; utepa. little, -i.
WORDS IN ARANANA
himia'na tsa'yi) give me water!
himiya'na, v/ater.
KARANKAWA-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(the material arranged under stems)
words from Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Talon, recorded in 1688.
(T),
words from the French sea captain Berenger, recorded in 1720. The first
(B),
forms are as printed by MM. de Villiers du Terrage and P. Rivet, the forms in
parentheses being from a copy made for a Swiss family which was obtained for the
Ayer collection of Americana in the Newberry Library, Chicago.
(S), words from Old Simon, a Tonkawa Indian, collected by Dr. A. S. Gatschet
in 1884.
(W), words collected by Dr. Gatschet from Sally Washington, an old Tonkawa
woman in 1884.
(0), words from Mrs. Alice Williams Oliver, recorded by Dr. Gatschet in 1888.
na'-i a'wa ba'wus, I give you (0). same term occurs with the numerals
Captain Jim a'wa kosa'ta, Captain (O).
Jim made it for you (0). dolonakin, (dolonaquin), teeth (B).
a'wa kam'nma, thy mother (0). do'owal, sun (0).
a'wa be'hema, your father (0). e', tooth (0).
gaxiame'tgt upat, long ago I spoke ihie'-a, hie'-e, hi'-ia, hi'e-a, ie-6, ybs
(the language) (S). (O).
ga's, to come (O). ini, to sleep (0).
na'tsa kwan glo'-6sn ga's, one little ta' im, he wants to sleep (0).
ga's mgssu's, he has gone hunting (O) ka ai kuan (ca ay couan), pistol (B).
ga's ka'da, come, girl! (0). kaa-konam (caa conam) [kaa-kuam
ka'-as wana', me here! (W). (caa couam)], cask (B).
ga'ta, domestic cat (from Spanish gato) ka'da, girl (mothers addressed their
(O). daughters by this term) (0).
ga'ta kwa'n, kitten (0). ga's ka'da, come, girl! (0).
gusga'ma, shirt (cf. kwi'ss, cloth, etc.) kadiol (cadiolle), calumet (B).
(0). ka'dla, calico (0).
gwa', kwa', to read (0). kwi'ss ka'dla, calico dress, gown,
ha'be, woman's dress (O).
do'-atn ha'be, ten (0). kadiim (cadum), vermilion (B).
hai'kia, two (0). kaham. (caham), a cabin (T).
ha'yo hai'kia, six (0). kahamkeami (cahamqu^amy), the
hai'kia na'tsa, seven (0). Spaniards, "people of the earth,"
hai'kia be'hema, eight (O). because they reached them over-
hai'kia do'-atn, nine (0). land. (T).
hai'tn, to catch, to capture (O). kahan (ca han), jug (B).
na'-i ko'ta kuwai' hai'tn, I ran to ka'hawan (ka'-awan), to make, to pro-
catch the horse (0). duce, to manufacture; (0).
na'-i be'hSraa hai'tn, (go and) catch demo'a ka'hawan,
na'-i I make
up with my father! (O). arrows (0).
hai'tnlokn, the large green turtle ka'he (cake), tobacco (T, S).
(Chelonia mydas) (0). ka swe'nas, cigarette (S)
ha'ka, sit down! (W). kai'ta, kata', to laugh (0).
tcakwame', sit down here! (W). a'wa kata'; kau'pn, you laugh! tell
ha'kes, ha'kus, to sit (0). (why)! (O).
ka'da ha'kfis ba'-ak, the girl sits in the kaxa'yi, three (0).
house (0).
kalama (calama) fkalamu (calamu)],
na'tsa kwan ko'eln ha'kus akwini',
hat (B).
one little bird sits on a tree (O)
ha'lba, chief (0).
kalac (calache), acorn (B).
hama [huma], grindstone (B). kalbasska (calbassca), the French,
hama'la, pretty, handsome (O). "people come from the sea." (T).
ta'l a'kwini hama'la, this tree is kez kalbassez (quez calbassez), a pig,
pretty (0). "a French dog" (T).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 127
kalmel (calmel) (B), ku'nmil (0), klaba'n, well, healthy, in good health
gunpowder. (O).
kameplan (cameplan), shoe (B). a'wa kUni'nma klaba'n, is your
kamej (cameje) [kamoj (camoje)], fly mother well? (0).
(B). klai (clay) (B), glle'-i, gle'-i (O), water,
kani'n, keni'n, breast, female breast, liquid; sea, ocean, open waters,
teat (O). te'skaus glle'-i, molasses (O).
kani'nma, kgni'nma, mother (0). klani (clany), gimlet (vrille) (B).
na'-i kSni'nma, my mother (O). klebd (clebeu) [debea], wine (B).
kanueiim (canouaium), a horse (T). klos (clos) (B), kolon (colone(e)), sun
ka'ssig, to pound (as corn by means of (T).
stones) (0). kohon (cohon), sand (B).
kassi'tcuwakn (kassi'dshuwakn) to kok (coq), a bowl (ecuelle), pail {seau)
,
u'ci ni'ktam, a little man, a youngster tcu'ta, bad, obnoxious, wicked, dan-
(S). gerous (0).
no'tawa, to swim (0). a'm tcuta', octopus, "dangerous fish"
a'm no'tawa, the fish is swimming (0). (0).
ki'ss no'tawa, the dog is swimming ko'm akna'mus ta'I a'm, tcu'ta, this
(O). not eaten; it is bad (0).
fish is
nya', nia', there, yonder (O). ta', to want, to desire, to wish; (also
ki'ss nia', the dog (is) there (O). used as an auxiliary verb for the
wa'l nia, far on (0). future tense) (0).
na'-i awa'n tea' nya', I see a boat ga's na'-i a'wa ta, come! I want you
over there (0). (0).
o'dn, a'dn, to shoot (0). ko'm ta' taki'na, he does not want to
o'dn dgmo'a, to shoot arrows (O). work (O).
a'wa o'dn m'su's, you shoot now! (in glo's'n e'm ta' wo'l, the boy wants to
the sense of "you may shoot jump to a distance {also sig. "the
presently") (0). boy can jump far out") (0).
okman (aucmane), pelican (B). glo's'n ta' te'skaus-gUe'-i, the boy
6's, o'ss, bear (from Spanish oso) (0). wants molasses (O).
owi'ya, to weep (O). na'-i ta' ha'k6s, I want to sit down (0).
pa'l, black (?) (O). ta'hama, to break (as china, sticks,
pe'ka, white (S). arrows, etc.), to tear (as cloth) (O).
kwa'n pe'ka, white horse (S). taki'na, to work (O).
pla', good, nice, fine, useful (in both ta'I, ta'll, this, that, he, she, it (0).
concrete and abstract senses) (0). ta'I a'ksol, he whistles (0).
mad6'na akna'mus pla', a pig is good tamo'yika, red (O).
to eat (0). tapcewa', hog (W).
sebe (ceb6), plover (B). teheye (tehheill^), a saber (T),
se-imahaha [sumahaha], arm (B). teke-dolan (tequedolan) [deke-dolan
se-cotan (sechotan) [sehotam], arm (dequedolan)], cowhorn (ef. dolona-
(from the elbow to the shoulder) kin) (B).
(B). tekomandotsen (tecomandotsen), a
shak (shacq) [sotak (sotacq)], to walk stag or deer {un cerf ou un chevreuil)
(the s and h presumably pro- (T).
nounced separately) (B). tekotsen (tecotsen), a common bird (T).
sileka'yi, knife (O). teksilea (tecsilea), to sew (B).
sni'n, te'nno, too, also, and (0).
ahfl'mmic snl'n, get away! scat! (0). na'-i te'nno Walu'pe, I and Guade-
awe'nas, lupe (0).
; ka swe'nas, cigarette (S). glo's'n akna'mus te'nno, the boy eats
tao'l, blue (0). (of it) also (0).
tea', to see, to behold (0). te'skaus, sweet, sugar (0).
n' tea' a'wa, I see you (0). te'skaus gUe'-i, molasses (O).
na'-i a' wan tea', I see a
boat (O). na'-i akna'mus kwiamo'yi te'skaus-
m' tea' a'wa, how do you do? "how do glle'-i, I am eating bread with
you see yourself?" (O). molasses (0).
na lea', I see (O). tesnakwa'ya, milk (0).
Tcanka'ya, Tonkawa Indian (S). tessele'nia, tesele'nya, brush (0).
tca'pn, to be on the point of (O). e' tessele'nia, tooth-brush (O).
n'tca'pn ., I am going to
. . (0). tec (tech), a bull, probably meaning a
. . .
te'ts'oa, te'tsoa, beef, cow, cattle, beef- wo'l ba', strong wind (0).
meat. (The meat must be speci- wa'l glle'-i, much water (0)
fied by giving the name of the e'm wo'l, to jump to a (great) distance,
animal from which it came) (0) to take a long leap (O).
Col. Robinson te'tsoa ahu'k, Col. wa'l nia, far off, "way yonder" (0).
Robinson has killed a cow (0). na'-i ye' wol, I walked a good deal
ti'kemai, beef (S). (O).
to'los, to'lus, to run, to run fast (0). ba'kta buda'ma wa'l, day long past
n6 ba'wus kwa'tci to'lus, to'lus, give (O).
me fire! run! run! (0). wo'lya,
tuwa'mka, yesterday; also referring to ku'tng wo'lya, prairie chicken, chicken,
past time in general (O). hen (0).
uapa (ouapa), water-hen (B). wu'-ak, to lie down (0).
uahahim (ouahahim), dugout canoe na'-i be'xma wu'ak, ta' im my father
(pirogue) (B). lay down to sleep (0).
upat (emphatic form upa'-a-at), long ya'-an, great, large, tall, wide (0).
ago (S). ya'm, potato (not the sweet potato)
gaxiame'tet upa't, long ago I spoke (O).
(the language) (S)
ya'mawe, man (0).
u'ci, man (?).
ye', to go, to walk; redupl. ye' ye (O).
u'ci ni'ktam, a little man, a youngster
na'-i ye' mSda'-u o'dn, I am going to
(S).
wa'na, go away! or let us go! shoot ducks (0).
na'-i ye' do'tn aho'k, I am going to
tcakwame', (come and) sit down here!
kill deer (O).
(W).
na'-i ye' wo'l, I walked considerably
ka'-as wana', come here! (W).
(O).
wi'-asn, rain (0).
wo'l, we'll, wa'l; strong, powerful; ye'tso, to stand (0).
much, a great deal of, plenty of (O). yS'ta, music (0).
ENGLISH-KARANKAWA INDEX
about to, tca'pn. • beads, kujahin.
acorn, kalac. beans, kudec.
adze, kusila. bear, 6's.
affectionate, muta'. beef, didot, ti'kgmai
after a while, messu's. behold, to; tea',
all the time, mucawa'ta. belly, a-luk.
alligator, ho'kso. big, kunin.
also, te'nno. bird, ku'dn.
always; mucawa'ta. bird, a common; tekotsen.
and, te'nno. biscuit, kuejam.
angry, to be very; nape'-nai naxeru'axa bison, didot.
pa'ra. black, ma, pa'l.
arm (forearm), se-cotan. blue, tso'l.
arm (jpper), se-imahaha. board, kuaham.
arrow, demo, boat, awa'n, elucun.
ashes, ahona. bow, a; ga'i, kruin.
at present, messu's. bowl, kok.
ax, kialn. boy, kolohs, ni'ktam.
babe, kwa'n. bread, kwia'm.
bad, tcu'ta. bread, fresh; kokam
ball for musket, kecila-demuks. break, to; ta'hama.
barrel, bu'del. breast, kani'n.
basin, koje on. brush, tessele'nia.
Swanton] LINGUISTIC IMATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 131
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Some supplementary assistance in the study of Coahuilteco dialects
may perhaps be derived from the tribal or band names which present
to us the same multiplicity as the dialects. It cannot be asserted
positively that all of the following names belonged to Coahuiltecan
tribes, but the greater part of them do undoubtedly. For com-
pleteness, I have included those tribal names which are wholly Spanish.
Aguastayas. Huanes.
Alasapas. Hume.
Andacaminos (a Spanish word sig. Juamaca.
"wanderers"). Jueinzum.
Annas. Juncatas.
Apayxam. Junced.
Aranama. Macapao.
Asan. Macocoma.
Atajal. Mallopeme.
Atastagonies. Mamuqui.
Borrados (a Spanish name). Manam.
Cabia. Manico.
Cacafes. Manos Colorados (a Spanish name sig.
Cachopostales. "red hands").
Camai. Manos de Perro (a Spanish term sig.
Cantunas. "dog hands," i. e., "dog feet").
Casas Chiquitas (a Spanish name sig. Manos Prietas (a Spanish term sig.
"small houses"). "dark hands").
Casastles. Maquems.
Chaguantapam. Maraquites.
Chagustapa. Matucar.
Chapamaco. Matuime.
Chemoco. Maubedan.
Chuapas. Mauyga.
Cimataguo. Mazapes.
Cluetau. Menenquen.
Cocomeioje. Mescales (a name perhaps derived from
Comecrudo (?)Spanish name
(a sig. Aztec mexcalli, which sig. "Maguey
"eaters of raw meat"). liquor").
Cotoname (?). Mesquites (a word adapted from the
Cupdan. Aztec name for Prosopis juliflora) .
Escaba. Milijaes.
Espopolames. M orb an as.
Gabilan. Mulato (a Spanish word sig. "tawny
Geies. people").
Guanipas. Narices (perhaps from Spanish nariz,
Gueiquesales. "noze", sig. pierced-nose people).
Guerjuatida. Nazas.
Guisoles. Necpacha.
Haeser. Nigco (probably meant for Sinicu)
Hapes. Obozi (?).
Harames. Ocana.
Heniocane. Odoesmades.
Hiabu. Ohaguames.
Hihames. Orejones (a Spanish word sig. "big-
Huacacasa. eared people").
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 135
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to the Tunican languages beyond the Trinity, which are now being
made the subjects of intensive investigations.
Professor Sapir ^ has also suggested a much wider connection for the
old south and central Texan tongues, aligning them as he does with the
great Hokan family of the Pacific coast. This contention has still to
be placed beyond reasonable doubt, but there are certain considera-
tions which lend considerable color to the idea. We note that, north
of Mexico, there are two regions of high linguistic complexity. The
better known area is, of course, California and Oregon, but the lands
about the northwestern angle of the Gulf of Mexico exhibit a similar
condition, yet one which has been obscured to some extent by the
fragmentary character of the material from this section. It is not
only that we have a number of small linguistic stocks but that there is
evidence of very considerable divergence among the dialects of those
stocks. Now, between the Pacific and Gulf areas are, or rather were,
two great families, one of which, the Athapascan, appears to have
intruded itself from the north at a relatively late period while the
other, the Uto-Aztecan, seems to have moved in a north-south direction
one way or the other considerably earlier. May it not be that the
aboriginal Californians and south Texans represented remnants of
earlier waves, split in two by these later comers and driven west and
east respectively?
* Sapir, E., The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages. Int. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 1, No. 4, pp.
280-290, Dec. 1920.
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