EUROCODE 8

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon, 10-11 February 2011

Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 211

Modelling and Analysis

(Chapter 4 of EC8-1)

Peter Fajfar
University of Ljubljana
M j K
Maja Kreslin
li
University of Ljubljana
 Accelerograms
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 Hysteretic behaviour
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
STEEL

MASONRY PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 “Philosophy” of seismic design
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 4

PERFORMANCE STATE
operational safe near collapse
frequent
q
R=95 years
AKE

41% in 50 years
THQUA

design
R=475 years
EART

10% in
i 50 years

max.considered
 Performance states
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Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 6

Everything should be made as simple

as possible
possible, but not simpler

Albert Einstein
 Scope
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 EC8-1, Chapter 4, Overview and comments

 4.2 Characteristics of earthquake resistant buildings
 4.3 Structural analysis
 4.4 Safetyy verifications
 Test building
 Modellingg
 Analysis
 Code designed
g versus old buildings
g
 Basic principles of conceptual design
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 Structural simplicity
p y
 Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy
 Bi-directional resistance and stiffness
 Torsional resistance and stiffness
 Diaphragmatic behaviour at storey level
 Adequate foundation
 L’Aquila 2009
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 L’Aquila 2009
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 L’Aquila 2009
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 Kobe 1995 Izmit 1999
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 Kobe 1995
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 Chile 2010
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 Kobe 2010
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 L’Aquila 2009
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 Montenegro 1979
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 Kobe 1995
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 Montenegro 1979
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 Montenegro 1979
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 Primary seismic members
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 Members considered as part of the structural

system
y that resists the seismic action,, modelled in
the analysis for the seismic design situation and
fully designed and detailed for earthquake
resistance in accordance with the rules of EN
1998
 Secondary seismic members
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 Members which are not considered as part of the

seismic action resisting
g system
y and whose
strength and stiffness against seismic actions is
neglected
 Structural (ir)regularity
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 Regularity
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 Regularity in plan
 Symmetry
 Compact plan configuration
 Adequate in-plan stiffness of the floors
 Small in
in-plan
plan slenderness
 Adequate torsional stiffness

 Regularity in elevation
 No interruption of lateral load resisting systems in
ele ation
elevation
 No abrupt changes of stiffness, mass and overstrength
 Limitations of setbacks
 Torsional flexibility
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T  Tx and/or T  Ty
rx  ls and/or ry  ls

Torsionally stiff Torsionally flexible

 Importance classes
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 Permanent loads “G”

 self weight of the structure + 2 kN/m2

I =Variable
0.8
– live loads “Q”
I

= 1.0
office building (category B)  2 kN/m 2

I = 1.2
 Vertical loads (G, Q) were distributed to the
elements with regard to their effective area
I = 1
1.4
4
 Importance factor
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 27

Importance factor Return period T (years)

0.8 230
1.0 475
1.2 780
1.3 1000
14
1.4 12 0
1250
(based on data for Slovenia)
 Combination of loads (EC0)
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Gj 1
k,j "+" P "+" A E,d "+" 
i 1
2,i Qk ,i

 Permanent loads “G”

 Prestressing loads “P”

 Seismic loads “A”

Q (factor in EC1)

 Variable – live loads “Q”
 Determination of masses
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G kj ""  Ei  Qki

 Ei    2i
 Pseudo 3D model
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 Cracked sections
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 In concrete buildings, in composite steel-

concrete buildings
b ildi andd iin masonry buildings
b ildi the
h
stiffness of the load bearing elements should take
into account the effect of cracking (Secant
stiffness to the initiation of yielding of the
reinforcement).)

 The elastic flexural and shear stiffness properties

p p
of concrete and masonry elements may be taken
to be equal to one-half of the corresponding
stiffness of the uncracked
ncracked elements
elements.
 Cracked sections
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 32

Sae (g) Sde (cm)

2.5
T
T cr= =2 T
R N
T √2
20
2.0 100

1.5

1.0 50

0.5

0.0 0
0 TTN TTR 1 2 3
cr T (s)
 Accidental eccentricity
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eaii =  0.05
0 05 Li

Li is
i th
the flfloor-dimension
di i perpendicular
di l tto th
the
direction of the seismic action
 Methods of analysis
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 34

STATIC a DYNAMIC Sa

Modal response
Lateral force
LINEAR b spectrum
method
analysis

Nonlinear static Nonlinear T

NONLINEAR (pushover) response- a combined with response spectrum
analysis history analysis
b combined
bi d with
ith behaviour
b h i f t
factor
 Behaviour factor
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 35

 Factor used for design purposes to reduce the

forces obtained from a linear analysis,
y , in order to
account for the non-linear response of a structure,
associated with the material, the structural system
and the design procedures
 Behaviour factor - background
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F
Fe Fe D
Rμ = = =μ
Fy Dy

Fy
Rs =
Fd

Fy Fe
R= = Rμ  Rs
Fd
Fd
Eurocode 8

≡
αu
R q , Rs >
α1
Dd Dy D D
 Ductility classes
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F
Fe

Fyy2 DCM

Fy1 DCH

Dy1 Dy2 D D
 Behaviour factor
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 Overstrength
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900

 uF

1F
Force

0.00 0.15

Displacement

g factor = u / 1
Overstrength
 Montenegro 1979
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 Kobe 1995
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 Overstrength factor
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 Wall- or wall-equivalent dual systems

 wall systems with only two uncoupled walls per
horizontal direction: u / 1 = 1,0
 other uncoupled wall systems: u / 1 =1,1
 wall-equivalent dual, or coupled wall systems:
u / 1 = 1,2

 Irregular in plan: reduced values

 Pushover analysis: increased values
 Lateral force method
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 Regular structures with small influence of higher

modes
 T1 ≤ 4 TC in T1 ≤ 2.0 s

Fb = Sd(T1)  m  λ
 Lateral force method
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• Approximate formulas for the period T1

• Distribution of horizontal forces

s i  mi z i  mi
Fi  Fb  or Fi  Fb 
 sj  mj  z j  mj

• Accidental eccentricity

δ = 1 + 1,2 (x/Le)

xi
Le
 Approximate formulas for T1
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 45

R l i h
Rayleigh

u 2
j mj
T1  2
j

u
j
j pj

Empirical formula

3
T1  Ct H 4
 Modal response spectrum analysis
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 46

Ti 2
Displacements: U i max  Φi i S Di  Φi i S Ai
4 2

Forces: Fi  M Φi i S ai

Li
i 
Mi
Li  ΦTi M s

M i  ΦTi M Φ i
 Number of modes
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 The response of all modes of vibration

contributing
g significantly
g y to the g
global response
p
shall be taken into account
 the sum of the effective modal masses amounts to at
least 90% of the total mass of the structure

 allll modes
d with
ith effective
ff ti modal
d l masses greater
t ththan 5%
of the total mass are taken into account
 Effective masses
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 48

2
L
mi  i
Mi

Li  Φ M s T
i
M i  ΦTi M Φi

n m

 i  mj  M
m 

i 1 j 1
 Combination of modal responses
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EE = √ Σ EEi2 (SRSS)

if Tj ≤ 0.9 Ti

Otherwise more accurate procedure

procedure, such as

CQC
 Accidental eccentricity
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Accidental torsional effects

M X , i  FX , i  0.05 LY , i , M Y , i  FY , i  0.05 LX , i
 Pushover analysis
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 N2 method (basic)
 Target displacement: Annex B (informative)

 Extended N2
 Higher mode effects in plan and elevation
 Complies with the EC8-3 requirement “4.4.4.5
P
Procedure
d ffor estimation
ti ti off ttorsional
i l and
d hi
higher
h mode
d
effects”
 Combination of effects of components
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 52

EEdx "+"
" "00,30E
30EEdy
SRSS
0,30EEdx "+" EEdy

E1x
E1x
1
Fx Fx

E2x

E1y
E1x

E2x

Fy Fy
 Vertical seismic action
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If avg is greater than 0,25 g (2,5 m/s2) the vertical

component of the seismic action should be taken
into account
 for horizontal or nearly horizontal structural
membersb spanning
i 20 m or more
 for horizontal or nearly horizontal cantilever
components longer than 5 m
 for horizontal or nearly horizontal pre-stressed
components
 for beams supporting columns
 in base-isolated structures
 Displacement calculation
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 54

d s = qd d e
ds di
displacement
l t induced
i d db by th
the d
design
i seismic
i i action
ti
qd behaviour factor for displacements (qd = q, unless
otherwise specified)
de displacement determined by a linear analysis based on
the design response spectrum

Upper limit: value from the elastic displacement spectrum

Torsional effect are taken into account
 Actual displacements
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F
Fe

q = Fe/Fd

Fy D = q Dd

Fd

Dd Dy D D
 Non-structural element
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 Architectural
Architectural, mechanical or electrical element
element,
system and component which, whether due to
lack of strength or to the way it is connected to the
structure, is not considered in the seismic design
as load carrying
y g element
 Non-structural elements
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 57

 For non-structural elements of great importance or

of a p
particularly
y dangerous
g nature
 Floor-response spectra

 For other non-structural elements

 Simplified procedure
 Non-structural elements
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 58

Simplified analysis

Fa  S a  Wa   a  / q a

Sa = S[3(1 + z/H) / (1 + (1 – Ta/T1)2)-0,5]

Wa weight of the element

γa importance factor for the element
qa behaviour factor for the element
 Floor acceleration spectrum (simplified)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 59

Sa 6
agS
5

z Hz Hz H
=
1
.
0
4

=
0
.
5
3

=
0
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 Ta
T1
Normalized floor acceleration spectrum
(q 1 a = 1,
( a = 1, 1 z height
h i ht up to
t the
th floor
fl , H total
t t l height,
h i ht
Ta period of the element, T1 period of the structure)
 Additional measures for masonry infilled frames
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 Provisions apply to frame or frame equivalent dual concrete

systems of DCH and to steel or steel-concrete composite
moment resisting frames of DCH with interacting non-
engineered masonry infills
 Recommendation: adopt also for DCM or DCL concrete,
concrete steel
or composite structures with masonry infills

 Irregularities
I l iti iin elevation
l ti

 Irregularities
g in p
plan

 Damage limitation of infills

 Friuli 1976
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 Montenegro 1979 Izmit 1999
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 Safety verifications (1) - Ultimate limit state
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Resistance condition

Ed ≤ R d
Ed demand,
d d Rd capacity
it

P- effects need not be taken into account if

P d
θ = tot r  0,10
V tot  h
 Safety verifications (2)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 64

 Global and local ductility condition

 Specific material related requirements shall be satisfied
satisfied,
including, when indicated, capacity design provisions
 Prevention of storey mechanisms

 M Rc  1,3 M Rb
 Capacity design
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YES ! NO !
 Capacity design
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 Kobe 1995
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 Kobe 1995
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 Kobe 1995
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 Safety verifications (3)
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 Equilibrium condition
 R i t
Resistance off h
horizontal
i t l di
diaphragms
h
 Resistance of foundations
 Seismic joint condition
 Damage limitation state
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 71

Limitation of interstorey
y drift

• non-structural elements of brittle materials

dr  ≤ 0.005
0 005 h , dr ≤ 0.01h
0 01h
• ductile non-structural elements
dr  ≤ 0.0075 h
• non-structural elements do not to interfere with structural
deformations, or without non-structural elements
dr  ≤ 0.010 h dr ≤ 0.02h

 = 0.4 (importance classes III and IV)

 = 0.5 (importance classes I in II)
 Return period versus (importance) factor
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 72

Return period T (years) Return period T (years)

50 0.48
100 0.60
200 0.76
475 1.00
1000 1 30
1.30
10000 2.57

Valid for Slovenia

 Test example
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RC buildingg
6 stories + 2 basements
 Description of building
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 74

SCHEMATIC
SECTION
 Description of building
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TYPICAL PLAN
 Description of building
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BASEMENT
 Seismic actions
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ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM

 ag = I ·agR = 0.25g
 importance class II (I = 1.0)
1 0)
 Soil B, Type 1
 S = 1.2,
 TB = 0.15 s,TC = 0.5 s, TD = 2.0 s
 Damping 5%
 Vertical actions
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 78

 Permanent loads “G”

 self weight of the structure + 2 kN/m2

 Variable – live loads “Q”

 office building (category B)  2 kN/m2

 Vertical loads (G, Q) were distributed to the

elements
 Seismic masses (1)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 79

 Masses from permanent loads “G”  factor 1.0

Q  factor Ei
 Masses from live loads “Q”
 Ei     2 i

 factor  = 1.0 (roof storey),  = 0.5 (other)

 factor 2i = 0
0.3
3 (category B)
 15% (30%) mass from Q is taken into account
 Seismic masses (2)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 80

Level Storey mass Moment of inertia

m (ton) MMI (ton*m2)
ROOF 372 33951

5 396 36128

4 396 36128

3 396 36128

2 396 36128

1 408 37244

= 2362 ton

* Only masses above level 0 are taken into account

l 2  b2
MMI  m  l  m 
2
s
12
 Structural model – general (1)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 81

 3D (spatial) model
 All element are modelled as line elements
• peripheral walls are modelled with line elements and a
rigid beam at the top of the each element
 Effective widths of beams (EC2)
 Rigid
g offsets are not taken into account
• Infinitely stiff elements are used only in relation to walls
W1 and W2
 Rigid diaphragms at each floor
• slabs are not modelled
 Structural model – general (2)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 82

 Masses and mass moments of inertia are lumped

at centres of masses
• Only masses above the top of the peripheral walls are
taken into account
 Cracked elements are considered
• 0.5*As, 0.5*I, 0.1*It
 All elements are fully fixed in foundation
 Infills are not considered
 Structural model – general (3)
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 Structural model – effective width EC2
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 Structural model – peripheral walls
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 Structural regularity
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 Criteria for regularity in elevation

 Criteria for regularity in plan

Lmax
1) slenderness < 4  4
Lmin

Direction X: e0 X  0.30  r X
2) eccentricity < 30%
30%* torsional radius Direction Y: e0Y  0 30  rY
0.30

Direction X: rX  ls
3)) torsional radius < radius of gy
gyration Direction Y: rY  l s
 Structural regularity in plan
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 Structural eccentricity e0 and centre of stiffness

 3 static load cases in each storey (FXi = 1, FYi = 1, Mi = 1)
 Loads are applied in centres of mass (CM)
 Determine rotation RZi due to FXi, FYi and Mi
 Determine e0i and centres of stiffness (XCRi, YCRi)

RZ ,i  FX ,i  1
e0 X ,i   XCRi  e0 X ,i  XCMi
RZ ,i (Mi  1)
RZ ,i  FY ,i  1
e0Y ,i   YCRi  e0Y ,i  YCMi
RZ ,i (Mi  1)
 Structural regularity in plan
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 88

 Torsional
T i l radius
di (r( X, r Y)
 3 static load cases in each storey (FTXi = 1, FTYi = 1, MTi = 1)
 L d are applied
Loads li d iin centres
t off stifness
tif (CR)
 Determine rotations RZi (MTi), displacement UXi (FXi) and UYi (FYi)
 Determine torsional (KM,i) and lateral stiffnesses (KFX,i, KFY,i)
 Determine rXi and rYi

1 1 1
K M ,i  , K FX ,i  , K FY ,i 
RZ ,i  MT ,i  1 U X ,i  FTX ,i  1 UY ,i  FTY ,i  1

K M ,i K M ,i
rX ,i  and rY ,i 
K FY ,i K FX ,i
 Structural regularity - criteria
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 89

 Criteria for regularity in elevation

 Criteria for regularity in plan

1) 
Lmax
4
Lmin
Structure is regular
Direction X: e0 X  0.30  r X in p
plan and
2) Direction Y: e0Y  0.30  rY
in elevation
Direction X: rX  ls
3)) Direction Y: rY  l s

Irregular in elevation if basement is also considered !?

 Structural type of the building
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 90

 UNCOUPLED WALL SYSTEM

 The structural system is defined as a wall system
system, when
65% (or more) of the shear resistance is contributed by
walls
 Application of shear resistance is difficult
 EC8 allows that shear resistance may be substituted by
shear
h fforces
 Base (above basement) shear force taken by walls
amounts to 72% (direction X) and 92% (direction Y)
of the total shear force

Dual wall equivalent system?

 Behaviour factor q
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 91

 Structural
St t l type:t uncoupled
l d wall
ll system
t
 Ductility class: DCM
q0  3.0

 Structural (ir)regularity:
regular
g in elevation - no reduction q0
 Factor associated with prevailing failure mode: kw = 1

q  kw  q0  3.0
 Periods, effective masses and modal shapes (1)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 92

T Meff,UX Meff,UY Meff,MZ

Mode
(sec) (%) (%) (%)
1 0.92 80.2 0.0 0.2
2 0 68
0.68 00
0.0 76 3
76.3 00
0.0
3 0.51 0.2 0.0 75.2
4 0.22 15.0 0.0 0.2
5 0.15 0.0 18.5 0.0
6 0.12 0.2 0.0 17.6

 Meff = 95 7
95.7 94 7
94.7 93 1
93.1

ETABS program
 Periods, effective masses and modal shapes (2)
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1 MODE – predominantly translational in X direction

1.
 Periods, effective masses and modal shapes (3)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 94

2 MODE – translational in Y direction

2.
 Periods, effective masses and modal shapes (4)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 95

3 MODE – predominantly torsional

3.
 Modal response spectrum analysis RSA
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 96

 Modal response spectrum analysis was performed

independently
p y for the g
ground excitation in two
horizontal direction
 Combination of diferent modes – CQC
 Combination of results in two directions – SRSS
 Design spectrum was used
 Accidental eccentricity was taken into account
 Seismic
S i i d design
i situation
it ti
 Accidental torsional effects
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 97

 Results of analysis without accidental torsion (SSRS

of two horizontal directions)) + envelope
p of accidental
torsional effects
SRSS ((EX, EY) + ENVE(±M
( X, ± MY)

 Results of analysis without accidental torsion +

accidental
id t l ttorsional
i l effects,
ff t ffor each
hhhorizontal
i t l
direction. SRSS combination of two horizontal
directions
SRSS (EX ± MX, EY ± MY)
 RSA – Accidental torsional effects
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 98
 RSA – shear forces
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 99

12%
% of the total 15% of the total
weight weight
 RSA - displacements
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 100
 RSA – Damage limitations
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 101
 RSA – second order effects
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 102
 Force distribution
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 103

Direction X

Lateral force method

 Force distribution
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 104

Direction Y

Lateral force method

 Shear forces
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 105

Direction X

Lateral force method

 Shear forces
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 106

Direction Y

Lateral force method

 Code designed versus old buildings
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 107

SPEAR BUILDING
 Pushover curves
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 108

30
 Test 27
 = 6.5
 EC8 H 24
F b / W [[%] 21
18
15
12  = 3.2
9 Test
EC8 H
6 1st yield of beam
Test
1st yield of beam
column
3 NCyield of column
1st
Design force
NC
0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
X direction d n / H [%]
 Determination of seismic capacity (NC)
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 109

 Test
 EC8 H
 Probability of “failure”
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 110

PGA475 = 0.25
0 25 g x 1.15
1 15 = 0
0.29
29 g (seismic hazard map,
map soil type C)

PGAC = 0.25 g (test building), PGAC = 0.77 g (EC8 building)

PNC = 0.78 x 10-2 or 32% in 50 years (test building)

PNC = 2.67 x 10-4 or 1.3% in 50 years (EC8 building)

 Discussion of results
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 111

PGAC = 0.77 g
“The
The code is too conservative!?
conservative!?”

PNC,50 = 1.3
13%
“The probability is too high!?”

How high is the tolerable probability?

How safe is safe enough?