ArcelorMittal Europe - Long Products

Sections and Merchant bars

%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
 FMJL
:BQÖMBS
#V
EPLÕNBOÖO
BNBDÖ

#V
EPLÕNBO
NÕIFOEJTMJL
WF
JO×BBU
BMBOÖOEB
ZBQÖMBSÖO
TJTNJL
UBTBSÖNÖ
JÀJO
HFSFLMJ

UFNFM
VOTVSMBSÖ
BOMB×ÖMÖS
CJÀJNEF
TVONBZÖ
BNBÀMBNBLUBEÖS
"SDFMPS.JUUBM
TÕSFLMJ

BSB×UÖSNB
ÀBCBMBSÖZMB
CV
BMBOEB
EBIB
JZJ
ÀFMJL
ÕSÕOMFS
WF
PSJKJOBM
UBTBSÖN
ÀÏ[ÕNMFSJ

HFUJSNFZF
LBULÖEB
CVMVONBLUBEÖS
#V
LBULÖMBS
NPNFOU
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWF
TJTUFNMFS
JÀJO

TÖLÀB
LVMMBOÖMBO
B[BMUÖMNÖ×
LFTJUMJ
LJSJ×
",,
WFZB
lLÏQFL
LFNJÉJm

LPOTFQUJOJ
#ÏMÕN



ÀBQSB[MÖ
ÀFSÀFWF
TJTUFNMFSEFLJ
*/&3%
FOFSKJ
EBÉÖUBO
CBÉMBOUÖMBSÖ
#ÏMÕN



WF
ZVNV×BL

LBU
HÏÀNFMFSJOJ
FOHFMMFNFL
JÀJO
CFUPOBSNF
ZBQÖMBSEB
LPNQP[JU
LPMPOMBSÖO
LVMMBOÖNÖOÖ

#ÏMÕN


JÀFSNFLUFEJS

¶ ¶/%&,¶-&3



%FQSFN
OFEJS



/FEFO
 FMJL
:BQÖMBS
EFQSFN
EBZBOÖNÖ
TBÉMBNBEB
JZJEJS




%FQSFN
FULJMFSJOJO
EFÉFSMFOEJSJMNFTJ
JÀJO
CJS
BSBÀ
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV




5BTBSÖN
EBWSBOÖ×
TQFLUSVNV



4JTNJL
UBTBSÖNB
HÏSF
ZBQÖMBSÖO
UBOÖNMBONBTÖ



#ÕUÕO
ZBQÖ
UJQMFSJ
JÀJO
PSUBL
EFQSFN
BOBMJ[J
WF
UBTBSÖN
UBILJLMFSJ



4JTNJL
"OBMJ[
WF
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
:BLMB×ÖL
:ÏOUFN



%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
.JNBSJTJ



&OFSKJ
5ÕLFUFO
:BQÖMBSÖO
5BTBSÖNÖ



.PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFSJO
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ



.FSLF[J
 BQSB[
&MFNBOMBSÖ
0MBO
 FSÀFWFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ



.FSLF[J
ÀBQSB[MÖ
WF
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CJSMF×JNMJ
QFSEFMFSJO
TJTNJL
UBTBSÖNÖ






%Ö×
.FSLF[
 BQSB[MÖ
1FSEFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ


 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS





 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
NPNFOU
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWFMFS


 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFS





 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
QFSEF
EVWBSMBS
WF
QFSEF
EVWBSMÖ
TJTUFNMFS



¶ÀJOF
,PNQP[JU
,PMPOMBS
LBUBSBL
#FUPOBSNF
:BQÖMBSÖ
(ÕÀMFOEJSNF



5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ



&L
"



&VSPDPEF

UBTBSÖN
TQFLUSVNVO
UBOÖNÖ

&L
#



"SDFMPS.JUUBM
:BQÖTBM
 FMJL
µSFUJN
1SPHSBNÖ

,BZOBLMBS


5FLOJL
%FTUFL
WF
¶×MFNF
4FSWJTJ

 Ï[ÕN
0SUBLMBSÖOÖ[



"SDFMPS.JUUBM
5FLOJL
#SP×ÕSÕ

%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
 FMJL
:BQÖMBS


%FQSFN
OFEJS



'J[JLTFM
PMHV
:BQÖZB
EFQSFN
UBSBGÖOEBO

VZHVMBOBO
IBSFLFU
4JTNJL
IBSFLFUJO

UBOÖNMBONBTÖ


.PNFOU
BLUBSBO



/FEFO
 FMJL
:BQÖMBS
EFQSFN
EBZBOÖNÖ
TÖOÖSMBNBMBSÖ
TBÉMBNBEB
JZJEJS

4ÕOFLMJÉJO
PMBÉBOÕTUÕ
ÏOFNJ
&TOFLMJL
WF
EÕ×ÕL
BÉÖSMÖL



%FQSFN
FULJMFSJOJO
EFÉFSMFOEJSJMNFTJ

JÀJO
CJS
BSBÀ
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

%FQSFNF
NBSV[
LBMBO
ZBQÖMBSÖO
EBWSBOÖ×Ö
&MBTUJL
EBWSBOÖ×
TQFLUSVNV
OBTÖM
PMV×UVSVMVS

:ÏOFUNFMJLUF
CFMJSUJMFO
FMBTUJL
EBWSBOÖ×

TQFLUSVNV
&MBTUJL
ZFS
EFÉJ×UJSNF
EBWSBOÖ×

TQFLUSVNV
 PL
NPEMV
EBWSBOÖ×


5BTBSÖN
EBWSBOÖ×
TQFLUSVNV
&MBTUJL
TQFLUSVNEBO
UBTBSÖN
EBWSBOÖ×

TQFLUSVNVOB
:BQÖOÖO
ÏOFNJ
6[BL
WFZB

lZBLÖO
BMBOm
EFQSFNMFSJ
:FSFM
;FNJO

,P×VMMBSÖ
:BQÖOÖO
TÕOFLMJÉJ
¯SOFL
UBTBSÖN

TQFLUSVNV


4JTNJL
UBTBSÖNB
HÏSF
ZBQÖMBSÖO

UBOÖNMBONBTÖ
%BWSBOÖ×
LBUTBZÖMBSÖ
4ÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGMBSÖ


1MBTUJL
UFLSBS
EBÉÖUÖN
QBSBNFUSFTJ

7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MÖ


7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MÖ



#ÕUÕO
ZBQÖ
UJQMFSJ
JÀJO
PSUBL
EFQSFN

BOBMJ[J
WF
UBTBSÖN
UBILJLMFSJ
4JTNJL
LÕUMF
"OBMJ[
.FUPEV
#VSVMNB
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
ZBQÖMBSEB
ZFS
EFÉJ×UJSNFMFS

%BZBOÖN
LP×VMV
¶LJODJ
NFSUFCF
FULJMFSJOJO



4JTNJL
"OBMJ[
WF
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
:BLMB×ÖL

:ÏOUFN
#JSJNMFSJO
TFÀJNJ
4UBUJL
FMBTUJL
BOBMJ[
WFZB

F×EFÉFS
ZBOBM
EFQSFN
LVWWFUJ
ZÏOUFNJ

#JS
CJOBOÖO
EPÉBM
UJUSF×JN
QFSJZPEVOVO
5


UBINJOJ



%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
.JNBSJTJ
%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
5FNFM

¯[FMMJLMFSJ
#JSJODJM
:BQÖq
¶LJODJM
:BQÖ


,POTFQU
UBTBSÖNÖO
BNBDÖ
%FQSFNF

EBZBOÖLMÖ
ZBQÖMBSEB
LPOTFQU
UBTBSÖN
JMLFMFSJ


&OFSKJ
5ÕLFUFO
:BQÖMBSÖO
5BTBSÖNÖ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
ZBQÖMBS
JÀJO
UBTBSÖN
JMLFMFSJ
(ÕWFOJMJS
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUJN
CÏMHFMFSJOJO
UBTBSÖNÖ
 FMJL
ZBQÖMBSEB
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
QFL
ÀPL
ZFSFM

NFLBOJ[NB
NÕNLÕOEÕS
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUNFZFO

ZFSFM
QMBTUJL
NFLBOJ[NBMBS
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO

CJS
ZBQÖEB
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUNFZFO
FMFNBOMBSÖO

UBTBSÖNÖ
#JSMF×JNMFSF
VZHVMBOBO
LBQBTJUF

UBTBSÖNÖ
%FMJLMJ
ÀVCVLMBSB
LBQBTJUF
UBTBSÖNÖ

VZHVMBONBTÖ
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
TÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖOÖO

TFÀJMNFTJ
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
CJS
ZBQÖ
UJQJOJO

TFÀJMNFTJ


.PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFSJO
." 
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
NPNFOU
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWFMFSJO

UBTBSÖN
BNBDÖ
." 
ÀFSÀFWF
TJTUFNMFS
JÀJO
"NFSJLBO
WF
"WSVQB

TÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGMBSÖ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
NPNFOU

BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWFMFSJO
UBTBSÖN
JMLFMFSJ
,JSJ×MFSEFLJ
FÉJMNF
NPNFOUMFSJOJO
UFLSBS

EBÉÖMÖNÖ
%JÉFS
LP×VMMBS
.PNFOU
BLUBSBO

 FSÀFWF
4JTUFNMFSEF
QMBTUJL
NBGTBMMBS

WF
CJSMF×JNMFS
,JSJ×
LPMPO
CJSMF×JNMFSJ
JÀJO

ÏOFSJMFO
UBTBSÖN
"[BMUÖMNÖ×
LJSJ×
LFTJUMFSJOJO

UBTBSÖNÖ
,PMPOMBSÖO
UFNFMMFSF
CJSMF×JNJ


.FSLF[¶
 BQSB[
&MFNBOMBSÖ
0MBO

 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
4¶TN¶L
5BTBSÖNÖ
5BTBSÖN
"NBDÖ
9
ÀBQSB[MÖ
ÀFSÀFWF

TJTUFNMFSJO
BOBMJ[J
9
ÀBQSB[MBS
JÀJO
UBTBSÖN

LSJUFSJ
9
ÀBQSB[MBSÖ
JÀJO
EJÉFS
HFSFLMJMJLMFS
#JSMF×JNMFSJO
UBTBSÖNÖ
7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MBSÖO

BOBMJ[J
7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MBSÖO
UBTBSÖN
LSJUFSJ

7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MBS
JÀJO
EJÉFS
HFSFLMJMJLMFS
.FSLF[J
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFS
JÀJO
"NFSJLBO
WF

"WSVQB
UBTBSÖN
LVSBMMBSÖ


.FSLF[¶
ÀBQSB[MÖ
WF
FOFSK¶
UÕLFUFO

C¶SMF׶NM¶
QFSEFMFS¶O
T¶TN¶L
UBTBSÖNÖ
.FSLF[J
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFSEF
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO

CJSMF×JNMFSJO
ZBSBSÖ
9
WF
EJZBHPOBMMFSJ
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CJSMF×JNMJ

QFSEFMFSJO
BOBMJ[J
9
WF
EJZBHPOBMMFSJ
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CJSMF×JNMJ

QFSEFMFSJO
UBTBSÖN
ÏMÀÕUMFSJ


%Ö×
.FSLF[
 BQSB[MÖ



 FM¶L
CFUPO
LPNQP[¶U

TJTNJL
UBTBSÖN
LFTNF
LVWWFUJOJO

1FSEFMFS¶O
4¶TN¶L
5BTBSÖNÖ ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFS IFTBQMBONBTÖ
%FQSFN
FULJMFSJZMF

%Ö×
NFSLF[
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFSJO
UBTBSÖNÖOÖO
.FSLF[J
ÀBQSB[MÖ
LPNQP[JU
ÀFSÀFWFMFS
%Ö×
CJSMF×UJSJMNJ×
EÕ×FZ
ZÕLMFS
.PE
CJSMF×UJSNF

HFOFM
Ï[FMMJLMFSJ
,ÖTB
CBÉMBOUÖMBS
WF
V[VO
NFSLF[
ÀBQSB[MÖ
LPNQP[JU
ÀFSÀFWFMFS ZÏOUFNJZMF
EJOBNJL
BOBMJ[
"OBMJ[
TPOVÀMBSÖ
CBÉMBOUÖMBS
%Ö×
NFSLF[
ÀBQSB[
UJQMFSJOJO
9
EPÉSVMUVTV
JÀ
EÕÉÕN
OPLUBTÖOEBLJ
LJSJ×

TFÀJNJ 

 FM¶L
CFUPO
LPNQP[¶U
QFSEF
EVWBSMBS
LPMPO
CJSMF×JNJ
UBTBSÖNÖ
5BTBSÖN
TFÀFOFLMFSJ

WF
QFSEF
EVWBSMÖ
T¶TUFNMFS
Õ[FSJOF
ZPSVNMBS
;BZÖGMBUÖMNÖ×
LJSJ×


 FM¶L
#FUPO
,PNQP[¶U
:BQÖMBS  F×JUMJ
LPNQP[JU
QFSEF
EVWBS
TJTUFNMFSJOJO
FOLFTJUMFSJOJO
UBTBSÖNÖ
(JSJ×
,PNQP[JU
ZBQÖTBM
FMFNBOMBS
OBTÖM
UBOÖNMBSÖ
WF
UBTBSÖN
BNBÀMBSÖ
"OBMJ[


FOFSKJ
UÕLFUJDJ
PMVSMBS
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUJDJ
LPNQP[JU
4ÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖ
044
PMBO
LPNQP[JU
EVWBSMBS

ZBQÖMBSÖO
UBTBSÖNÖOEB
UFNFM
TFÀJN
LPNQP[JU
JÀJO
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
LVSBMMBSÖ
4ÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖ
&L
"


PMNB
EÕ[FZJ
&VSPDPEF
LBQTBNÖOEB
044
PMBO
CBÉ
LJSJ×MFSJ
JÀJO
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
&VSPDPEF

UBTBSÖN
TQFLUSVNVO
UBOÖNÖ
UBTBSÖN
LBWSBNMBSÖ
WF
EBWSBOÖ×
LBUTBZÖMBSÖ
R
LVSBMMBSÖ
:44
TÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖ
JÀJO
JMBWF

.BM[FNFMFS
,FTJUMFSJO
SJKJUMJÉJ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
LVSBMMBSÖ
,PNQP[JU
ÀFMJL
&L
#

CÏMHFMFSJO
QMBTUJL
EBZBOÖNÖ
%Ï×FNFMFSMF
MFWIB
QFSEF
EVWBSMBSÖ "SDFMPS.JUUBM
:BQÖTBM
 FMJL
µ3FUJN
1SPHSBNÖ
LPNQP[JU
PMBSBL
ÀBMÖ×BO
ÀFMJL
LJSJ×MFSJO

FÉJMNF
TÕOFLMJÉJ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CÏMHFMFSEFLJ


¶À¶OF
,PNQP[¶U
,PMPOMBS
LBUBSBL
,BZOBLMBS
LPNQP[JU
CJSMF×JNMFS
JÀJO
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
#FUPOBSNF
:BQÖMBSÖ
(ÕÀMFOE¶SNF
LVSBMMBSÖ
#FUPO
JMF
LBQMBNBOÖO
CÏMHFTFM
1SPCMFNJO
UBOÖNÖ
#FUPOBSNF
CJOBMBSÖO

TÕOFLMJÉF
PMVNMV
FULJTJ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
WF
EBWSBOÖ×ÖOÖ
JZJMF×UJSNFL
JÀJO
LVMMBOÖMBO

UÕLFUNFZFO
FMFNBOMBSÖO
UBTBSÖNÖ
JÀJO
HFOFM
LPNQP[JU
LPMPOMBSÖO
UBTBSÖNÖ
#BTÖOÀ
WF

LVSBMMBS
%POBUÖ
ÀVCVLMBSÖOÖO
LFOFUMFONFTJ
ÀFWSJNTFM
FÉJMNF
ZÕLMFNFTJ
BMUÖOEBLJ

WF
FLMFONFTJ
5BNBNFO
CFUPOMB
LBQMÖ
LPNQP[JU
LPMPOMBSÖ
EBWSBOÖ×Ö
LPNQP[JU
LPMPOMBS
%Ï×FNF
QMBÉÖZMB

LPNQP[JU
PMBO
ÀFMJL
LJSJ×MFS 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFɶ
%Ï×FNFOJO
FULJO
QMBL
HFOJ×MJÉJ
5BOÖN
,JSJ×
LFTJUMFSJ
NPNFOU
EBZBOÖNÖ
WF

TFIJN
TÖOÖSMBSÖOÖO
UBILJLJ
l(ÕÀMÕ
,PMPO
;BZÖG



 FM¶L
CFUPO
LPNQP[¶U
NPNFOU
,JSJ×m
UBILJLJ
¶À
LPMPO
&LTFOFM
CBTÖOÀ
UBILJLJ
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWFMFS ¶À
LPMPO
(JSJ×
LBUÖOEB
QMBTUJL
NPNFOU

5BTBSÖN
BNBDÖ
5FNFM
TFÀJN
,PNQP[JUMJL
EBZBOÖNÖ
4JTNJL
LÕUMFOJO
IFTBQMBONBTÖ

EFSFDFTJ
"OBMJ[ l&×EFÉFS
%FQSFN
:ÕLÕ
:ÏOUFNJm
LVMMBOBSBL




%&13&.
/&%¶3

'J[JLTFM
PMHV
:BQÖZB
EFQSFN
UBSBGÖOEBO
VZHVMBOBO
IBSFLFU
4JTNJL
IBSFLFUJO
UBOÖNMBONBTÖ
 

%FQSFN
OFEJS

l}lnvhorojx
q¤qhpolghsuhpohu|hun¯uh|lvdudqwhnwrqln
sodnodu‚qv‚q‚uodu‚qd|dn‚q|huohughph|gdqd
jhoplÈwluÝxsodnodu‚qelulgl™hulqhed™o‚rodudn
kduhnhwhwphh™lolplydug‚uidndwghsuhpäg‚È
phunh}Čqrnwdv‚dow‚qgdnlsodnodududv‚qgdelu
kduhnhwlqdqlghqjhuhnohÈhelohfh™lndgdu
|¯nvhnjhulolproxÈxqfd|dndgduv¯uw¯qph|oh
hqjhoohqphnwhgluÝodnodu‚qkduhnhwlqlqdqlghq
jhuhnohÈphvlghsuhpgluÝx|huhoÈrnâgdojdodu
roxÈwxududn|hun¯uhqlq|¯}h|lqgh|d|‚o‚uyh
|ds‚odu‚qwhphoohulqghkduhnhwroxÈwxuxuÝ‚È
phunh}hrodqphvdihduww‚ndexgdojdodu‚qgd
hwnlvld}dopdnwdg‚uÝrqxrodudnâdqdwhnwrqln
sodnodu‚qv‚q‚uqrnwdodu‚qdõIhnloÊČghn‚up‚}‚
l}jlohuohj¤vwhuloplÈwluö|dn‚qo‚nodu‚qded™o‚rodudnd}
yh|drnghsuhpulvnldow‚qgdrodqe¤ojhohuydug‚uÝ

IhnloÊ
Ý
qdwhnwrqlnsodnodu‚j¤vwhuhq¯q|dkdulwdv‚
õulvwroqlyhuvlwhvlzhevlwhvlqghqÞzzzÝlghhuvÝeulvÝdfÝxn
kwwsÞððhqÝzlnlshgldÝrujðzlnlð pdjhÞhfwrqlfĹsodwhvĹerxqgdulhvĹghwdlohgñhqÝvyjöÝ

continental / oceanic convergent boundary Laptev Sea 14

continental rift boundary / oceanic spreading ridge Eurasia (EU) 14 16

Alaska - Yukon

continetal / oceanic transform fault

subduction zone
30 velocity with respect to Africa (mm/y) 14 13
Eurasia (EU)
15
18 19
Alps orogeny Okhotsk (OK) 8

10
western Aleutians 18

11 13 Amur (AM) 59
Eurasia (EU)
7 Pacific (PA) North America (NA)

10
26 JF
Alps
Anatolia Juan de Fuca
Gorda- 19 5
21AT California-
92
Pacific (PA) Nevada
Persia - Tibet - Burma 22
14
AS
37
Aegean Sea
10 69 ATLANTIC
PACIFIC
15 48

Yangtze (YA)
15
29 ON
54 25 24
36 Okinawa
20 India (IN) 51
76 Africa (AF)
71 14 west central Atlantic
RI
Arabia (AR) 17 MA
Rivera
69 Rivera-
Africa (AF) Caribbean (CA)
Mariana 90 Cocos 10 11
26 Burma Philippine Sea (PS) 39 Panama
102 27
46 Philippines 84 PA
23
19 ND
6 Sunda (SU) 67
14
Cocos (CO)
BU Pacific (PA) North Andes
Galápagos (GP)
Equator
87
Somalia (SO) Caroline (CL) Manus (MN)
BH NB
92 95
MS MO
70 96
96 32
58 WL 26SB 40 32
Ninety East - Sumatra 11 15 BS 57
86 Peru
TI SS South America (SA)
44 83 100
103

70 FT
BR Pacific (PA) Altiplano
New Hebrides - Fiji 62 Nazca (NZ)

INDIAN
119
NH NI
CR 26 AP

TO OCEAN
59 Tonga OCEAN Easter
51
51

OCEAN 68
Australia (AU)
69
55
44
EA 34
34
Puna-
Sierras
KE 102
51 Pampeanas
83
13 Kermadec Juan Fernandez JZ

62

53

78
Antarctica (AN)

14
Pacific (PA)
70

31
13 31
10
12 56
82 Sandwich

14 Antarctica (AN)
Scotia (SC) SW
25 47
14
14
66
Shetland
Antarctica (AN) SL

AUSTRAL OCEAN 12 AUSTRAL OCEAN Antarctica (AN)

13



hnwrqlnsodnodu‚qv‚q‚uodu‚qgdph|gdqd
jhohqdqdghsuhpohulq|dq‚v‚udâsodnodu‚q
ln‚vp‚qgdid|kdwodu‚qgdph|gdqd
jhohqghsuhpohughydug‚uÝxghsuhpohu
äsodnodududv‚Črodudndgodqg‚u‚o‚uâgdkdd}hqhuml
d‚™d‚ndu‚uoduâidndwg‚Èphunh}h|dn‚q
hyuhgh|lqhgh|‚n‚f‚rodelophnwhgluohuÝ


%FQSFN
OFEJS

älvplnulvnČkdulwdodu‚õnd|dvhyl|hvlqghnl
pdnvlpxp|hulyphvlö
yuxsdyhg¯q|dgdnl
ghsuhpvhyl|hohulqlqgd™‚o‚p‚q‚j¤vwhuphnwhglu
õedn‚q‚}IhnloËöÝxkdulwdoduâwhnwrqln
sodndv‚q‚uodu‚qd|dn‚q|huohulqg‚È‚qgdgd
ghsuhproxÈdelogl™lqlj¤vwhuphnwhgluohuÝ
IhnloË
¯q|dyh
yuxsdpdnvlpxp
|hulyphvlkdulwdodu‚Ý
õñrwvgdpzhevlwhvlqghq
do‚qp‚Èw‚uÞkwwsÞððvhlvprkd}dugÝ
ji}ñsrwvgdpÝghðsurmhfwvðhqðöÝ

ds‚|dghsuhpwdudi‚qgdq lvplnkduhnhwlq
x|jxodqdqkduhnhw wdq‚podqpdv‚
ds‚|dghsuhpwdudi‚qgdqx|jxodqdqkduhnhwâ
|dwd|yhg¯Èh|eluohÈhqohulexoxqdqelu|hu
õlfkwhu¤oh™löwrsodpd‚™d‚ndq
gh™lÈwluphkduhnhwlgluÝhsuhphwnlvlqlq
hq¤qhpol¤}hool™l|dwd|kduhnhwlgluÝx
gxuxpâ|dwd|nxyyhwlqe¯|¯no¯™¯qghqyh
hufdool¤oh™löghsuhplqelu
|ds‚odu‚qjhqhoolnoh|huhnlplnxyyhwohulqh
|dwd|nxyyhwohuhj¤uhgdkdgd|dq‚no‚rodudn
wdvduodqpdv‚qgdqnd|qdnodqpdnwdg‚uÝ
hsuhplqg¯Èh|eluohÈhqohulr™xqoxnod
|dwd|eluohÈhqohulqlqĖÎÓČvlflydu‚qgdg‚uâ
lvwlvqdrodudnghsuhplqg‚Èphunh}yh|dn‚q
hyuhvlqghlvhd|q‚e¯|¯no¯nwhropdnwdg‚uÝ
dsrq|dyh¯unl|höÝ


%FQSFN
OFEJS

hsuhpohugh™lÈlnÈhnloohughwdq‚podqdeloluÝ
¯|¯no¯n
hqhuml|lj¤vwhuluâelue¤ojhghnlghsuhphwnlvl
kdnn‚qgdgr™uxgdqelojlyhuhph}Ýhsuhplq
Èlgghwl õ¤uqh™lq
e¤ojhghnl|ds‚odu‚q¯}hulqghnlhwnlvlqldqodw‚u
yhexqxeluvd|‚rodudnlidghhghuã¤uqh™lq
Ðândjlu|ds‚odugdflggldwodnodudnduȂo‚n
jhophnwhgluÝdvdu‚pf‚odullqgl™hughsuhp
wdq‚podpdodu‚r™xqoxnodgdkd|dudo‚ropdnwdg‚uÝ
holuolelu|hughnl|hulyphvldjõwöâyh|d
hÈohql™lrodq|hukduhnhwlgjõwö}dpdqded™o‚
rodudnnd|ghgloluÝxqodughsuhpkdnn‚qgd
hqnhvlqrodqelojlohugluyh|ds‚odu‚q}dpdq
wdq‚po‚glqdplndqdol}lqghnxoodq‚opdnwdg‚uÝ
hulyphvlqlqlnldow¯u¯q¯rodqelojlohu
r™xqoxnodghsuhpp¯khqglvol™lqgh
nxoodq‚opdnwdg‚uÝxqoduÞ
¬ d|dvhyl|hvlqgh|hulyphvlqlqhq|¯nvhn
gh™huldjõwöâyh|dxqrnwdgdnl|hulyphvl
õhdnurxqg
ffhohudwlrqâ
âyh|d
xurfrghÑČghdjlohj¤vwhuloluöâeholuolelu
fr™udildodqgdnlvlvplnulvnlqeholuohqphvlqgh
nxoodq‚opdnwdg‚uÝoxvdovlvplnkdulwdodu
r™xqoxnod
flqvlqghqvxqxopdnwdg‚u
õdn‚q‚}IhnloËöÝ
gh™hulg¯È¯nvlvpln
e¤ojhohughÓâÓÎjlnhq|¯nvhnvlvpln
e¤ojhohughÓâÍjČ|hndgdu‚ndelophnwhglu
õ¤uqh™lqdoliruql|dâ
¬ 8yphgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxgdelqd
wdvdu‚p‚qgdvwdqgduwrodudnghsuhphwnlvlqlq
wdq‚podqpdv‚qgdnxoodq‚o‚uݤo¯pÌČghlyph
gdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxqxqdqodp‚d‚nodqp‚Èw‚uÝ



/&%&/
 &-¶,
:"1*-"3
%&13&.

%":"/*.*
4"©-"."%"
¶:¶%¶3

4ÕOFLMJÉJO
PMBÉBOÕTUÕ
ÏOFNJ
&TOFLMJL
WF
EÕ×ÕL
BÉÖSMÖL
 

/FEFO
 FMJL
:BQÖMBS
EFQSFN
EBZBOÖNÖ
TBÉMBNBEB
JZJEJS

¯qhnol™lq
rod™dq¯vw¯¤qhpl
hfu¯ehohuâghsuhphpdux}ndodqholn
|ds‚odu‚ql|lgdyudqg‚™‚q‚j¤vwhuplÈwluÝoredo
j¤phohurnvd|‚gdfdqnd|e‚âr™xqoxnod
gl™hupdo}hphohuoh|ds‚odq|ds‚odugd
j¤u¯op¯Èw¯uÝxgxuxpâholn|ds‚odu‚qed}‚
nhqglqhkdv¤}hoolnohullohd‚nodqdeloluÝ
hsuhpgd|dq‚p‚lnlÈhnloghvd™odqdeloluÞ
hhqhnÊã|ds‚q‚qvdghfhhodvwln
¬ n‚v‚podu‚sodvwlnghirupdv|rqdx™ud|dfdn
jhulophohuhpdux}ndodfdn|hwhulqfh
e¯|¯nnhvlwohughqlqÈdhglophvl
hhqhnËã|ds‚q‚qelurnsodvwln
¬
lulqflvhhqh™hj¤uhwdvdu‚p‚|ds‚op‚Èeluelqd
gdkdd™‚uroxuyhhohpdqodu‚qj¤phvlv¯qhn
ropdg‚™‚qgdqehnohqhqghqid}odjhohqghsuhp
hwnlvlqlnduȂod|dfdnid}odgdqj¯yhqloluol™h
vdklsgh™logluÝxgxuxpgd|ds‚q‚qjoredo
gdyudq‚È‚än‚u‚ojdqČg‚uyhexgxuxp¤uqh™lqâ
ÈhnloÌČghwdedqnhvphnxyyhwlqlqhqe¯|¯n
|hugh™lÈwluphvlqhj¤uhgh™lÈlpjudil™lqgh
yhulohqdönrqvhswlqhnduȂo‚njhophnwhgluÝ
8nlqflvhhqh™hj¤uhâelqdq‚qeholuohqplÈn‚v‚podu‚
j¤phropdgdqhyulpvhosodvwlnghirupdv|rqx
vd™odpdnwdyhw¯pelqdvdghfheholuohqhq
Èhnloghwdvduodqpdnwdg‚uÝxgxuxpgd|ds‚q‚q
joredogdyudq‚È‚äv¯qhnČgluyhexgxuxp¤uqh™lqâ
ÈhnloÌČghwdedqnhvphnxyyhwlqlqhqe¯|¯n
|hugh™lÈwluphvlqhj¤uhgh™lÈlpjudil™lqgh
yhulohqeönrqvhswlqhnduȂo‚njhophnwhgluÝ
ds‚sodvwlne¤ojhohugh¤qhpolplnwdugdhqhuml
w¯nhwphnwhâexhqhumlñgh™ulvlqlqdow‚qgd
ndodqdodqodlidghhglophnwhgluÝxvhehsohâ
lnlwdvdu‚pvhhqh™lähqhumlw¯nhwhqČyhähqhuml
w¯nhwph|hqČrodudndgodqg‚u‚opdnwdg‚uÝ

e¤ojhroxÈwxudfdngdkdn¯¯n
nhvlwohughqlqÈdhglophvl

IhnloÌ
äqhumlw¯nhwhqČyhähqhumlw¯nhwph|hqČjoredogdyudq‚Èo‚|ds‚odu
llq¤uqhnohuõ÷ÊÌønd|qdnwdqdo‚qp‚Èw‚uöÝ

du du

Konsept a Konsept b

V
V elastLc Uesponse Konsept a: 'úNHQHUML
7DVDUÕP'HSUHPLDOWÕQGD WNHWLPL
HODVWLNNDODQ\DSÕ

V UeGuceG Konsept b: (QHUMLWNHWHQ

7DVDUÕP'HSUHPLDOWÕQGD \DSÕ
VQHN\HUGH÷LúWLUHQ\DSÕ

du
d
(QE\N\HUGH÷LúWLUPH


 

/FEFO
 FMJL
:BQÖMBS
EFQSFN
EBZBOÖNÖ
TBÉMBNBEB
JZJEJS

d}odgdqÈhnlogh™lÈwluphndsdvlwhvlvd™od|dq
v¯qhngdyudq‚Èâjhqhoolnohghsuhpgd|dq‚p‚q‚q
vqhnolnyhg¯È¯nd™‚uo‚n
vd™odqpdv‚qgdgdkdl|leluvhhqhnwluÝxqxq
lvplne¤ojhohugh|ds‚odqholn|ds‚odu‚q
eluvhehelghâjhuhnvlvplnkduhnhwohu
hvqhnolnohulyhg¯È¯nd™‚uo‚™dvdklsropdodu‚
kdnn‚qgdnlelojlohulpl}lqyh|dsw‚™‚p‚}
jleled}‚gl™hudydqwdmodu‚gdkdydug‚uÝdkd
dqdol}ohulqlhugl™lelurneholuvl}olnwhqgrod|‚
ulmlwyhd™‚u|ds‚odughsuhpyxugx™xqgdgdkd
ghsuhpkduhnhwlqlqyhðyh|dhwnlvlqlqwdkplq
id}odnxyyhwhnphnwhgluohuÝ&holn|ds‚odu
hglohqghqid}odrodelophvlgluݯqhngdyudq‚È‚q
gl™hu|ds‚wlsohulqhj¤uhjhqhoolnohgdkd
vd™odqg‚™‚qgdqhplqroxqxuvdâexwdu}id}odo‚nodu
hvqhnwluohuyhgdkdg¯È¯nd™‚uo‚nodudvdklswluohu
|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qsodvwlnghirupdv|rqx
õdÈd™‚gddqodw‚og‚™‚jlelöÝrod|‚v‚|od|ds‚gdnl
vd|hvlqghvd™odqdqid}odgdqhqhumllohnrod|o‚nod
yh|ds‚q‚qwhphoohulqghnlnxyyhwohughgdkd
hplohelophnwhgluÝhhqhnÊx|jxodqg‚™‚qgdâ
d}g‚uÝdvdu‚pnxyyhwohulqghnlexd}dopdâkhp
d|q‚hohpdqgdkdid}odgd|dq‚põgdkdid}od
¯vw|ds‚q‚qkhpghwhphoohulq|ds‚p‚qgdnl
hodvwlngd|dq‚pövd™od|dpdpdnwdg‚uÝ
|u‚fdâ
pdol|hwl¤qhpolghuhfhghd}dowpdnwdg‚uÝ
wdedqnhvphnxyyhwlqghnld}dopdâwhphoohuh
hwnlhghqnxyyhwohughghd|q‚rudqgdd}dopd
&holn|ds‚odugl™hupdo}hphohunxoodq‚odudn
dqodp‚qdjhophnwhgluÝxgxuxpâdow|ds‚
|ds‚odq|ds‚oduodnduȂodÈw‚u‚og‚™‚qgdjhqhoolnoh
pdol|hwohulqlqghd}dopdv‚qdqhghqropdnwdg‚uÝ
gdkdkdiliwluÝhsuhpnxyyhwohuldwdohwohlojlol
rogx™xllqâ|ds‚q‚qn¯wohvlqhghed™o‚g‚uoduâyh
qhumlgd™‚wpdndsdvlwhvld‚v‚qgdq
n¯wohghnld}dopdodund‚q‚opd}rodudngdkdd}
holn|ds‚odu¤}hoolnohl|lglu⏯qn¯Þ
ghsuhpnxyyhwl|ohvrqxodqpdnwdg‚uÝr™uxvxâ
¬ holnv¯qhnelupdo}hphglu
ed}‚holn|ds‚odurndgdukdiliwlunlâvlvpln
¬ holnhohpdqodugdyhrqodu‚q
wdvdu‚pnulwlnropdpdnwdg‚uÝxgxuxp¤}hoolnoh
ed™odqw‚odu‚qgdroxÈpdv‚p¯pn¯qrodq
e¯|¯nwrsodqw‚vdorqxyhkdqjduelqdodu‚qgd
elurnv¯qhnphndql}pdoduydug‚u
j¤u¯ophnwhgluã&rnjhqlÈelukdfpl}duijlel
¬ |huhovhyl|hghsodvwln
ndsdw‚uoduâelulp|¯}h|dodq‚qdg¯Èhqd™‚uo‚nrn
phndql}pdodu‚qliwhhwnlqol™l
g¯È¯nw¯uyhvlvplnnxyyhwohugh™loghu¯}jdu
¬ j¯yhqlolujhrphwuln¤}hoolnohuhvdklswlu
|¯nohulwdvdu‚pllqnulwln|¯nohulroxÈwxupdnwdg‚uÝ
¬ ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qh™lophgd|dq‚podu‚
xgxuxpâjhplÈghsuhpohughexwls|ds‚odu‚qâ
hÈ}dpdqo‚hnvhqhonxyyhwohulqyduo‚™‚qd
d™‚updo}hphohughq|ds‚odq|ds‚odugdqrngdkd
grod|‚qlvehwhqgdkdd}kdvvdvw‚uÝ
l|lshuirupdqvdvdklsropdodu‚q‚d‚nodpdnwdg‚uÝ

&holn|ds‚odugdp¯pn¯qrodqhqhumlw¯nhwhq
phndql}pdodu‚qhÈlwolol™lâyhexqodu‚qj¯yhqluolol™lã
holn|ds‚odu‚qp¯nhpphovlvplngdyudq‚È‚q‚
d‚nod|dqwhpho¤}hoolnohugluÝ
|u‚fdâholn|ds‚oduã
rqodu‚wdq‚pod|dqed}‚gl™huidnw¤uohughqgrod|‚ã
gl™hupdo}hphohuoh|ds‚odq|ds‚odudj¤uhgdkd
j¯yhqloluvlvplngdyudq‚ÈdvdklswluohuÝxidnw¤uohuÞ
¬ nrqwuroo¯¯uhwlpghqgrod|‚âpdo}hph
gd|dq‚p‚q‚qjdudqwlhglophvl
¬ surihv|rqhoohuwdudi‚qgdq¯uhwlplqlq
yhwdvdu‚p‚q‚q|ds‚opdv‚


%&13&.
&5,¶-&3¶/¶/
%&©&3-&/%¶3¶-.&4¶

¶ ¶/
#¶3
"3" 
%"73"/*·
41&,536.6

%FQSFNF
NBSV[
LBMBO
ZBQÖMBSÖO
EBWSBOÖ×Ö
&MBTUJL
EBWSBOÖ×
TQFLUSVNV
OBTÖM
PMV×UVSVMVS

:ÏOFUNFMJLUF
CFMJSUJMFO
FMBTUJL
EBWSBOÖ×
TQFLUSVNV
&MBTUJL
ZFS
EFÉJ×UJSNF
EBWSBOÖ×
TQFLUSVNV
 PL
NPEMV
EBWSBOÖ×


 

%FQSFN
FULJMFSJOJO
EFÉFSMFOEJSJMNFTJ
JÀJO
CJS
BSBÀ
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

hsuhphpdux}ndodq
|ds‚odu‚qgdyudq‚È‚
hukduhnhwlgjõwöloh|ds‚|dwd|yhglqdplnrodudn
|hugh™lÈwluluÝ™hu|ds‚vrqvx}ulmlwroxuvdâ|hu
IhnloÍ
kduhnhwlqlqplnwdu‚qdgjõwöed™o‚rodudnâ|ds‚q‚q
e¯w¯qqrnwdodu‚hÈlwrodudnkduhnhwhghuãvrqx lwuhÈlpprgodu‚qd¤uqhnohuÝ
rodudn|ds‚gdwdedq‚qdj¤uhkhukdqjlelu|hu
gh™lÈwluphropd}Ývqhnelu|ds‚gdâkhuqrnwdq‚q
kduhnhwle¯w¯q|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qphndqln
¤}hoolnohulqhõulmlwolnöyh|ds‚gdnln¯wohohulq
gd™‚o‚p‚qdõn¯wohvl}elu|ds‚v‚i‚unxyyhwhpdux}
ndo‚uöed™o‚exoxqpdnwdg‚uÝrqxrodudnâ|ds‚q‚q
w¯pwlwuhÈlpprgodu‚q‚lhuhqeluglqdpln
gdyudq‚È‚ydug‚uÝd}‚prgoduw¯pelqd|‚lhuhq
joredoprgodunhqed}‚odu‚gdg¤ÈhphwlwuhÈlpohul
jlel|huhoprgodug‚uõedn‚q‚}IhnloÍöÝ
hueluwlwuhÈlpprgxshul|rgxõvqö Modlar : esnek NDWED]ÕQGDNHVPH NDWWLWUHúLPL
yhexprgded™o‚n¯wohndw‚o‚prudq‚|od
õprgdon¯wohöwdq‚podqpdnwdg‚uÝ

odvwlngdyudq‚È
vshnwuxpxqdv‚o
roxÈwxuxoxuê
ds‚odu‚qelugl}l}dpdqwdq‚po‚glqdplndqdol}ohul
|ds‚odudnâägdyudq‚ÈvshnwuxpxČqxqroxÈwxuxopdv‚
p¯pn¯qg¯uÝdghfhhodvwlnghirupdv|rqoduod
gdyudqdqeluelqd|dnduȂo‚njhol|ruvdähodvwlnČ
rogx™xv¤|ohqheloluÝodvwlngdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpx
wdvdu‚pf‚odu‚qlojldodq‚qgdg‚u㏯qn¯eholuol IhnloÎ
eluvlvplndodq‚qeholuollyphgl|djudp‚õ|hu hulohq¤}hoolnohughnlelunrqvrollq
lyphvlqlq}dpdqded™o‚gh™lÈlplö¤}hoolnohul dqpdlyphvlqlqȕõÊöeholuohqphvl
dow‚qgdeholuolelu|ds‚gdroxÈdqglqdpln
gdyudq‚È‚qhq|¯nvhngh™hulqlgr™uxgdqyhuluÝ
IhnloÎyhÏČgdvshnwuxpxqroxÈwxuxopdv‚
d
lohlojlol|¤qwhpn‚vdfdwdulihglophnwhgluÝ d
F max=M .b (T 1)
M
luelqd|‚wdq‚pod|dqhqedvlw|ds‚irupx|hughq
ndgdu|¯nvhnolnwh n¯wohvlqhânõnć ðö H
ulmlwol™lqhvdklselunrqvrogxuÝxwlselu|ds‚q‚q
n¯wohvlqhyhulmlwol™lqhed™o‚rodudnvdghfhwhn
elugr™dowlwuhÈlpshul|rgxÊydug‚uÝds‚q‚q
n¯wohvlql kduhnhwhwwluhuhnyhgdkdvrqud
gdvhuehvwe‚udndudnâshul|rwj¤}ohqheloluÝ
d g(t)
ds‚âdÈd™‚gdyhulohqirup¯oohkhvdsodqdelohq
gr™doÊshul|rgxqgdwlwuhÈphnwhgluÝ

MH 3
T1 2
3EI
 

%FQSFN
FULJMFSJOJO
EFÉFSMFOEJSJMNFTJ
JÀJO
CJS
BSBÀ
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

gjõwöyh|ddjõwönxoodq‚odudnwdq‚podqp‚Èelu|hu
kduhnhwldow‚qgdexnrqvroxqkduhnhwlqlq}dpdq
¬
qpdlyphvlȕõÊövshnwuxpxqgdq ¤qhwpholnwheholuwlohq
rnxqpdnwdg‚uÝ
wdq‚po‚dqdol}lqlq|ds‚opdv‚llqhodvwln|ds‚vdo ¬ hsuhpnxyyhwlqhhÈlwrodqpdnvlpxp hodvwlngdyudq‚È
glqdplnpdwhpdwl™lnxoodq‚opdnwdg‚uݯwoh
wdedqdj¤uhgndgdu|hugh™lÈwluluõdn‚q‚}Ihnlo
nxyyhwpd{ć ȕõÊöeholuohqphnwhâ vshnwuxpx
nrqvrogdnlÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohuyh
ÎöÝgjõwöwdudi‚qgdqroxÈwxuxodq|hugh™lÈwluph|h jhulophohuvrqxrodudn‚ndu‚opdnwdg‚uÝ hohfhnelughsuhpllqeholuolelue¤ojh|h
gehq}huelu|hugh™lÈwluph|hqhghqrodfdnõwö
hwnlhghfhnlyph¤ohuohlohlojlolnd‚q‚opd}
nxyyhwlqwdq‚podqpdv‚p¯pn¯qg¯uÝõwöČqlqhq xndu‚gddqodw‚odqdqdol}ohughân¯wohqlq eholuvl}olnohuydug‚uyh|xndu‚gdedkvhglogl™l
|¯nvhngh™hulqlpd{vhhuhnyhglqdpl™lqwhpho wdedqdj¤uh|hugh™lÈwluphjhqol™lgvlvwhplq jleleluwhnlyphgl|djudp‚qded™o‚rodudn
ndqxqxqxpd{ćn¯wohýlyphânxoodqdudnâädqpd v¤q¯pohphrudq‚qgdqhwnlohqphnwhgluÝ roxÈwxuxodqälyphgdyudq‚ÈvshnwuxpxȕČ
lyphvlČȕõÊöwdq‚podqpdnwdg‚uÞȕõÊöćpd{ð Ý do}hphqlqhodvwlndo‚Èpdv‚qded™o‚ ȯskhvl}id}odnhvlqropdnwdg‚uÝhohfhn
v¤q¯pohphrng¯È¯nw¯uyhänulwlnČv¤q¯pohph ghsuhpohuohlojloleholuvl}olnohulhohdopdnllqâ
rqvroxwdq‚pod|dqsdudphwuhohugh™lÈwlulohuhn rudq‚q‚qĖÊČlflydu‚qgdg‚uÝIhnloÎČghyhulohq elurnlyphgl|djudp‚g¯È¯q¯ohuhnâexlyph
õedÈndgr™doshul|rwodudćÊâËâyeqhghq nrqvroxqgxujxqsr}lv|rqgdqgndgdukduhnhw gl|djudpodu‚qded™o‚gdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpodu‚
rodfdnâedÈndn¯wohohu âedÈndulmlwolnohunöâ hwwlulogl™lqghâvdo‚q‚p|dspdgdqhvnlsr}lv|rqxqd ȕõ öroxÈwxuxopdnwdyhgdkdvrqude¯w¯q
Ê
eluvhulõâȕõöögh™huohuleholuohqluÝxvhulâ jhophvlqlvd™od|dqv¤q¯pohphrudq‚nulwln exvshnwuxpodu‚qȕõÊöwdvdu‚pvwdqgdug‚
älyphgdyudq‚ÈvshnwuxpxȕČrodudndgodqg‚u‚o‚u v¤q¯pohphrudq‚g‚uÝdndwghsuhphpdux} llqäruwdodpdv‚Čdo‚qpdnwdg‚uÝÝxÈhnloghâ
õedn‚q‚}IhnloÏöÝlunh}roxÈwxuxogx™xqgdâ ndodq|ds‚odugdâed™odqw‚odugdnlv¯uw¯qphohuâ vwdqgduwähodvwlnlyphgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpx
n¯woholyh ðulmlwolnolnrqvro|ds‚v‚qgdnl |ds‚yhe¤o¯pohuldudv‚qgdnlv¯uw¯qphohuá hõöČČroxÈwxuxopdnwdg‚uõedn‚q‚}IhnloÐöÝ
pdnvlpxpÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohulqyhjhulophohulq yeedÈndv¤q¯pohphnd|qdnodu‚gdydug‚uÝ
gh™huohqglulophvlgr™uxgdqexoxqdeloluÞ xhwnlohughgh™huohqglulohuhnä|ds‚vdoČ
¬ shul|rwÊâ v¤q¯pohphrudq‚vlvplngh™huohqgluphohu
3 llqĖÎrodudnndexohgloplÈwluÝ
MH
T1 2
3EI
hÈlwol™llohexoxqpdnwdg‚uÝ

IhnloÏ IhnloÐ
ȕõÊöČČlqirqnvl|rqxrodudnhodvwln ¤qhwpholnhodvwlngdyudq‚È
gdyudq‚ÈvshnwuxpxqxqroxÈwxuxopdv‚ vshnwuxpxqxqroxÈwxuxopdv‚

b T 1)
S e(T)
Hesaplanan Spektrum 1
bi Elastik ivme
ag spektrumu "ortalama"
Hesaplanan Spektrum 2

0 T 1i T 1(s) 0 TB TC T(s)



xndu‚gdedkvhglohqäruwdodpdv‚q‚dopdnČlÈohpl
n‚vphqlvwdwlvwl™hn‚vphqghsudwlnp¯khqglvoln
j¤u¯È¯qhed™o‚ropdv‚qgdqgrod|‚vwdqgduwodugd
yhulohqhodvwlngdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxhõökhu
elueluh|vhogdyudq‚ÈvshnwuxpxqgdqȕõÊöÝ
gdkdÈhpdwlnwluÝxurfrghÑIhnloÑČghyhulohq
dnvlpxp
eluwdqhuhihudqvhodvwlngdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpx
wdq‚podp‚Èw‚uÝdndwvshnwuxpxqirup¯odv|rqx
n¯wohvlqlq
elurngh™lÈlnsdudphwuh|llhuphnwhyh
rniduno‚rodelohfhn|huhovshnwuxpodu‚q
roxÈwxuxodelophvlqhlpndqvd™odpdnwdg‚uÝ
IhnloÑghyhulohqvshnwuxpxqdjääghq
ed™‚pv‚}rodelophvlllqdjä|hj¤uhqrupdol}h
hgloplÈwluÝshnwuxpâ}hplqhj¤uhgh™lÈhq
idnw¤u¯qhyh|xndu‚gdedkvhglohqõn
Čgd
vshnwuxpxqirup¯odv|rqxqdedn‚q‚}övwdqgduw
v¤q¯pohphrudq‚q‚qĖÎČghqiduno‚rogx™x
ndq‚wodq‚uvdâÊČghqiduno‚gh™hudodqȘidnw¤u¯qh
ed™o‚g‚uÝodvwlnlyphgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxqxq
e¤ojhyh}hplq|huhosdudphwuhohulqhed™o‚
âyhän‚u‚opdqrnwdodu‚Čydug‚uÝ
n¯woholyh ðulmlwolnolnrqvro|ds‚v‚qgdnl
pdnvlpxpÈhnlogh™lÈwluphyhjhulophohulq
gh™huohqglulophvl|xndu‚gdedkvhglogl™ljlel
|ds‚opdnwdyhpd{ć
hõöhÈlwol™lqhj¤uh
exoxqdqpdnvlpxpnxyyhwhqhghqropdnwdg‚uÝ
rqvx}ulmlwelu|ds‚llqõshul|rwćÓöâdqpdlyph
hõö|hulyphvlqhdjhÈlwwluyh
pd{ć
djägluÝvqhn|ds‚odullqâ|dnodȂn
pd{ćËâÎ
djndgduäglqdplnr™dowpdČydug‚uÝ
Se/ag
2,5S
TB TC


%FQSFN
FULJMFSJOJO
EFÉFSMFOEJSJMNFTJ
JÀJO
CJS
BSBÀ
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

odvwln|hugh™lÈwluph &rnprgoxgdyudq‚È
gdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpx lurnwlwuhÈlpprgxlohwdq‚podqdqelu|ds‚
llqâgdyudq‚ÈvshnwuxpxkhuprgdnduȂo‚n
odvwlnlyphgdyudq‚ÈvshnwuxpxqxroxÈwxupdn
jhohqpdnvlpxphwnlohulqõävshnwudogdyudq‚ÈČö
llqnxoodq‚odqpdwhpdwlnvholÈohplqeluehq}hul
khvdsodqpdv‚qdl}lqyhuluÝ
hodvwln|hugh™lÈwluphvshnwuxpxqxqhõö
gdyudq‚È‚qhoghhglohelophvlllqpdnvlpxp
roxÈwxuxopdv‚qgdnxoodq‚opdnwdg‚uÝ
hwnlohulqeluelulqhähnohqphvlČ}ruxqoxgxuÝ
nrqvrowdedq‚qdj¤uhgndgdu|hugh™lÈwluphvl
h™lÈlnpdnvlpxpgh™huohulqd|q‚dqgd
hõöägluõIhnloÎČghnlgwdq‚podpdv‚qdedn‚q‚}öÝ
ropdg‚™‚jhuh™lg¯È¯q¯ohuhnãkhueluprggdnl
hnvhuehvwolnghuhfholrvlodw¤ughâlyphhõö
ghsuhphwnlohulqlqlõh™lophprphqwohulâ
yh|hugh™lÈwluphohuhõödÈd™‚gdyhulohq
yeÝönduhohulqlqwrsodp‚q‚qnduhn¤n¯õö
hÈlwolnnxoodq‚odudneluelulqhed™odqp‚Èw‚uÞ
nrpelqdv|rqxv‚no‚nodehqlpvhqphnwhgluã
¯qn¯exnrpelqdv|rqpdnvlpxprnprgox
2
¨T · gdyudq‚È‚qhqrodv‚gh™hulqlvd™odpdnwdg‚uÝ
SDe (T )  S e (T ) © ¸
ª 2P ¹
E E = 3 EEi 2
IhnloÑ
xurfrghČgdnlhodvwlnlyphgdyudq‚È
vshnwuxpxqxquhihudqvÈhnol
TD T


5"4"3*.
%"73"/*·
41&,536.6

&MBTUJL
TQFLUSVNEBO
UBTBSÖN
EBWSBOÖ×
TQFLUSVNVOB
:BQÖOÖO
ÏOFNJ
6[BL
WFZB
lZBLÖO
BMBOm
EFQSFNMFSJ
:FSFM
;FNJO
,P×VMMBSÖ
:BQÖOÖO
TÕOFLMJÉJ
¯SOFL
UBTBSÖN
TQFLUSVNV


 

5BTBSÖN
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

odvwlnvshnwuxpgdq ds‚q‚q¤qhpl
wdvdu‚pgdyudq‚È wnlqäwdvdu‚pČ|hulyphvlõdjöwdq‚produdn
vshnwuxpxqd lvwdwlvwlnvhoroxsndexohglohqeluulvnvhyl|hvlqh
nduȂo‚njholuâ|dqldjČlqwdvdu‚pgh™hul¤qhpol
ds‚odu‚qghsuhphnduȂgdyudq‚È‚lohlojlolâhodvwln |ds‚odullqgdkde¯|¯nropdo‚g‚uÝxurfrgh
vshnwudolyphqlqõhõööwdq‚p‚qgdglnndwhdo‚qdq ÑČghvwdqgduwulvnvhyl|hvlqhnduȂo‚njhohq
elurnidnw¤uydug‚uÝds‚odu‚qhodvwlndqdol}lqgh hwnlq|hulyphvlqlquhihudqvgh™hulõdjö
nxoodq‚odelohqwdvdu‚pgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpx wdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÝdjČlqwdvdu‚p
gh™huldj
õgõööâexhodvwlnvshnwudolyphqlqõhõööe¯w¯q ČqlqȖIlohdus‚p‚lohhoghhgloluÝȖIâwdvduodqdq
exidnw¤uohulglnndwhdodudngh™lÈwlulophvl|ohhogh |ds‚q‚qä¤qhpndwvd|‚v‚Čg‚uÞdjćȖIdjÝȖIâ
hgloluÝdvdu‚pgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxqxqhwnloh|hq vwdqgduwelqdoduõ‚q‚i öllqÊČhhÈlwroxs
idnw¤uohudÈd™‚gdnlsdudjudiodugdwdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÝ ghsuhpv‚udv‚qgd|ds‚vdoshuirupdqv‚rn
¤qhpolyhkd|dwlrodqelqdoduõ‚q‚i öllqÊâÍČh
ndgdugh™huohudo‚uÝlqdodu‚q¤qhpohulqhj¤uh
iduno‚ndwdjrulohullqxurfrghÑČghwdyvl|h
hglohqȖIgh™huohuldeorÊČghyhuloplÈwluÝ

deorÊ
lqdodullq¤qhpv‚q‚iodu‚yh
wdyvl|hhglohqȖIgh™huohul
õÊÒÒÑñÊÞËÓÓÍöÝ

?qhp‚q‚iodu‚ lqdodu ȖI
du‚pelqdodu‚jlelndpxj¯yhqol™l ÓâÑ
llq¤qhpld}rodqelqdoduÝ
l™hundwhjrulohuhjluph|hqvwdqgduwelqdoduÝ ÊâÓ
nxoâwrsodqw‚vdorqodu‚ân¯ow¯uhohqvwlw¯ohuâye ÊâË
jlelghsuhpgh|‚n‚opdv‚q‚qgr™xudfd™‚ydklp
vrqxoduedn‚p‚qgdq¤qhplrodqelqdoduÝ
 dvwdqhohuâlwidl|helqdodu‚yhwhvlvohulâhqhuml ÊâÍ
vdqwudoohulâyejlelghsuhpvrqudv‚qgdvlylo
nruxpddpdo‚âkd|dwl¤qhplrodqelqdoduÝ
 

5BTBSÖN
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

}dnyh|dä|dn‚q d}‚e¤ojhohughwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpx
lsÊyhËČqlqnrpelqdv|rqxrodeloluÝlsÊ
dodqČghsuhpohul yhlsËvshnwuxpÈhnloohulqlwdq‚podpdn
llqjhuhnolyhul}hplqhwnlohulqlghkhvded
hukdqjlelu|hulquhihudqvhwnlq|hulyphvlõdjöâ ndwdudndeorËČghyhuloplÈwluÝhsuhpwlslqlq
iduno‚wlsghsuhpohughqvrqxodqdeloluãj¯o¯ ÈhpdwlnhwnlvlIhnloÒČgdj¤vwhuloplÈwluÝ
idndwgdkdx}dnelughsuhpyh|drn|dn‚qgdnl
}d|‚ielughsuhpÝxmhrormlyhfr™udi|dlohlojlolgluâ
idndwexlnlwlshnduȂo‚njhohqvshnwuxpâx}dnwdnl
yh|d|dn‚qgdnl|huohughq|d|‚odqgdojdoduiduno‚
vrqxodu|dudww‚™‚llqiduno‚g‚uÝxurfrghÑČgh
iduno‚vlvplnrod|odu‚qrodv‚o‚™‚âlsÊyhlsË
vshnwuxpÈhnloohulwdq‚podqdudnglnndwhdo‚qp‚Èw‚uÝ

¬ ™hux}dnghsuhpohulqÈddw|ds‚odfdn
e¤ojhgh¤qhpollyphohul¯uhwphnllq
|hwhuolj¯whõe¯|¯no¯™¯ ijÎâÎölvh
lsÊÈhnolglnndwhdo‚qpdo‚g‚uyhexqodu
r™xqoxnodghsuhpkdvduodu‚qdqhghqroxuÝ
¬ lsËvshnwuxpÈhnole¯|¯no¯™¯
İÎâÎrodqghsuhpohur™xqoxnodghsuhp
kdvdu‚qdqhghqrodfdnvdx|jxodq‚uÝ

IhnloÒ
lsÊyhlsËghsuhpohulyhhÈlwol|huho
}hplqv‚q‚iodu‚llqxurfrghÑČghwdq‚podqdq
hodvwlnvshnwudolyphhõö

4 5
Se/ag

Se/ag

E D
D
E
C 4 C
3 B
B
3
A A
2
2

1
1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
T (s) T (s)

lsÊvshnwuxpxÝ lsËvshnwuxpxÝ
}dnghsuhpohulqe¯|¯no¯™¯ ijÎâÎ hsuhpe¯|¯no¯™¯ İÎâÎ


 

5BTBSÖN
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

huhohplqrÈxoodu‚ ds‚q‚qv¯qhnol™l d|dq‚pnd|e‚ropdnv‚}‚qsodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluph

qdnd|dlohelqdq‚qwhphovhyl|hvldudv‚qgdnl
}hplqndwpdqodu‚yh|ddqdnd|dvhyl|hvlqghnl
jhuhnohÈhqäkdvduČâhodvwlnvshnwudolyphqlq
jhqol™lqlyhÈhnolqlgh™lÈwluluÝlu}hplq
sdudphwuhvlõölohexkhvdedndw‚o‚uÝxvd|hgh
whphovhyl|hvlqghnlwnlqhu8yphvdjČ|h
hÈlwroxuÝhuho}hplqohuwlsohul
ââââyh
rodudn}hplqsuriloohulqhyhsdudphwuhohulqh
j¤uhv‚q‚iodudd|u‚o‚uoduÝx|huho}hplqv‚q‚iodu‚qd
ed™o‚iduno‚gh™huohuldeorËČgheholuwloplÈwluÝ
Êõnd|dölohÊâÑõrnjhyÈhn}hplqohuödudv‚qgd
gh™huohudog‚™‚llq|huho}hplqv‚q‚i‚q‚q|ds‚
whpholqhghsuhpv‚udv‚qgdhwnl|hqkduhnhwh
¤qhpolhwnlvlydug‚uÝduno‚gh™huohud|u‚fd
IhnloÒČgdj¤u¯og¯™¯jleliduno‚}hplqohuh
ed™o‚vshnwuxpodu‚qyhän‚u‚opdqrnwdČ
shul|rgodu‚q‚qwdq‚podu‚qdgdhwnlohuÝxÈhnloghq
qhwrodudndqodȂodfd™‚jlel}hplqnrÈxoodu‚q‚
lkpdohwphnwdvdu‚pnxyyhwohulqlflgglrodudn
g¯È¯nwdkplqhglophvlqhqhghqrodeloluÝ
ndelol|hwl|ds‚odudä|¯nd}dowpdČyh|dxurfrgh
ÑČghägdyudq‚ÈČõtöndwvd|‚v‚nxoodq‚odudn
™hughsuhphpdux}ndodqelu|ds‚gd|dq‚p
khvdedndw‚o‚uÝxndwvd|‚hodvwlnvshnwuxpxqx
nd|e‚ropdgdqhyulpvho|¯nohphohuohsodvwln
hõöd}dowdudnwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqdgõö
Èhnlogh™lÈwluhelol|ruvdgdyudq‚È‚äv¯qhnČ
g¤q¯Èw¯u¯uÝtgh™hulÊâÎČgdqõg¯È¯nhqhuml
rodudndgodqg‚u‚o‚uÝËݤo¯pghd‚nodqg‚™‚yh
w¯nhwhqöÏyh|dgdkdid}odõ|¯nvhnhqhuml
IhnloÌČghj¤vwhulogl™ljlelv¯qhnolnsurmhqlq
w¯nhwhqögh™huhndgdugh™huohudodeloluÝx
hnrqrplvlqlsr}lwli|¤qghhwnlohu⏯qn¯Þ
gdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚q‚nxoodqpdq‚q¤}¯qgh|ds‚q‚q
¬ |ds‚gdkdn¯¯nnhvlwol|ds‚vdo
sodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphvlqlqgõödow‚qgd
hohpdqoduodhodvwlnndodqelu|ds‚loh
|ds‚q‚qwdpdphqhodvwlndqdol}lqghkhvded
d|q‚|hugh™lÈwluphohul|dsdu
ndw‚opdv‚|dwduÝdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚q‚qgdkd
¬ whphohdnwdu‚odqnxyyhwohud}do‚uÝ
ghwd|o‚d‚nodpdv‚Îݤo¯pČghyhuloplÈwluÝ

deorË
lsÊyhlsËhodvwlnvshnwudolyph|lwdq‚pod|dqââyh
dudphwuhohulqlqxurfrghÑgh™huohulÝÝ

lsÊhsuhpl lsËhsuhpl
hplq‚q‚i‚  õvö õvö õvö  õvö õvö õvö

d|dyh|dnd|dwlslirupdv|rqoduâ|¯}h|gh ÊâÓ ÓâÊÎ ÓâÍ ËâÓ ÊâÓ ÓâÓÎ ÓâËÎ ÊâË
hqrnÎp}d|‚ipdo}hphlhuhqÝ
&rn|r™xqnxpân‚updwdÈyh|drnndw‚nlo ÊâË ÓâÊÎ ÓâÎ ËâÓ ÊâÌÎ ÓâÓÎ ÓâËÎ ÊâË
ndwpdqodu‚âÊÓphwuhohundo‚qo‚™‚qgdâghulqohÈwlnh
phndqln¤}hoolnohulghndghpholrodudnduwdqÝ
r™xqyh|druwd|r™xqoxnwdnxpân‚updwdÈ ÊâÊÎ ÓâËÓ ÓâÏ ËâÓ ÊâÎ ÓâÊÓ ÓâËÎ ÊâË
yh|dndw‚nloghulqndwpdqodu‚âÊÓphwuhohughq
ÊÓÓphwuhohuhndgdundo‚qo‚nodugdÝ
hyÈhnñruwdnrkh}|rqvx}wrsudnyh|dd™‚uo‚no‚ ÊâÌÎ ÓâËÓ ÓâÑ ËâÓ ÊâÑ ÓâÊÓ ÓâÌÓ ÊâË
|xpxÈdnñndw‚nrkh}|rqoxwrsudnndwpdqodu‚

o¯y|do|¯}h|olwrsudnâyh|dČ|hehq}huroxs ÊâÍ ÓâÊÎ ÓâÎ ËâÓ ÊâÏ ÓâÓÎ ÓâËÎ ÊâË
ÎóËÓpndo‚qo‚™‚qgdâgdkdndw‚pdo}hph¯}hulqghÝ
ÊxpxÈdnnloðvlowlhuhqndwpdqoduâ|¯nvhn ?}hodo‚Èpdjhuhnol
sodvwlnlqghnvhõ ıÍÓövdklsyhvxrudq‚
|¯nvhnâhqd}ÊÓpndo‚qo‚™‚qgdâ
Ë‚y‚odÈdelohqwrsudnndwpdqoduâkdvvdvnloyh|d ?}hodo‚Èpdjhuhnol

ñyh|dÊwlsohulqghqiduno‚gl™huwrsudnwlsohulÝ
 

5BTBSÖN
%BWSBOÖ×
4QFLUSVNV

?uqhnwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpx
xndu‚gdnlndwvd|‚odu‚gh™huohqglulunhqelugõö
wdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxjuxexeluhõöhodvwln
vshnwuxpxqgdq‚ndu‚o‚uÝhõöâdjâȖ yhČqlq
eluirqnvl|rqxgxuÝxurfrghÑgõöwdvdu‚p
vshnwuxpxqxwdq‚pod|dqlidghohun
Čgd
yhuloplÈwluÝ
yh}hplqwlsl¯}hulqhlqÈd
hglohfhntćÊâÎgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚qdvdklsyh IhnloÊÓ
}hplqwlsl¯}hulqhlqÈdhglohfhntćÍ KvwwhÝduno‚e¤ojhohuyhgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚
gdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚qdvdkls|ds‚odullq tllqwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpx¤uqhnohulÝ
djćËpðvËrodqyhlsÊghsuhpkdvdu
owwdݯnvhnol™hõöed™o‚rodudn|ds‚odu‚q
wdq‚p‚qgdnlghsuhpe¤ojhohulqh|¤qholnwdvdu‚p hul|rgodu‚õöõdeorÏČ|dj¤uh
vshfwuxp¤uqhnohulIhnloÊÓČgdj¤vwhulophnwhgluÝ |dnodȂnrodudnćwÌðÍöÝ

S d(T) 4
)
Zemin tipi A - q = 1,5
3 Zemin tipi C - q = 1,5

Zemin tipi C - q = 4

0 1 2 3 4 5
T (s)

H =5 m H =17 m H =50 m H =100 m

T 1=0,0 s T 1=0,7 s T 1=1,5 s T 1=2,7 s
Rijit
bina




4¶4.¶,
5"4"3*."
(¯3&
:"1*-"3*/

5"/*.-"/."4*

%BWSBOÖ×
LBUTBZÖMBSÖ
4ÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGMBSÖ
1MBTUJL
UFLSBS
EBÉÖUÖN
QBSBNFUSFTJ
 

4JTNJL
UBTBSÖNB
HÏSF
ZBQÖMBSÖO
UBOÖNMBONBTÖ

dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚ 8onnrqvrohodvwlnrodudnÈhnlogh™lÈwluluyh
gdyudq‚È‚IhnloÊÊČghnl óșgl|djudp‚qgd
hqhumlõghiöIhnloÊÊČgh|dwd|wdudo‚e¤ojhqlq
dodq‚g‚uyhghićËghiČ|hhÈlwwluÝlughsuhp
l}jlvl|ohj¤vwhuloluÝăgpd{|hugh™lÈwluphvlqgh jhqhoolnohelunde¯|¯nhyulphqhghqroxuÝ
Ìݤo¯pghd‚nodqg‚™‚jlelgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚
wdedqprphqwlõ
öâ
ć ČhxodȂuÝodvwln ?uqh™lqăgpd{lohñgpd{dudv‚͏hyulpâ|dqlex
|ds‚q‚qsodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphndsdvlwhvlql
Èhnlogh™lÈwluphhqhumlvlõghiöÈhnloghglnh|wdudo‚ gdghićÑghiwrsodphqhumlvlqhnduȂo‚njholuÝ
j¤vwhuluÝodvwlnphndql}pdodugdhqhuml
¯jhqlqdodq‚g‚uyhghićÓâÎ șpd{ČdhÈlwwluÝ xsodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohuohsodvwlngd|dq‚p‚
w¯nhwlophvlâghsuhphpdux}ndodqelu
xw¯nhwlohqhqhuml|ds‚|ddvodjhulg¤qph}ã|ds‚ õ örodqnrqvrogd|xwxodqhqhumlqlqËndw
|ds‚q‚qhqhumlw¯nhwphvlqh¤qhpol¤o¯gh
edÈodqj‚fdõgćÓöjhuljhogl™lqghvlvwhplqhodvwln gdkdid}odgd|dq‚po‚nrqvrogdnlhqe¯|¯n
ndwn‚vd™od|deloluÝds‚wdudi‚qgdqwrsodp
Èhnlogh™lÈwluphhqhumlvlõghiöv‚i‚udhÈlwroxuÝ hodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphhqhumlvlqghqgdkdid}od
ghsuhphqhumljluglvlõlqsxwöiduno‚|rooduod
vr™xuxoxuãhodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphhqhumlvlõghiöâ 8nlqflnrqvrosodvwlnprphqwõ ćÓâÎ ö rogx™xqxj¤vwhuluÝrqxrodudnnrqvrox
nlqhwlnhqhumlõnlqöâdn‚Èndqo‚nhqhumlvlõylvfrxvö lohqlwhohqgluloluÝxnrqvroxqwdedq‚qgdnl llqjhuhnolnhvlwâhodvwrñsodvwlnnrqvroxq
yhsodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphhqhumlvlõghiöÞ õ
qrnwdv‚qgdnlösodvwlnprphqw v¯qhnol™lqlqõșpd{ðș|öËČghqe¯|¯nropdv‚
õ öșćș|ćșpd{ðËllqhoghhgloluyhsodvwln nrÈxox|odhodvwlngd|dq‚p‚õ ölohnduȂod|delohq
lqsxwćnlqăylvfrxvăghiăghi pdivdoroxÈxuÝgpd{|hugh™lÈwluphvlqhhodvwln nhvlwwhqgdkdn¯¯nrodeloluÝxâx|jxq|ds‚vdo
yhsodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohughqvrqudxodȂo‚uÝ holnnxoodq‚og‚™‚qgdelusureohproxÈwxupd}Ý
ghivlvwhpwdudi‚qgdqndo‚f‚rodudnvr™xuxodq ™hughsuhpIhnloÊÊČghnlh™ulvlloheholuwlohq
hqhuml|hnduȂo‚njholuyhj¤uhfholrodudnăgpd{ hwnljlelăgpd{lohñgpd{dudv‚hyulpvho|hu
yhñgpd{dudv‚hyulpvho|hugh™lÈwluphohuh gh™lÈwluphohuhqhghqroxuvdvlvwhpllqghelu
pdux}ndodqlnlnrqvroxqgdyudq‚È‚q‚q hyulpghõăgpd{âñgpd{öndo‚f‚rodudn|xwxodq
nduȂodÈw‚u‚opdv‚|odj¤vwhulohelohfh™ljlel
gl™huwhulpohuhj¤uhgdkd¤qhpolrodeloluÝ

IhnloÊÊ
d max MA odvwlnlohhodvwrñsodvwln
gdyudq‚Èodu‚q‚qnduȂodÈw‚u‚opdv‚Ý
EL
M EL
T y
H T max M EP

A
T max T max T

EP


 

4JTNJL
UBTBSÖNB
HÏSF
ZBQÖMBSÖO
UBOÖNMBONBTÖ

d}odhqhumlw¯nhwhqholn|ds‚oduâelughqrn|hugh gh™huhj¤uhd}dow‚op‚ÈroxuÝtgh™huohulâ|ds‚q‚q udwlnrodudnâelu|ds‚|dx|jxodqdqwrsodp

j¯yhqloluhqhuml|xwpde¤ojhohulroxÈwxuxopdv‚ wlsohulqlqelughqid}odhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhõen}Ý wdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlõöwrsodphodvwln
vd™odqdudnwdvduodqdeloluÝqhumlw¯nhwhq IhnloÊËöroxÈwxupdsrwdqvl|hoohulql|dqv‚w‚uÝ nhvphnxyyhwlqghqõćpd{öćðt
e¤ojhohulqj¯yhqloluol™leholuolvd|‚gdwdvdu‚p nxoodq‚odudnkhvdsodq‚uÝõrwÞvdghfhı
nrÈxoodudx|xopdv‚vrqxfxvd™odq‚uÝÑݤo¯pgh dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚q‚wdkplqhwphnndupdȂn e¤ojhvlqghjhhuolroxsČghqvrqudtČqxq
d‚nodqdqändsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚ČexqodugdqelulgluÝ8|l|dnodȂpodu‚x|duod|dudn¤}¯ohelohq}ruoxelu hwnlvlćÓČgdtćÊČhndgdug¯ÈhuÝö
wdvduodqdqghsuhphgd|dq‚no‚|ds‚odugdelughq sureohpgluÝdnodȂnropdv‚qgdud™phqedvlwelu
rn|hughhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohuroxÈxuÝ gh™huohqgluphIhnloÊÊČghj¤vwhulohq¤uqhnwh
|ds‚odeloluÝ™hutć ð ćËnxoodq‚o‚uvd
¯w¯qghsuhp|¤qhwpholnohul|ds‚odu‚q hodvwlndqdol}ghv¯qhnnrqvroxdqdol}hwphnwh
sodvwlnphndql}pdoduvd|hvlqghhqhuml nxoodq‚odqäwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqxqõgõööČ
w¯nhwhelophndelol|hwlqlelundwvd|‚lohwdq‚poduÝ ruglqdwodu‚âhodvwlnvshnwudolyphqlqõhõöö
xâ
g¤n¯pdqodu‚qgdä|¯nd}dowpd ruglqdwodu‚q‚qÊðËČvlqhhÈlwwluyhnrqvrogd
ndwvd|‚v‚ČyhxurfrghÑČghägdyudq‚È exoxqdqkduhnhwhwnlvlõ ö ć ðËroxuÝ
ndwvd|‚v‚tČgxuÝqhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚odugdex ™hunrqvronhvlwlwdvdu‚pgd|dq‚p‚
ndwvd|‚odue¯|¯nw¯uõen}ÝIhnloÊËöÝ gij ðËrodfdnÈhnloghwdvduodq‚uvd
v¯qhnol™lËyh|dgdkdid}odropdv‚nrÈxox|od
dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚õtöâ|ds‚q‚qgdyudq‚È‚q‚q ghsuhphgd|dqdeloluÝxxurfrghÑČlqgdyudq‚È
wdpdphqhodvwlnrogx™xgxuxpgd|ds‚|dhwnl|hq ndwvd|‚v‚q‚q¤qhplqlwdpdqodp‚|odj¤vwhuluÝ
ghsuhpnxyyhwohulqlqõö|ds‚q‚q|hwhuoljdudqwl
hghqwdvdu‚pgdõjhohqhnvhohodvwlndqdol}prghol
lohönxoodq‚odqghsuhpnxyyhwohulqhõörudq‚g‚uÝ
xgxuxpgdwdvdu‚pghsuhpkduhnhwlâghsuhp
kduhnhwlqlwdpdphqhodvwlnrodudnnduȂodpdn
llqwdvduodqdq|ds‚dqdol}lqghdo‚qpdv‚jhuhnhq

P P P IhnloÊË
lu|ds‚wlslqlqhqhumlw¯nhwheloph
F F F srwdqvl|holql|dqv‚wdqgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚tÝ

Ísodvwlnpdivdo Êsodvwlndsud} sodvwlnphndql}pd|rn

tćÏ tćÍ tćÊõÊâÎö

ýdsud}odu‚qvwdelolwhvledv‚qdow‚qgdjhyuhnj¤ph|dsdelohqqdulqgl|djrqdoohuhed™o‚g‚uÝ
 

4JTNJL
UBTBSÖNB
HÏSF
ZBQÖMBSÖO
UBOÖNMBONBTÖ

deorÌČghxurfrghÑČhj¤uhwdvdu‚pgd deorÌ
x|jxodqdfdntČqxqhqe¯|¯ngh™huohul dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚tõhqe¯|¯ngh™huohulö
yhulophnwhgluÝxgh™huohuwdvdu‚pllqvhlohq
¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚qdyh|ds‚wlslqlwdq‚pod|dq 
 88 ¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚
sodvwlnwhnudugd™‚wpdsdudphwuhvlqhõĮxðĮÊö
  
ed™o‚rodudneholuohqluݯqhnolnv‚q‚iodu‚yhĮxðĮÊ
dÈd™‚gdwdq‚podqpdnwdg‚uÝdvdu‚pf‚deorÌČgh rphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohuõ
&ö ÊâÎõËýö Í ÎĮxðĮÊ
eholuwlohqghqgdkdg¯È¯ntgh™huohulqlvhheloluÝ hunh}ldsud}odu ÊâÎõËýö Í Í
hunh}lñdsud}odu‚ Ë ËâÎ
¯qhnolnv‚q‚iodu‚ ‚Èphunh}dsud}odu‚ ÊâÎõËýö Í ÎĮxðĮÊ
huvvdund ÊâÎõËýö Ë ËĮxðĮÊ
urmh|hedÈodunhqwdvdu‚pf‚|ds‚|‚äqrupdoČ hunh}ldsud}oduloh
& ÊâÎõËýö Í ÍĮxðĮÊ
õhqhumlw¯nhwph|hqöyh|dähqhumlw¯nhwhqČ
&huhyhohulqllqghed™odqw‚v‚}ehwrq ÊâÎõËýö Ë Ë
|ds‚rodudnwdvduodpd|‚vhheloluݯw¯q
yh|dgrojxgxyduloh
&
prghuqghsuhp|¤qhwpholnohulâ¤uqh™lq
&huhyhghqed™‚pv‚}grojxgxyduodu‚loh
& Í ÎĮxðĮÊ
÷Êø÷Ðø÷Ñø÷ÊÌøâexlnlndyudpdudv‚qgd
vhlpld‚ne‚udndudnelundä¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚Č ýv‚q‚i‚llqoxvdonohutćËČ|hl}lqyhuheloluÝ
wdq‚poduoduÝxurfrghÑČgh¯¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚
wdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uãõ¯È¯n¯qhnolnâhqhuml
w¯nhwph|hq|ds‚oduöâõrupdoõuwd
g¯}h|ö¯qhnolnöyhõ¯nvhn¯qhnolnöÝ

v‚q‚i‚qdj¤uh|ds‚|‚wdvduodpdnghphnhq
e¯|¯nwdvdu‚pnxyyhwohulqlglnndwhdodudnvdghfh
qrupdovwdwlnwdvdu‚pwdknlnohulqlõ¤uqh™lq
xurfrghÌČ¯nxoodqdudnö|dspdnghphnwluÝ
v‚q‚i‚qdj¤uhwdvduodunhqrodelohfhnhq
e¯|¯ntndwvd|‚v‚khvdedndw‚o‚uyhex|dnodȂpâ
hqn¯¯nwdvdu‚pghsuhpkduhnhwohul|ohyh
ghsuhpkdudnhwhwnlohul|ohvrqxodq‚uÝxvd|hgh
h™lophprphqwohulâhqhumlw¯nhwph|hq|ds‚q‚q
wdvdu‚p‚qgdnlqhqd}dudqr™xqoxnod¤qhpol
deorÍ
¤o¯ghd}do‚uõex¤whohphyh|hugh™lÈwluphohu
dvdu‚pndyudpodu‚â¯qhnoln‚q‚iodu‚yhgdyudq‚È
llqv¤}nrqxvxgh™logluâen}ݤo¯pÏöÝxdudgd
ndwvd|‚v‚q‚qõtöuhihudqvgh™huohul
gdkd|¯nvhn¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚vhphnghphnedÈnd
eholuoljhuhnololnohuhghx|pdnghphnwluõxurfrgh
ÑöÝxjhuhnololnohughqeluwdqhvlhqhumlw¯nhwhq ds‚vdodyudq‚È ¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚ dyudq‚È qhumlw¯nhwhqhohpdqodu
|ds‚vdohohpdqodullqjhuhnoldeorÍČgheholuwlohq dvdu‚pdyudpodu‚ dwvd|‚v‚õtö llqjhuhnolhqñnhvlwv‚q‚i‚
tČ|ded™o‚rodqnhvlwv‚q‚i‚vhlplgluÝÑݤo¯pČgh hihudqvgh™hul
wdvdu‚pllqx|jxq¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚Čq‚qvhlplloh qhumlw¯nhwph|hq yh|d tIJÊâÎ rn
lojlolgdkdghwd|o‚d‚nodpdoduyhulophnwhwluÝ ¯È¯n¯qhnoln
qhumlw¯nhwph|hq yh|d ÊâÎİtIJË ‚q‚iÊâËruÌ
¯È¯n¯qhnoln
qhumlw¯nhwhq yh|d ËİtIJÍ ‚q‚iÊruË
rupdo¯qhnoln
qhumlw¯nhwhq yh|d tıÍ ‚q‚iÊ
¯nvhn¯qhnoln


 

4JTNJL
UBTBSÖNB
HÏSF
ZBQÖMBSÖO
UBOÖNMBONBTÖ

odvwlnwhnudugd™‚w‚p
sdudphwuhvlĮxðĮÊ
ĮÊsdudphwuhvl|ds‚q‚qelun‚vp‚qgdsodvwln
gd|dq‚pdxodÈpdnllqjhuhnol|dwd|ghsuhp
wdvdu‚pkduhnhwlqlqdusdq‚g‚uÝĮxlvhjoredo
phndql}pdroxÈwxupdnllqjhuhnol|dwd|
ghsuhpwdvdu‚pkduhnhwlqlqdusdq‚g‚uÝ
ĮxðĮÊrudq‚gr™uxvdoropd|dqvwdwlnäduw‚pvdo
lwphČjoredodqdol}llohhoghhgloheloluâidndwÊâÏ
gh™hullohv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚o‚uÝxurfrghÑČghqdo‚qdq
ĮxðĮÊgh™huohulIhnloÊÌČghyhuloplÈwluÝ

IhnloÊÌ
oredosodvwlnphndql}pdroxÈwxupdn
llqwdvdu‚pdpdf‚rodudnwdq‚podqdq
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulq|huohulyh
lojlolĮxðĮÊsdudphwuhohulqlqvwdqgduw
gh™huohulõxurfrghÑČghqdo‚qp‚Èw‚uö

xurfrghÑČhj¤uhwdvduodqdqyh|dphunh}ldsud}oduyhg‚Èphunh}dsud}odu‚ÞĮxðĮÊćÊâË


#µ5µ/
:"1*
5¶1-&3¶
¶ ¶/
035",

%&13&.
"/"-*;*
7&
5"4"3*.
5"),¶,-&3¶

4JTNJL
LÕUMF
"OBMJ[
.FUPEV
#VSVMNB
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
ZBQÖMBSEB
ZFS
EFÉJ×UJSNFMFS
%BZBOÖN
LP×VMV
¶LJODJ
NFSUFCF
FULJMFSJOJO
TÖOÖSMBNBMBSÖ


 

#ÕUÕO
ZBQÖ
UJQMFSJ
JÀJO
PSUBL
EFQSFN
BOBMJ[J
WF
UBTBSÖN
UBILJLMFSJ

lvplnn¯woh lvplnn¯wohdÈd™‚gdnlohulexopdnllqnxoodq‚o‚uÞ
¬ elqdq‚qlvwhqlohqndw‚qgdnlyhwhpholqghnl
ghsuhpghqnd|qdnodqdqjoredohwnlohul
shul|rgodu‚ n¯wohohulqlqeluirqnvl|rqx
¬ lnlqflphuwhehhwnlohulqv‚q‚uodpdodu‚q‚q
rogx™xqgdqrodv‚ghsuhpv‚udv‚qgd
vd™odqpdv‚qgdnxoodq‚odqwrw
|ds‚gdexoxqdqn¯wohohulqgr™uxrodudn
yhwrwnxyyhwlohulql
gh™huohqglulophvljhuhnolgluÝälvpln
¬ ghsuhphwnlvl|oh|ds‚vdohohpdqodugdroxÈdq
n¯wohČd™‚uo‚™dõöed™o‚khvdsodq‚uÞ
vlvplnkduhnhwhwnlohulqlõ
göãexhohpdqodu‚q
ćȈnâmăȈȥâlÝnl gd|dq‚pwdknlnohulllq
ggh™huohulâg
kduhnhwhwnlvlqlqwdvdu‚pgh™hulqlexopdn
ȥâldusdq‚âkduhnhwol|¯ngh™huohulllq llqgl™hukduhnhwohulqhwnlohul|oheluohÈwluloluÞ
nxoodq‚o‚uyhed}‚n¯wohohu|ds‚|dulmlwed™o‚
ropdg‚™‚llqexqodu‚q|ds‚q‚qkduhnhwlql gćȈnâmíăìíăìȈËlÝnlíăì
g
wdpdphqwdnlshwph|hfh™lqlglnndwhdo‚uÞ
ȥâlćijȥËâlÝȥËâlyhijgh™huohuldeorÎČgh
olvwhohqplÈwluÝuwdodpdeluelqd|¯nvhnol™lqfh
exoxqdqkduhnhwol|¯nohuhnduȂo‚njhohq
vlvplnn¯wohllqnxoodq‚odqȥâldusdq‚ÊČghq
rnn¯¯nghrodeloluÝ?uqh™lqâe¯w¯qndwodu‚
ed™‚pv‚}rodudnnxoodq‚odqrilvelqdodu‚qgdÞ

ȥćijȥËâlćÓâÎ{ÓâÌćÓâÊÎ

?}honxoodq‚p ȌËâl dw ij deorÎ

ȌËâlyhijdusdqodu‚

Þnrqxw ÓâÌ &dw‚ ÊâÓ
Þrilv ÓâÌ 8olÈnlolnxoodq‚pgdrodqndwodu ÓâÑ
Þwrsodqw‚rgdodu‚âlqvdqodu‚q ÓâÏ d™‚pv‚}nxoodq‚pgdrodqndwodu ÓâÎ
wrsoxfdexoxqgx™x|huohu
Þdo‚ÈyhulÈ|huohul ÓâÏ ÊâÓ
ÞghsroduâhÈ|dodu‚q ÓâÑ
ghsrodqg‚™‚|huohu
Þwudilnõdudd™‚uo‚™‚IJÌÓnö ÓâÏ
 

#ÕUÕO
ZBQÖ
UJQMFSJ
JÀJO
PSUBL
EFQSFN
BOBMJ[J
WF
UBTBSÖN
UBILJLMFSJ

qdol}phwrgx Ìöä
uw‚pvdolwphČdqdol}lvdelwg¯Èh||¯nohuyh
elu|¤qghduwdq|dwd||¯nohudow‚qgd|ds‚odq
gr™uxvdoropd|dqvwdwlndqdol}gluÝvdvhqã
hsuhphpdux}ndodq|ds‚q‚qdqdol}lql|dspdn
¬ dȂu‚gd|dq‚prudqgh™huohulqlq
llqhÈlwolphwrgodunxoodq‚odeloluÝ hwrgxqvhlpl
õĮxðĮÊögh™lÈwluphnyh|dvd™odpdnllqâ
|ds‚q‚qyhdqdol}lqdpdodu‚qded™o‚rodudngh™lÈluÝ
¬ kdvdu‚qgd™‚o‚p‚q‚yhehnohqhqsodvwln
phndql}pdodu‚wdkplqhwphnllqâ
Êödvdu‚pgdnxoodq‚odqvwdqgduw|¤qwhpwdvdu‚p
¬ phyfxwyh|dj¯ohqgluloplÈ
vshnwuxpxqxnxoodqdudn rgluohÈwluph
elqdodu‚q|ds‚vdoshuirupdqv‚q‚
¤qwhplqlx|jxodpdnw‚uÝxâgr™uxvdoropd|dq
gh™huohqgluphnllqâx|jxodq‚uÝ
gdyudq‚È‚qgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚nxoodq‚odudn
wdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqxqwdq‚p‚qgdkhvded
Íödpdqwdq‚pdudo‚™‚qgdgr™uxvdoropd|dq
ndwdqgr™uxvdoeludqdol}phwrgxgxuÝxphwrg
dqdol}gluhnkduhnhwlqglihudqvl|ho
sodqgdyhðyh|dg¯Èh|gr™uxowxgdg¯}hqolyh|d
ghqnohpohulqlqvd|‚vdolqwhjudoldo‚qdudn
g¯}hqvl}rodqe¯w¯qelqdwlsohulqhx|jxodqdeloluÝ
hoghhgloluÝhsuhpkduhnhwllyphõhqd}Ì
nd|‚wönd|g‚rodudnwdq‚podq‚uÝxwlsdqdol}
ËöäÈgh™huhsuhp¯n¯Č|¤qwhplä rg
gdkdrndudÈw‚updyh|¤qhwpholnohuh
luohÈwluphČ|¤qwhplqlqedvlwohÈwluloplÈeluw¯u¯
whphoroxÈwxudqdo‚Èpdodugdnxoodq‚o‚uÝ
roxshvdvhqeluwhnwlwuhÈlpprgxqgdgdyudqdq
g¯}hqol|ds‚odudx|jxodqelohqeluvwdwlndqdol}gluÝ
dvlwnrqvroxqpn¯wohvlqhx|jxodqdq
ähÈgh™huČnxyyhwlqhehq}hueluÈhnloghrnndwo‚
elqdodugdkhundwvhyl|hvlqghx|jxodqdqyh
ghsuhplohd|q‚|hugh™lÈwluphÈhnolqlvd™od|dq
eluvhwländwČnxyyhwohulqlwdq‚podpdn
p¯pn¯qg¯uÝxnrqxqxqÐݤo¯pČghõlvpln
dqdol}yhwdvdu‚pllq|dnodȂnphwrgöghwd|odu‚
yhulophnwhgluÝ rgluohÈwluphyhÈgh™hu
hsuhp¯n¯|¤qwhpohul|ds‚odu‚qg¯}ohp
huhyhprghoohulqheholuolg¯}hqololn¤o¯wohulqh
ed™o‚ndo‚qdudnx|jxodqdeloluõen}ÝdeorÏöÝ

¯}hqololn 8}lqyhulohqedvlwohÈwluphohu dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚ deorÏ

ds‚vdog¯}hqololnohuyhvlvplndqdol}gh
odq ¯nvhnoln rgho r™uxvdoñodvwln t
õxurfrghÑöl}lqyhulohqedvlwohÈwluphohuÝ

qdol}
du du ˏhuhyh Ègh™huhsuhp¯n¯ hihudqvgh™hu
du rn ˏhuhyh rgluohÈwluph hihudqvgh™huðÊâË
‚q‚uo‚ du ˏhuhyh Ègh™huhsuhp¯n¯ hihudqvgh™hu
rn du ÊprghoÌ Ègh™huhsuhp¯n¯ hihudqvgh™hu
rn rn ÊprghoÌ rgluohÈwluph hihudqvgh™huðÊâË
yhd}dow‚op‚ÈĮxðĮÊ


 

#ÕUÕO
ZBQÖ
UJQMFSJ
JÀJO
PSUBL
EFQSFN
BOBMJ[J
WF
UBTBSÖN
UBILJLMFSJ

xuxopd yhăyh|dó|¤qghhng‚Èphunh}ol™hed™o‚
rodudnkhvdsodq‚uݯ}hqvl}|ds‚odugdâ yh
qhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚odugd
hsuhpohu¯qhghqohelqdodugd
Čqlqd|q‚qrnwd|dghqnjhophgl™lgxuxpodugdq |hugh™lÈwluphohu
nd|qdnodqdqexuxopdhwnlohulqlqkhvde‚vdghfh
exuxopdkduhnhwohulgr™xuxuÞ
Ìñprgholoh|ds‚odeloluÝng‚Èphunh}ol™lqhwnlvl luwdvdu‚pghsuhplqlglnndwhdodqprg
¬ khundwwdexoxqdelohqndw‚q n¯woh
khundwwdndwnxyyhwlloh ñphvdihvlqlq eluohÈwluph|¤qwhplâkduhnhwlgdyudq‚È
phunh}lqhhwnl|hqwrsodpndwnxyyhwllohr
dus‚p‚q‚qgh™hulndgduexuxopdprphqwl ndwvd|‚v‚|odõtöd}dowdudnjhohqhnvhogr™uxvdo
ndw‚qulmlwolnphunh}ldudv‚qgdnlg‚È
x|jxodqdudnexoxqdeloluÝxlnlexuxopdhwnlvlâ dqdol}|dspdnw‚uÝxoxqdq|hugh™lÈwluphohu
phunh}olnÝ
hng‚Èphunh}ol™lqăyhólÈduhwohulqlkhvded jhuhnhodvwrñsodvwln|hugh™lÈwluphohulq
¬ &rn|¯nvhnndwo‚|ds‚odu‚õelund|¯}
ndwdudneluohÈwluloluÝ yhČqlqd|q‚ hodvwlnõghön‚vp‚g‚uõIhnloÊÍöÝdyudq‚È
phwuhohu|¯nvhnol™lqghöhwnloh|hq
qrnwd|dghqnjhogl™lsodqgdvlphwuln ndwvd|‚v‚q‚qwdq‚p‚âjhuhnõhodvwrñsodvwlnö
|hukduhnhwohulqlqg¤qphhwnlvlÝ
elqdodugdhng‚Èphunh}olnhwnlvlâ|dnodȂn yhuhihudqvhodvwln|ds‚odugdnlõIhnloÊÊyh
¬ lphwulneluelqdropdv‚qdud™phqâ Čqlq
rodudn|hugh™lÈwluphkduhnhwhwnlohulqlelu ÊÍöhÈ|hugh™lÈwluphohuklsrwh}lqhgd|dq‚uÝ
jhuhn|hulnrqxvxqgdeholuvl}olnrodeloluÝ
dusdqõįölohe¯|¯owhuhnkhvdsodqdeloluÞ huhn|hugh™lÈwluphohuõgvöghgh™hulql
xvhehsohghsuhp|¤qhwpholnohulâ
x nrod|fdtlohdusdudnexoxqxuÞgvćtgh
khvdsodqdq ñphvdihvlqhhn 1  0,6 ˜
rodudndqdol}ohughghsuhpgr™uxowxvxqd Le
gln|¤qghelqder|xqxqĖÎČlndgduähnČ
g‚Èphunh}ol™lqkhvdedndw‚opdv‚q‚jhuhnwluluÝ xudgdnl{âsodqgd|ds‚q‚qkhvdedndw‚odq|dwd|
wdȂpdvlvwhpllohelqdq‚qn¯wohphunh}lõ ö
ulmlwolnphunh}lâelqdq‚qvdghfhx|jxodqdq dudv‚qgdnlgh™huohqglulohqghsuhpkduhnhwlqh
nxyyhwhsdudoho|¤qgh|hugh™lÈwluph sodqgdglngr™uxowxgd¤o¯ohqphvdih|lyhhâ
jhuhnohÈwlugl™lgxuxpgdnlnxyyhwlqx|jxodpd lnledÈwd|ds‚q‚q|dwd|wdȂ|‚f‚vlvwhpldudv‚qgdnl
qrnwdv‚g‚uÝxuxopdhwnlohul ñphvdihvlqh |lqhgh™huohqglulohqghsuhpkduhnhwlqhsodqgd
glngr™uxowxgd¤o¯ohqphvdih|llidghhghuÝ
dwd|wdȂ|‚f‚vlvwhplfhskhghrodqvlphwuln
elqdodugdįgh™hulįćÊâÌflydu‚qgdg‚uÝ

IhnloÊÍ
huhn|hugh™lÈwluphohulqõgvökhvdsodqpdv‚Ý

F e = M.S e(T)
E
F d=M.S d(T) M

F d = F e/q
D C d

de = dy d s=q.d y

ghÞvshfwuxpdow‚qgdhodvwlndqdol}lohexoxqdqâtndwvd|‚v‚lohd}dow‚op‚Èhodvwln|hugh™lÈwluph
gvÞjhuhn|hugh™lÈwluph
 

#ÕUÕO
ZBQÖ
UJQMFSJ
JÀJO
PSUBL
EFQSFN
BOBMJ[J
WF
UBTBSÖN
UBILJLMFSJ

d|dq‚pnrÈxox
luohÈlpohugdkloe¯w¯q|ds‚vdo
hohpdqodu‚qgd|dq‚pnrÈxoxÞ
Ed b Rd
xudgdgâhohpdq‚qwdvdu‚pgd|dq‚p‚q‚yh
gâghsuhpwdvdu‚pgxuxpxqgdqnd|qdnodqdq
kduhnhwhwnlvlqlqwdvdu‚pgh™hulqllidghhghuÞ
gćȈnâmíăìíăìȈȥËlÝnlíăìȖÊ
g 3G k, j "" 3Y E
huhnluvhlnlqflphuwhehhwnlohulggh™hulllqgh
glnndwhdo‚q‚uõdÈd™‚gdd‚nodqg‚™‚jlelöyhh™loph
prphqwohulqlqwhnudugd™‚w‚p‚qdl}lqyhuloluÝ
8nlqflphuwheh P ˜d
= tot r d 0,10
™huâ
hwnlohulqlqv‚q‚uodpdodu‚ Vtot ˜ h
lvplnwdvdu‚p‚qeholuvl}olnohullnlqflphuwheh lvhñǻhwnlohullkpdohgloheloluÝ
hwnlohulqlqõyh|dñǻöv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚opdv‚q‚ ™huÓâÊİșIJÓâËËlvhlnlqflphuwhehhwnlohul
jhuhnwluluÝxurfrghÑČghkhundwwdlnlqfl kduhnhwhwnlohulqlÊðõÊñșödusdq‚lohdusdudn
phuwhehprphqwohulõwrwguöelulqflphuwheh khvdedndw‚odeloluÝxudgdnlșklelu}dpdqÓâÌČ¯
prphqwohulõwrwkölohnduȂodÈw‚u‚o‚uÝwrwândwwdnl jhphpholgluÝhundwwdexwdknlnl|dspdn
yh¯vw¯qghnlwrsodpg¯Èh||¯nroxsvlvplnn¯woh ä|xpxÈdnndwČulvnlqld}dow‚uõen}ݤo¯pÑöÝ
, i – Qk, i
khvdedndw‚odudnexoxqxuÝ
gugh™huohqglulohq¯vwyhdowndwodugdnl|dqdo
|hugh™lÈwluphohulqõgvöidun‚g‚uõgvćtghöÝ
wrwâgh™huohqglulohqndwwdnlwrsodpvlvpln
nhvphnxyyhwlgluõgh™huohqglulohqndwwdnlyh
¯vw¯qghnle¯w¯qndwnxyyhwohulqlqwrsodp‚ö
yhkndw|¯nvhnol™lgluõen}ÝIhnloÊÎöÝ

IhnloÊÎ
8nlqflphuwhehhwnlohulqlwdknlnlqgh
nxoodq‚odqsdudphwuhohuÝ

d r = q.d re
P tot
V tot
N N
h V V

Ptot = Ȉ Ngravity
Vtot = Ȉ Vseismic




4¶4.¶,
"/"-¶;
7&
5"4"3*.
¶ ¶/

:",-"·*,
:¯/5&.

#JSJNMFSJO
TFÀJNJ
4UBUJL
FMBTUJL
BOBMJ[
WFZB
F×EFÉFS
ZBOBM
EFQSFN
LVWWFUJ
ZÏOUFNJ
#JS
CJOBOÖO
EPÉBM
UJUSF×JN
QFSJZPEVOVO
5

UBINJOJ

lulpohulqvhlpl
dwdodu‚|rnhwphnllqglqdplndqdol}ghnxoodq‚odq
elulpohuil}lnvhoelulpvlvwhpl|ohx|xpoxropdn
}ruxqgdg‚uÝludeludqgdĖÊÓÓÓphuwhehohulqgh
kdwdoduodnduȂodȂodeloluè?uqh™lqoxvodududv‚
lulplvwhplqghn¯wohnjõngh™loöânxyyhwohu
âx}xqoxnodupâodvwlvlwh
rg¯o¯ðpËyh phyfxwelu|ds‚âlnlg¯}ohphuhyhprgholloh
}dpdqõshul|rgoduÊövelulpohulqghwdq‚podq‚uÝ


4JTNJL
"OBMJ[
WF
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
:BLMB×ÖL
:ÏOUFN
wdwlnhodvwlndqdol}yh|d ghsuhplq|dwd|elohÈhqlqhpdux}ndodqelu
|ds‚gdelundwg¤Èhphvlqlqg¯Èh|wlwuhÈlpprgxÝ
hÈgh™hu|dqdoghsuhp rsodpn¯wohqlqglnndwhdo‚qpdv‚joredonhvph
nxyyhwl|¤qwhpl nxyyhwlqlqõeöid}odkhvdsodqpdv‚qdqhghq
rodeloluyhȜćÓâÑÎrodudngh™huohqgluheloluÝ
odqyhg¯Èh|gr™uxowxgdg¯}hqolân¯wohohul
xndu‚gdnlohuhed™o‚rodudnâähÈgh™hu
g¯}hqolrodudngd™‚w‚op‚Èâulmlw|dwd|gl|diudpodu‚
nxyyhw|¤qwhplČ|ds‚¯}hulqghnlghsuhp
kduhnhwlqlqyhkduhnhwlq|ds‚¯}hulqghnl
prghoohqheloluãelul{gr™uxowxvxqgdâgl™hul|
hwnlvlqlqdqdol}lqghx|jxodqdeloluÝx|¤qwhplq
gr™uxowxvxqgdÝhuprghoâglnndwhdo‚qdqghsuhp
lhugl™ldÈdpdoduÊČghqÐČ|hndgdu
gr™uxowxvxqdsdudoho|¤qghnlqdghw|dwd|
lvlpohqglulohuhndÈd™‚gdyhulophnwhgluÝ
wdȂ|‚f‚vlvwhplqelulqlwhpvlohghuÝxgxuxpgd
ÊÞelqdq‚qelulqflgr™dowlwuhÈlpshul|rgxqxq
exhuhyhqlqvlvplnn¯wohvlpelqdq‚qwrsodp
ÊâdeorÐČghyhulohqpdwhpdwlnvho
vlvplnn¯wohvlqlqÊðqČlgluÝxndu‚gdwdq‚podqdq
ghqnohpohughqelulnxoodq‚odudneholuohqphvl
g¯}hqol|ds‚llqgr™dowlwuhÈlpprgxqgdq|¯nvhn
ËÞwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqgdqwdvdu‚p
rodqwlwuhÈlpprgodu‚q‚qndwn‚v‚lkpdohgloluyh
dqpdlyphvlqlqgõÊörnxqpdv‚
|ds‚vdqnlÊshul|rgxqgdg¯Èh|elunrqvro
ÌÞroxÈdqvlvplnwdedqnhvph
jlelgdyudq‚uÝr™doshul|rgõÊöwhnvhuehvwoln
nxyyhwlqlqekhvdsodqpdv‚Þ
ghuhfhvlqghnlvlvwhplqlqil}lnvhoed™‚qw‚odu‚
ȜćÓâÑÎãpćlqfhohqphnwhrodqhuhyh
glnndwhdo‚qdudnyh|delurnphyfxwwdvdu‚p‚q
vlvwhplqhhwnlhwwlulohqvlvplnn¯woh
dqdol}ohulqghq‚ndu‚odqälvwdwlvwlnvhoČlolÈnlohughq
gõöćwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxõwdvdu‚pf‚
id|gdodq‚odudnõen}ÝdeorÐökhvdsodqdeloluÝ
wdudi‚qgdqvhlohqgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚t
nxoodq‚odudnd}dow‚op‚Èvshnwuxpâedn‚q‚}
rsodp|dwd|ghsuhpnxyyhwlõeö
¤o¯pÎöÝxndu‚gdedkvhglogl™ljlelâpâ
dÈd™‚gdnljlelkhvdsodqdeloluÞ
eâyhgõÊöllqx|jxqrodqelulpohulq
nxoodq‚opdv‚qdglnndwhglopholgluÝ
Fb  S d T1 – m – L
xudgdnlpâdqdol}hglohqhuhyhqlqvlvpln
n¯wohvlqlãgõöâwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqxõen}Ý
¤o¯pÍölidghhghuÝȜndwvd|‚v‚â|ds‚n¯wohvlqlqelu
n‚vp‚q‚qâ|huhoprgodugdwlwuhÈphvlqlqyhjoredo
prgodugdndsvdqdqn¯woh|hndwn‚vd™odpdpdv‚q‚q
hwnlvlqlkhvdedndwpdnllqnxoodq‚o‚uÝ?uqhnÞ

 

4JTNJL
"OBMJ[
WF
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
:BLMB×ÖL
:ÏOUFN

ÍÞenxyyhwlqlqâ|ds‚|¯nvhnol™ler|xqfdw¯p xghqnohpghplâpmndwvlvplnn¯wohohulql
ndwodudändwnxyyhwlČrodudngd™‚w‚opdv‚ j¤vwhuphnwhgluÝ™huw¯pndwodu‚qvlvpln
ÎÞvwdwlndqdol}nxoodqdudnâenxyyhwl n¯wohohuleluelulqhhÈlwvhâkhuelundwwdnl|dwd|
hwnlvlqgh|ds‚gdroxÈdqlnxyyhwyh ndwnxyyhwlldÈd™‚gdyhulogl™ljlelkhvdsodq‚uÝ
|hugh™lÈwluphohulqwhvslwhglophvlâ zi
ÏÞelqdgdroxÈdqvlvplnkduhnhwhwnlohulqlq Fi Fb ˜
gl™huvlvplnhwnlohuoheluohÈwlulophvl 6 zj
õghsuhpgxuxpxqgdnlg¯Èh||¯nohuâyeÝö
ćÍndwodu
ÐÞñǻhwnlvlyeÝhwnlohug¯È¯q¯ohuhn
|ds‚vdohohpdqodugdyheluohÈlpohugh
xwlseludqdol}ljhuhnohÈwluphnllq|ds‚vdo
jhuhnolw¯pvlvplnnrqwuroohulq|ds‚opdv‚
hohpdqodu‚qâ|dqlnrorqyhnlulÈohulqäer|xwodu‚q‚qČ
õdn‚q‚}¤o¯pÏyhÊÓñÊÍöÝ
¤qfhghqwdkplqlrodudneholuohqphvl
jhuhnphnwhgluݤ|ohfhdqdol}âw¯p|ds‚
ÎâÏyhÐdÈdpdodu‚âdqfdn
kduhnhwlqlqhwnlohulqlâh™lophprphqwohulqlâ
|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qer|xwodu‚elunh}
nhvphâ|hugh™lÈwluphghgh™huohulqlyhuluÝ
eholuohqglnwhqvrqudx|jxodqdeloluÝ
xgxuxpâ|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qgd|dq‚p‚â|hu
gh™lÈwluphv‚q‚uodu‚âñǻhwnlohulâyeÝâw¯pwdvdu‚p
lndwnxyyhwohulâ|ds‚gdnlkhundw‚qpdux}ndog‚™‚
nrqwuroohulqlq|ds‚odelophvldqodp‚qdjhophnwhgluÝ
lyph|hed™o‚g‚uÝ8yphohu|¯nvhnolnohduwduyh
|ds‚q‚qÈhnlogh™lÈwluphÈhnolqhed™o‚rodudn
ds‚q‚qg¯}hqololn¤o¯wohulqhx|jxqoxnv‚q‚uodu‚
gd™‚o‚uÝ™huexÈhnlogh™lÈwluphÈhnol|dnodȂn
llqghndopdv‚Èduw‚|odâhÈgh™hunxyyhw
rodudnelu¯jhqndexohgloluvhõdn‚q‚}Ihnlo
|¤qwhplghsuhp|¤qhwpholnohulwdudi‚qgdq
ÊÏöâdÈd™‚gdyhulohqirup¯ohj¤uhkhuelundwwdnl
ndexohglohqdqdol}|¤qwhpohulqghqelulgluÝ
|dwd|ndwnxyyhwllâkhuelundwlyhkhuelundw‚q
|hughq|¯nvhnol™l}lg¯È¯q¯ohuhnkhvdsodqdeloluÝ

z i ˜ mi
Fi Fb ˜
z j ˜ mj

IhnloÊÏ
Ègh™hunxyyhw|¤qwhpl

F4 W4

W3
F3
F2 W2

W1 h2
F1

Fb
 

4JTNJL
"OBMJ[
WF
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
:BLMB×ÖL
:ÏOUFN

luelqdq‚qgr™dowlwuhÈlp
shul|rgxqxqÊwdkplql
dvlwnrqvrorodudnwdq‚podqdelohq|ds‚odullqâ
nhvlqirup¯oohulqnxoodq‚opdv‚p¯pn¯qg¯uã
¯qn¯rqodu‚q|ds‚vdo¤}hoolnohulexirup¯oohulq
gd|dqg‚™‚klsrwh}ohuohx|xÈpdnwdg‚uÝdkd
ndupdȂn|ds‚odullqlvhã|ds‚|¯nvhnol™lâ|ds‚vdo
vlvwhpgxuxpxyh|ds‚q‚qgr™dowlwuhÈlp
shul|rgxÊdudv‚qgdnldpslulnlolÈnlohulvwdwlnvho
|¤qwhpohuohwdq‚podp‚Èw‚uõdn‚q‚}deorÐöÝ
&holnprphqwhuhyhvlvwhpohulllqdeor
ÐČghqdo‚qdqâelqd|¯nvhnol™lyhshul|rgxÊ
dudv‚qgdnled™‚qw‚âIhnloÊÓČgdj¤vwhulophnwhgluÝ
I¯skhvl}âwdvdu‚pf‚oduxqxwpdpdo‚g‚uodu
nlexqoduvdghfh|dnodȂned™‚qw‚odug‚uÝ

l™hueluj¯yhqolwdudiwdq|dnodȂpgdgqlqâ
gqlqâgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxq|dwd|sodwrvx¯vw¯qgh
|hudog‚™‚q‚qõgõöćgõööndexohglophvlql
lhuphnwhgluÝxgxuxp|ds‚odullqxodȂodelohfhn
¯vwv‚q‚uqrnwdv‚g‚uݤ|ohelu|dnodȂpghsuhp
hwnlohulqlqyh|ds‚vdohohpdqer|xwodu‚q‚qelud}
id}odwdkplqhglophvlqhqhghqroxuãidndw
lonwdvdu‚p|dnodȂp‚llqwhuflkhgloheloluÝ
deorÐ
lu|ds‚q‚qgr™dowlwuhÈlpshul|rgxqxq
wdkplqlllqghqnohpohuÝ

hul|rgÊ hihudqv
o‚qdqds‚lsl
hnvhuehvwolnghuhfhvlqhvdklsrvlodw¤ullqnhvlqghqnohpÝ
MH 3 Þ|¯nvhnol™lqghglnh|nrqvroxq¯vw¯qh|‚™‚op‚Èn¯woh
T1 2S
3 EI rqvron¯wohvl ćÓ
0 ,24 M B H 3 hnvhuehvwolnghuhfhvlqhvdklsrvlodw¤ullqnhvlqghqnohpÝ
T1 2S |¯nvhnol™lqhyh wrsodpn¯wohvlqhvdklsglnh|nrqvro
3 EI
hnvhuehvwolnghuhfhvlqhvdklsrvlodw¤ullqnhvlqghqnohpÝ
( M  0 ,24 M B )H 3 Þ|¯nvhnol™lqghnlyh wrsodpn¯wohvlqghnl
T1 2S 
3 EI glnh|nrqvroxq¯vw¯qh|‚™‚op‚Èn¯woh
T1 Ct ˜ H 3/ 4 dnodȂnd™‚qw‚oduõxurfrghÑöÝ
whphoghq|dgdulmlwerguxp wćÓâÓÑÎ rphqwwdȂ|dqx}d|dw‚vlvwhpohulllq
ndw‚q‚q¯vw¯qghq¤o¯ohq wćÓâÓÐÎg‚Èphunh}oldsud}odu‚rodqholnelqdodullq
elqd|¯nvhnol™lõphwuhö wćÓâÓÎÓgl™hue¯w¯q|ds‚odullq
dnodȂnd™‚qw‚oduõxurfrghÑöÝ
T1 2˜ d gÞ|dwd|rodudnhwnlhwwlulohq|huhnlpl|¯nohuldow‚qgdâ
elqdwhshqrnwdv‚q‚qhodvwln|dwd||hugh™lÈwluphvlõphwuhö




%&13&.&
%":"/*,-*


#¶/"-"3*/
.¶."3¶4¶

%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
5FNFM
¯[FMMJLMFSJ
#JSJODJM
:BQÖq
¶LJODJM
:BQÖ
,POTFQU
UBTBSÖNÖO
BNBDÖ
%FQSFNF
EBZBOÖLMÖ
ZBQÖMBSEB
LPOTFQU
UBTBSÖN
JMLFMFSJ
 

%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
.JNBSJTJ

hsuhphd|dq‚no‚
lqdodu‚qhpho?}hoolnohul
¯w¯qelqdoduänxwxČellplqghgluyhghsuhph
pdux}ndog‚nodu‚qgdâIhnloÊÐghndedfd
l}logl™ljlelgdyudqpdnwdg‚uoduÝl|diudp
rodudndgodqg‚ug‚™‚p‚}ulmlwyhgd|dq‚no‚
|dwd||ds‚vdohohpdqoduâkhuelundwwdnl
|dwd||¯nohulqg¯Èh||ds‚hohpdqodu‚qd
gd™‚w‚opdv‚q‚vd™odpdnwdg‚uÝxhohpdqodu‚q
g¯Èh||ds‚vdohohpdqodudeluohÈlpohulq‚qgh
ndwnxyyhwohulqldnwdudfdnÈhnlogh|ds‚opdv‚
jhuhnphnwhgluÝdwd|ndwnxyyhwohulqlq
dnwdu‚og‚™‚{yh||¤q¯qghnl|ds‚vdohohpdqodu
IhnloÊÐ
gdexnxyyhwohulwhphohdnwdupdnwdg‚uoduÝ
ds‚oduqdv‚oänxwxČjlelgdyudq‚u
õd|qdn÷ÊÑøČghqdo‚qp‚Èw‚uöÝ

dwnxyyhwohulgl|diudpodugdqhwnlhghu

l|diudpodundwnxyyhwohulqlg¯Èh|wdȂ|‚f‚|ds‚hohpdqodu‚qdgd™‚w‚uÝ

¯Èh|wdȂ|‚f‚|ds‚hohpdqodugdwhphohdnwdu‚uÝ



lulqflods‚ó8nlqflods‚
ds‚oduâw¯pghsuhphwnlohulqlwdȂpdn¯}huh
wdvduodqdqdqdyh|däelulqfloČvlvwhplâyh
|doq‚}fdg¯Èh||¯nohulwdȂpdn¯}huhwdvduodqdq
älnlqfloČvlvwhpllhuphnwhgluohuõdn‚q‚}Ihnlo
ÊÑöÝ&huhyhvlvwhplqil}lnvhogxuxpxqxq
elulqfloyhlnlqflovlvwhpd|u‚p‚q‚|dqv‚wpdv‚
}ruxqoxgxuÝ8nlqflo|ds‚q‚qvd™odg‚™‚|dwd|
ulmlwolnyhgd|dq‚pâelulqflo|ds‚q‚qvd™odg‚™‚q‚q
ÊÎĖČlqldÈpdpdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
|u‚fdâ
lnlqflo|ds‚hohpdqodu‚q‚qyheluohÈlpohulqlqâ
g¯Èh||¯nohulwdȂ|delophvlqlq|dq‚qgdâ
ghsuhp|¯nohulqlnduȂod|dqelulqflo|ds‚q‚q|hu
gh™lÈwluphohulqlghnduȂodpdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
%LULQFLO
\DSÕ


%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
.JNBSJTJ
rqvhswwdvdu‚p‚qdpdf‚
8|lelunrqvhswwdvdu‚p‚âvlvplnwdvdu‚p
|ds‚opd|dqgxuxpdn‚|dvodâd}eluhnpdol|hw
jhwluhuhnghsuhphnduȂgd|dq‚no‚|ds‚vdo
vlvwhplqjholÈwlulophvlqlp¯pn¯qn‚opdnwdg‚uÝ
rqvhswwdvdu‚plonhohulvdghfhelulqflovlvwhpohu
õghsuhpnxyyhwohulqlvdghfhexhohpdqodu‚q
nduȂodg‚™‚g¯È¯q¯ohuhnöllqx|jxodq‚uݤ|ohfhâ
elqdq‚qÈhnolqghrngdkdid}od¤}j¯uo¯n
vd™odqp‚ÈroxuÝ?}hoolnohâlnlqflo|ds‚hohpdqodu‚q‚q
wdvdu‚p‚qgdw¯p¯|oh¤}j¯uroxqpdv‚âelqdq‚q
g‚Èj¤u¯q¯p¯d‚v‚qgdqgdkd¤qhpolgluÝ
IhnloÊÑ
lulqfloyhlnlqflo|ds‚odu
øNLQFLO
\DSÕ

hsuhphgd|dq‚no‚
|ds‚odugdnrqvhsw
wdvdu‚plonhohul
hsuhphgd|dq‚no‚|ds‚odu‚qnrqvhswwdvdu‚p‚qgd
l}ohqhqlonhohuÞ|ds‚vdoedvlwolnâe¯w¯qo¯nâ
vlphwulâklshuvwdwlnolnâlnl|¤qo¯gd|dq‚p
yhulmlwolnõexuxopdgd|dq‚p‚yhulmlwol™löã
ndwvhyl|hohulqghj¯o¯ulmlwgl|diudpodu‚q
yhx|jxqwhphoohulqnxoodq‚opdv‚g‚uÝ
ds‚vdoedvlwolnâghsuhpnxyyhwohulqlq
dnwdu‚opdv‚llqhqjhovl}yhgrod|v‚}|roodu‚q
phyfxwropdv‚rodudnwdq‚podqdeloluÝx
¤qhpolelusuhqvlswlu㏯qn¯edvlw|ds‚odu‚q
prghoohqphvlâdqdol}lâwdvdu‚p‚âghwd|odqg‚u‚opdv‚
yh|ds‚p‚rngdkdd}eholuvl}olnohulhuluã
e¤|ohfh|ds‚q‚qghsuhpgdyudq‚È‚q‚q
wdkplqlrngdkdj¯yhqloluropdnwdg‚uÝ
odqÈhnloohulqghwhuflkhglohqohu
hareket
burulma


%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
.JNBSJTJ
odqgde¯w¯qo¯nâ|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚q
g¯}j¯qgd™‚o‚p‚lohvd™odqpdnwdg‚uÝds‚vdo
hohpdqodu‚qg¯}j¯qgd™‚o‚p‚â|ds‚q‚qgd™‚w‚op‚È
n¯wohohulqlqroxÈwxugx™xdwdohwnxyyhwohulqlq
n‚vd|rogdqyhgr™uxgdqdnwdu‚opdv‚qd
l}lqyhuphnwhgluÝhuhnolrodqgxuxpodugd
e¯w¯qo¯nâw¯pelqd|‚vlvplnghu}ohuohglqdpln
rodudneluelulqghqed™‚pv‚}sdudodudd|‚ududn
gdjhuhnohÈwluloheloluÝxghu}ohuâghsuhp
gxuxpxqgdeluelulqghqed™‚pv‚}sdudodu‚q
dus‚Èpdv‚q‚¤qoh|hfhnndgdugdjhqlÈropdo‚g‚uÝ
™huelqdirupxvlphwuln|dgd|du‚vlphwuln
lvhâghsuhphgd|dq‚p‚vd™od|dqglnh||ds‚odu‚q
vlphwuln|huohÈlple¯w¯qo¯nvd™odpdnllqx|jxq
ropdnwdg‚uݯwohgd™‚o‚p‚lohgd|dq‚pyhulmlwoln
gd™‚o‚p‚dudv‚qgdnl|dn‚qlolÈnlân¯wohyhulmlwoln
phunh}ohuldudv‚qgdnle¯|¯ng‚Èphunh}olnohul
ruwdgdqndog‚updnwdyhelqd|dhwnlhghqexuxopd
prphqwohulqld}dowpdnwdg‚uõdn‚q‚}IhnloÊÒöÝ
IhnloÊÒ
lphwulnsodqÈhnloohulexuxopd|‚d}dow‚uoduÝ
odqhyuhvlqh|dn‚qrodudngd™‚w‚op‚È
|ds‚vdovlvwhpohuexuxopdgd|dq‚p‚q‚q
vd™odqpdv‚qgdhqhwnlolhohpdqodug‚uÝ
reaksiyon
yapma yap

 

%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
.JNBSJTJ

lqd|¯nvhnol™lqfhe¯w¯qo¯nãhunhq ¯}j¯qgd™‚w‚op‚È|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qnxoodq‚p‚
j¤phohuhqhghqrodqjhuloph|‚™‚opdodu‚yh klshuvwdwlnol™lduw‚u‚uyhghsuhphwnlohulqlq
e¯|¯nv¯qhnolnjhuhnvlqlpohulqlqruwd|d‚nw‚™‚ whnudugd™‚o‚p‚q‚nrod|odÈw‚u‚uâe¯w¯qelqd
kdvvdve¤ojhohulqroxÈpdv‚q‚¤qohuÝ
|u‚fdâ er|xqfdhqhumlgd™‚o‚p‚q‚|d|j‚qodÈw‚u‚uÝ
|u‚fd
elqd|¯nvhnol™lqfhg¯}hqolol™lqvd™odqpdv‚ whphoghnluhdnvl|rqxgd|d|duÝõIhnloËÊöÝ
llqä|xpxÈdnndwČphndql}pdv‚qgdrogx™x
jlelsodvwlnpdivdoodu‚e¤ojhgh|r™xqodÈw‚udq
Èhnloghâ|ds‚vdoropd|dqhohpdqodu‚q|ds‚vdo
hohpdqodu‚hwnlohphphvljhuhnluÝõIhnloËÓö

dolgular IhnloËÓ
¯nvhnolner|xqfdg¯}hqololnä|xpxÈdn
ndwČj¤phvlulvnlqld}dowpdnwdg‚uÝ

3ODVWLN
\XPXúDNNDW mafsallar

IhnloËÊ
lshuvwdwlnolnyhjhqlÈrwxupddodq‚
ghsuhphwnlohulqlgdkdl|lgd™‚w‚uÝ

hareket hareket

reaksiyonlar reaksiyonlar
d d
Küçük
Small lever armmoment kolu
of reactions Büyük moment kolu
Great lever arm of reactions

Yapma Yap
 

%FQSFNF
%BZBOÖLMÖ
#JOBMBSÖO
.JNBSJTJ

dwd|ghsuhpkduhnhwllnl|¤qo¯gr™doelu
rod|g‚uyh|ds‚q‚qkdqjl|¤qghqjholuvhjhovlq
ex|dwd|kduhnhwlnduȂodpdv‚}ruxqoxgxuÝ
ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qkhulnl|¤qghghehq}hu
gd|dq‚pyhulmlwol™lvd™odpdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
lqdq‚qulmlwol™lg¯È¯q¯og¯™¯qghelughqjhropdv‚
}ruxqoxgxuÝ8yphgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxqgdq
gr™uxgdqvrqx‚nduw‚uvdnÞgdkdhvqhn
elqdodugdânxyyhwedn‚p‚qgdqghsuhphwnlohul
d}dow‚odelophnwhgluÝ
qfdnghsodvpdqodugd
gdkdid}odrodfdnw‚uyhwdvdu‚p‚qâwdvdu‚p
ghsuhpldow‚qgdlnlqflghuhfhhwnlohuqhghql|oh
yh|ddugdugdghsuhpohudow‚qgdroxÈdq
dȂu‚kdvdugdqõdwodnoduögrod|‚vwdelolwhvlql
nd|ehwphvlqhqhghqrodelohfhnexdȂu‚
ghsodvpdqodu‚q¤qohqphvl}ruxqoxgxuÝ
hphoohuâe¯w¯qelqdq‚qd|q‚vlvplnwhwlnohph|oh
hwnlohqphvlqlvd™odpdv‚jhuhnluÝ
|q‚}dpdqgdâ
ghsuhphwnlvldow‚qgdiduno‚rwxupdodugdq
nd|qdnodqdqsureohpohuld}dowdfdnÈhnlogh
wdvdu‚p‚|ds‚op‚Èropdv‚jhuhnluÝhphog¤Èhphvl
yhndsodpdg¤Èhphvlrodqulmlwnxwxwlslyh|d
k¯fuhvhowhphoohuexdpdf‚vd™odpdnwdg‚uÝ
™husdexoduyh|dnd}‚nodujlelwhnlo
whphohohpdqodu‚nxoodq‚op‚Èvdâexqodu‚q
ed™nlulÈohul|dgdwhphog¤Èhphvl
loheluelulqhed™odqpdv‚jhuhnluÝ

duno‚|ds‚hohpdqodu‚q‚g¯}j¯qropd|dq
jhuloph|hpdux}e‚udndqexuxopdkduhnhwohulql
v‚q‚uodpdnllqelqd|hwhuolexuxopdgd|dq‚p
yhulmlwol™lqhvdklsropdo‚g‚uÝhsuhphnduȂ
nr|dq|ds‚vdovlvwhpohulqelqdhyuhvlqh
|dn‚qrodfdnÈhnloghgd™‚w‚op‚Èrodudn
|huohÈwlulophvlhqhwnlolrodq|rogxuÝ

l|diudpodu‚qelqdq‚qgd|dq‚p‚¯}hulqghnl
jhqho¤qhpl|xndu‚gdd‚nodqp‚Èw‚Ýã?}hoolnoh
ndupdȂnyh|huohÈlplg¯}j¯qropd|dqg¯Èh|
|ds‚vdovlvwhpohughyh|dgh™lÈln|dwd|Èhnlo
gh™lÈwluph¤}hoo™lqhvdklsvlvwhpohuohehudehu
nxoodq‚og‚™‚qgdõ¤uqh™lqlnlolyh|dndu‚È‚n
vlvwhpohuöndwyhdw‚gl|diudpodu‚q‚qexoxqpdv‚
|duduo‚g‚uÝ?}hoolnohglnh||ds‚vdohohpdqodud|dn‚q
nrqxpodqg‚u‚op‚Èe¯|¯nndwerÈoxnodu‚yhrn
x}xqsodqÈhnloohul¤}hoglnndwohhohdo‚qpdo‚g‚uÝ




&/&3+¶
5µ,&5&/
:"1*-"3*/
5"4"3*.*

&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
ZBQÖMBS
JÀJO
UBTBSÖN
JMLFMFSJ
(ÕWFOJMJS
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUJN
CÏMHFMFSJOJO
UBTBSÖNÖ
 FMJL
ZBQÖMBSEB
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
QFL
ÀPL
ZFSFM
NFLBOJ[NB
NÕNLÕOEÕS
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUNFZFO
ZFSFM
QMBTUJL
NFLBOJ[NBMBS
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CJS
ZBQÖEB
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUNFZFO
FMFNBOMBSÖO
UBTBSÖNÖ
#JSMF×JNMFSF
VZHVMBOBO
LBQBTJUF
UBTBSÖNÖ
%FMJLMJ
ÀVCVLMBSB
LBQBTJUF
UBTBSÖNÖ
VZHVMBONBTÖ
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
TÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖOÖO
TFÀJMNFTJ
5BTBSÖN
JÀJO
CJS
ZBQÖ
UJQJOJO
TFÀJMNFTJ
 

&OFSKJ
5ÕLFUFO
:BQÖMBSÖO
5BTBSÖNÖ

qhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚odu ¯yhqloluhqhumlw¯nhwlp
llqwdvdu‚plonhohul e¤ojhohulqlqwdvdu‚p‚
qhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚odugdjhqhowdvdu‚plonhohulqlq qhumlw¯nhwlpe¤ojhohulqlqv¯qhnelupdo}hphghq
dpdf‚rnvd|‚gdyhj¯yhqloluhqhumlw¯nhwhq |ds‚opdv‚}ruxqoxgxuÝ™hugr™uxholnflqvl
e¤ojhroxÈwxupdnw‚uÝh™lÈln|ds‚vdovlvwhpohugh nxoodq‚o‚uvdâpdo}hphqlqx}dpdv‚ĖÊČohuljhhu
dpdodqdqjoredosodvwlnphndql}pdoduâex yhİ|âpd{ðİ|rodudnwdq‚podqdqv¯qhnolnÊČx
vlvwhpohuhed™o‚eholuol¤}hoolnohuhvdklswluÝ jhphnwhgluÝ&hol™lq|hwhuolroxÈxâ|ds‚vdo
hohpdqodu‚qv¯qhnol™lqlvd™odpdnllqjhuhnol
dvdu‚p¤o¯wohulkhueluwlshuhyhllq rodq¤}hoolnohuhâ|¯nvhnx}dpdndelol|hwlqh
¤}horopdnodehudehuâw¯p¯dÈd™‚gd ixði|ıÊâÊÓed™o‚g‚uyhgl™hujhuhnololnohu
yhulohq¯jhqhonrÈxoxvd™odpdo‚g‚uÞ rodudnâvhuylvv‚fdno‚™‚qgdõkdus|hqwln
¬ ds‚q‚qjhuhnolgd|dq‚p‚vd™odpdv‚llqâ whvwlqhj¤uhhqd}ËÐ
ögr™uxhnph
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqgd|dq‚p‚q‚q gd|dq‚p‚yhnd|qdnodqdeloluol™lvd|‚odeloluÝ
gâkhvdsodqdqnxyyhwhwnlohulqghqgâ &hol™lqnhqglvlqhhnrodudnâȯskhvl}nd|qdn
id}odropdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÞgijg pdo}hphvlyhexorqodu‚qgd|hwhuolropdv‚
¬ qhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqv¯qhnol™lqlqâ jhuhnphnwhgluÝhuhnolnrÈxoodudx|xpox
ghsuhp|¯nohuldow‚qgdroxÈdqÈhnlo
ufhoru lwwdoholnohulnČghyhulophnwhgluÝ
gh™lÈwluphohulvwdelokdohjhwluhelohfhn
joredosodvwlnphndql}pdodu‚q
roxÈpdv‚q‚vd™od|dfdnndgdu
|¯nvhnropdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
¬ l™hu|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qâhodvwlnyhvwdelo
kdoghndodfdnÈhnloghwdvdu‚p‚q‚q|ds‚opdv‚
jhuhnphnwhgluÝxgxuxpâexsdudjudiwd
dqodw‚og‚™‚Èhnloghâändsdvlwh|hj¤uhwdvdu‚pČ
|¤qwhplx|jxodqg‚™‚wdnglughvd™odqdeloluÝ
¬ ¤ojhvhoelusodvwlnphndql}pdq‚q
|hulqhjoredoelusodvwlnphndql}pdq‚q
roxÈwx™xqgdqhplqropdnllqãhqhuml
w¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughâdȂu‚|¯nohphqlq
ghkrprmhqropdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ

hueluwls|ds‚llq|ds‚vdohohpdqodud
yh|deluohÈlpohuhed™o‚rodudngl™hu
wdvdu‚plonhohuld|u‚fdeholuohqplÈwluÝ

rqxrodudnâdÈd™‚gdnl¯ägxuxpČlqfhohqpholgluÞ
xuxpÊÞsodqodqdqjoredosodvwln
phndql}pdyhhqhumlw¯nhwlp
e¤ojhohulqlqeholuohqphvl
xuxpËÞvhlohq|huohughnlhqhumlw¯nhwhq
e¤ojhohulqwdvdu‚p‚q‚q|ds‚opdv‚
xuxpÌÞhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohukdulflqghâ
gl™hu|huohughsodvwlnghirupdv|rqodugdqâ
n‚u‚ojdqj¤phohughqyhðyh|dhodvwln
vwdelolwhnd|‚sodu‚qgdqnd‚q‚opdo‚g‚uÝ

dvdu‚pkhghilrodudnvhlohqjoredosodvwln
phndql}pdâ|ds‚q‚qwlslqhed™o‚g‚uÝxqodu¤o¯p
ÊÓâÊÐdudv‚yhulophnwhgluÝxuxpËyhÌgdkd
jhqhonrqxodug‚uyhdÈd™‚gdhohdo‚qpdnwdg‚uÝ

 

&OFSKJ
5ÕLFUFO
:BQÖMBSÖO
5BTBSÖNÖ

&holn|ds‚odugdhqhuml
w¯nhwhqshnrn|huho
phndql}pdp¯pn¯qg¯u
dvdu‚pâhqhumlw¯nhwlplvd™odg‚™‚elolqhq|huho
sodvwlnphndql}pdodu‚qjholÈphvlqlvd™odpdo‚ã <(5(/0(.$1ø=0$/$5
yhhqhumlw¯nhwlplvd™odpd|dqâsodvwlnyh|d (1(5-ø7h.(7(10(.$1ø=0$/$5 (1(5-ø7h.(70(<(10(.$1ø=0$/$5
n‚u‚ojdqphndql}pdodugdqnd‚q‚opdo‚g‚uÝxâ
wdvdu‚pf‚q‚qp¯qn¯qrodqhqhumlw¯nhwhq N
|dgdw¯nhwph|hq|huhophndql}pdodu‚q
idun‚qgdropdv‚q‚jhuhnwluphnwhgluÝ&holn %DVÕQoYH\DoHNPHGHDNPD %XORQXQoHNPHGHNRSPDVÕ
elqdodugdroxÈpdv‚p¯pn¯qrodqhÈlwol
V
hqhumlw¯nhwhqyhw¯nhwph|hq|huho
phndql}pdoduIhnloËËČghyhuloplÈwluÝ

ohpdqodugdj¯yhqloluhqhumlw¯nhwlplqlvd™odpdnÞ M
¬ huhojhuloph|‚™‚opdodu‚yhrnid}od
nhvlwd}dowpdodu‚qgdqvdn‚q‚odudn V
|ds‚odqwdvdu‚podâxexnodu‚qhnphgh .HVPHGHDNPD
dnpdv‚|odrodeloluÝohpdqodu‚qvdghfh
hnphdow‚qgdropdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
¯qhnpdo}hphghq|ds‚opdg‚nodu‚llq
eluohÈlpghirupdv|rqdx™udg‚™‚qgd
h™loph|hpdux}ndodelohfhnohulqghq
hnphjhulophvldow‚qgdexoxqdq|¯nvhn M
'DUE|OJHGHNLúHNLOGH÷LúWLUPHOHU
gd|dq‚po‚exorqodu‚qhqhumlw¯nhwhq
3ODVWLNPDIVDO PDO]HPHQLQVQHNOL÷LQLELWLULU
hohpdqrodudnnxoodq‚opdpdodu‚jhuhnluÝ
¬ ™huhunhqexunxopdhqjhoohqluvhâ
xexnodu‚qedv‚qdow‚qgddnpdv‚|odÝ
do‚qyhn‚vdhohpdqodugdõȜİÓâËö
edv‚qdow‚qgdsodvwlnolnroxÈpdv‚|odÝ
¬ dÈo‚nexunxopdv‚q‚vd™od|dqsodvwln
F M
h™lophâ|hwhulqfhe¯|¯nghirupdv|rqodugd
|hudopdv‚|odÝhwhuolv‚q‚iwdnlnhvlw 'HOL÷LQRYDOOHúPHVL <HUHOEXUNXOPD (HlastiN
vhlopholgluyhdnpdl}jlohulroxÈwxupdn
llqsodnoduh™lohfhnohugluÝ
¬ wdelov¯qhnphndql}pdroxÈwxududnâ F
sodnodu‚qnhvphdow‚qgddnpdv‚|od F
6UWQPHLOHND\PD

M M
IhnloËË
qhumlw¯nhwhqyhw¯nhwph|hq %LUOHúLPHOHPDQODUÕQÕQSODVWLNH÷LOPHVL
|huhosodvwlnphndql}pdodu YH\DND\PDVÕ

¬ xorqgholnohulqlqrydoellpdopdv‚|odÝ
xgxuxpâv¯qhnholnwhq|ds‚op‚Èsod™d
exorqoduwdudi‚qgdq|huhosodvwlnedv‚q
elulpÈhnlogh™lÈwluphx|jxodqg‚™‚qgd
jhuhnohÈphnwhgluãyhvwdeloyhv¯qhn
eluphndql}pdg‚uõjhuhnwhexorqodu‚q
nhvphdow‚qgdnrspdv‚q‚qyh|dnd|qdnodu‚q
nrspdv‚q‚qwhuvlöÝhvphnxyyhwldnwdudq
exorqoxeluohÈlpohullqâwdvdu‚pnhvph
gd|dq‚p‚q‚qh™lophgd|dq‚p‚qgdqÊâËndw
gdkdid}odropdv‚¤qhulophnwhglu㏯qn¯
exorqoxeluohÈlpänd|pd}Črodudnwdvdu‚p‚
|ds‚op‚Èrovdgdâghsuhpgxuxpxqgdkhu
}dpdqeluohÈplÈlnlohykddudv‚qgdj¤uhfhol
kduhnhwropdnwdg‚uÝ}lophgd|dq‚p‚âexorqox
eluohÈlplqjhuhnj¤phprgxropdnwdg‚uÝ
¬ odnodududv‚v¯uw¯qphlohݯuw¯qphhqhuml
w¯nhwlplvd™oduyheluohÈlplqsdudodu‚
dudv‚qgdnlexorqodugd|‚n‚f‚Èrnodu‚hqjhoohuÝ
xvhehsohâvlvplnx|jxodpdodullq¤q
jhulopholexorqodu¤qhulophnwhgluÝ
luohÈlpohughâh™hu|xndu‚gdedkvhglohq
¬
hqhumlw¯nhwhqphndql}pdodugdqelu|dgd
gdkdid}odv‚q‚qroxÈpdv‚llqwdvdu‚p|ds‚o‚uvd
IhnloËÌ
¯¯nelue¤ojhghsodvwlnelulpÈhnlo
gh™lÈwluphohulq|huhoohÈphvlg¯È¯n
v¯qhnolnolj¤phohuhqhghqroxu
qhumlw¯nhwph|hq|huho
sodvwlnphndql}pdodu
rwdqvl|hohqhumlw¯nhwhelohfhne¤ojhohulq
hqhumlw¯nhwph|hqgdyudq‚Èwdexoxqpdv‚q‚q
vhehsohuldÈd™‚gdyhulogl™ljlelrodelophnwhgluÞ
ñ hnohqhqghq¤qfh|huho|d
gdjoredoexunxopd
&rnn¯¯nelue¤ojhghsodvwlnelulpÈhnlo
gh™lÈwluphohulqroxÈpdv‚õedn‚q‚}dÈd™‚gdöâ
äelulpÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohulq|huhoohÈphvlČ
yh|däjhuloph|‚™‚opdv‚ČgxuxpxgxuÝ|jxq
pdo}hph|ohx|jxqelulpdodw|ds‚ovdelohân¯¯n
elue¤ojhghe¯|¯nx}dpdodudqhghqrodqelu
wdvdu‚phohpdq‚qn¯¯nÈhnlogh™lÈwluphvlqh
qhghqroxunlexgd|¤qhwphol™lqjhuhnol
j¤ug¯™¯q¯qyhwdvdu‚pf‚q‚qehnohqwlohulqlq
dow‚qgdg‚uÝxsureohpâIhnloËÌČghedÈo‚n
ohykdv‚}õIhnloËÌdöyh|dnrorqded™odqpdp‚È
edÈo‚nohykdo‚õIhnloËÌeöeluxex™dh™loph
x|jxodqpdv‚gxuxpxllqj¤vwhulophnwhgluÝ
™huholnnlulÈlqv‚q‚uelulpghirupdv|rqx
İxâdnpdelulpghirupdv|rqxqxq
İ|õİ|ći|ðyhvlvplnx|jxodpdodugd|ds‚vdo
holnllq¤qhulohqplqlpxpİxðİ|gh™hul
ÊÎČgluÝöËÓndw‚lvhãÌÎΏhol™lllqÞİxćËÓ
İ|ćËÓ{ÌÎÎðËÊÓÓÓÓćÌâÌÑĖČgluÝ
200
M M
200
Du,b


&OFSKJ
5ÕLFUFO
:BQÖMBSÖO
5BTBSÖNÖ
dÈo‚nohykdv‚}elunlulÈwhânlulÈlqghulqol™lloh
rudqw‚o‚rodqsodvwlnpdivdox}xqox™xer|xqfd
õËÓÓppČ|hhÈlwrogx™xdqodp‚qdjholuñIhnlo
ËÌdöedÈo‚™‚qdnpdv‚jhuhnohÈphnwhgluÝx
ËÓÓppČolne¤ojhqlqv‚q‚uelulpx}dpdv‚
xâdćÓâÓÌÌÑ{ËÓÓćÏâÐÏppČgluÝ
dÈo‚nohykdo‚elunlulÈwhóIhnloËÌeâedÈo‚™‚q
dnpdv‚vdghfhËÓppČolnelun‚v‚pgdjhuhnohÈluã
edÈo‚nohykdodu‚|odj¯ohqglulohqnlulÈlqnhvlwsodvwln
prg¯o¯qghsoâg¤qhpoleluduw‚Èvd™odqg‚™‚qgdqâ
nlulÈlqgl™hun‚v‚podu‚hodvwlnrodudnndo‚uÝx
ËÓppČolne¤ojhqlqv‚q‚uelulpx}dpdv‚
xâećÓâÓÌÌÑ{ËÓćÓâÏÐppČgluÝ
xâdyhxâex}dpdodu‚âv‚q‚ug¤qphndsdvlwhvlqhșxâ
șxćxðõgeðËöirup¯o¯nxoodq‚odudnhyluloheloluÝ
dvdu‚pädČâșxâdćÏâÐÏðÊÓÓćÏÐâÏ
pudgsodvwlng¤qphndsdvlwhvlqhnduȂ
jhophnwhgluÝxgh™huâh™lophdow‚qgd
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohullq
phulndyh

yuxsd|¤qhwpholnohulqghjhuhnolj¤u¯ohq
gh™huohughqõËÎñÍÓpudgögdkdid}odg‚uÝ
dvdu‚päeČâșxâdćÓâÏÐÏðÊÓÓćÏâÐÏ
pudgsodvwlng¤qphndsdvlwhvlqhnduȂ
jhophnwhgluÝÝxgh™huâ
phulndyh
yuxsd
|¤qhwpholnohulqghjhuhnolj¤u¯ohqgh™huohughq
rngdkdd}g‚uyhj¤phgxuxpxän‚u‚ojdqČg‚uÝ
20 mm
D
... Du,a

 

&OFSKJ
5ÕLFUFO
:BQÖMBSÖO
5BTBSÖNÖ

qhumlw¯nhwhqelu|ds‚gd IhnloËÍändsdvlwhwdvdu‚pČlonhvlx|jxodqdudn
n‚u‚ojdqkdondodullqjhuhnolrodqplqlpxp
¬ hwhuoler|xwodqg‚u‚opdq‚qvd™odqpdv‚
llqâhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhqlqâ
hqhuml
hqhumlw¯nhwph|hq gd|dq‚p‚qqdv‚ox|jxodqg‚™‚q‚j¤vwhuphnwhgluÝ w¯nhwph|hqhohpdqodu‚q‚qgd|dq‚p‚q‚q
hohpdqodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚
™huelu|ds‚llqvwdqgduwhodvwlndqdol}
g
âkhvdsodqdqnxyyhwhwnlohulqghqg
â
e¯|¯nropdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝqhumlw¯nhwhq
x|jxodq‚uvdâd}dow‚op‚Ègdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpx hohpdqodugdnljhuhnnxyyhwhwnlohulqlqâ
odvwlnghirupdv|rqodugdqyhdvo‚qgdn‚u‚ojdq
nxoodq‚odudnândsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚llqdÈd™‚gd |ds‚q‚qjhohqhnvhohodvwlndqdol}vrqxfx
j¤phohughqyhðyh|dhodvwlnvwdelolwh
yhulohqsurvhg¯ux|jxodqpdnwdg‚uÝ hoghhglohqnxyyhwhwnlohulglgh™logh
nd|‚sodu‚qgdqnd‚qpdnllqâ|ds‚gdnlhqhuml
¬ qhumlw¯nhwhqsrwdqvl|hoe¤ojhohu sodvwlngd|dq‚pglropdv‚qgdqgrod|‚â
w¯nhwhqe¤ojhohukdulflqghnl|huohughâhqhuml
joredohqhumlw¯nhwhqphndql}pdq‚q khvdsodqdqnxyyhwhwnlohulg
duww‚u‚o‚uÝqhuml
w¯nhwhqphndql}pd|d|dn‚qhohpdqodu‚qhqhuml
elusdudv‚rodudnwdq‚podq‚uõhuelu w¯nhwph|hqhohpdqodu‚qgd|dq‚p‚g
qlqâ
w¯nhwhqphndql}pdgdqgdkdid}odgd|dq‚pd
wls|ds‚llq|¤qhwpholnwdudi‚qgdq Rdi
vdklsrodfdnÈhnloghwdvdu‚p‚q‚q|ds‚opdv‚
jhuhnphnwhgluÝxâw¯pÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohu
wdvdu‚pkhghilrodudneholuwloplÈwlu RdJ > J ˜ ˜ EdJ  Sdj, G

õedn‚q‚}¤o¯pohuÊÓČgdqÊÐČ|hööÝ Edi
jhuhnohÈlunhqexhohpdqodu‚qhodvwlnyhvwdelo
¬ ds‚dqdol}hgloluyhnhvlwohughnl hÈlwol™lqlvd™odpdv‚jhuhnluÝxhÈlwolnwhȖ
ndopdv‚q‚jdudqwlhwphnwhgluÝxndyudp
nxyyhwhwnlohulgkhvdsodq‚uÝ j¯yhqolnndwvd|‚v‚q‚j¤vwhuphnwhgluÝÈlwolnwhâ
ändsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚Črodudndgodqg‚u‚opdnwdg‚uÝ
¬ huhqhumlw¯nhwhqsrwdqvl|ho e¤ojhvlqghâ jhuhnlrodudnhqn¤w¯gxuxpxdudÈw‚updn
hqhumlw¯nhwhqhohpdq‚qgd|dq‚p‚ dpdf‚|odäăČäeluohÈwluphnČpdqdv‚qgd
dyudp‚yxujxodpdnllqâr™xqoxnodIhnloËÍČgh
gljhohqnxyyhwhwnlohulqghqglid}od nxoodq‚op‚Èw‚uÝlvplnnrpelqdv|rqodu‚gd
j¤vwhulohq}lqflunxoodq‚o‚uÝlqflulqgd|dq‚p‚âhq
rodfdnÈhnloghÞglijglwdvdu‚p‚|ds‚o‚uÝ lhuhqgl™hunxyyhwhwnlohulgmâlohyhuloplÈwluÝ
}d|‚ikdondq‚qgd|dq‚p‚g‚uãgrod|‚v‚|odw¯p}lqflulq
¬ qhumlw¯nhwhqphndql}pd|d|dn‚q
v¯qhnol™lqlqvd™odqpdv‚llqv¯qhnelukdond
hohpdqodu‚qâ
srwdqvl|hoj¤phprgodu‚
nxoodq‚odeloluݯqhnkdondq‚qhnphgd|dq‚p‚â
pdo}hphgd|dq‚p‚qgdnleholuvl}olnohuhed™o‚g‚uã
eholuohqluâ¤uqh™lq|dn‚qgdnl|ds‚vdo Edj=Edi : RdJ t J ˜ Rdi  Sdj, G
™huČgluÝ
hohpdq‚qexunxopdv‚âyh|dhnph
¯qn¯jhuhnyhdqpdgd|dq‚podu‚yh|¯nvhn
dow‚qgdnlexorqodu‚qnrspdv‚jlelÝ rphqwhuhyhohulqghnlulÈñnrorq
ghirupdv|rqodugdnlshnohÈphhwnlohuliduno‚g‚uÝ
¬ dn‚qgdnlhohpdqodu‚qer|xwodu‚âhqhuml eluohÈlpohulqghndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚q‚qhwnlvl
l™hukdondodu‚qn‚u‚ojdqrogx™xndexohglovhelohã
w¯nhwhqhohpdqrodudnsodqodqdqõ}d|‚i IhnloÌÓČgdj¤vwhulophnwhgluÝ hunh}ldsud}o‚
h™hugd|dq‚podu‚sodqodqdqv¯qhnolnvhyl|hvlqgh
kdondösdudq‚qsodvwlngd|dq‚p‚qgdqg
huhyhohughdsud}odu‚qeluohÈlplqghndsdvlwh
v¯qhn}d|‚ikdondq‚qjhuhngd|dq‚p‚q
gdkdid}odgd|dq‚p‚rodfdnÈhnloghvhloluÝ wdvdu‚p‚q‚qhwnlvlIhnloÍÎČghj¤vwhulophnwhgluÝ
¯vw¯qgh|vhglâj¤phohulhqjhoohqheloluÝ

IhnloËÍ
dsdvlwhdvdu‚p8onhohul

P P

 6QHNKDOND 'L÷HUKDONDODU
+HVDSODQDQNXYYHWHWNLOHULʊ! Edi Edj
*HUHNOLGD\DQÕPʊʊʊ!  Rdi!Edi Ȗ(Rdi / Edi) Edj (Ȗ =1,2)

Kapasite tasarım ilkelerinin doğru uygulaması için:
Bütün göçme durumlarının belirlenmesi
G
G Plastik bölgedeki birçok elemanın; çelik
kesitlerin, kaynakların, bulonların ve
plakların maruz kaldığı gerilmelerin ve şekil
değiştirmelerin doğru olarak belirlenmesi.
Bu bağlamda, enerji tüketen bölgenin
plastik dayanımının, olması gerekenden
az tahmin edilmesi güvenlik düzeyini
düşürmekte; çünkü Rdi / Edi değeri de olması
gerekenden az tahmin edilmektedir.
G Plastik bölgelerin ve yakın bölgelerin
akma dayanımının doğru tahmin edilmesi.
Enerji tüketen bölgelerdeki malzemenin
yüksek akma dayanımı fy değerinin
kullanılması güvenlik düzeyini düşürür.
Deprem yönetmeliklerince plastik bölgelerin
akma dayanımının doğru tahmin edilmesi
zorunlu tutulmaktadır. Bu, tasarımcının gerçek
plastik dayanımı, çeliğin gerçek ve anma
(‘tasarım’) akma dayanımı arasındaki oranı
gösteren katsayıyı (bu katsayı Eurocode 8’de
Ȗov, Amerikan veya Kanada yönetmeliklerinde
ise Ry ile verilmiştir.) kullanarak hesaplamasını
zorunlu kılmaktadır. Örnek değer vermek
gerekirse, Eurocode 8’deki Ȗov = 1,25 değeri
Rd,real = 1,25 Rd,nominal. anlamına gelmektedir.
Deprem bölgelerindeki enerji tüketen
yapıların güvenirliğinden emin olmak için
kapasite tasarımının kesin uygulanması
gereklidir. Özel yapılarla ilgili birçok tasarım
kuralı bu ilkenin doğrudan sonuçlarıdır.
Aşağıdaki iki paragrafta anlatılan kurallar
gibi bazı kurallar ise daha geneldir.
9. Enerji Tüketen Yapıların Tasarımı
Birleşimlere uygulanan
kapasite tasarımı
Bütün tipteki yapılar için yüksek dayanımlı
rijit birleşimlerin tasarım kuralları ortaktır,
ve enerji tüketmeyen birleşimlerin dayanımı
Rd nin , Rd ≥ 1,1Ȗov Rfy eşitliğini sağlaması
gerekmektedir. Birleştirilen enerji tüketen
elemanların plastik dayanımı Rfy’dir ve tasarım
akma dayanımını esas alır. Ȗov ise yukarıda
açıklandığı gibi fazladan dayanım faktörüdür.
Bu kural, köşe kaynağı veya bulon
kullanılan enerji tüketmeyen birleşimlere
uygulanmaktadır. Tam nüfuziyet sağlanan küt
kaynaklar kullanıldığında, kapasite tasarım
ölçütleri otomatik olarak sağlanmaktadır.
Enerji tüketen bölgeler birleşimlerde yer
alabilir, ancak yeterli dayanım ve sünekliğinin
olduğunun gösterilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu
durumda bileştirilen elemanların birleşimde
çevrimsel akmaya izin verecek şekilde, yeterli
fazladan dayanıma sahip olması gerekmektedir.
ArcelorMittal destekleriyle geliştirilen enerji
tüketen birleşime bir örnek 12’de verilmektedir.
Delikli çubuklara kapasite
tasarımı uygulanması
Yönetmeliklerde açık bir tasarım kural olarak
verilen yapısal elemanlarda olası birim şekil
değiştirme yığılmasının oluştuğu bir durum
vardır. Bu, özellikle birleşim amaçlı deliklerin
açıldığı çekme altındaki çubuklarla ilgilidir.
Kurala göre çekme altındaki çubukta plastik
mekanizma oluşturmak için , delikli kesitin Anet
(net kesit) göçme dayanımının, A kesitinin
(brüt kesit, deliklerler olmadan) göçme
dayanımından fazla olması gerekmektedir:
A fy /ȖM0 < Anet fu / ȖM2
ȖM0 ve ȖM2 brüt kesit ve net kesit için kısmi
güvenlik katsayılarıdır. Bu katsayılar için
ȖM0 = 1,0 et ve ȖM2 = 1,25 önerilen
değerlerdir(EN1993-1-1: 2004).
Bu koşul, yapısal çeliklerin kullanımında
olduğu gibi , fu / fy oranı yeterince yüksek
olursa sağlanmaktadır (fu / fy > 1,10).
45

dvdu‚pllqv¯qhnoln
v‚q‚i‚q‚qvhlophvl
urmhqlqedÈodqj‚dÈdpdv‚qgdwdvdu‚pf‚â|ds‚q‚q
xodÈpdv‚q‚lvwhgl™lv¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚q‚vhphnwh
¤}j¯ug¯uÝqhumlw¯nhwlpl|dspd|dq|dgdg¯È¯n
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚qgdnlelu|ds‚g¯Èh|âu¯}jdu
ye|¯nohullqnrqwuroohu|ds‚odudnyhedÈo‚fd
wdvdu‚p|¤qhwpholnohulnxoodq‚odudnwdvduodqdeloluÝ
x|ds‚odullqghsuhp|¤qhwphol™lghsuhp
hwnlvlqlwdq‚poduyhgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚hqn¯¯n
gh™hughgluõtÊâÎČdhÈlwwluöÝ
do}hphyhnhvlw
rphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohuhvqhn|ds‚odug‚uã
v‚q‚iodu‚lohlojloljhuhnololnohughd}g‚uyhghsuhp
|¤qhwpholnohulqghnlnrqwuroohughqklelulqh
jhuhn|rnwxu⏯qn¯ghsuhpgxuxpxqgded}‚
n¯¯n|huhosodvwlnohÈphohulqkdulflqghe¯w¯q
|ds‚vdohohpdqodugdqhodvwlngdyudq‚ÈehnohqluÝ
qhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚odu‚qõv¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚
yh|döâwdvdu‚p‚qgdnxoodq‚odqvlvpln
hwnlghqgdkdd}‚llqwdvdu‚p‚|ds‚op‚Èw‚uã
¯qn¯gdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚tgdkde¯|¯nw¯uõt
gh™hulÌlohÏdudv‚qgdg‚uöÝdvdu‚pdÈdpdodu‚
hunh}ldsud}odu‚rodqhuhyhvlvwhpohuâ
gdkdv‚n‚qw‚o‚yhnhvlwv‚q‚iodqg‚u‚opdodu‚â
eluohÈlpohuâpdo}hphâyhpdo}hph¤}hoolnohulqlq
nrqwuro¯qghv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚opdodurovdgd|ds‚vdo
hohpdqodu‚qd™‚uo‚™‚e¯|¯n¤o¯ghd}dopdnwdg‚uÝ
äqhumlw¯nhwhqČelu|ds‚q‚qwdvdu‚p‚gdkd
lggldo‚¤}¯pohuohvrqxodq‚uÝ
qfdnâvlvpln
nrqwuroohunulwlnropd|delohfh™lqghqkhu
}dpdqgxuxpe¤|ohgh™logluÝlvplnwdvdu‚p
gdänodvlnČjhuhnololnohuohõg¯Èh||¯nohudow‚qgd
nlulÈvhklplqlqv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚opdv‚jlelöx|xpox
ropdv‚}ruxqoxgxuyhexv‚q‚uodpdodujhuhnol
hyfxwerÈeludodq‚e¤og¯™¯llqâdsud}o‚
nhvlwer|xwodu‚q‚qeholuohqphvlqghedÈuro¯
r|qd|deloluݤ|ohelugxuxpgdândsdvlwh
wdvdu‚p‚hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqid}odgdq
gd|dq‚pdvdklsropdv‚qdõexgxuxpgdâgl™hu
|ds‚vdohohpdqoduyhwhphoohullqghid}odgdq
gd|dq‚pyhd™‚uo‚™dqhghqroxuöqhghqroxuÝ
xgxuxpr™xqoxnodg¯È¯nvlvplndnwlylwhvl
rodqe¤ojhohughâhvqhn|ds‚odullqnxoodq‚odeloluoln
v‚q‚ugxuxpodu‚q‚qgdkdnulwlnrogx™x}dpdq
j¤u¯o¯uÝrqxrodudnâghsuhpvhool™lq|¯nvhn
rogx™xe¤ojhohughv‚q‚i‚|ds‚¤}¯pohphohulâ
ruwdyhg¯È¯nrogx™xe¤ojhohughlvhyh
v‚q‚i‚|ds‚odugdkdx|jxqropdnwdg‚uÝ
dvdu‚p‚|ds‚odfdnelu|ds‚llqv¯qhnoln
v‚q‚i‚q‚qvhlophvld|u‚fdn¯wohðkdflprudq‚qd
ed™o‚g‚uÝ™hu|ds‚jhuhnwherÈlvhâ¤uqh™lq
hqg¯vwul|hovxqgxupdâu¯}jduhwnlvlqghq
roxÈdqnxyyhwzâhqhumlw¯nhwph|hq|ds‚
llqgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚nxoodq‚odudnkhvdsodqdq
wdvdu‚pwdedqnhvphnxyyhwleghqe¯|¯n
ropdnwdg‚unlâexgxuxpgd|¯nvhnv¯qhnolnol
wdvdu‚p¤qhpolropdpdnwdg‚uÝhuvlqhâh™hu|ds‚
e¯|¯nn¯woh|hyhulmlwol™hvdklsvhâg¯È¯nvlvpln
hwnlqol™hvdklsdodqodugdelohâyh|dwlsl
wdvdu‚pgdkdl|leluvhhqhnroxÈwxupdnwdg‚uÝ
dÈndelugxuxpgdlqfhflgduo‚nhvlwohulq
yhn‚vplgd|dq‚po‚eluohÈlpohulqnxoodq‚og‚™‚
hqg¯vwul|hoävlvwhpelqdv‚Čq‚qnxoodq‚opdv‚g‚uÝx
gxuxpodugdâ|¯nvhnv¯qhnol™lqvd™odqpdv‚qgdq
}l|dgh|¯nvhngd|dq‚p‚qvd™odqpdv‚gdkdnrod|
rogx™xqgdqgrod|‚âwdvdu‚p‚whuflkhgloluÝ


&OFSKJ
5ÕLFUFO
:BQÖMBSÖO
5BTBSÖNÖ
dvdu‚pllqelu|ds‚
wlslqlqvhlophvl
¯w¯qwlsohughnl|ds‚odughsuhphgd|dq‚no‚
yhgl™huwdvdu‚pjhuhnololnohulqhx|jxqrodudn
wdvduodqdeloluãidndwx|jxqpdol|hwolwdvdu‚poduâ
d}yh|drne¯w¯qwdvdu‚pnulwhuohulqlhÈlw
rodudnvd™odpdnwdg‚uÝdvdu‚pllqx|jxq
|ds‚wlslqlqvhlophvlqh|dug‚pf‚ropdn
¯}huhâdÈd™‚gdnlwlsrorml|duduo‚rodeloluÝ
yhwdvdu‚podu‚qgde¯|¯nr™xqoxnodÈhnlo
gh™lÈwluphohulqv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚opdv‚kdnlp
ropdnwdg‚uÝhsuhpgd|dq‚p‚g¯È¯q¯og¯™¯qghâ
exgxuxpjhqhoolnohhohphqodu‚qdȂu‚j¯o¯
ropdv‚qdqhghqropdnwdg‚uÝxgxuxpgdq
nd‚qpdq‚qelu|roxgdâulmlwfhskhhuhyh
vlvwhplqlqghelulqflo|ds‚rodudnyhvdghfh
g¯Èh||¯nohulwdȂ|dqlhuhyhohulqlnlqflo
|ds‚rodudnwdvdu‚p‚q‚q|ds‚opdv‚g‚uÝ
gr™dv‚jhuh™lulmlwwluâidndwrqodu‚qgdyudq‚È
ndwvd|‚v‚tp¯pn¯qrodqhqe¯|¯n
gh™hugh™logluõedn‚q‚}deorÌöÝ
‚Èphunh}dsud}odu‚rodqhuhyhvlvwhpohuâ
|¯nvhnhqhumlw¯nhwlpndsdvlwhvllohprphqw
dnwdudqhuhyhvlvwhpohuohlojlolgdyudq‚È
ndwvd|‚v‚tČ|xeluohÈwluluyhphunh}ldsud}odu‚
rodqhuhyhvlvwhpohuohehq}huulmlwol™hvdklswluÝ
huhyhvlvwhpohugdkdhqjhooh|lflrodudn
j¤u¯ophnwhgluÝxvhehsohâlwhnllnlqflo|ds‚odu
g¯Èh||¯nohulwdȂunhqâdsud}o‚huhyhvlvwhpohu
ghsuhpnxyyhwohulqlwdȂpdnllqulmlwelulqflo
|ds‚rodudnelqdq‚qhyuhvlqh|huohÈwluloluÝ

.0.&/5
",5"3"/
 &3 &7&-&3¶/

." 

4¶4.¶,
5"4"3*.*

&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
NPNFOU
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWFMFSJO
UBTBSÖN
BNBDÖ
." 

.PNFOU
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWF
TJTUFNMFS
JÀJO
"NFSJLBO
WF
"WSVQB
TÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGMBSÖ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
NPNFOU
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWFMFSJO
UBTBSÖN
JMLFMFSJ
,JSJ×MFSEFLJ
FÉJMNF
NPNFOUMFSJOJO
UFLSBS
EBÉÖMÖNÖ
%JÉFS
LP×VMMBS
.PNFOU
BLUBSBO
 FSÀFWF
4JTUFNMFSEF
QMBTUJL
NBGTBMMBS
WF
CJSMF×JNMFS
,JSJ×
LPMPO
CJSMF×JNMFSJ
JÀJO
ÏOFSJMFO
UBTBSÖN
"[BMUÖMNÖ×
LJSJ×
LFTJUMFSJOJO
UBTBSÖNÖ
,PMPOMBSÖO
UFNFMMFSF
CJSMF×JNJ


 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

qhumlw¯nhwhqprphqw
dnwdudqhuhyhohulq
wdvdu‚pdpdf‚õ
&ö
qhumlw¯nhwhqprphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohulq
dqdwdvdu‚pdpdf‚sodvwlnpdivdoodu‚qnlulÈohugh
yh|dnlulÈohulqnrorqodudeluohÈlpohu‚qgdroxÈpdv‚â
idndwnrorqodugdroxÈpdpdv‚g‚uݤ|ohelu
dpdIhnloËÎdöČgdj¤vwhulogl™ljlelä}d|‚i
nlulÈñj¯o¯nrorqČrodudndgodqg‚u‚odq¤}¯p¯
jhuhnwluphnwhgluÝ&huhyhqlqwdedq‚qgdnl
nrorqodugdyhdw‚ndw‚vhyl|hvlqghnlnrorqodu‚q
¯vwn‚v‚podu‚qgdsodvwlnpdivdoroxÈpdv‚qdl}lq
yhulophnwhgluÝ
Èd™‚gdyhulogl™ljlelexgxuxp
elurnroxpox¤}hool™lehudehulqghjhwluphnwhgluÝ

¬ äxpxÈdnndwČwlsle¤ojhvhophndql}pdodu
hqjhoohqphnwhgluõedn‚q‚}IhnloËÓöÝ

¬ lulÈohughroxÈdqsodvwlnpdivdoodunhvlwlq
w¯psodvwlnprphqwndsdvlwhvlqlnxoodqpd
dydqwdm‚qdvdklsnhqâprphqwñhnvhqho
|¯nhwnlohÈlplqghqgrod|‚nrorqodugdnl
pdivdoodullqgxuxpe¤|ohgh™logluÝ

|u‚fdânrorqodugdroxÈdqpdivdoodu
khpnrorqkhpghjoredovwdelolwh
d‚v‚qgdqsureohp|dudwdelophnwhgluÝ

¬ ™hupdivdoodunrorqodugdgh™lovhâñĮ IhnloËÎ
hwnlohulgdkdd}¤qhpolgluÝõIhnloËÎöÝ döä}d|‚inlulÈñj¯o¯nrorqČgxuxpxqd

¬ lunlulÈlqxqrnwdv‚qgdnln‚vphq vdklseluhuhyh
j¤phânlulÈlqpxwodndj¤phvlqh eörorqodugdnlsodvwlnpdivdoodugdkd
qhghqropd}âj¤vhelohj¤ph|doq‚} e¯|¯nñĮhwnlohulqhqhghqropdnwdg‚uoduÝ
exnlulÈohv‚q‚uo‚ndodeloluÝ
qfdnânrorqgdnl föxurfrghÑČghg¤qphndsdvlwhvlqlq
n‚vphqj¤phw¯p|ds‚llqnrod|fd wdq‚p‚qgdnxoodq‚odqsdudphwuhohu
ihodnhwohvrqxodqdelophnwhgluÝ õÊÒÒÑñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍöÝ

D D

\
\
\
\ \
s

0.5 L 0.5 L

a) b) c)
 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

rphqwdnwdudq
huhyhvlvwhpohullq

phulndqyh
yuxsd
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚iodu‚
rphqwdnwdudqhuhyhvlvwhpohullq
phulndq
yh
yuxsdv¯qhnolnv‚q‚iodu‚deorÑČghyhuloplÈwluÝ
deorâkhueluv‚q‚iodlojlolgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚q‚yh
nxoodq‚pnrÈxoodu‚qgdqed}‚odu‚q‚yhuphnwhgluÝ

deorÑ
rphqwdnwdudqhuhyhvlvwhpohullq

phulndqyh
yuxsdv¯qhnolnv‚q‚iodu‚Ý

& Konh rphqwdnwdudq xyyhw vwhqhq luohÈlpohulq

¯qhnoln &huhyhdvdu‚p‚
}dowpd odvwln wdvdu‚p
‚q‚iodu‚ dwvd|‚v‚ ¤qph ndsdvlwhvl
õ
ö dsdvlwhvl
dyudq‚È pudgý
dwvd|‚v‚
tõ
yuxsdö

}¯qhnoln
phulndq  & ÌâÎ ĹĹĹĹ yhw
wdqgduw rphqw&huhyhvl

yuxsd  ÊâÎóËâÓýý ĹĹĹĹ d|‚u
¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚¯È¯n
uwd¯qhnoln
phulndq & ÍâÎ ËÓ yhw
8|lohÈwluloplÈ rphqw&huhyhvl

yuxsd  Í ËÎ yhw
¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚uwd
¯nvhn¯qhnoln
phulndq ? & Ñ ÍÓ yhw
?}ho rphqw&huhyhvl

yuxsd  Ï ÌÎ yhw
¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚¯nvhn
ý hulohqnlulÈeluohÈlpyhnrorqnrpelqdv|rqgdnlg¤qphndsdvlwhvlwhvwohuvrqxfxqgdhoghhglohqyhulohulqlÈohqphvlvrqxfxexoxqpxÈwxuÝ

phulndqyh
yuxsdg¤qphndsdvlwhvlwdq‚podu‚eluelulqghqrnd}iduno‚g‚uÝ
yuxsdČgdg¤qphndsdvlwhvlșsć∂ðÓâÎrodudn
wdq‚podq‚uÝxudgdIhnloËÎfČgdj¤vwhulogl™ljlel∂nlulÈlqruwdd‚no‚™‚qgdnl|hugh™lÈwluphvlâghnlulÈd‚no‚™‚q‚qx}xqox™xgxuÝ
Čgh
ndw|¯nvhnol™lqghnlnrorqxqhodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphqlq∂¯}hulqhhwnlvlhnohqphnwhâg¤qphndsdvlwhvlqlqllqhndw‚opdnwdg‚uÝ
ýýv‚q‚i‚qgdxoxvdohnohutćËrodudndo‚qpdv‚qdl}lqyhuphnwhgluÝ


 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

qhumlw¯nhwhqprphqw lulÈohughnlh™loph
dnwdudqhuhyhohulq prphqwohulqlq
wdvdu‚plonhohul whnudugd™‚o‚p‚
lulÈohulqxodu‚qgdnlprphqwgd|dq‚p‚q‚q ¯Èh||¯nohuyhvlvpln|¯nohulqhwnlvldow‚qgdnl
soâghwnlhghqprphqwghq gid}od elunrpelqdv|rqgdânlulÈohughnlpdnvlpxp
ropdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÞ soâgij g sr}lwliyhqhjdwliprphqwgh™huohulrniduno‚
gâ|ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qgd|dq‚pnrqwuroohul rodelophnwhgluÝ&holnnhvlwohulqvhlplqlqpxwodn
llqwdq‚podqp‚Èrodqvlvplnnrpelqdv|rqodu‚q pdnvlpxpgh™huohuhj¤uhropdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
vrqxfxhoghhglophnwhgluõdn‚q‚}ÏöÝx
qfdnxurfrghÑČghnlelujhqholidgh|hj¤uh
nrpelqdv|rqodudÈd™‚gdyhulophnwhgluÞ xurfrghÌČgh¤qhulohqolplwohuhj¤uhnlulÈohughnl
¬ tgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚lohd}dow‚op‚Èghsuhp h™lophprphqwohulwhnudugd™‚w‚odelophnwhgluÝ
|¯nohuldow‚qgd|ds‚q‚qhodvwlndqdol}l|ds‚odudn rphqwohulqwhnudugd™‚w‚opdv‚âh™loph
âprphqw gâgh™huohulhoghhglophnwhgluÝ prphqwohulgl|djudp‚qgdnluhihudqvl}jlvlqlq
¬ dnvlpxpg¯Èh||¯nohulăȥËl gh™lÈphvlqhõx|jxodqdqg‚ÈhwnlohuohhÈlwoln
dow‚qgd|ds‚q‚qdqdol}l|ds‚odudnprphqw llqghnlprphqwohulqwhnudugd™‚w‚opdv‚q‚
gâgh™huohulhoghhglophnwhgluÝ vd™oduöed™o‚exoxqpdnwdg‚uÝxÈhnloghh™loph
prphqwohulqlqwhnudugd™‚w‚opdv‚IhnloËÏeõ¯vwöČ
lulÈnrorqeluohÈlpohulqghhÈlwolnvd™odqpdv‚Þ ghj¤vwhulophnwhgluõidndwjudil™lqdqodȂodelolu
vlvplnhwnlghqgrod|‚nlulÈohughroxÈdq ropdv‚llqâwhnuduw¯nhwlpv‚q‚ugh™hulrodudn
prphqwohulqwrsodp‚q‚q eânrorqodugdnl ¤qj¤u¯ohqĖÊÎČhx|xopdp‚Èw‚uÝöÝhnuduw¯nhwlpâ
prphqwohulqwrsodp‚qd fhÈlwropdv‚dqodp‚qd nlulÈohulqwdvdu‚pprphqwohulqghd}dopd|dqhghq
jhophnwhgluÝ™hunlulÈohunrorqodugdqgdkd}d|‚i ropdnwdâgdkdn¯¯nholnnhvlwohunxoodq‚opdv‚qd
lvhânlulÈohu¤qfhj¤huyhv¯qhneluäv¤q¯poh|lflČ l}lqyhuphnwhyhndsdvlwhwdvdu‚pnrÈxoxqgdq
jlelgdyudq‚uoduÝdvdu‚p¤o¯w¯qhj¤uhânrorq
nlulÈeluohÈlpqrnwdodu‚qgdnlw¯pnrorqodu‚q ¦M Rc t 1,3¦ M Rb

gd|dq‚pprphqwohulwrsodp‚q‚qȈ fyhw¯p grod|‚nrorqnhvlwohulghd}dodelophnwhgluÝ

nlulÈohulqgd|dq‚pprphqwohulwrsodp‚q‚qȈ
eâ
¦M Rc t 1,3¦ M Rb
hÈlwol™lqlvd™odpdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
xÈduwnrorqgd|dq‚pprphqwohulqlâ
prphqwohuyhhnvhqho|¯nohududv‚qgdnl
hwnlohÈlplglnndwhdo‚uyhexqodu‚qdudv‚qgdq
hqhoyhulÈvl}nrpelqdv|rqxnxoodq‚uÝ
hvlwer|xwodu‚qgdd}dopdoduȯskhvl}|ds‚|‚
rulmlqdowdvdu‚p‚qgdnlqghqgdkdhvqhn|dsdfdnw‚uã
yh|ds‚q‚qyhugl™lwhsnlohugh™lÈhfhnwluÝ
dvdu‚p‚qjhhuolol™lqlnrqwurohwphnllqâ
|ds‚odqgh™lÈlnolnohuj¤}¤q¯qhdo‚qdudn|ds‚q‚q
whnududqdol}lqlq|ds‚opdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ

‚vphqgd|dq‚no‚nlulÈnrorqeluohÈlpohul
nxoodq‚o‚uvdâȈ eâexeluohÈlpohulqwrsodp
prphqwgd|dq‚podu‚q‚lidghhwphnwhgluÝ
oredophndql}pdq‚qroxÈwx™xqgdq
hplqropdnllqãÊâÌndwvd|‚v‚ânlulÈohulq
nrorqodugdq|hwhulndgdu}d|‚iropdv‚q‚
vd™od|dfdnÈhnloghvhloplÈwluÝ

 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

l™hunrÈxoodu lulÈohulq¯vwyhdowedÈo‚nodu‚lohndwoduõ
g¤ÈhphohuyeÝödudv‚qgdnleluohÈlpohunlulÈ
rorqoduedv‚qdow‚qgdhnvhqhonxyyhwlq
yhh™lophprphqwlqlqroxÈwxugx™x
nhvlwohulqhhwnlqhÈgh™hughvwhnvd™od|deloluÝ hqn¤w¯nrpelqdv|rqg¯È¯q¯ohuhn
lulÈohughwdpsodvwlnpdivdoroxÈpdv‚q‚q
gr™uxox™xnrqwurohglopholglu
vd™odqpdv‚llqâedv‚qyhnhvph
lulÈohuhj¤uhnrorqodudndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚ hvphgd|dq‚p‚llqnrorqxqsdqhoe¤ojhvl
nxyyhwohulqlqid}odropdpdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
x|jxodqpdnwdg‚uÝxgxuxpgdâg¯È¯q¯ohqhohpdq nrqwurohglopholgluÝ™hunrorqd|dn‚qnlulÈ
wnlohÈlphwnlohulqghqnd‚qpdnllqâ
õnrorqösodvwlne¤ojhqlqroxÈdfd™‚hohpdqõnlulÈö nhvlwohulqghvd™yhvroxodu‚qgdsodvwln
N Ed VEd ropdpdnwdg‚uÝlulÈlqj¤phjhulophvlqlqwdvdu‚p pdivdooduroxÈpxÈvdâsdqhoe¤ojhvlqghnl
d 0,15
yh d 0,5
N pl,Rd Vpl, Rd j¤phjhulophvlqghqid}odrodelohfh™lllq |dwd|wdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlzsâg
nlulÈwhnlsodvwlnpdivdoroxÈxpxqdnduȂo‚njhohq dÈd™‚gdnljlelkhvdsodq‚uõIhnloËÐöÞ
rodudnv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚opdnwdg‚uÝ nrorqgdnlhnvhqhonxyyhwgâhodvwlndqdol}ghq zsâgć
soâgâohiwðõgohiwóËwiâohiwöă
khvdsodqdqgâgh™hughqid}odrodeloluÝgâ
g
soâgâuljkwðõguljkwóËwiâuljkwöăgâf
gwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlyhgwdvdu‚p yhgdÈd™‚gdnlirup¯oohuhj¤uhkhvdsodqpdo‚g‚uÞ
hnvhqhonxyyhwlgluÝgćgâăgâ
Ý gâfÞgâyhgânrpelqdv|rqxqgdqhogh
irup¯o¯nxoodq‚odudnkhvdsodq‚uÝxirup¯o N Ed N Ed,G  1,1J ov :N Ed,E hglohqg¯™¯pqrnwdv‚q‚q¯vw¯qghnlnrorq
ndsdvlwhwdvdu‚pnrÈxoxqx|dqv‚wpdnwdg‚uÝ M Ed M Ed,G  1,1J ov :M Ed,E nhvlwlqghnlnhvphnxyyhwlâgâÞvlvplnhwnl
lulÈwhnlwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlqlqgvlvpln dow‚qgd|ds‚vdodqdol}vrqxfxhoghhglohqnhvph
eluohÈhqlgâ
âprphqwgh™huohulqlqâhodvwln VEd VEd,G  1,1J ov :VEd,E nxyyhwlâgâÞpdnvlpxpg¯Èh||¯nohphvl
dqdol}ghvlvplnnxyyhwhwnlohulg¯È¯q¯ohuhn Ȗrypdo}hphid}odgdqgd|dq‚pidnw¤u¯ã ăȥËldow‚qgdhoghhglohqnhvphnxyyhwl
exoxqdqh™lophprphqwohul
grodudn Ωhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulq|hudog‚™‚e¯w¯q ™husodvwlnpdivdoodunrorq|¯}¯qghq
gh™loghânlulÈxodu‚qgdnlsodvwlnprphqwohu nlulÈohullqkhvdsodqdqΩlgh™huohulqghqhq phvdihvlqghroxÈwx|vdâirup¯oghnl

soâgâohiwyh
soâgâuljkwrodudndo‚qpdv‚qded™o‚g‚uÝ d}ãâΩlć
soâgâlð
gâlã
gvlvplnwdvdu‚p
soâgâohiwyh
soâgâuljkwgh™huohul
IhnloËÏeõdowöČghj¤u¯og¯™¯jlelgâ
ćõ
soâgâ gxuxpxqgdnlulÈwhnlwdvdu‚ph™lophprphqwl
gâohiwć
soâgâohiwăgâ
âohiw{yh
ohiwă
soâgâuljkwöðâghnlulÈd‚no‚™‚g‚uÝ
soâgâlghnduȂo‚njhohqsodvwlnprphqwwluÝ
gâuljkwć
soâgâuljkwăgâ
âuljkw{
gâghsuhpgxuxpxqgdphyfxwrodqg¯Èh|
gâlgh™hulqhn‚|dvod gh™huohullohgh™lÈwlulopholgluÝ
|¯nohuvrqxfxqgdăȥËlrodudnexoxqxuÝ
lulÈohughwdpsodvwlnprphqwndsdvlwhvlqlq
nxoodq‚odelophvlllq

&Čohugh|dqdog¤qph
exunxopdv‚q‚qgd¤qohqphvljhuhnolgluÝ
yh

qdol}ghqeholuohqhq
ÊâÊȖryΩ idnw¤u¯sodvwlnpdivdogdrodelohfhn
id}odgdqgd|dq‚p‚glnndwhdopdnwdg‚uÝ ¯psodvwlnndsdvlwhvlqhxodÈdelohfhng¯È¯n
qdulqol™hvdklsnrorqj¤yghsdqhoohulllq
zsâgIJzsâgwdvdu‚pnrqwuro¯jhuhnphnwhgluÝ
xunxopdq‚qnhvphndsdvlwhvlqlv‚q‚uodqg‚ug‚™‚
qdulqj¤yghohullqvhzsâgİzeâg
wdvdu‚pnrqwuro¯jhuhnphnwhgluÝ

IhnloËÏ
M Ed lvplnkduhnhwwhqgrod|‚roxÈdqnxyyhw
'H÷LúWLULOPLúUHIHUDQVoL]JLVL hwnlohulKvwwhÞlvplnnxyyhwohudow‚qgdnl
M Ed,VROWHNUDUGD÷ÕWÕPGDQ rphqw gââg¯Èh|nxyyhwohudow‚qgdnl
M Ed,VRO VRQUD prphqw gââprphqwohulq|hqlghq
WHNUDUGD÷ÕWÕPGDQ|QFH M Ed,VD÷WHNUDUGD÷ÕWÕPGDQVRQUD gd™‚o‚p‚|ds‚og‚™‚qgdyh|ds‚opdgdq¤qfh
M EdVD÷WHNUDUGD÷ÕWÕPGDQ|QFH eluohÈwluloplÈprphqwohu
gć gâă gâÝ
owwdÞlvpln
Orjinal referans çizgisi nxyyhwohudow‚qgdroxÈdqnhvphgâ
M Ed,G
M Ed,E

M pl,Rd,VRO M pl,RdVD÷

V Ed,M

 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

IhnloËÐČghj¤vwhulogl™ljlelnrorqd|dn‚qnlulÈ
xodu‚qgd}‚wlÈduhwolsodvwlnh™lophprphqwohul IhnloËÐ
ropdv‚qgdqgrod|‚âsdqhoe¤ojhvlqhx|jxodqdq lulÈohughnlsodvwlnprphqwohuh
wdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlzsâg|¯nvhn nduȂnrorqodu‚qsdqhoe¤ojhohul
ropd|dh™lolpolgluݤyghsdqhonhvphvlllq nhvph|hpdux}ndo‚u
wdvdu‚pnrqwuroohulâwdvdu‚pnxyyhwhwnlohul M Sd,sup
lohnhvphgd|dq‚p‚q‚qeluelulqhhÈlwropdv‚qd
l}lqyhuluÝrorqj¤yghsdqhoohulqlqsodvwln
nhvphghirupdv|rqxqxq|¤qhwpholnohufh Kolon Panel Bölgesi V wp,Ed
ndexohglophvlqlõexwlseluphndql}pdq‚q
tf
v¯qhnol™lqlkdno‚‚ndupdnwdg‚uö|dqv‚wpdnwdg‚uÝ M Pl,Rd,left

qfdnâvwdqgduwnhvlwohuyhg¯È¯nndolwh h
holnohunxoodq‚o‚uvdâwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwl d left h M Pl,Rd,right tf
zsâgv‚no‚nodnhvphgd|dq‚p‚q‚zsâg tf,left V wp,Ed
jhheloluÝ}dpdqnrorqodullqwdnyl|h tf,right
ohykdodu‚q‚qnxoodq‚opdv‚q‚jhuhnhfhnwluÝ dc
xqoduânrorqj¤yghvlqhnd|qdnodqp‚Èä&liwČohykd
Èhnolqghyh|dedÈo‚nodudnd|qdnodqp‚Èlnlohykd
ÈhnolqghrodeloluÝrorqodugdhqlqhehunlwphohu
ghd|u‚fdjhuhnolgluÝõdn‚q‚}IhnloËÑöÝ
M Sd,inf

qfdnâideulndv|rqgdqgrod|‚liwohykdodu
yhhqlqhehunlwphohupdol|hwolsdudodug‚uâ IhnloËÑ
gl™huwdvdu‚prsvl|rqodu‚nxoodq‚odudn rorqsdqhoe¤ojhvlqll|lohÈwluphn
exqodu‚qnxoodq‚opdv‚qgdqnd‚q‚odeloluÝ llqnxoodq‚odqäliwČohykdodu
¬ rorqodullqgdkd|¯nvhnndolwhghholnâ
¤uqh™lq
ufhoru lwwdo 
ĨÍÏӏhol™l
õhuhfhÏÎâ
 ÒÊÌČhx|jxqöhnnhvph A Kesit A-A
ohykdodu‚qdlkwl|df‚ruwdgdqndog‚updnwdg‚uÝ
¬ rorqodullqgdkd|¯nvhnndolwhghholnyh
gdkdndo‚qedÈo‚no‚nrorqnhvlwohulqnxoodq‚opdv‚
hqlqhehunlwphlkwl|df‚q‚ndog‚updnwdg‚uÝ
¬ luohÈlpohuh|dn‚qd}dow‚op‚Ènhvlwol
nlulÈohulqõ
}dow‚op‚ÈlulÈhvlwlâ
âyh|d A "%HUNLWPH3ODNDODUÕ
än¤shnnhpl™lČrodudnelolqluâghwd|odu‚lohulgh
phwlqghyhulophnwhgluÝönlulÈxodu‚qgdnl
h™lophprphqwohulqld}dow‚uâyhe¤|ohfh
nrorqj¤yghyhedÈo‚nodu‚qgdnlwdohelhqd}d
lqglujhuÝrqxrodudnâliwohykdyhðyh|d
hqlqhehunlwphohuhrodqjhuhnvlqlpohughq
nd‚qpd|dlpndqyhuphnwhgluÝõIhnloËÒöÝ

IhnloËÒ

}dow‚op‚ÈnlulÈnhvlwohulânlulÈnrorq
eluohÈlpohulqghnllvwnohulânrorq
ehunlwphohulâyhnrorqnhvlwohul
llqjhuhnvlqlpohulhqd}dlqglujhuÝ
õuriÝÝ ÝdqjȂql}ql|ohöÝ
 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

rphqwdnwdudq&huhyh &dsud}odu‚exoxqpd|dq
&ohughghsuhp

nxyyhwlqlnduȂod|dqelulqflo|ds‚rodudn
lvwhpohughsodvwln gdyudqdqsodvwlnpdivdoodunodvlnrodudn
pdivdooduyheluohÈlpohu nlulÈohughroxÈpdnwdg‚uÝluohÈlpghnlsdudodu‚q
j¤phvlqghqnd‚qpdnllqâeluohÈlpohulq
gd|dq‚p‚q‚qglı soâgâehdpnrÈxoxqxvd™odpdv‚
hsuhphwnlvldow‚qgdnlh™lophprphqw
jhuhnphnwhgluݯw¯qeluohÈlpohunlulÈohndsdvlwh
gldjudp‚q‚qÈhnolqghqgrod|‚â
&Čohughnl
wdvdu‚p‚qdj¤uh|ds‚opdnwdâ¤|ohnlh™lophghÞ
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohunlulÈlqxqrnwdodu‚qgd
gâfrqqhfwlrqijđÊâÊȖry soâgâehdp
roxÈdqsodvwlnpdivdoodug‚uõdn‚q‚}IhnloËÎdöÝ
nrÈxoxvd™odqpdo‚g‚uÝ
rupdorodudneluohÈlpohu|¯nvhngd|dq‚po‚
xâvwdwlnwdvdu‚pnrÈxoodu‚qdj¤uh¤qhpol
õulmlwöwlswhvhlophnwhglu⏯qn¯qrupdo
¤o¯gh}ruod|‚f‚yheluohÈlpohulqnhvlw
rodudndsud}oduodehunlwlophplÈprphqw
yhpdol|hwlql¤qhpol¤o¯ghhwnloh|hq
dnwdudqhuhyhvlvwhpohuhvqhnropd|d
elujhuhnololnwluÝõedn‚q‚}IhnloÌÓöÝ
h™lolpolgluâeluohÈlpohughqnd|qdnodqdelohfhn
hvphghwdvdu‚pnrqwuro¯
hnvwudhvqhnoln¤whohqphv‚q‚uodpdodu‚yhñĮ
hwnlohullohsureohpohuhqhghqropdnwdg‚uÝ VRd,connection t VEd VEd,G  1,1J ov ȍVEd,E
odvwlnpdivdoodun‚vplgd|dq‚po‚õ|du‚ñulmlwö
ghqnol™lqhj¤uh|ds‚opdnwdg‚uÝhperoohuâ
eluohÈlpohughroxÈwxuxodelolunhqâohykdoduyh
nrorqodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚qgdnlvhperoohuohd|q‚g‚uÝ
ed™ohykdodu‚jlelsdudodu‚qÈhnlogh™lÈwluph
ndsdvlwhvlqlqdydqwdm‚q‚nxoodqdudnâgd|dq‚podu‚q‚q
hyulpvhogxuxpodudow‚qgdgdvwdelorogx™xqxq
j¤vwhulophvljhuhnphnwhgluyhexx|jxodpd
sudwlngh™logluÝ‚vplgd|dq‚po‚õ|du‚ñulmlwö
eluohÈlpohuohlojloleluedÈndsureohpghã
&ohu
hvqhnropd|dh™lolpol|ds‚odurogx™xqgdqâ
eluohÈlpohughnlkhukdqjleluhvqhnol™lqnlulÈyh
nrorqodugdnxoodq‚odfdngdkdvd™odpnhvlwohuoh
¤qohqphvljhuhnphnwhgluÝxgxuxpâjhqho
rodudnän‚vplgd|dq‚po‚ČeluohÈlpwdvdu‚p‚q‚qhq
hnrqrpln¤}¯propdg‚™‚dqodp‚qdjhophnwhgluÝ

IhnloÌÓ
qhumlw¯nhwphe¤ojhvlqh|dn‚qâ
edÈo‚nohykdo‚elohÈlpwdvdu‚p‚Ý
t1 t2 dghfhg¯Èh||¯nohuhj¤uhwdvdu‚pd
n‚|dvodvlvplnwdvdu‚p‚qhwnlqol™lyh¤qhpl
n1 MSd n2 +1,1 Ȗov MSO5GNLULú
-1,1Ȗov MSO5GNLULú
a1 a2

lvplnropd|dqwdvdu‚p lvplnwdvdu‚pÞwËııwÊ dËıdÊ


 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

luohÈlpohulqprphqwyhnhvphwdvdu‚p luohÈlpânrorqedÈo‚™‚q‚qnd|pdohykdv‚|od
nrqwuroohulqlyxujxodpdnjhuhnlu⏯qn¯ eluohÈlpghwd|‚q‚qlhul|ruvdâdÈd™‚gd
nlulÈedÈo‚nodu‚q‚qnrorqedÈo‚nodu‚qd yhulohqnrÈxoodu‚vd™odpdo‚g‚uÞ
nd|qdnodqg‚™‚yhnlulÈj¤yghvlqlqnhvph ¬ lulÈj¤yghvlqghqgdkd|¯nvhngd|dq‚pd
ohykdodu‚|odnrorqded™odqg‚™‚õIhnloÌÊČgh vdklsn¤Èhehqwnxoodq‚opdv‚
j¤vwhulogl™ljlelöeluohÈlpohulqwdvdu‚p‚qgd ¬ hvphdnwdudqyhglnh|n‚v‚podu‚g¤qhq
exnrqwuroohunulwlnrodelophnwhgluÝ glnh|n¤Èhnd|qdnodudâhnrodudnn¤Èhehqwlq
luohÈlpohullqwdvdu‚pnrÈxoxÞ dowyh¯vwn‚v‚podugdqnd|qdnodqpdv‚
gâfrqqhfwlrqijÊâÊȖry soâgâehdpägluÝ
lulÈlqsodvwlnh™lophgd|dq‚p‚ soâgâehdp lmlwnlulÈnrorqeluohÈlpohulqlqwdvdu‚p‚
âwhnedȂqdedÈo‚nodu‚qsodvwlnprphqw llqkhuelulsodvwlnpdivdo‚qiduno‚|hugh
gd|dq‚p‚q‚q soâiodqjhvćeiwii|õgăwiö roxÈpdv‚q‚vd™od|dq¯vhhqhnydug‚uÞ
yhj¤yghsodvwlnprphqwgd|dq‚p‚q‚q ÊÝ lulÈlq|huhorodudnh™lophgd|dq‚p‚q‚
soâzhećwzgËi|ðÍwrsodp‚qgdqroxÈpdnwdg‚uÝ duw‚upd|dqänodvlnČeluohÈlpwdvdu‚p‚Ihnlo
lulÈedÈo‚nodu‚nrorqedÈo‚nodu‚qdyh|delux ÌÊČghj¤u¯ophnwhgluÝodvwlnpdivdonrorq
ohykdv‚qded™od|dqn¯wnd|qdnodu‚qsodvwln edÈo‚™‚qd|dn‚qnlulÈnhvlwlqghroxÈpdnwdg‚uÝ
prphqwgd|dq‚p‚q‚sureohpvl}lohwlunhqâj¤ygh ËÝ rorq|¯}¯qghqnlulÈd‚no‚™‚qgdnl|dn‚q
eluohÈlplqlqghnlulÈj¤yghvlqlqsodvwlnprphqw eluqrnwdgdnlulÈh™lophprphqwlqlq
gd|dq‚p‚q‚dÈd™‚gdyhulohqnrÈxoxvd™od|dfdn duw‚u‚opdv‚qdqhghqrodqeluohÈlpvhhqhnohul
ÈhnloghlohwphvljhuhnphnwhgluÝ IhnloÌËâÌÎyhÌÐghyhulophnwhgluÝâ
âzheâfrqqhfwlrqijÊâÊȖry soâzhe rod|‚v‚|odâsodvwlnpdivdonrorq|¯}¯qghq
ćÊâÊȖrywzgËi|ðÍ x}dnwdroxÈpdnwdg‚uÝxâsodvwlnpdivdogd
roxÈdqsodvwlnghirupdv|rqodugdqâ
eluohÈlpgdnljhuloph|¯nohphohulqlq
d|u‚opdv‚d‚v‚qgdq|duduo‚ropdnwdg‚uÝ

IhnloÌÊ
lulÈedÈo‚nodu‚q‚qnrorqedÈo‚nodu‚qd
nd|qdnodqg‚™‚yhnlulÈj¤yghvlqlqnrorq
edÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdno‚nhvphn¤Èhehqwlqh
nd|qdnodqg‚™‚nlulÈnrorqeluohÈlplÝ
IhnloÌË
¯ohqgluphvwudwhmlvl

Berkitme
OHYKDVÕ Bayrak
 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

ÌÝ lulÈedÈo‚™‚nhvlolsg¯}howlohuhnânlulÈ do}hphqlq‚nduw‚opdv‚eluw¯usdudgrnvyh ruwkulgjhyhrehghsuhpohulqghqvrqud

nrorq|¯}h|lqghqeholuolelux}dno‚nwd jhuhnwhpdol|hwoljlelj¤u¯qvhghâg¯Èh|yh |ds‚odqdudÈw‚upddo‚Èpdodu‚j¤vwhuplÈwlunlâ
ndv‚wo‚rodudn}d|‚iodw‚opdnwdg‚uݤ|ohfh ghsuhp|¯nohuldow‚qgdÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohul eluohÈlpe¤ojhohulqlq}d|‚igdyudq‚È‚q‚qvhehel
sodvwlnpdivdonrorq|¯}h|lqghq nduȂod|dfdnqrupdorodudner|xwodqg‚u‚op‚ÈnlulÈ vdghfheluohÈlpwdvdu‚p‚qgdqrnedÈnd
x}dnodÈw‚u‚opdnwdyheluohÈlpghnl nhvlwohulâjhuhnolrodqgdqgdkd|¯nvhngd|dq‚pd idnw¤uohugluÝd}‚sureohpohund|qdnoduodlojlolgluâ
jhuloph|¯nohphohulsodvwlnpdivdogd õäid}odgdqgd|dq‚pČõäryhuvwuhqjwkČöövdklswluohuÝ ¤uqh™lqnd|qdnpdo}hphvlwrnox™xqxqg¯È¯n
roxÈdqsodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohuhghq
ohulqdgdswhhglophvlqlqwhnhwnlvlexid}odgdq ropdv‚âjhulophelulnphohulyhnxvxuodu‚qdqhghq
d|u‚opdnwdg‚uÝõdn‚q‚}IhnloÌÌöÝ gd|dq‚p‚qkdufdqpdv‚g‚uÝ
|u‚fdgl™huhwnlohulÞ rodqed}‚nd|qdnkd}‚uo‚nodu‚õ¤uw¯o¯erÈoxnloh
¬ ds‚q‚qulmlwol™lqlid}odd}dowpdpdnwdg‚uõĖÍ kd}‚uodqpdv‚âdowo‚nsodndv‚nd|qdnodpdâÈdqwl|hgh
xä¤shnñnhpl™lellplČ|dgdæ
}dow‚op‚È lohĖÒdudv‚qgdö⏯qn¯vdghfhnlulÈohulq nd|qdnllqjhuhnolrodqnd|qdnghwd|odu‚öyh
lulÈhvlwohulåõ
örodudndgodqg‚u‚odqvrq d}elun‚vp‚qgdnhvlwohud}dow‚opdnwdg‚uÝ |hwhuvl}nd|qdnnruxpdv‚Ý
|u‚fddqdpdo}hph
wdvdu‚pnrqvhswlâÊÒÑÑ|‚o‚qgd
ufhoru lwwdo ¬ lmlwoolnwhnlkdilid}dopd|‚nduȂod|delophnllq ¤}hoolnohulghlughohqpholgluÝ
qdpdo}hphohu
õ
öČlqdudÈw‚updsurjudp‚q‚qelusdudv‚ |ds‚vdohohpdqodu‚qer|xwodu‚qgdkhukdqjl r™xnh}gd|dq‚pyhnd|qdnodqdeloluoln
rodudnjholÈwluloplÈwluÝÊÒÒÍghnlruwkulgjh elugh™lÈlnol™hjhqhoghjhuhnropdpdnwdg‚uÝ ¤}hoolnohul|¤qohulqghq
ufhoru lwwdoȂqx}xq
ghsuhplyhÊÒÒÎghnlrehghsuhplvrqudv‚â ¬ ds‚q‚qv‚qugd|dq‚p‚q‚d}dowpdnwdg‚uã }dpdqgdqehul|hwnlolohuhwdyvl|hhwwl™lqghq
elurnprphqwdnwdudqhuhyhvlvwhpohugh idndwex¤qhpolghuhfhghgh™loglu⠏rngdkdg¯È¯nw¯ugh™huohughgluÝ
}d|‚ieluohÈlpgdyudq‚È‚j¤}ohqplÈwluyhex ¯qn¯|xndu‚gdv¤}hglogl™ljlelâid}odgdq
w¯usureohpohuohedÈhwphnllq
dn‚oo‚elu gd|dq‚p}dwhqexoxqpdnwdg‚uÝ |jxqndolwhqlqvd™odqpdv‚q‚d‚nodpdnllq
wdvdu‚pvhhqh™lrodudngdkdjhqlÈndsvdpo‚ ¬ 䯏o¯nrorqñ}d|‚inlulÈČndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p änodvlnČnd|qdno‚eluohÈlpohughÊÒÑÑyhÊÒÒÐ
g¯È¯q¯oph™hedÈodqp‚Èw‚uÝ
ufhoru lwwdo lonhvlnxoodq‚odudner|xwodqg‚u‚og‚™‚ |‚oodu‚dudv‚qgd|ds‚odqelurnghqh|vrqxfxqgd
sdwhqwlqlqnxoodq‚opdv‚q‚vhuehvwe‚udnp‚È ndexohgloluvhãnrorqnhvlwlqlq sodvwlnurwdv|rqndsdvlwhvlqlqÈxdq|¤qhwpholnohu
yhexnrqvhswgdkdgdjholÈwluloplÈwluÝq d}dow‚opdv‚qdl}lqyhuphnwhglu wdudi‚qgdqjhuhnolj¤u¯ohqËÎyh|dÌÎpudgČgdq
hnrqrplnvhhqhnrodudn
äqlqwdvdu‚p ¬ luohÈlpe¤ojhvlqghnlh™lophprphqwohulqlq gdkdid}odgh™huhxodÈpdv‚q‚qkhukdqjlelu}ruoxn
nxudoodu‚elurngrn¯pdqgd¤uqh™lq
ËÓÓË yhnhvphnxyyhwohulqlqlohwlophvlllq ropdgdqedÈdu‚odelogl™lqlj¤vwhuplÈwlu÷Ëø÷ÊÓø
yh 
ËÓÓË÷ÏâÐøČgd|hudopdnwdg‚uÝ jhuhnolrodqehunlwphohulqer|xwodu‚q‚q ÷ÊÊøÝxghqh|ohu
ufhoru lwwdo¯uhwlplqghqnlulÈ
d}dow‚opdv‚qdl}lqyhuphnwhgluãexgxuxp ghulqol™lÍÎÓppČ|hndgdurodqyh suriloohul
ideulndv|rqpdol|hwlqghgh¤qhpol ed}do‚qdudn|ds‚op‚Èw‚uÝ do}hphyhideulndv|rq
elud}dopd|dqhghqropdnwdg‚uÝ survhg¯uohulqghndexohglohqvwdqgduwoduâexj¯qn¯
xoxvodududv‚nxudooduodx|xpoxgxuoduÞȤ|ohnl

IhnloÌÌ
ä¤shnñnhpl™lČ|dgd
}dow‚op‚ÈlulÈhvlwohul
õ
önxoodq‚odudnnlulÈ}d|‚iodwpdvwudwhmlohulâ

ufhoru lwwdowdudi‚qgdqjholÈwluloplÈyh
sdwhqwldo‚qp‚Èrulmlqdoeluwdvdu‚pg‚uÝ


 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

wlslqghnd|qdnkd}‚uodqpdv‚ând|qdnphwdolqlq
vhlophvlâeluwdudiwdnlnd|qd™‚gl™huwdudiwdnl
lulÈnrorqeluohÈlpohul
Èd™‚gdnlnrqxodudgdglnndwhwphnjhuhnluÞ
deorÒgdyhulohqeluohÈlpwlsohulqghqiduno‚
¬

nd|qd™‚qwdnlshwphvlâx|jxqdqdpdo}hphyh llq¤qhulohqwdvdu‚p rodqed}‚n‚vplgd|dq‚po‚eluohÈlpohuyh¤}ho

nd|qdnpdo}hphvlwrnox™xyhnd|qdnodqdeloluol™lÝ sdwhqwoleluohÈlpohujleled}‚eluohÈlpwlsohul

ufhoru lwwdowdudi‚qgdq|hql

ÒÊÌyh ÊÒÒÎghqex|dqd|ds‚odqrnvd|‚gdxoxvodududv‚ uhihudqv÷Ïø÷Ðø÷ÊÍøghedkvhglophnwhgluâ

ÒÒˏholnohulqlqjholÈwlulophvllohexvrqxodu‚q dudÈw‚upddo‚Èpdodu‚q‚qvrqxfxqgdprphqw
qdpdo}hphyhnd|qdnpdo}hphvlqlq
¬

jhhuolol™lâghulqol™lÊÊÓÓppndgdurodqyh dnwdudqhuhyhvlwhpohughnlulÈnrorqeluohÈlpohul vhlplând|qdnwlsohulâhulÈlperÈox™x

edÈo‚nndo‚qo‚™‚ÊËÎppndgdurodqghulqnlulÈohu
yhndo‚qgxyduo‚nhvlwohullqghjhqlÈohwloplÈwluÝ
xholnohulqvlvplnx|jxodpdodugdnxoodq‚opdv‚â

ufhoru
lwwdoȂq¯uhwlohqhol™lqndolwhvlqlgr™ux
rodudnnrqwurohghelophnâgd|dq‚podu‚q‚¯vw
llqnhvlqwdvdu‚pnxudoodu‚phyfxwwxuÝxnxudoodu
÷Ïø÷Ðø÷ÊÍøjlelg¤n¯pdqodugddqodw‚op‚Èw‚uÝ
xurfrghÑČlqlhul™lqghâdqdg¤n¯pdqgdnhvlq
nxudooduexoxqdpd}nhqâxoxvdond|qdnodugd
eholuwloplÈwluÝhpnrorqedÈo‚nodu‚qd|dn‚qnlulÈ
wdvdu‚p‚õIhnloÌÒČgdnl¤uqh™hedn‚q‚}ö
yeÝd‚nodpdodughwd|o‚rodudnuhihudqvodu
÷Ïø÷Ðø÷ÊÍøČghyhulophnwhgluÝx
elojlohuexudgdwhnuduodqpdp‚Èw‚uÝ
d}‚uhihudqvodurnd}vd|‚gdeluohÈlpl
¬

yhdowv‚q‚uodullqghwxwdelophvllohgdkdgd nhvlwohulqghsodvwlnpdivdoodu‚qroxÈwx™xqx yhvdghfhhql|lÈhnlogh|¯nvhnv¯qhnoln

jholÈwluloplÈwluÝ™hunrorqodullq
phulndq ndexohghqwdvdu‚poduâkhpghj¯ohqgluph vd™od|dqodu‚âwdq‚podp‚Èw‚uõ¤uqh™lquhihudqv
udghÏÎõÏÎnvlyh|dÍÎÓ döjlelgdkd yh}d|‚iodwpdvwudwhmlohulqlx|jxod|dqwdvdu‚p ÷ÏøgdvdghfhÌeluohÈlpwlslyhulophnwhgluöÝ
|¯nvhngd|dq‚po‚holnndolwhvlehqlpvhqluvh⠏¤}¯pohulqhl}lqyhulophnwhgluÝdeorÒČgd
|q‚¯onhqlqllqghelohâeluuhihudqvwdq
¬

gdkdjhohqhnvhoelundolwhrodqudghÎÓõÎÓ v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚qdj¤uhl}lqyhulohqed}‚eluohÈlp gl™huuhihudqvdeluohÈlpv‚q‚ix|xpodu‚

nvlruÌÍÎ döČghnlulÈohullqnxoodq‚odeloluyh ghwd|odu‚yhuloplÈãIhnloÌÊČghqÌÒČdndgdugdex d‚v‚qgdqxidniduno‚o‚noduj¤u¯ophnwhgluÝ
e¤|ohfhwdvdu‚pf‚ä}d|‚inlulÈñj¯o¯nrorqČwdvdu‚p eluohÈlpohulqÈhpdwlnl}lpohulj¤vwhuloplÈwluÝ
nrÈxoxqxqhwnloleluÈhnloghvd™odqg‚™‚qgdqhplq xgxuxp¤}hoolnohnlulÈedÈo‚nodu‚q‚qnrorq
rodelolu㏯qn¯udghÎÓndolwhvlõÎÓnvlyh|d edÈo‚nodu‚qdnd|qdnodqp‚Èrogx™xeluohÈlpohughâ
ÌÍÎ döllqdnpdgd|dq‚p‚¯vwv‚q‚u‚ÏÎnvl nrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdnodqp‚Ènhvphn¤Èhehqwlqh
õÍÎÓ dörodudnjdudqwlhglohelophnwhgluÝ nlulÈj¤yghvlexorqodqg‚™‚gxuxpodugd
j¤u¯ophnwhgluõwdeorÒgdýodlÈduhwohqplÈ
wlsohuöÝ&¯qn¯eluohÈlpghexorqodqp‚Èyh
nd|qdnodqp‚Èsdudodurogx™xqgdqä|xpxÈdnČ
yhävhuwČphndql}pdodu‚qndu‚È‚p‚dqodp‚qd
jhophnwhgluݯnvhnurwdv|rqndsdvlwhvlqhvdkls
ropd|dqävhuwČnd|qdnodu‚q¯}hulqhjhohelohfhn
dȂu‚|¯nohphehnohqhqghqhunhqj¤ph|h
luohÈlplsl dnvlpxpv¯qhnoln8}lqyhulohq‚q‚i
qhghqrodeloluÝxvhehswhqgrod|‚exeluohÈlp

yuxsd
phulndq ghwd|‚âvdghfhg¯È¯nv¯qhnolnyh|d &
lulÈedÈo‚nodu‚nd|qdnodqp‚ÈânlulÈj¤yghvl wdvdu‚p‚llqjhhuolrodfd™‚g¯È¯q¯opholgluÝä
nrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdnodqp‚Ènhvph ý  &ý
n¤Èhehqwlqhexorqodqp‚ÈÝIhnloÌÍ
lulÈedÈo‚nodu‚nd|qdnodqp‚ÈânlulÈj¤yghvl
nrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdnodqp‚Ènhvph  ? &
n¤Èhehqwlqhnd|qdnodqp‚ÈÝIhnloÝÌÊ
lulÈedÈo‚nodu‚exorqodqp‚ÈâânlulÈj¤yghvl
nrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdnodqp‚Ènhvph  ? &
n¤Èhehqwlqhexorqodqp‚ÈÝIhnloÌÎ
lulÈhnd|qdnodqp‚ÈehunlwlophplÈxohykdv‚yhÍ
 ? &
v‚udexorqodnrorqedÈo‚™‚qdexorqodqp‚ÈÝIhnloÌÏ
lulÈhnd|qdnodqp‚ÈehunlwloplÈxohykdv‚yhÑv‚ud
 ? &
exorqodnrorqedÈo‚™‚qdexorqodqp‚ÈIhnloÌÐ

}dow‚op‚ÈnlulÈnhvlwlÝlulÈedÈo‚nodu‚nd|qdnodqp‚Èâ
nlulÈj¤yghvlnrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdnodqp‚È  ? & deohÒ
nhvphn¤Èhehqwlqhnd|qdnodqp‚ÈIhnloÌÑ luohÈlpwlsohulyhnduȂo‚n

}dow‚op‚ÈnlulÈnhvlwlÝlulÈhnd|qdnodqp‚È jhohqv¯qhnolnv‚q‚iodu‚
ehunlwlophplÈxohykdv‚yhÍv‚udexorqod
 ? &
nrorqedÈo‚™‚qdexorqodqp‚ÈÝÝIhnloÝÌÏloh
d|q‚jlelâidndwedÈo‚nnhvlwohuld}dow‚op‚È
ýd}‚¯onhohughõ &Č|hhÈlwöÈhnolqghg¯È¯q¯ohelophnwhglu
 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

IhnloÌÍ
lulÈedÈo‚nodu‚nd|qdnodqp‚ÈânlulÈ
j¤yghvlnrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdno‚
nhvphn¤Èhehqwlqhexorqodqp‚È
IhnloÌÎ
lulÈedÈo‚nodu‚exorqodqp‚ÈâânlulÈ
j¤yghvlnrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdnodqp‚È
nhvphn¤Èhehqwlqhexorqodqp‚ÈÝ
KvwwhÞedÈo‚nohykdodu‚qdexorqodqp‚ÈÝ

owwdޏliweluohÈlplÝ

IhnloÌÏ
lulÈhnd|qdnodqp‚ÈyhÍv‚ud
exorqodnrorqedÈo‚™‚qdexorqodqp‚Èâ
ehunlwlophplÈedÈo‚nohykdv‚
q
pf

c
pf

pt
dO
dl

db

tw
tpf

bp
tpl


 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

IhnloÌÐ IhnloÌÑ
dnyl|hohykdv‚ânlulÈhnd|qdnodqp‚Èyh
}dow‚op‚ÈnlulÈnhvlwohulÝlulÈedÈo‚nodu‚
nrorqedÈo‚™‚qdÑv‚udexorqodexorqodqp‚È nd|qdnodqp‚ÈânrorqedÈo‚™‚qdnd|qdno‚
ohykd|dnd|qdnodqp‚ÈnlulÈj¤yghvlÝ

YatÕoDS = 4c + s
2 2

8c
a s

c
AzaltÕOPÕúNLULú
kesiti

IhnloÌÒ

ÌÎÓČghnlnd|qdnhulÈlp
erÈoxnodu‚ghwd|‚÷ÐøÝ

 50
 .PNFOU
"LUBSBO
 FSÀFWFMFS¶O
." 

4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

}dow‚op‚ÈnlulÈ odvwlnpdivdoânrorq|¯}h|lqghqć
dăvðËphvdihghroxÈwx™xqgdqânlulÈ
rorqodu‚qwhphoohuh
nhvlwohulqlqwdvdu‚p‚ nrorqeluohÈlplqhhwnlhghqh™loph eluohÈlpl
prphqwldÈd™‚gdyhulogl™ljlelgluÝ
lulÈedÈo‚™‚qgdnld}dowpdodu‚qhql|lÈhnol gâfrqqhfwlrqć soâgâ
ăgâ{
&llqjoredophndql}pdânrorqwdedqodu‚
IhnloÌÑČghj¤vwhulogl™ljlelgdluhvhonhvlnohulq zlwk (GâćË soâgâ
ð yhwhphoohududv‚qgdnldud|¯}ghsodvwlnpdivdo
|ds‚og‚™‚ÈhnlogluÝ
}dow‚op‚Ènhvlwohulq xudgdnlulÈvd™yhvroxodu‚qgdroxÈdqsodvwln roxÈpdv‚q‚lhuphnwhgluÝäodvlnČwdvdu‚pdj¤uhex
ÈhnloohulqlqdÈd™‚gdeholuwlohqjhrphwuln pdivdoodududv‚qgdnlx}dno‚nw‚uõedn‚q‚}IhnloÍÓöÝ gxuxpwhphohdqnudmexorqodu‚lohwdedqohykdv‚
nrÈxoodudx|pdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝluwdvdu‚p ed™odqpdv‚lohvd™odqpdnwdg‚uÝ
qfdnâe¤|oh
¤uqh™l¤o¯pÊÒČgdyhulophnwhgluÝ ™hu gâfrqqhfwlrqijÊâÊȖry gâfrqqhfwlrq elughwd|odnrorqsodvwlnprphqwgd|dq‚p‚q‚q
nrÈxoxqxvd™o‚|ruvdâwdvdu‚pndexohgloheloluÝ wudqvihul}rugxuÝ&rnndo‚qohykdodudâjhqlÈ
dluhvhonhvlnohulqjhqlÈol™lvyhnrorqedÈo‚n n¯wnd|qdnodudyhe¯|¯nexorqodudr™xqoxnod
|¯}h|llohnhvlnohuedÈodqj‚f‚dudv‚qgdnlphvdih ™hunulwlnnhvlwnrorqdnv‚qgd|vdõ¤uqh™lq jhuhngx|xopdnwdg‚uÝhplÈghqh|lpohuâv‚n
ddÈd™‚gdyhulohqnrÈxooduodx|xpoxropdo‚g‚uÞ }d|‚isdqhoe¤ojhvlrodqelueluohÈlpghöâh™loph v‚nex}d|‚igdyudq‚È‚ehwrq|¯}h|lqdow‚qgdnl
ÓÝÎeIJdIJÓÝÐÎe prphqwldÈd™‚gdyhulogl™ljlelkhvdsodqpdnwdg‚uÞ dqnudmodu‚qn‚u‚opdv‚lohj¤vwhuplÈwluÝ
ÓÝÏÎkIJvIJÓÝÑÎk gâfroxpqć soâgâ
ăgâ{Č
exudgdenlulÈedÈo‚njhqlÈol™l yhÞČćăkfðË dkdl|leluvhhqhnlvhânrorqxqehwrq
yhkghnlulÈghulqol™lgluÝ luohÈlpghnlnhvphnxyyhwlqlq llqghroxÈwxuxodqelufheh|huohÈwluophvlglu
hvl™lqghulqol™lfČqlqÓÝËÓeIJfIJÓÝËÎe VRd,frqqhfwlrq ≥ VEd = VEd,G + 1,1 Ȗov Ω VEd,E õIhnloÍÊöÝäodvlnČwdvdu‚pgdnlklelusdud
nrÈxoxqxvd™odpdv‚jhuhnphnwhgluÝ jhuhnolgh™logluânrorqgdnlh™lophprphqwl

}dow‚op‚ÈnhvlwlqnlulÈedÈo‚njhqlÈol™lehće irup¯o¯nxoodq‚odudnwdvdu‚pnrqwuro¯ whphoeor™xqgdnllnl|dwd|nxyyhw
óË cndexohglohuhnâd}dow‚op‚Ènhvlwlqsodvwln |ds‚opdnwdg‚uÝ|ds‚opdnwdg‚uÝ gâfrqqhfwlrq yhwdudi‚qgdqnduȂodqpdnwdg‚uÝ
prphqwgd|dq‚p‚ soâgâ
khvdsodqdeloluÝ yhgnxyyhwhwnlohulllqghsdqho
e¤ojhvlwdvdu‚p‚|ds‚opdnwdg‚u

IhnloÍÓ IhnloÍÊ

õörogx™xqgdeluohÈlpgdnl hwrqgdfhsnxoodq‚odudnnrorq
wdvdu‚pprphqwyhnhvph whphoeluohÈlplqlq|ds‚opdv‚
nxyyhwohulqlqkhvdsodqpdv‚
N
M
L'
V
L
F HS
AKK AKK

M pl, Rd, AKK M pl, Rd, AKK F HI

V Ed,E hc V Ed,E

x x'




.&3,&;¶
 "13";
&-&."/-"3*
0-"/

 &3 &7&-&3¶/
4¶4.¶,
5"4"3*.*

5BTBSÖN
"NBDÖ
9
ÀBQSB[MÖ
ÀFSÀFWF
TJTUFNMFSJO
BOBMJ[J
9
ÀBQSB[MBS
JÀJO
UBTBSÖN
LSJUFSJ
9
ÀBQSB[MBSÖ
JÀJO
EJÉFS
HFSFLMJMJLMFS
#JSMF×JNMFSJO
UBTBSÖNÖ
7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MBSÖO
BOBMJ[J
7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MBSÖO
UBTBSÖN
LSJUFSJ

7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MBS
JÀJO
EJÉFS
HFSFLMJMJLMFS
.FSLF[J
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFS
JÀJO
"NFSJLBO
WF
"WSVQB
UBTBSÖN
LVSBMMBSÖ
 

.FSLF[J
 BQSB[
&MFNBOMBSÖ
0MBO
 FSÀFWFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

dvdu‚p
pdf‚
IhnloÍË
hunh}ldsud}hohpdqodu‚rodqhuhyhohulq dö&dsud}o‚huhyholvlvwhpohullqwdvdu‚p
änodvlnČwdvdu‚p‚qgdnljoredowdvdu‚pdpdf‚â khghilrodqjoredosodvwlnphndql}pd
hnphdow‚qgdnldsud}odugdhqhumlw¯nhwlp eö&dsud}odu‚qgd|dq‚podu‚q‚qx|xpox
e¤ojhohulroxÈwxupdnânlulÈohughyhnrorqodugd ropdv‚|od¤qohqhqndwphndql}pdv‚
j¤phyh|dexunxopdgdqnd‚qpd|‚vd™odpdnw‚uÝ
dv‚qdow‚qgdnldsud}odu‚qexunxodfdnÈhnlogh
wdvdu‚p‚|ds‚opdnwdg‚uݏdsud}odu‚rodq
huhyholvlvwhpohullqroxÈpdv‚lvwhqhqjoredo
phndql}pdIhnloÍËdöČgdj¤vwhulophnwhgluÝ

Èd™‚gdd|u‚d|u‚dqodw‚og‚™‚jleldsud}o‚huhyh
vlvwhpohullqvwdqgduwdqdol}survhg¯u¯yh
wdvdu‚p¤o¯wohulyhȁwlsldsud}o‚vlvwhpohuoh
nduȂodÈw‚u‚og‚™‚qgdelud}iduno‚g‚uݏdsud}o‚
vlvwhpohulqhqhumlw¯nhwlplqhõyh|dö
l}lqyhulophphnwhgluÝõdn‚q‚}IhnloÊËöÝ

dsud}o‚huhyh
vlvwhpohulqdqdol}l
wdqgduwdqdol}ohudÈd™‚gdnlndexoohu
huhyhvlqgh|ds‚opdnwdg‚uÞ
¬ g¯Èh||¯nohudow‚qgdâprghoghvdghfh
nlulÈohuyhnrorqoduphyfxw
¬ vlvpln|¯nohudow‚qgdâprghogh
vdghfhhnphdow‚qgdnldsud}
ljxuhÍÌ
rghovxvhgiruwkhdqdo|vlvdöxqghu
hohpdqoduphyfxwõIhnloÍÌöÝ
judylw|ordglqjÝeöxqghuvhlvplfordglqjÝ
dghfhhnph|hdo‚Èdqyhvwdelohqhuml
w¯nhwlfldsud}oduâhuhyhvwdelolwhvlqhndwn‚
vd™odg‚™‚qgdqdsud}oduded™o‚wdȂ|‚f‚vlvwhp
gdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚õtö|¯nvhnroxuÞtćÍÝ F2
dsud}odu‚qedv‚qfddo‚Èpdgxuxpxqxgdglnndwh
dodqgdkdghwd|o‚dqdol}lâdsud}odu‚qexunxopdv‚
yhexunxopdpdv‚q‚qgdgh™huohqglulogl™l N Ed 2
gr™uxvdoropd|dqvwdwlnyh|dgr™uxvdoropd|dq F1
}dpdqwdq‚pdqdol}lloh|dspdnp¯pn¯qg¯uÝ

N Ed,G N Ed 3
N Ed 1


 

.FSLF[J
 BQSB[
&MFNBOMBSÖ
0MBO
 FSÀFWFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖÖ

dsud}odullq &dsud}oduhwnlolv¯qhnävlvplnvljruwdČ
rogx™xllqânlulÈyhnrorqwdvdu‚pnxyyhwohul
dsud}odu‚llq
wdvdu‚pnulwhul dÈd™‚gdnlohulqelueluohÈlplroxuÞ gl™hujhuhnololnohu
ghsuhpwdvdu‚p‚nrÈxoodu‚qgd
¬

&dsud}odu‚qdnpdgd|dq‚p‚õsoâgöghsuhp g¯Èh||¯nohphghqgrod|‚roxÈdq &dsud}odu‚qer|xwvx}qdulqol™lõȜöÊâÌİȜËâÓ

kduhnhwhwnlohuldow‚qgdkhvdsodqdqhnvhqhohnph
nxyyhwlqghqõgöe¯|¯nropdo‚g‚uÞsoâgijg
hudsud}llqvd™odqdqgd|dq‚psoâgČqlq
jhuhnolgd|dq‚pgČ|hrudq‚eholuohqpholgluÞ
ΩlćsoâgâlðgâlÝxΩlrudqodu‚nhvlwohulq
plqlpxpjhuhnvlqlphj¤uhnhvlwgd|dq‚p
id}odo‚™‚q‚j¤vwhuluyhexqhghqohänhvlwgd|dq‚p
id}odv‚Črodudndgodqg‚u‚o‚uÝoredosodvwln
phndql}pdhoghhwphnllqΩlgh™huohulw¯p
gölohhwnlohÈlplqlghkhvded g¯Èhfhnwlunlãexâexqodu‚wdpdphqlkpdohghq
|ds‚|¯nvhnol™ler|xqfdkrprmhqropdo‚|dql
exnulwhuhj¤uhhqe¯|¯nΩlhqn¯¯™¯qghq
ĖËÎČghqgdkdid}odiduno‚ropdpdo‚g‚uÝ
udwlnrodudnexâdsud}odu‚qelqdq‚qhqdow
ndw‚qgdqhq¯vwndw‚qdndgdud|q‚nhvlwrodudn
wdq‚podqdpd|dfd™‚dqodp‚qdjhophnwhgluÝ
Ωvhpero¯hqn¯¯nΩlČ|llidghhghuÝ
hnvhqhonxyyhwõgâö
nhvlwgd|dq‚pid}odv‚dusdq‚õΩöloh
¬ lonx|jxodpdv‚qgddsud}odugdnledv‚qõgâö
pdo}hphgd|dq‚pid}odv‚õȖryödus‚p‚â
ndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚q‚x|jxodunhqexoxqdq
dsud}odu‚qgd|dq‚pid}odv‚lohe¯|¯w¯ohq
ghsuhpkduhnhwhwnlohulqghqgrod|‚
roxÈdqhnvhqhonxyyhwõgâöÝ
hsuhpwdvdu‚p‚nrÈxoodu‚qgdwdvdu‚ph™loph
prphqwlõ
ndwdqnlulÈyh|dnrorqxqhnvhqho|¯nwdvdu‚p
gd|dq‚p‚õsoâgödÈd™‚gdnlnrÈxoxvd™odpdo‚g‚uÞ
N ( M Ed ) t N Ed,G  1,1J ov : .N Ed,E
pl,Rd
rodudnv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚opdo‚g‚uÝ&¯qn¯ghsuhp|¯n¯q¯q
exunxopdpxndyhphwlqhõeâgöndgduduwduãelu
edÈndgh|lÈohexvdghfhdsud}odu‚qhnph|h
do‚Èw‚™‚q‚yduvd|dqedvlwdqdol}prgholqgh
¤qhulohqlqdnvlqhnhvlqolnohv‚i‚udhÈlwgh™logluÝ
8onghsuhphyulplqghqvrqudexunxopdgdq
grod|‚roxÈdqndo‚f‚Èhnlogh™lÈwluphqhghql|oh
edv‚qfddo‚Èdqdsud}odu‚qgd|dq‚p‚nhvnlqrodudn
edvlwprgholkdno‚‚ndu‚uÝȜČq‚qÊâÌdowv‚q‚u‚â
khulnledv‚qfdyhhnph|hdo‚Èdqdsud}odu
dnwlinhqâ¤qexunxopddÈdpdv‚qgdnlnrorqodu‚q
dȂu‚|¯nohqphvlql¤qohphnllqyhuloplÈwluÝ
™hudsud}liwohulÈhnolqgh
|huohÈwlulophplÈâidndwIhnloÍÍČghnljlel
n¤Èhjhqdsud}liwlroxÈwxupxÈvdÞ
¬ qdulqolnllqwhnv‚q‚uodpdÞȜIJËâÓ
¬ wdvdu‚pâgl|djrqdoohulqghnledv‚q
|¯nohulqlqdsud}odu‚qexunxopdgd|dq‚p‚qd
hÈlwrogx™xedv‚qfddo‚Èdqdsud}odud
elwlÈlnnrorqodugdroxÈdqhnphyh
edv‚q|¯nohulqlkhvdedndwpdo‚g‚uÝ
8nlndwdndgdurodq|ds‚odugdȜlohlojlol
kleluv‚q‚uodpdx|jxodqpd}âdsud}odu
jhujlndeorodu‚qgdqroxÈdeloluÝ

IhnloÍÍ
dsud}odu‚qgl|djrqdoohulqlqn¤Èhjhq
dsud}liwlrodudn|huohÈwlulogl™lshughohu
 

.FSLF[J
 BQSB[
&MFNBOMBSÖ
0MBO
 FSÀFWFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖÖ

luohÈlpohulqwdvdu‚p‚
&dsud}odulohnlulÈyh|dnrorqodu‚qeluohÈlpohulqlq IhnloÍÎ
wdvdu‚p‚âÒݤo¯pČghdqodw‚odqndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p äodvlnČrodudnwdvduodqp‚ÈeluohÈlp
nrÈxoodu‚q‚khvdedndwdudn|ds‚o‚uÝ
|q‚e¤o¯pgh õdöyhdsud}‚qsodvwlngd|dq‚p‚qd
dqodw‚odqv¯qhnolnnrÈxoxâh™hugholnohueluohÈlp ed™o‚ändsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚Člohwdvduodqp‚È
ghwd|‚dpdo‚|ds‚o‚uvdx|jxodq‚uÝluohÈlpohulq eluohÈlplqõeyh|dfönduȂodÈw‚updv‚
ndsdvlwhwdvdu‚podu‚âjhqhoolnohdsud}odugd
holnnhvlwohurodudnhnphnxyyhwohuldow‚qgd
wdpsodvwlndnpdq‚qroxÈdelogl™lähohpdqoduČ
õnhvlwohullqËânhvlwohullqÌâyvö
nxoodq‚og‚™‚qgdqgrod|‚e¯|¯nelohÈhqohuloh
vrqxodq‚uݯw¯qexähohpdqoduČjxvhohykdv‚qd
gluhnrodudned™odqdpdg‚™‚llq|dohykdloh
whpdvhghqähohpdqČnhvlwlqlduww‚updnõIhnlo
ÍÎeČghj¤vwhulogl™ljlelnd|qdno‚¤uw¯Èhnolqgh
ehunlwphohykdv‚lohö|dgddsud}odugdnl Ȗov Npl, Rd
b c
nxyyhwlllqghqn‚vphqdnwdudqdudn¤Èhehqw
sdudv‚nxoodqpdnõIhnloÍÎföjhuhnluÝ

yh|dȁdsud}odu‚q
dqdol}l

Èd™‚gdnlyduvd|‚poduodvwdqgduweludqdol}|ds‚o‚uÞ
¬ g¯Èh||¯nohudow‚qgdâprghogh
vdghfhnlulÈyhnrorqoduexoxqxuÝ
¬ ghsuhp|¯nohuldow‚qgdâprghogh
khulnlhnphyhedv‚qfddo‚Èdq IhnloÍÏ
dsud}oduexoxqxuõIhnloÍÏöÝ huvõyh|däfkhyurqČödsud}odugdnlulÈh
x|jxodqdqwdvdu‚pkduhnhwlqlqhwnlvl
dv‚qfddo‚Èdqdsud}oduw¯pvwdelolwh|h
ndwn‚vd™odunhqvwdelohqhumlgd™‚w‚p‚
vd™odpd}âgrod|‚v‚|odgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚õtö
g¯È¯nw¯uÞČghtćËâČghtćËâÎÝ
G
F1

N pl,Rd Ȗov Ÿ1Ed, E)


 

.FSLF[J
 BQSB[
&MFNBOMBSÖ
0MBO
 FSÀFWFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖÖ

yh|dȁdsud}odu‚q yh|dȁdsud}odullq hunh}ldsud}o‚shughohu

wdvdu‚pnulwhul
dsud}odu‚qwdvdu‚p¤o¯wohulqh
ehq}huolnj¤vwhuluÞ
hunh}ldsud}o‚shughohullq
phulndq
¬ &hnph|hdo‚Èdqdsud}odu‚q
gd|dq‚p‚Þsoâgijg
¬ dv‚qfddo‚Èdqdsud}oduedv‚q
gd|dq‚p‚qdj¤uhwdvduodq‚uÞeâgIJg
¬ lqd|¯nvhnol™ler|xqfddsud}odu‚qnhvlw
gd|dq‚pid}odv‚q‚qΩlloh
krprmhqohÈwlulophvlÞΩlćsoâgâlðgâlÝ
qe¯|¯nΩlgh™hulhqn¯¯™¯qghq
ĖËÎČghqgdkdid}odiduno‚ropdpdo‚g‚uÝ
Ωw¯pΩlgh™huohulqlqhqn¯¯™¯g¯uÝ
¬ ¯ngd™‚wpd|dqhohpdqodu‚qgd|dq‚p‚
õsoâgöõnlulÈyhnrorqoduö
N pl,Rd ( M Ed ) t N Ed,G  1,1J ov : .N Ed,E
gl™hujhuhnololnohu llq
phulndqyh
yuxsd
&dsud}odu‚qer|xwvx}qdulqol™lõȜö
wdvdu‚pnxudoodu‚
llqwhnv‚q‚uodpdÞȜIJËâÓÝ
lulÈohudÈd™‚gdnlohuhgd|dqdfdn
yh
yuxsdwdvdu‚pnxudoodu‚hÈlwold‚odugdq
Èhnloghwdvduodq‚uoduÞ
edn‚o‚qfd¤qhpol¤o¯ghiduno‚o‚noduj¤vwhuluã
¬ ghsuhpg‚È‚kduhnhwohughdsud}odu‚q
edvlwdqdol}ohullqnxoodq‚odqprghoohuâ|¯n
vd™odg‚™‚dudghvwhnohulqlkpdohglophvlqhã
d}dowpdyh|dgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚âeluohÈlpohulq
¬ edv‚qfddo‚Èdqdsud}‚qexunxopdv‚qgdq
ndsdvlwhwdvdu‚podu‚yhdsud}hohpdqodu‚q
vrqudkhudsud}‚qlnlgl|djrqdolwdudi‚qgdq
dȂu‚gd|dq‚pj¯ohulqlqkrprmhqohÈwlulophvlÝ
nlulÈhx|jxodqdq|dwd|ghsuhphwnlvlqhÝ
deorÊÓâphunh}ldsud}o‚shughohulqed}‚
xhwnlâsoâgćÊâÊȖryΩgâirup¯o¯q¯
iduno‚rodqgxuxpodu‚q‚eholuwphnwhgluÝ
hnvhqhohnphnxyyhwlõhnph|hdo‚Èdq
dsud}örodudnnxoodqdudnyhedv‚qfddo‚Èdq
dsud}‚qdugñexunxopdgd|dq‚p‚q‚õȖsesoâg
ćÓâÌsoâgöglnndwhdodudnkhvdsodq‚uÝ

deorÊÓ
hunh}ldsud}o‚shughohulq¯qhnoln‚q‚iodu‚q‚q
jhuhnololnohullohlojlol
phulndqyh
yuxsd
wdvdu‚pnxudoodu‚qgdnled}‚iduno‚o‚noduÝ

¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚ Konh hughwlsl ¯n
}dowpd &dsud}odullq luohÈlpohulqÝ &dsud}odu‚q
Ȃu‚

âyh|d dulqoln‚q‚u‚ dsdvlwhdvdu‚p‚ d|dqpd¯f¯q¯q
dyudq‚È Ȝ rprmhqohÈwlulophvl
ndwvd|‚v‚t xudo‚
¯È¯n¯qhnoln
phulndq  & Î d|‚u d|‚u d|‚u
rupdo
hunh}l
&dsud}o‚hugh

yuxsd  ÊâÎõËâÓýö d|‚u d|‚u d|‚u
¯È¯n¯qhnoln
‚q‚i‚
dsud}odu
rupdoyh|d
phulndq ? & Ï Ȝ IJÊâÑÐ yhw d|‚u
¯nvhn¯qhnoln ?}ho
hunh}l
&dsud}o‚hugh

yuxsd yh|d Í ÊâÌİȜIJËâÓ yhw d|‚u
rupdo
yh|d
¯nvhn
¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚
&dsud}odu
ýv‚q‚i‚llqoxvdonohutćËČ|hl}lqyhuheloluÝ

.&3,&;¶
 "13";-*
7&
&/&3+¶
5µ,&5&/

#¶3-&·¶.-¶
1&3%&-&3¶/
4¶4.¶,
5"4"3*.*

.FSLF[J
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFSEF
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CJSMF×JNMFSJO

ZBSBSÖ
9
7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MÖ
WF
EJZBHPOBMMFSJ
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CJSMF×JNMJ

QFSEFMFSJO
BOBMJ[J
9
7
WFZB
ȁ
ÀBQSB[MÖ
WF
EJZBHPOBMMFSJ
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CJSMF×JNMJ

QFSEFMFSJO
UBTBSÖN
ÏMÀÕUMFSJ


 
.FSLF[J
 BQSB[MÖ
WF
&OFSKJ
ZVUBO
#JSMF×JNMJ
1FSEFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

hunh}ldsud}o‚ }ruoxnodugdqnd‚q‚op‚ÈroxqxuÝxvd|hgh
e¯w¯qshughhohpdqodu‚âprghogh
ds‚odu‚qghsuhp|¯nohphvlgxuxpxqgdĖÌČh
ndgdu¤whohph|lhoghhwphvlllqhqhumlw¯nhwhq
shughohughhqhumlw¯nhwhq wdq‚podqdudnedvlwdqdol}|ds‚o‚uÝyh eluohÈlpohuâpxndyhphwlqlnd|ehwphnvl}lqâ
eluohÈlpohulq|dudu‚ dsud}odu‚yh|dn¤Èhjhqdsud}liwohul
llqw¯pdqdol}vrqxodu‚gr™uxgdqklelu
¤qhpol¤o¯ghÈhnlogh™lÈwluhelopholgluÝqhuml
w¯nhwhqdsud}oduodâex¤whohphâdsud}odu‚q
eholujlqnxudodx|pdgdqnxoodq‚odeloluÝ wrsodper|xqfdg¯È¯nelulpÈhnlogh™lÈwluph
¤qhwpholnohuâhqhumlw¯nhwhq|du‚ñulmlwyhðyh|d

¬ rghoghe¯w¯qdsud}oduedvlwdqdol} õİölohedÈdu‚o‚unhqhqhumlw¯nhwhqeluohÈlpohuoh
n‚vplgd|dq‚pj¯o¯eluohÈlpohuhghqh|vho
llqwdq‚podqg‚™‚qgdqgrod|‚ävdghfh lvhÈhnlogh™lÈwlupheluohÈlpohugh|r™xqodȂuÝ
ndq‚wlohghvwhnohqhqwdvdu‚p|hwhuolol™l
hnphdsud}o‚Čprghohj¤uhhnulmlwoln
õgd|dq‚pâulmlwolnâv¯qhnolnövd™odqg‚™‚wdnglugh
vd™odqp‚ÈroxuÝxâd|u‚fd|du‚ñulmlw ËÓÓÊ|‚o‚qgd
ufhoru lwwdoâphunh}ldsud}o‚
l}lqyhuphnwhgluÝ‚vplgd|dq‚pj¯o¯
eluohÈlpohulqnxoodq‚opdv‚qgdqgrod|‚ shughohulqvlvplnwdvdu‚p‚qgdn‚vplgd|dq‚p
eluohÈlpohulq|dudu‚q‚j¤vwhuhqed}‚jhuhnhohuÞ
roxÈdqhnhvqhnolnol™lghwhodilhghuÝ j¯o¯eluohÈlpohulqkdw‚u‚vd|‚o‚usrwdqvl|holqghq
¬ ‚vplgd|dq‚pj¯o¯eluohÈlpohuâdsud}odu‚q

¬ ‚vplgd|dq‚pj¯o¯eluohÈlpohuânlulÈyh kdehugdurodudnâ
yuxsdČgdnlehȯqlyhuvlwhghq
exunxopdpxndyhphwlqghqgdkdg¯È¯n
nrorqodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚qgddusud}odu‚qdȂu‚ roxÈdqeluwdn‚ploh dudÈw‚updsurmhvlql
gd|dq‚pgdwdvduodqdeloluâexgddsud}odu‚q
pxndyhphwlqghqnd|qdnodqdqsureohpohulq edÈodwp‚Èw‚u÷ÒøÝxäslpČeluohÈlpõäslqČ
dnpdv‚q‚yhexunxopdv‚q‚¤qohuÝ
¯vwhvlqghqjholqphvlllqndoleuhhgloplÈ frqqhfwlrqöyhäÈhnolqghČeluohÈlpõävkdshČ
¬ xunxopdropdg‚™‚qgdqgrod|‚edv‚qfd
pxndyhphwolävwdqgdugl}hČelohÈhqohuoh frqqhfwlrqödg‚|odlnlwdvdu‚p‚qjholÈphvl|oh
do‚Èdqdsud}odu‚qõdsud}odu‚q¤qyh
jholÈwluloheloluÝȖryÊâÓČdhÈlwdo‚qdeloluÝ vrqxodqg‚ÝälpČeluohÈlpohuãnrpÈxhohpdqd
dugñexunxopddÈdpdodu‚qgdnlexunxopd

¬ lughsuhpghqvrqudÈhnlogh™lÈwluhq õnrorqyh|dnlulÈönd|qdnodqdqyh|dflydwdodqdq
gd|dq‚podu‚q‚gdkhvdedndwdudnö
eluohÈlpelohÈhqohulqlqgh™lÈwlulophvlâ lnlgholnolg‚Èsdudâdsud}dnd|qdnodqdqelu
exunxopdv‚vrqxfxroxÈdelohfhndqdolwln
Èhnlogh™lÈwluhqe¯w¯qdsud}odu‚q yh|dlnlgholnollsdudyhexgholnohulqdudv‚qgdq
gh™lÈwlulophvlqghqgdkdnrod|g‚uÝ

IhnloÍÐ
8nllsdudo‚glng¤uwjhqslpeluohÈlplÝ
döÌer|xwoxj¤u¯q¯ÈÝeöwhvwv‚udv‚qgdÝ

dö eö

IhnloÍÑ
ÈhnolqgheluohÈlplohlnliduno‚wdvdu‚p
 
.FSLF[J
 BQSB[MÖ
WF
&OFSKJ
ZVUBO
#JSMF×JNMJ
1FSEFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ
jhhqäslpČghqroxÈxuõen}ÝIhnloÍÐöÝxwls
eluohÈlpohughslphodvwlnropd|dqh™lophloh
hqhuml|lw¯nhwluÝäIhnolqghČeluohÈlpohulvhdsud}‚
elwlÈlnhohpdqded™od|dqeluyh|dlnlÈhnolqgh
e¯n¯op¯Èndo‚qohykdodugdqroxÈxuõen}ÝIhnloÍÑöÝ
qhumlw¯nhwlplexe¯n¯op¯ÈohykdõoduögdroxuÝ
luohÈlpyhshughohulohlojlolelurnwhvw
|ds‚opdv‚q‚q|dq‚v‚ud|ds‚odu‚qghsuhphwnlvlqgh
vd|‚vdoprghoohphvlgh|ds‚op‚Èw‚uÝluedÈnd
gh|lÈohexdudÈw‚updâwdvdu‚p|dnodȂp‚q‚q
jhhuolol™lqlj¤vwhuplÈwluÝhulnleluohÈlpâhqhuml
w¯nhwlfldsud}odu‚qx}dpdndsdvlwhvlqhehq}huâ
eluohÈlpedȂqdÎÓppâ|dqlelugldjrqdoedȂqd
wrsodpÊÓÓppČghqid}odx}dpdndsdvlwhvl
vd™od|dudnv¯qhnoln|¤q¯qghqsrwdqvl|hoohulql
ndq‚wodp‚Èw‚uÝlpeluohÈlpd|u‚fdgd|dqpdj¯f¯
yhulmlwol™ledn‚p‚qgdqj¤vwhugl™lsrwdqvl|holoh
sudwlnsl|dvdnxoodq‚p‚qdnrod|fdvxqxodeloluÝ
hunh}ldsud}o‚yhn‚vplgd|dq‚pj¯o¯
eluohÈlpohughqroxÈdqshughohulqgdkdl|l
joredosodvwlnphndql}pdnrqwuro¯rogx™x
llqgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚õtćÏöänodvlnČ
wdvdu‚pdõtćËñÍöj¤uhgdkd|¯nvhnwluÝ
âyh|dȁdsud}o‚
yhgl|djrqdoohulhqhuml
w¯nhwhqeluohÈlpol
shughohulqdqdol}l

Èd™‚gdnlyduvd|‚poduloh
vwdqgduweludqdol}|ds‚o‚uÞ
¬ g¯Èh||¯nohudow‚qgdâprghogh
vdghfhnlulÈyhnrorqoduexoxqxuÝ
¬ ghsuhp|¯nohuldow‚qgdâprghogh
e¯w¯qdsud}oduexoxqxuÝ
âyh|dȁdsud}o‚
yhgl|djrqdoohul
hqhumlw¯nhwhq
eluohÈlpolshughohulq
wdvdu‚p¤o¯wohul

Èd™‚gdnl¤o¯wohux|jxodqpdo‚g‚uÞ
¬ qhumlw¯nhwhqeluohÈlpohulq
gd|dq‚p‚õsoâgöÞsoâgijg
¬ qhumlw¯nhwhqeluohÈlpohulq
gd|dq‚p‚qdnduȂo‚nndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚
lohexoxqdqdsud}odu‚qgd|dq‚p‚
õeâgöÞeâgısoâgijg
¬ lqd|¯nvhnol™ler|xqfdhqhumlw¯nhwhq
eluohÈlpohulqnhvlwgd|dq‚pid}odv‚q‚q
krprmhqohÈwlulophvlÞΩlćsoâgâlðgâlÝ
qe¯|¯nΩlgh™hulhqn¯¯™¯qghq
ĖËÎČghqgdkdid}odiduno‚ropdpdo‚g‚uÝ
ΩâΩlČqlqhqn¯¯ngh™hulgluÝ
¬ ™huhqhumlw¯nhwhqeluohÈlpohulq
gd|dq‚p‚õsoâgöelolql|ruvdõvwdqgduw
eluohÈlpohulqnrqwuroo¯¯uhwlplöâȖryćÊÝÓ
¬ qhumlw¯nhwph|hqhohpdqodu‚qõnlulÈ
yhnrorqoduöhnphõsoâgöyh|d
edv‚qõeâgödow‚qgdgd|dq‚p‚Þ
N pl,Rd ( M Ed )
yh|d
N b,Rd ( M Ed ) t N Ed,G  1,1J ov ȍ.N Ed,E
âyh|dȁdsud}o‚yhgl|djrqdoohul
hqhumlw¯nhwhqeluohÈlpolshughohullq
edÈnd¤}hojhuhnololn|rnwxuÝ



%*·
.&3,&;
 "13";-*


1&3%&-&3¶/
4¶4.¶,
5"4"3*.*

%Ö×
NFSLF[
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFSJO
UBTBSÖNÖOÖO
HFOFM
Ï[FMMJLMFSJ


,ÖTB
CBÉMBOUÖMBS
WF
V[VO
CBÉMBOUÖMBS
%Ö×
NFSLF[
ÀBQSB[
UJQMFSJOJO
TFÀJNJ
 

%Ö×
.FSLF[
 BQSB[MÖ
1FSEFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚ hsuhphgd|dq‚no‚|ds‚odugdg‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚
shughnxoodqpdq‚qelurnqhghqlydug‚uÞ
shughohulqwdvdu‚p‚q‚q ¬ exwlsshughohuâphunh}ldsud}o‚
jhqho¤}hoolnohul shughohughqgdkde¯|¯ntndwvd|‚v‚qd
vdklsropdnodeluolnwhulmlwwluohuÞpdnvlpxp
Íõen}ÝdeorÌö|hulqhtćÏÝ
‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚shughohulqjhrphwulvlqlq
¬ eluohÈlpohuâphunh}ldsud}o‚shughohugh
phunh}ldsud}o‚shughohughqidun‚âhohpdqodu‚q
rogx™xjlelg¤uwhohpdqdudv‚qgdgh™lo
|huohÈlplqghnlõen}ÝIhnloÍÒög‚Èphunh}olol™lq
¯hohpdqdudv‚qgd|ds‚o‚uÝrod|‚v‚|od
õhöh™lophprphqwlyhnhvphnxyyhwl
khplpdodwpdol|hwlqld}dowdqâkhpgh
roxÈwxupdv‚g‚uÝx|ds‚oduâ|dwd|nxyyhwohuh
|ds‚q‚qprqwdm‚q‚nrod|odÈw‚udqâgdkdd}
hohpdqodu‚qgdnlhnvhqho|¯nlohgd|dqpdnod
ndupdȂneluohÈlpghwd|odu‚wdvduodq‚uÝ
ehudehu¤qfholnohävlvplned™odqw‚oduČgd
¬ dsud}oduâulmlwol™lqduwpdv‚q‚
nhvphyh|dh™loph|¤q¯qghdndfdnÈhnlogh
vd™od|dudnâg¯Èh||¯nohulwdȂ|dq
wdvduodq‚uoduÝxed™odqw‚odudsud}odu‚qxodu‚q‚
|ds‚vlvwhplqlqelusdudv‚roxuoduÝ
gl™huhohpdqodu‚qädo‚È‚op‚ÈČnhvlÈlpqrnwdv‚qgdq
x}d™d|huohÈwluhuhn|dudw‚odqe¤ojhohugluÝ

leludsud}‚qghsuhpkduhnhwohuldow‚qgd
exunxopdv‚wdvduodqpdg‚™‚llqg‚Èphunh}
dsud}o‚shughohulqdqdol}lqghphunh}ldsud}o‚
shughohullq|ds‚odq|dnodȂpodujhuhnph}Ý
xdsud}odu‚qnhqglohul|¯nw¯nhwph|hq
hohpdqodug‚uÝrod|‚v‚|oddsud}odu‚qv¯uhnol
hodvwlnndopdv‚q‚â|dqlexunxopdpdv‚q‚
jdudqwl|hdopdnllqed™odqw‚odu‚qgd|dq‚p‚qd
ed™o‚ändsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚Čx|jxodq‚uÝ

IhnloÍÒ
e e e ‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚shugh¤uqhnohul
e


 

%Ö×
.FSLF[
 BQSB[MÖ
1FSEFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

‚vded™odqw‚oduyh
x}xqed™odqw‚odu IhnloÎÓ
lvplned™odqw‚oduâkhvdsodqdqghsuhp
d™odqw‚gdnlnhvphnxyyhwlyhh™loph
kduhnhwhwnlvlqlâgIJsâolqnyh gIJ sâolqn
prphqwlgl|djudpodu‚vlphwuln
õsâolqnyh sâolqnv‚udv‚|oded™odqw‚q‚qsodvwln
rodqg‚Èphunh}dsud}odu‚
nhvphgd|dq‚p‚yhsodvwlnh™lophgd|dq‚p‚ö
nrÈxoodu‚q‚vd™od|dudnnhvphyh|dh™loph
%D÷ODQWÕ
rodudnwdȂpdnllqwdvduodq‚uÝnhvlwohullqÞ
sâolqnćõi|ðįÌöwzõgñwiöyh
sâolqnći|ewiõgñwiö

hughwlslqhed™o‚rodudned™odqw‚gdnlnhvph
nxyyhwlyhh™lophprphqwlgl|djudpodu‚vlphwuln
õen}ÝIhnloÎÓöâyh|dgh™logluõen}ÝIhnloÎÊöÝ

lvplned™odqw‚odugdnlsodvwlnphndql}pd|d M
xodÈpdnâed™odqw‚odu‚qx}xqox™xqdõhöed™o‚g‚uÝ
‚vded™odqw‚odugddnpdnhvph|¤q¯qghroxu
yhsodvwlnphndql}pdgdnlhqhumlw¯nhwlplÞ
ćsâolqnșsh V

}xqed™odqw‚odugdlvhdnpdh™loph|¤q¯qghroxuÝ

IhnloÎÊ
d™odqw‚gdnlnhvphnhvphyhh™loph
prphqwlgl|djudpodu‚vlphwuln
ropd|dqg‚Èphunh}dsud}odu‚

%D÷ODQWÕ

M V
%D÷ODQWÕ
 

%Ö×
.FSLF[
 BQSB[MÖ
1FSEFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

lphwulnkduhnhwlqhwnlvlõ ödow‚qgdõen}ÝIhnlo hunh}lyh|dg‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚shughohugh

ÎËeöed™odqw‚gdnlsodvwlnphndql}pdgdhqhuml joredosodvwlnphndql}pdroxÈwxupdnllq
gd™‚o‚p‚Þćsâolqnșshã ćË sâolqnșs |hwhuol¤o¯wohuehq}hugluÝlqd|¯nvhnol™lqfh
‚vdyhx}xqed™odqw‚odududv‚qgdnlv‚q‚u hqhumlw¯nhwlfleluohÈlpohulqgd|dq‚pid}odv‚õΩlö
dnpdq‚qnhvphyh|dh™loph|¤q¯qghhÈlw krprmhqohÈwlulopholglu
ph|gdqdjhogl™lgxuxpdnduȂo‚njholuÞ NLVDEDJODQWLΩ i 9SO5GL9(GLX]XQEDJODQWL2L 0SO5GL0(GL
 ććıË sâolqnșsćsâolqnșsh E¯|¯n Ωlgh™hulhqn¯¯™¯qghqĖËÎČghqgdkd
ćıćhćË sâolqnðsâolqn id}odiduno‚ropdpdo‚g‚uÝΩâdnpdq‚qd|q‚}dpdqgd
elqd|¯nvhnol™lqfhelurn|hughph|gdqd
xv‚q‚uhyuhvlqghnlhgh™huohulllq¤qhpol jhophvlqljdudqwlhghqΩlČqlqhqn¯¯ngh™hulgluÝ
¤o¯ghh™lophprphqwohulyhnhvphnxyyhwohul xvd|hghâjoredophndql}pdroxÈxuÝlvpln
d|q‚}dpdqgdexoxqdudnexqodu‚qhwnlohÈlpl ed™odqw‚odu‚qjhuhngd|dq‚podu‚qded™o‚rodudn
glnndwhdo‚qpdo‚g‚uÝxurfrghÑČghnhvph nlulÈânrorqyheluohÈlpohullqändsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚Č
õn‚vded™odqw‚oduösodvwlnphndql}pdv‚qd x|jxodq‚uÝdqldÈd™‚gdnllidghvd™odqpdo‚g‚uÞ
j¤uhhgh™hulÞhİhvćÊâÏ sâolqnðsâolqn gõ gâgöijgâăÊâÊȖryΩgâ
gijgâăÊâÊȖryΩlgâ
dghfhh™lophõx}xqed™odqw‚oduösodvwln
phndql}pdv‚qdj¤uhhgh™hulÞ
hıhćÌ sâolqnðsâolqn

xlnlhvyhhgh™huohuläruwdx}xqoxnwd
ed™odqw‚Črodudndgodqg‚u‚o‚uÝhvphyhh™loph
dudv‚qgdnlhwnlohÈlpglnndwhdo‚qpdo‚g‚uÝhvph
nxyyhwlyhh™lophprphqwlgl|djudpodu‚
vlphwulnropd|dqshughwlsohulqghâed™odqw‚
x}xqlvhvdghfhelusodvwlnpdivdoroxÈxuÞ
 ć sâolqnșsÝxgxuxpgdân‚vdyhx}xq
ed™odqw‚dudv‚q‚v‚q‚uod|dqer|Þhć sâolqnðsâ OLQN
¯Èh|nhvphed™odqw‚odu‚qd¤uqhn
IhnloÎÊČghj¤vwhuloplÈwluÝ

IhnloÎË
odvwlnphndql}pdodugdnlhqhumlõögd™‚o‚p‚
dönhvph|¤q¯qgheöh™loph|¤q¯qgh

F2

M pl
Tp

F1 Tp Tp

T pst e e e

döćsâolqnșsh eö ćË sâolqnșs


 

%Ö×
.FSLF[
 BQSB[MÖ
1FSEFMFSJO
4JTNJL
5BTBSÖNÖ

‚Èphunh}dsud}
¬ lvplned™odqw‚odunlulÈohughlvhânlnlulÈ
nhvlwohulghsuhpnrÈxoodu‚dow‚qgdv‚q‚u
wlsohulqlqvhlpl
‚Èphunh}dsud}oduelurnwlswhx|jxodqdeloluÝ
‚vdyhx}xqed™odqw‚odududv‚qgdvhlpn‚vphq
dÈd™‚gdnlkxvxvodu‚j¤}¤q¯qhdodudn|ds‚o‚uÞ
¬ n‚vded™odqw‚odux}xqodudj¤uh
gdkdid}odulmlwolnvd™oduoduÝ
¬ nhvphÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohulânhvlwohulq
|dqdoexuxopdexunxopdv‚qdh™lolpl
ropdpdv‚nrÈxox|odj¤yghohulqlq
g¯}ohpllÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohulgluÝ
¬ x}xqed™odqw‚oduj¯o¯h™lophhwnlohulqlq
|dqdoexuxopdrodv‚o‚™‚lohroxÈpdv‚ghphnwlu
nlâholnnhvlwohulqdowyh¯vwedÈo‚nodu‚|dwd|gd
|dqdoexuxopd|dnduȂghvwhnohqpholgluÝ
&hÈlwolwlsohududv‚qgdnlvhlpplpdul
d‚gdqjhuhnold‚no‚nyherÈoxnodu
rovxqâ|ds‚vdojhuhnololnohurovxqelurn
idnw¤ughqhwnlohqphnwhgluÞ
¬
npd|‚|ds‚|¯nvhnol™lqfhgd™‚wpdnllq
elqd|¯nvhnol™lqfhgd|dq‚p‚qgd™‚w‚p‚
nhvphnxyyhwlgd™‚w‚p‚q‚wdnlshwpholgluÝ
jhulophgxuxpxõöwdvdu‚pnrqwuroohul
lohexoxqxuâ|¯n¯qgd™‚og‚™‚e¤ojhohulq
nhvlwgd|dq‚pid}odv‚rudqodu‚q‚qõΩlö
krprmhqohÈwlulophjhuhnolol™lâändsdvlwh
wdvdu‚p‚Čqhghql|ohnlulÈohulqyhgrod|‚v‚|od
gl™hue¯w¯q|ds‚vdoelohÈhqohulqdȂu‚
gd|dq‚po‚ropdv‚q‚jhuhnwluheloluÝČohulqgh
g¯}|dwd|xrodqg‚Èphunh}yh|dwhuv
dsud}o‚shughohuexgxuxpdx|jxqgxuÝ
¬ xgxuxpxq¯vwhvlqghqjhophnllq
elu|rogde¯w¯qvlvplned™odqw‚odu‚
d|q‚}dpdqgddnpd|d}ruod|dqâIhnlo
ÎÌČghnljlelâelushughwlslvhphnwluÝ
¬ IhnloÎÊČghnljlelg¯Èh|ed™odqw‚odu¤}ho
äv¯qhnvlvplnvljruwdoduČrodudnnrod|
wdvduodqdeloluÝ&¯qn¯âg¯Èh||¯nohuâjhuhnwh
ed™odqw‚odu‚âed™odqw‚odu‚qh™lophyhð
yh|dnhvphgd|dq‚p‚loh¤qhpol¤o¯gh
hwnlohÈph|hqhnvhqhonxyyhwohuhed™o‚n‚oduÝ
‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚shughohuâhqhuml|l
n‚vplgd|dq‚pj¯o¯eluohÈlpohughgh™lo
vlvplned™odqw‚oduydv‚wdv‚|odgd™‚wpdn
dpdf‚|odwdvduodqpdnwdg‚uÝdelâexqxqod
ehudehun‚vplgd|dq‚po‚eluohÈlpohulq
dydqwdmodu‚qgdq|duduodqdeloluohuÝ
IhnloÎÌ
lvplned™odqw‚odu‚d|q‚}dpdqgd
sodvwlnohÈhqg‚Èphunh}dsud}wlsohul

 &-¶,
#&50/
,0.10;¶5
:"1*-"3

(JSJ×
,PNQP[JU
ZBQÖTBM
FMFNBOMBS
OBTÖM
FOFSKJ
UÕLFUJDJ
PMVSMBS
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUJDJ
LPNQP[JU
ZBQÖMBSÖO
UBTBSÖNÖOEB
UFNFM
TFÀJN
LPNQP[JU
PMNB
EÕ[FZJ
&VSPDPEF
LBQTBNÖOEB
UBTBSÖN
LBWSBNMBSÖ
WF
EBWSBOÖ×
LBUTBZÖMBSÖ
R
.BM[FNFMFS
,FTJUMFSJO
SJKJUMJÉJ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CÏMHFMFSJO
QMBTUJL
EBZBOÖNÖ
%Ï×FNFMFSMF
LPNQP[JU
PMBSBL
ÀBMÖ×BO
ÀFMJL
LJSJ×MFSJO
FÉJMNF
TÕOFLMJÉJ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
CÏMHFMFSEFLJ
LPNQP[JU
CJSMF×JNMFS
JÀJO
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
LVSBMMBSÖ
#FUPO
JMF
LBQMBNBOÖO
CÏMHFTFM
TÕOFLMJÉF
PMVNMV
FULJTJ
&OFSKJ
UÕLFUFO
WF
UÕLFUNFZFO
FMFNBOMBSÖO
UBTBSÖNÖ
JÀJO
HFOFM
LVSBMMBS
%POBUÖ
ÀVCVLMBSÖOÖO
LFOFUMFONFTJ
WF
FLMFONFTJ
5BNBNFO
CFUPOMB
LBQMÖ
LPNQP[JU
LPMPOMBS
%Ï×FNF
QMBÉÖZMB
LPNQP[JU
PMBO
ÀFMJL
LJSJ×MFS
%Ï×FNFOJO
FULJO
QMBL
HFOJ×MJÉJ


 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

lulÈ
lqdodugdholnehwrqnrpsr}lwwdvdu‚p‚
nxoodqpdq‚qshnrndydqwdm‚ydug‚uÝ rphqw
dnwdudqhuhyhohuyhphunh}lyh|dg‚Èphunh}
dsud}o‚shughohujlelänodvlnČwlsholn|ds‚odud
n‚|dvodnrpsr}lw|ds‚oduȤ|ohrodeloluÞ
¬ rpsr}lwgxyduo‚|ds‚oduâ
IhnloÎÍČghlsÊyhËÝ
¬ hwrqgxyduyh|dnrorqoduyhholn
yh|dnrpsr}lwnlulÈohulhuhqndupd
wdvdu‚po‚vlvwhpohuãIhnloÎÍČghlsÌÝ
¬ lqd|¯nvhnol™lqfhghydphghqâeluyh|d
liw|¯}h|lehwrqduphloh¤uw¯op¯Èrodq
g¯Èh|holnohykdodugdqyh|ds‚vdoholn
yh|dnrpsr}lwg¯Èh|v‚q‚uhohpdqodu‚qgdq
roxÈdqnrpsr}lwholnshughgxyduoduÝ

ÊÍݤo¯pČghqÊÐݤo¯pČhndgdughsuhph
gd|dq‚no‚|ds‚odundsvdp‚qgdnrpsr}lwwdvdu‚p‚q
dqdwhpdodu‚dqodw‚opdnwdg‚uÝdkdghwd|o‚
elojlllq÷Êø÷Ëø÷ÊÌø÷ÊÐøqrČoxnd|qdnodud
edÈyxuxodeloluÝÊÍݤo¯pholnehwrqnrpsr}lw
|ds‚odu‚qjhqhowhpdodu‚q‚lhulunhqÊÎݤo¯pČghq
ÊÐݤo¯pČhndgduprphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohuâ
dsud}o‚shughohuâholnehwrqnrpsr}lwshugh
gxyduoduyhshughgxyduo‚nrpsr}lwvlvwhpohujlel
hÈlwol|ds‚vdowlsohulq¤}hoolnohuldqodw‚opdnwdg‚uÝ

IhnloÎÍ
rpsr}lwgxyduoduõlsÊyhËöÝ
&holnyh|dnrpsr}lwnlulÈohuoheluohÈwlulohq
nrpsr}lwyh|dehwrqgxyduoduõlsÌöÝ

Tip 1 Tip 2 Tip 3

%HWRQGROJXGXYDUOÕ *|POGúH\oHOLN
çelik veya kompozit NHVLWOHUOHJoOHQGLULOPLú Çelik veya kompozit
moment çerçevesi. beton duvar NLULúOHUOHHWNLOHúLPOL
oDOÕúDQGXYDUODU
 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

rpsr}lw|ds‚vdo qhumlw¯nhwlflnrpsr}lw
hohpdqoduqdv‚ohqhuml |ds‚odu‚qwdvdu‚p‚qgd
w¯nhwlflroxuoduê whphovhlpãnrpsr}lw
rpsr}lwnlulÈohuânrorqoduyh|deluohÈlpohu
ropdg¯}h|l
holnyhehwrqrodudnlnlpdo}hphghqroxÈxuoduÝ
qhumlw¯nhwlflnrpsr}lw|ds‚oduj¯yhqlolu
&holnv¯qhnelupdo}hphgluâyhh™hugr™uxholn
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohuhlkwl|dgx|duÝ
pdo}hphndolwhvlvhloluvhnrspdgxuxpxqgd
8nlwdvdu‚pvhhqh™lexoxqxuÞ
pdo}hphx}dpdv‚ĖÊÎõ|dqlÊÎÓ{ÊÓñÌöâ|dql
ÊÝ |ded}‚¤}honrÈxoodudx|dudnv¯qhn
v¯qhnolnõİ|âpd{ðİ|öÊÎČwhqid}odroxuÝhwrq
nrpsr}lwhohpdqðeluohÈlpohulhoghhwphÝ
lvhn‚u‚opdgxuxpxqgd|ds‚rodudnv‚q‚uo‚elulp
ËÝ |dgdhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulq
n‚vdopdndsdvlwhvlqhõİfxËövdklswluõÌâÎ{ÊÓñÌ
gd|dq‚p‚qgdehwrqxqndwn‚v‚q‚lkpdo
vhyl|hohuljlelöÝ‚u‚opdv‚udv‚qgdnlelulpn‚vdopd
hghuhnvdghfhholnnhvlwohuhj¯yhqphÝ
õİfxËöehwrqxqhodvwlne¤ojhghnlhqe¯|¯nelulp
n‚vdopdv‚q‚qõİfËövdghfhlnlndw‚ndgdug‚uÝdql
8nlqflvhhqhnâdqdol}yhx|jxodpd|‚
ehwrqxqpdo}hphv¯qhnol™ldÈd™‚|xndu‚Ë
nrod|odÈw‚udeloluâdqfdndqdol}prgholqlq|ds‚q‚q
ndgdug‚uÝxgh™hu|ds‚vdohol™lqxodÈdfd™‚ÊÎČwhq
jhuhngdyudq‚È‚q‚whpvlohwphvllvwhql|ruvd
rogxndd}elugh™hugluÝhwrqhwul|hgrqdw‚odu‚
x|jxodpdgdhqhumlw¯nhwhqsrwdqvl|hoe¤ojhohugh
lohl|lfhvdu‚o‚uvdelohexvdu‚op‚Ènhvlwwhnlehwrq
ehwrqxqholnohil}lnhqeluohÈphphvlqlvd™odpdn
llqİfxËgh™hulËlodÍndw‚ndgduduwdeloluÝ
jhuhnluÝlvplnwdvdu‚pgdâprgholohjhuhnoln
dudv‚qgdnlexx|xpwhphogluÝ&¯qn¯gd|dq‚p
rpsr}lw|ds‚vdohohpdqodugdyh|dnrpsr}lw
yhulmlwol™lg¯È¯nrodudnwdkplqhwphnj¯yhqol
eluohÈlpohughehwrqduphwdvdu‚pgdrogx™x
elu|dnodȂpgh™logluÝ
qdol}prgholulmlwol™l
jlelehwrqhodvwlnndo‚unhqhol™lqdnpdv‚
g¯È¯nkhvdsoduvdvshnwuxpxqd}dodqwdudi‚qgd
vd™odqdudnwdvdu‚pgdv¯qhnol™hxodȂo‚uÝx
ndodfd™‚qgdqgdkdn¯¯nkduhnhwhwnlohulwdkplq
|roodâghsuhphvqdv‚qgdehwrqxqwdpndw‚o‚p‚
hglohfhnwluÝd|dq‚p‚g¯È¯nwdkplqhwphn
vd™odq‚unhqhqhumlgd™‚o‚p‚holnnhvlwohulqyhð
ghphnndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚nxoodq‚odudnexoxqdq
yh|dgrqdw‚odu‚qdnpdv‚lohhoghhgloluÝ
hohpdqer|xwodu‚q‚q|dqo‚ÈrodelophvlghphnwluÝ
xgdhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohuhelwlÈlnnhvlwohulq
g¯È¯nwdkplqhglophvlqhyheloph|huhn|dqo‚È
|huohughsodvwlnohÈphulvnlqh|roddeloluÝ


 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

xurfrghndsvdp‚qgd
wdvdu‚pndyudpodu‚yh
gdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚t deorÊÊ
dvdu‚pndyudpodu‚â|ds‚vdov¯qhnoln
hsuhphgd|dq‚no‚nrpsr}lwelqdodudÈd™‚gdnl v‚q‚iodu‚yhgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚q‚q
ndyudpodudj¤uhwdvduodqdeloluÞ õtö¯vwuhihudqvgh™huohul
dyudpdöÞg¯È¯nhqhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚vdo
¬

gdyudq‚Èyhdqdol}lohwdvdu‚pllqvdghfh
nd|qdnrodudnxurfrghÍõvwdwlnwdvdu‚pöÝ dvdu‚pdyudp‚ ds‚vdo¯qhnoln dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚q‚q
dyudpeöÞnrpsr}lwhqhumlw¯nhwhq
¬
‚q‚i‚ õtöuhihudqv
e¤ojhohuohhqhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚vdo gh™hudodqodu‚
gdyudq‚Èyh|ds‚vdodqdol}lohwdvdu‚p dyudpdö  tIJÊâÎõËýö
llqnd|qdnrodudnxurfrghÍyhÑÝ ¯È¯nhqhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚vdogdyudq‚È
dyudpföޏholnhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohuoh
¬
dyudpeöyh|dfö  tIJÍ
hqhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚vdogdyudq‚Èyh uwdyh|d¯nvhnhqhuml ădeorÊËv‚q‚uodpdodu‚
|ds‚vdodqdol}lohwdvdu‚pllqnd|qdn w¯nhwhq|ds‚vdogdyudq‚È  deorÊËv‚q‚uodpdodu‚
rodudnxurfrghÌâÍyhÑÝ
ýv‚q‚i‚llqoxvdonohutćËČ|hl}lqyhuheloluÝ

dvdu‚pndyudpodu‚âdeorÊÊČgheholuwlogl™l
jlel|ds‚vdov¯qhnolnv‚q‚iodu‚yhgdyudq‚È
ndwvd|‚odu‚|odõtölolÈnlohqgluloluohuÝ

deorÊËČghiduno‚|ds‚wlsohulqhnduȂo‚n
jhohqgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚õtöyhulophnwhgluÝ
&holn|ds‚odudehq}hu|ds‚wlsohuld|q‚
deorÊË
gdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚qdvdklswluݯqhnoln
¯nvhnol™lqfhg¯}hqolrodqvlvwhpohu
v‚q‚i‚yh|drodq|ds‚odu‚qholn
llqgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚odu‚q‚qõtö
nhvlwohulâeluohÈlpohulyhghwd|odu‚eholuol
¯vwuhihudqvgh™huohul
jhuhnololnohulnduȂodpdn}ruxqgdg‚uÝ

 88 ¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚
 
rphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohu &holn|ds‚odullq
hunh}lyh|dg‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚shughohu deorÌČhedn‚q‚}Ý
huvvdund
rpsr}lw|ds‚vlvwhpohul
hihudqvgh™huÞĮxðĮÊćÊâÊ
rpsr}lwshughgxyduoduõlsÊyhlsËö ÌĮxðĮÊ ÍĮxðĮÊ
&holnyh|dnrpsr}lwnlulÈohed™odqp‚È ÌĮxðĮÊ ÍâÎĮxðĮÊ
nrpsr}lwyh|dehwrqshughgxyduoduõlsÌö
rpsr}lwholnohykdshughgxyduodu‚ ÌĮxðĮÊ ÍĮxðĮÊ
hihudqvgh™huÞĮxðĮÊćÊâË
 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

do}hphohu grqdw‚odugdqjhohqv¯qhnroxsropdpdv‚
jlelw¯pndwn‚odu‚glnndwhdopdnwdg‚uݯqhn
ropd|dqgrqdw‚|dhnrogx™x}dpdqânrorqodu‚q
hwrqgd|dq‚pv‚q‚i‚ËÓðËÎČghqg¯È¯nyh|d
ndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚wdvdu‚pid}odv‚lohvrqxodq‚uÝ
ÍÓðÎÓČghq|¯nvhnehwrqdl}lqyhulophphnwhgluÝ
&¯qn¯âj¯yhqolnndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚qgduhihudqv
qhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqsodvwlngd|dq‚p‚qd
gd|dq‚pllqkhpv¯qhnkhpghv¯qhnropd|dq
ndwn‚gdexoxqdqgrqdw‚ghpluyhxexnodu‚â
grqdw‚odu‚qkhvdedndw‚opdv‚q‚jhuhnwluluÝudwlnwhâ
nd|qdno‚holnkdv‚uoduâixði|rudq‚lohlojlol
hnrqrplnelu¤}¯pâ|dv¯qhnnd|qdno‚holnkdv‚u
jhuhnololnohulyhv¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llqyh|d
nxoodqdudn|dgdhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughv¯qhn
holnv‚q‚i‚õÊÒÒËñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍâdeorÝÊö
ropd|dqgrqdw‚odu‚qghydpo‚o‚™‚qgdqnd‚qdudn
yhv¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llqholnv‚q‚i‚x}dpd
hoghhgloluÝxâexe¤ojhohughvwdqgduwv¯qhn
jhuhnololnohulqlvd™odpdo‚g‚uÝxjhuhnololnohudeor
grqdw‚xexnodu‚q‚nxoodqdudnyhv¯qhnyhv¯qhn
ÊÌČghkdw‚uodw‚opdnwdg‚uÝxqxqodeluolnwh
ropd|dqgrqdw‚odu‚qelqglupholhnohulqlhqhuml
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚qgdjhuhndnpdpxndyhphwlqlqâ
w¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughqx}dnwxwdudnvd™odq‚uÝ
i|nâÓâÒÎâ¯vwndudnwhulvwlngh™hulõnrspdq‚q
ĖÒÎČlödqpdgh™hulqlqĖËÎČwhqid}od¯}hulqgh
ropdpdo‚g‚uÝdsdo‚hwul|hgrqdw‚odu‚yh|ddud
ed™grqdw‚odu‚kdule¯w¯qgrqdw‚holnxexnodu‚
qhuy¯uo¯rodfdnw‚uÝrpsr}lwnlulÈohulqedÈo‚nodu‚q‚
roxÈwxudqehwrqg¤Èhphohughâv¯qhnoln
jhuhnololnohulqlvd™odpd|dqnd|qdno‚holn
kdv‚uoduâholnkdv‚uodudhnrodudnv¯qhnholn
grqdw‚xexnodu‚q‚qexoxqpdv‚nrÈxox|odhqhuml
w¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughnxoodq‚odeloluohuÝhsuhph
pdux}ndodqprphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohulq
eluohÈlpe¤ojhohulqghnlqhjdwlisodvwlnprphqw
gd|dq‚p‚qgdqgrod|‚gdexlodyhv¯qhngrqdw‚odu
jhuhnolgluÝ
|u‚fdnrorqodu‚qndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚qgd
nxoodq‚odqnlulÈsodvwlnprphqwgd|dq‚p‚â

deorÊÌ
&holngrqdw‚odu‚q¤}hoolnohulÝ

Ku¯qwlsl ¯}yhndqjdogdqd‚op‚ȏxexnoduâho¯u¯qohu
&holnv‚q‚i‚  
dudnwhulvwlndnpdgd|dq‚p‚ ÍÓÓñÏÓÓ
i|nyh|diÓâËnõ dö
nćõiwði|önČq‚qplqlpxpgh™hul nijÊâÓÑ ÊâÊÎIJnİÊâÌÎ
dnvlpxp|¯ndow‚qgdndudnwhulvwln ijÎâÓ ijÐâÎ
elulpx}dpdõĖö


 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

hvlwohulqulmlwol™l qhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulq
hwrqxqedv‚qdow‚qgdrogx™xnrpsr}lw
sodvwlngd|dq‚p‚
nhvlwohulqulmlwol™lprg¯ohuelurudqrodq
&holnehwrqnrpsr}lw|ds‚odu‚qwdvdu‚p‚qgd
qćdðfpćÐnxoodq‚odudnkhvdsodqpdo‚g‚u
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqlnliduno‚
sodvwlngd|dq‚p‚khvdedndw‚o‚uÞ
hwrqedÈo‚nloheluohÈplÈnrpsr}lwnlulÈohullq
¬ hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqdowv‚q‚usodvwln
Êõedv‚qdow‚qgdnlg¤Èhphöyh|d Ëõhnph
gd|dq‚p‚õdowlqghnvlsoâgrodqöâ¤uqh™lq
dow‚qgdnlg¤Èhphörodudnelolqhqdwdohwprphqwlâ

deorÊÏČgdwdq‚podqdqg¤Èhphqlqhwnlqsodn

M Ed  M pl,Rd
jhqlÈol™lqlglnndwhdodudnkhvdsodqpdo‚g‚uÝ
jlelhqhumlw¯nhwlflhohpdqodu‚qnhvlwohulqh
gdluwdvdu‚pwdknlnohulqghkhvdedndw‚o‚uÝx
hwrqxqhnphdow‚qgdrogx™xnrpsr}lw
gd|dq‚pânhvlwlqehwrqyhvdghfhv¯qhnrodq
nhvlwohulqulmlwol™lâ|ds‚vdorodudnehwrqxq
holnelohÈhqohulqlglnndwhdodudnkhvdsodq‚uÝ
dwodp‚Èyhvdghfhnhvlwlqholnn‚v‚podu‚q‚q
¬ hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulq¯vwv‚q‚usodvwln
|¯nohqgl™lqlyduvd|dudnkhvdsodqpdo‚g‚uÝ
gd|dq‚p‚õdowlqghnvlâgrodqöâhqhuml
ds‚âed}‚e¤ojhohughedv‚qfddo‚Èdqehwrqxq
w¯nhwhqe¤ojhohuh|dn‚qrodqhohpdqodu‚q
exoxqgx™xyhgl™hue¤ojhohughehwrqxq
ndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚qgdglnndwhdo‚q‚uÝx
hnph|hdo‚Èw‚™‚khvdedndw‚odudnyh|d
gd|dq‚pânhvlwwhexoxqdqehwrqyh
¤o¯pÊÎČghedkvhglohq yh|d Čqlqruwdodpd
nd|qdno‚âv¯qhnropd|dqodu‚gdgdkloâ
gh™huohulqghqid|gdodq‚odudndqdol}hglopholgluÝ
holnkdv‚uodujlelloohghe¯w¯qholn
elohÈhqohulglnndwhdodudnkhvdsodq‚uÝ
 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

¤Èhphohuohnrpsr}lw
rodudndo‚Èdqholn
nlulÈohulqh™lophv¯qhnol™l
rpsr}lwnhvlwohulqv¯qhnolnnrÈxoxqx
wdq‚podpdnwdnxoodq‚odqjhqhondyudpehwrqduph hol™lqwrsodpelulpx}dpdv‚q‚lidghhghuÝ
nhvlwohullqnxoodq‚odqodwdpdqodp‚|odd|q‚g‚uÝ
lulpÈhnlogh™lÈwluphgl|djudp‚âholnwhnl
elulpx}dpdodudnpdelulpx}dpdv‚qdõİ|ö
xodÈw‚™‚qgdehwrqgdnlelulpn‚vdopdoduehwrqxq
hqe¯|¯nedv‚qelulpn‚vdopdv‚q‚qõİfxËö
dow‚qgdndog‚™‚q‚j¤vwhupholgluÝxâwdudiv‚}
hnvhqsr}lv|rqxqdj¤uhjhrphwulnelunrÈxod
g¤q¯Èw¯u¯oheloluõIhnloÎÎöÝhwrqxqhq¯vw
edv‚qolillohsodvwlnwdudiv‚}hnvhqdudv‚qgdnl õwlslnrodudnholnedÈo‚ngr™uxowxvxqdögr™ux
g¤qphplnwdu‚llqnrpsr}lwholnnhvlwlqdow
phvdihqlqõ{önrpsr}lwnhvlwlqghulqol™lqhõgö
edÈo‚™‚qgdnlİvâfrpsrvlwhelulpÈhnlogh™lÈwluphvlqlqâ
rudq‚õ{ðgödÈd™‚gdnljhuhnolol™lvd™odpdo‚g‚uÞ
{ðgİİfxËðõİfxËăİdö
qrupdoholnnhvlwlqdowedÈo‚™‚qgdnlİvâvwhhoelulp
Èhnlogh™lÈwluphvlqhn‚|dvodduw‚Èj¤vwhuphvlglu
õIhnloÎÎöÝxgdkde¯|¯nÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohuâ
xudgdnlİfxËehwrqxqhqe¯|¯nedv‚qelulp exunxopdgdqgrod|‚gdkdk‚}o‚gd|dq‚p
n‚vdopdv‚q‚yhİddȂpd¯f¯‚q‚uxuxpxČqgd d}dopdv‚qdqhghqrodudnnhvlwlqv¯qhnol™lql
d}dow‚uݯw¯qv‚q‚iodugd|hwhuolv¯qhnol™h
xodÈpdnllqnhvlwj¤yghqdulqolngh™hulõfðwöâ
deorÊÍâexnrÈxoxqvd™odqg‚™‚nhvlwohulq h™lophhwnlvldow‚qgdnlj¤yghohuhõIhnloÎÎČgh
{ðgv‚q‚ugh™huohulqleholuwluÝ j¤vwhulohqvlphwulnholnnhvlwohughrogx™x
jlelöqd}dudqwdpdphqedv‚qhwnlvldow‚qgdnl
rpsr}lwnlulÈohulqõehwrqsodno‚öânrpsr}lw j¤yghohuõg¤Èhphsodno‚nrpsr}lwnlulÈohugh
ropd|dqd|q‚holnnlulÈohuhqd}dudqgdkdg¯È¯n rogx™xjlelöllqn‚v‚wodpdoduodv‚q‚uodqg‚u‚op‚Èw‚uÝ
v¯qhnol™hvdklsrogx™xqxeholuwphnjhuhnluÝ fðwČ|hx|jxodqdqexv‚q‚ugh™huohulxurfrgh
xqxqqhghqlwdudiv‚}hnvhqlqnhvlwlq¯vwn‚vp‚qd ÌõÊÒÒÌñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍâdeorÎÝËöČgh
wdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÝ?wh|dqgdqânhvlwedÈo‚™‚qdulqoln
|¯nvhophvlyhvlphwulnholnnhvlwlqghnld|q‚ õfðwiöv‚q‚ugh™huohulgh™lÈphghqndo‚uÝ

IhnloÎÎ
lphwulnholnnlulÈwhnlyhd|q‚holnnhvlwwhq
roxÈdqnrpsr}lwnlulÈwhnld|q‚plnwdug¤qph
gxuxpxqgdhoghhglohqelulpÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohuÝ

Hc,composite
x

T d
H s,steel T
Hs,composite

deorÊÍ
rpsr}lwnlulÈohulqõehwrqsodnlohöv¯qhnoln
v‚q‚iodu‚qdnduȂo‚njhohq{ðgv‚q‚ugh™huohulÝ

¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚ t i|õðppËö {ðg¯vwv‚q‚u

 ÊâÎİtIJÍ ÌÎÎ ÓâËÐ
ÊâÎİtIJÍ ËÌÎ ÓâÌÏ
 tıÍ ÌÎÎ ÓâËÓ
tıÍ ËÌÎ ÓâËÐ


 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

qhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughnl
nrpsr}lweluohÈlpohullq
ghwd|odqg‚updnxudoodu‚ IhnloÎÏ
lulÈnrorqnrpsr}lweluohÈlpohulÝ
luohÈlpe¤ojhvlqghnxoodq‚odqgrqdw‚holnohulqlq
wdvdu‚p‚ânxoodq‚odqghqjhprghoohulqlvd™odpdo‚g‚uÝ
xurfrghÑñnâg¤Èhphsodnodu‚qgdnlävlvplnČ
grqdw‚odu‚qwdvdu‚p‚llqjhuhnolwdpelojl|lyhulu bc
õen}ݤo¯pÊÎöÝlulÈðnrorqeluohÈlpohulqlqj¤ygh t
sdqhoohulwdpdphqehwrqllqgh|vhsdqhoe¤ojhvl
gd|dq‚p‚âsdqhoe¤ojhvlkeðesrudq‚q‚qdÈd™‚gdnl
nrÈxoodu‚vd™odg‚™‚wdnglughehwrqyhholnj¤ygh bb
sdqhondwn‚odu‚q‚qwrsodp‚rodudnkhvdsodqdeloluÞ
döÓâÏİkeðkfİÊâÍ
eözsâgİÓâÑzsâg hb
zsâgânlulÈyh|deluohÈlpohughnlelwlÈln
nrpsr}lwhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulq
sodvwlngd|dq‚p‚q‚khvdedndwdqkduhnhw hc
hwnlohulqlqghqgrod|‚roxÈdqj¤yghsdqholqghnl
wdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlqllidghhghuÝ

zsâgâholnehwrqnrpsr}lwj¤yghsdqholqlq
xurfrghÍČhj¤uhnhvphgd|dq‚p‚q‚lidghhghuÝ B
keyhkfer|xwodu‚IhnloÎÏČgdwdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÝ
‚vphqehwrqodndso‚j¯ohqgluloplÈj¤ygh
sdqhoohulllqehq}huelukhvdsodpd|dâIhnlo
ÎČghj¤vwhulohqwlswhnlg¯}ed™odqw‚odusdqhogh
pdnvlpxpvÊćfdudo‚™‚q‚vd™odg‚™‚wdnglugh
l}lqyhuloluÝxed™odqw‚odunrorqj¤yghsdqholqlq A
x}xqnhqdu‚qdglnrodudn|¤qohqglulopholgluohuÝ
xqxqg‚È‚qgdsdqhoghedÈndklelugrqdw‚|d C
jhuhn|rnwxuÝkeðeeİÊâËyhkfðefİÊâËlvh
exed™odqw‚odudlkwl|dropd}ÝõIhnloÎÐöÝ
B

A
D

holnnlulÈ
 |¯}h|wdȂ|‚f‚ohykdodu‚
 ehwrqduphnrorq
 ehwrqodndso‚nrpsr}lwnrorq

hwrqduphelunrorqdhqhumlw¯nhwhqholnyh|d
nrpsr}lwelunlulȏhuhyhohqgl™lqghõen}ÝIhnlo
ÎÏöânlulÈxfxqgdnlh™lophprphqwlqlqyhnhvph
nxyyhwlqlqnrorqd|¯ndnwdu‚p‚jhuhnolgluÝxâ
IhnloÏÑČghj¤vwhulohqnlulÈlqgxyduded™odqw‚v‚
gxuxpxqdehq}huÈhnloghehwrqgdâeluglnh|whsnl
hvqhwwhwhsnlnxyyhwliwlroxÈwxudqholnnlulÈlq
liwlrodudnroxÈxuÝrorqxqe¯w¯qo¯™¯q¯ghydp
hwwluphnllqdÈd™‚gdnlohunrqwurohglopholgluÞ
¬ nrorqxqndsdvlwhvlâexnxyyhwohudow‚qgd
h}lophghqe¤ojhvhorodudnwdȂ|dfdn
ndsdvlwhghropdo‚Ýxânrorqxqhqlqh
grqdw‚oduodvdu‚opdv‚q‚jhuhnwluluÝ
¬ nrorqxqndsdvlwhvlâexglnh|nxyyhwohulq
roxÈwxugx™xhnphnxyyhwohulql
nduȂod|dfdnndsdvlwhghropdo‚Ýx
gdglnh|grqdw‚odu‚jhuhnwluluÝ

vo‚qgdânlulÈxfxqgdnlsodvwlnprphqwlqwhuv
lÈduhwolropdv‚qgdqgrod|‚âdowhuqdwlirodudnwhsnl
nxyyhwlâhuhyhqlqkduhnhw|¤q¯qhed™o‚rodudn
|xndu‚yhdÈd™‚|¤qohqluãexânrorqgdhnph
nxyyhwohulroxÈwxudeloluÝxqhghqohâxurfrgh
ÑČghnlnxudonrorqdânlulÈehunlwphohulqlqyh|d
nlulÈsodvwlnpdivdo‚qdelwlÈlní|¯}h|wdȂ|‚f‚
ohykdodu‚q‚qì|dn‚q‚qdwhsnlnxyyhwliwl
roxÈwxudqnlulÈlqnhvphpxndyhphwlqhhÈgh™hu
hnvhqhowdvdu‚ppxndyhphwolglnh|grqdw‚odu‚q
bb
hb

 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS
|huohÈwlulophvlql¤qhuluÝluedÈndqhghqllq
nrorqllqghexoxqdqgrqdw‚odu‚qelun‚vp‚q‚q
yh|dwrsodp‚q‚qkhvdedndw‚opdv‚qdl}lqyhuloluÝ
dkd¤qfhgheholuwlogl™ljlelexglnh|grqdw‚
xexnodu‚q‚qhqlqhgrqdw‚oduodvdu‚opdv‚jhuhnluÝ
yhehwrqxqndexohglolugdyudq‚È‚q‚jdudqwl|h
dopdnllqedkvhglohq|¯}h|wdȂ|‚f‚sodndoduâ
ehwrqxqg‚È|¯}h|lqh|huohÈwlulopholgluÝIhnloÎÏÝ
qhumlw¯nhwhqholnyh|dnrpsr}lwnlulÈwdpdphq
ehwrqodndso‚nrpsr}lwnrorqdhuhyhohqgl™lqgh
õen}ÝIhnlnÎÏöânlulÈðnrorqeluohÈlplâ|dnlulÈð
holnnrorqeluohÈlpljlel|dgdnlulÈðnrpsr}lw
nrorqeluohÈlpljlelwdvduodqdeloluÝ8nlqflgxuxpgdâ
glnh|nrorqgrqdw‚odu‚â|d|xndu‚gdd‚nodqg‚™‚
jlel|dgdnlulÈlqnhvphpxndyhphwlql
nrorqxqgrqdw‚v‚qdyhholnnhvlwhgd™‚wdudn
khvdsodqdeloluݯ}h|wdȂf‚ohykdodu‚qyhhqlqh
grqdw‚odu‚qd|q‚ghuhfhghexoxqpdv‚jhuhnluÝ
IhnloÎÐ
rpsr}lwj¤yghsdqholqlqvdu‚opdv‚Ý
s 1 s1 s1 s 1 s 1
s1 < c
bp = hc

 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

hwrqlohndsodpdq‚q deohÊÎ
duno‚wdvdu‚pghwd|odu‚yhgdyudq‚È
e¤ojhvhov¯qhnol™h ndwvd|‚odu‚qdõtönduȂo‚njhohqholnyhehwrqod
roxpoxhwnlvl ndso‚yh nhvlwohulllqqdulqolnv‚q‚uodu‚

&holnnhvlwlehwrqodndsodpdnyh|dholnnhvlwlq ds‚q‚q¯qhnoln‚q‚i‚  

edÈo‚nodu‚q‚qdudv‚q‚ehwrqodgrogxupdnâholn dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚q‚qõtö ÊâÎİtIJË ËİtIJÍ tıÍ
j¤yghyhedÈo‚nodu‚qlhulgr™uxe¤ojhvho uhihudqvgh™hulfðwi
exunxopdv‚q‚¤qohuyhe¤|ohfhexunxopdgdq 
I nhqdu‚v‚q‚uodu‚fðwi ÊÍİ ÊÓİ Òİ
nd|qdnodqdqgd|dq‚pd}dopdv‚jlghuloplÈroxuÝ d|qdnÞyh|d &holnnhvlwohul
xqhghqohâqrupdoholnnhvlwohuhj¤uhnrpsr}lw ÊÒÒÌñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍdeorÎÝË
nhvlwohulqed}‚qdulqolnv‚q‚uodu‚gdkde¯|¯nw¯uÝ 
I nhqdu‚v‚q‚uodu‚fðwi ËÓİ ÊÍİ Òİ
xv‚q‚uodudÈd™‚gdnlghwd|odu|hwhulndgdu hwrqxj¤ygh|hIhnloÎÐeČghnljlelyh|d
x|jxodqg‚™‚qgdĖÎÓndgdugdkdduww‚u‚odeloluÞ nd|qdno‚nd|pdvdsodpdodu‚|odeluohÈplÈ
¬ wdpdphqehwrqodndso‚nhvlwohulq n‚vphqehwrqodndso‚yh|d holnnhvlwohulÝ
hqlqhgrqdw‚oduodvdu‚opdv‚Ý ÊÒÒÍñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍdeorÎÝË
¬ n‚vphqehwrqodndso‚nhvlwohulqõen}Ý 
I nhqdu‚v‚q‚uodu‚fðwi ÌÓİ ËÊİ ÊÌâÎİ
IhnloÎÑdöedÈo‚nodu‚q‚qln‚v‚podu‚qd ‚vphqehwrqodndso‚yh|d holnnhvlwohul
lodyhg¯}xexnodu‚qnd|qdnodqpdv‚ÝÝ ăvðfIJÓâÎnrÈxoxloh|huohÈwluloplÈ
IhnloÎÐdČgdnljlelg¯}ed™odqw‚oduÝ
ÊÒÒÑñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍ
deorÊÎČghedv‚qdow‚qgdnlyh|d nhvlwohul

I nhqdu‚v‚q‚uodu‚fðwi ÌÓİ ËÊİ ÊÌâÎİ
llqndexohglohqqdulqolngh™huohulyhulophnwhgluÝ
dpdphqehwrqodndso‚yh|d
hwrqxqj¤ygh|heluohÈlplxurfrghÍČgh holnnhvlwohuăvðfIJÓâÎnrÈxox
wdq‚podqdqwdvdu‚pghwd|odu‚qdj¤uhÞehwrq lohvdu‚op‚Èvduj‚grqdw‚odu‚
holnnhvlwlqj¤yghvlqh|dj¤ygh|hnd|qdnodqdq ÊÒÒÑñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍ
hwul|hohuohõen}ÝIhnloÎÑeö|dgdd‚odfdn ?ghulqolnðndo‚qo‚nv‚q‚u‚fzðwz ÍËİ ÌÑİ ÌÌİ
ghol™lqllqghqjhhqhqd}Ïppds‚qgd fzðwzćkóËwi
xexnoduodyhðyh|dhqd}ÊÓppds‚qgd d|qdnÞyh|d &holnnhvlwohulâ
j¤ygh|hnd|qdnodqdqnd|pdvdsodpdodu‚ j¤yghwdpdphqedv‚qdow‚qgdÝ
eluohÈwluloluÝäăvduj‚grqdw‚odu‚Čyhäg¯}ed™odqw‚oduČ ÊÒÒÌñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍdeorÎÝË
lohlojlolgdkdid}odelojlädpdphqehwrqodndso‚ ?ghulqolnðndo‚qo‚nv‚q‚u‚fzðwz ÌÑİ ÌÑİ ÌÌİ
nrpsr}lwnrorqoduČyhä‚vphqehwrqodndso‚ ¤yghvlwdpdphqedv‚qdow‚qgd
hohpdqoduČdowedÈo‚nodu‚dow‚qgdyhulophnwhgluÝ rodqâehwrqxj¤ygh|heluohÈplÈ
n‚vphqehwrqodndso‚yh|dvduj‚
grqdw‚v‚|odvdu‚op‚Èwdpdphqehwrqod
ndso‚yh|d holnnhvlwohuÝ
ÊÒÒÌñÊñÊÞËÓÓÍdeorÎÝËâ
ÊÒÒÍñÊñÊâfoÝÎÝÎÝÌõÌö
qrwÞİćõi|ðËÌÎöÓÝÎâi|â delulplqghrodfdnÝ
tf

tf

IhnloÎÑ
‚vphqehwrqodndso‚nhvlwohuÝ
h = hc

h = hc

tw tw s s s s s s s
dö dÈo‚nodudnd|qdnodqp‚Èlodyhg¯}
xexnoduõed™odqw‚oduö
eö&holnnhvlwlqj¤yghvlqhnd|qdnodqp‚È
hwul|hgrqdw‚odu‚lohehwrqxqâholn
c c nhvlwlqj¤yghvlqheluohÈlplÝ
fö wul|hohulqvdudo‚nodu‚
b = bc b = bc

dö eö fö

qhumlw¯nhwhq
yhw¯nhwph|hq
hohpdqodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚
llqjhqhonxudoodu
hsuhphgd|dq‚no‚|ds‚â|huhohqhumlw¯nhwhq
e¤ojhohulndsvd|dqjoredosodvwlnphndql}pd|d
xodÈdfdnÈhnloghwdvduodq‚uÝ
hndql}pdloh hohpdqoduodeluohÈwl™l|huohughx|jxodqdq|¯n¯qâ
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqrogx™xhohpdqodu
yhgrod|o‚rodudnhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulq
ropdg‚™‚hohpdqodueholuohqluÝrorqoduâjoredo
phndql}pdq‚qsodvwlnÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohulq
rodfd™‚|huohuleholuwwl™le¤ojhohughâ
¤uqh™lqprphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohulqÞ
¬ |huvhyl|hvlqghnlw¯pnrorq
wlsohulqlqwdedqodu‚qgdÝ
¬ ¯vwndwwdnlnrorqodu‚q¯vwxodu‚qgdÝ

 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS
dsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚dpdf‚|odânrorqxqnrpsr}lw
gd|dq‚p‚wdpdo‚Èw‚™‚qgdholnyhehwrqduph
rqdw‚xexnodu‚q‚q
n‚v‚podududv‚qgdnhvphnxyyhwlqlqwdpdphq nhqhwohqphvlyh
dnwdu‚p‚vd™odqpdo‚g‚uÝd™odqpdyhv¯uw¯qph|oh
|hwhuolnhvphnxyyhwldnwdu‚odpd}vdwdp
hnohqphvl
nrpsr}lwkduhnhwljdudqwl|hdodfdnnhvph

Èd™‚gdnljhuhnololnohughsuhphgd|dq‚no‚
eluohÈwluphhohpdqodu‚vd™odqpdo‚g‚uÝ
vo‚qgd
ehwrqduphyhnrpsr}lw|ds‚odugdnxoodq‚odq
hnvhqhorodudn|¯nohqplÈ|¯ngd™‚wpd|dq
grqdw‚xexnodu‚qdx|jxodq‚uÝrorqânlulÈ
hohpdqodugdânrorqodu‚qnlulÈyhdsud}
yh|dshughgxyduodugdhqlqhgrqdw‚
rodudnnxoodq‚odqvduj‚grqdw‚odu‚llqndsdo‚
holnyhehwrqn‚v‚poduwdudi‚qgdqsd|odȂopdv‚
hwul|hohuÊÌÎĂndqfdo‚yhndqfdvhuehvwxfx
llq|hwhuolnhvphnxyyhwldnwdu‚p‚vd™odqpdo‚g‚uÝ
x}dqw‚v‚ÊÓgezropdo‚g‚uÝxudgdgezhqlqh
grqdw‚q‚qds‚q‚lidghhghuÝIhnloÎÒÝ
¯ngd™‚wpd|dqnrpsr}lwnrorqodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚qgdâ
|ds‚odu‚qgdâhyulpvhohodvwlnvrqudv‚Èhnlo
holnnhvlwlqnhvphgd|dq‚p‚|dwhnedȂqd|dgd
gh™lÈwluphohughqgrod|‚dnpdq‚qnhvlwllqgh
ehwrqnhvlwlqnhvphgd|dq‚p‚|odeluolnwhkhvded
lohuohphvlqlglnndwhdopdnllqnrorqnlulÈ
ndw‚odeloluÝ8nlqflgxuxpgdâexâxurfrghÍČh
eluohÈlpohulqghnhqhwohqhqnlulÈyh|dnrorq
j¤uhvdswdqpdo‚g‚uÝqhumlw¯nhwhqhohpdqodugdâ
xexnodu‚q‚qnhqhwohqpher|xâeluohÈlplq
ehwrqndsodpdq‚qnhvphgd|dq‚p‚qdndwn‚v‚q‚
|¯}h|lqghqÎgendgduphvdihlhulgh
hqhumlw¯nhwlflrodudnwdvduodqdeloluohuÝ vd™od|dfdn¤}hoghwd|odux|jxodqpdg‚™‚
xexn¯}hulqghnleluqrnwdgdq¤o¯opholgluÝ
wdnglughnhvphgd|dq‚p‚âholnnhvlwlqwhn
xe¤ojhohughyh¤uqh™lqwdpdphqehwrqod
ndso‚nrorqodu‚qexoxqgx™xkhukdqjlelundw‚qdow
yh¯vwe¤ojhohulõexudodu‚ehwrqduph|ds‚odu‚q
änulwlne¤ojhohulČgluöjleleholuvl}ol™lqexoxqgx™x
nrorqodu‚qâgl™hue¤ojhohulqgh¤}honxudoodu
x|jxodq‚uÝxjlelänulwlne¤ojhohuČlqkhphqhuml
w¯nhwhqkhpgh|¯ngd™‚wpd|dqnrorqodugd
hqlqhgrqdw‚oduodvdu‚opdv‚jhuhnolgluÝhulnlwls
nrpsr}lwnrorqxqwdvdu‚p‚qgdâholnnhvlwlq
h™lophgd|dq‚p‚â|dwhnedȂqd|dgdehwrq
nhvlwlqgd|dq‚p‚|odeluolnwhkhvdedndw‚odeloluÝ
xudgdgeer|xqdgrqdw‚q‚qds‚g‚uÝ
edȂqddo‚Èw‚™‚glnndwhdo‚qdudnexoxqpdo‚g‚uÝ
ulwlne¤ojhohughnlhohpdqodu‚qh™loph
pxndyhphwlqhndwn‚vd™od|dqnrorqgrqdw‚
rpsr}lwkduhnhwhghfh™lyduvd|‚odqâ
xexnodu‚q‚qnhqhwohqphyh|delqglupher|xqx
wdpdphqehwrqodndso‚nrorqodullq
khvdsodunhqjhuhnolgrqdw‚nhvlwdodq‚q‚q
plqlpxpnhvlwer|xwodu‚õeyhköâ
jhuhngrqdw‚nhvlwdodq‚qdrudq‚õ
vâuhtð
vâsuryö
ËÎÓppČghqn¯¯nropdpdo‚g‚uÝ
ÊâÓrodudnyduvd|‚opdo‚g‚uÝlvplnwdvdu‚p
gxuxpxqgdnrorqgdnlhnvhqhonxyyhwhnph
|¤q¯qgh|vhnhqhwohqpher|xxurfrgh
ËČgheholuwlohqghqĖÎÓgdkdduww‚u‚opdo‚g‚uÝ

hwrqodndsodpdyh|dgrogxupdq‚q|¯n
gd™‚wpd|dqnrorqxqhnvhqhoyhðyh|dh™loph
gd|dq‚p‚qdndwn‚vd™odg‚™‚yduvd|‚og‚™‚qgdâex
nrorqodullqghnhvlwlqehwrqyhholnn‚v‚podu‚
dudv‚qgdnlnhvphnxyyhwlqlqwdpdnwdu‚p‚q‚
vd™odpdv‚wdvduodqdqhqhumlw¯nhwhqnrorqodu
llqx|jxodqdqwdvdu‚pnxudoodu‚x|jxodqpdo‚g‚uÝ
xqxqodeluolnwhvlvplnkduhnhwhwnlohulqlq
hyulpvho|¯nohphndudnwhuohulqghqgrod|‚
nxyyhwohulqdnwdu‚opdv‚q‚qyhulpolol™lqlvd™odpdn
llqd}dow‚op‚Èwdvdu‚pnhvphgd|dq‚p‚q‚glnndwh
dopdnjhuhnluÝxxurfrghÍČgheholuwlohq
nhvphgd|dq‚p‚q‚qlnl|he¤o¯p¯lohhoghhgloluÝ


 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

dpdphqehwrqodndso‚ ȝijâh™ulolnv¯qhnol™lndwvd|‚v‚q‚qjhuhnolgh™hulqlã
İv|âgâhol™lqhnph|¤q¯qghdnpdelulpÈhnlo
Èxgh™huldÈpdpdo‚g‚uÞ
vćplqõerðËâÊÎÓâÏgeö
nrpsr}lwnrorqodu gh™lÈwluphvlqlqwdvdu‚pgh™hulqlãkfâwrsodpnhvlw xudgdgeâer|xqdgrqdw‚odu‚qplqlpxpds‚g‚uÝ
ghulqol™lqlõȝijČqlqx|jxodqg‚™‚|dwd||¤qhsdudohoöã wul|hohulqds‚õgezöhqd}
qhumlw¯nhwhq|ds‚odugdâprphqwdnwdudq krâvdu‚op‚Èehwrqhnlugh™lqghulqol™lqlõhwul|h v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llqgezćÏpp
huhyhohughnle¯w¯qnrorqäqhwer|oduȂq‚q vduj‚v‚q‚qphunh}lqhgr™uxöãefwrsodpnhvlw v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llq
khulnlxe¤ojhvlqghyhg‚Èphunh} hqlqlãerâvdu‚op‚Èehwrqhnlugh™lqhqlqlõhwul|h gezćpd{õÓâÌÎgeâpd{÷i|gði|gzøÓâÎâÏöpp
dsud}o‚shughohughed™odqw‚odud|dn‚qnrorq vduj‚v‚q‚qphunh}lqhgr™uxölidghhghuÝkrâkfâ ropdo‚g‚uÝ
sdudodu‚qgdnulwlne¤ojhohuexoxqxuÝ erâefvhperoohulâIhnloÎÒČghwdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÝ xudgdgeâpd{er|xqdgrqdw‚odu‚qpdnvlpxp

v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llqlcr max^hc ; lcl / 6; 0,45m`
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llq lcr max^1,5hc ; lcl / 6; 0,6m`
xudgdnlkfânrorqxqhqe¯|¯nnhvlwer|xwxqxó
IhnloÎÒóyhofoânrorqxqäqhwer|xČqxlidghhghuÝ
odvwlng¤qphjhuhnvlqlplqlnduȂodpdnyh
ehwrqsdvsd|‚g¤n¯ophvlqghqgrod|‚roxÈdq
gd|dq‚pnd|e‚q‚whodilhwphnllqnulwln

fâehwrqnhvlwlqdodq‚q‚ã
vâer|xqdgrqdw‚odu‚q ds‚g‚uÝi|gyhi|gzv‚udv‚|oder|xqdyhhqlqh
nhvlwdodq‚q‚ã
dâholnsurilolqnhvlwdodq‚q‚ãifgâ grqdw‚odu‚qwdvdu‚pdnpdgd|dq‚p‚g‚uÝ
ehwrqxqwdvdu‚pgd|dq‚p‚q‚ãi|gâholnsurilolq
wdvdu‚pdnpdgd|dq‚p‚q‚ãi|vâgrqdw‚odu‚q ulwlne¤ojhohughhwul|hohuhyh|ded™
wdvdu‚pdnpdgd|dq‚p‚q‚ãĮĮćĮqßĮvČ|h xexnodu‚qded™odqdqdug‚È‚ner|xqdgrqdw‚
hÈlwrodqvduj‚odpdyhulpololnndwvd|‚v‚q‚㠏xexnodu‚dudv‚qgdnlphvdihv¯qhnoln
lng¤uwjhqnhvlwohullqÞ v‚q‚i‚llqËÎÓppČ|lyh|dv¯qhnoln
v‚q‚i‚llqËÓÓppČ|ljhphpholgluÝ
¦
D 1  b / 6b h 
n
n
i
2
o o

e¤ojhohughdÈd™‚gdnllidghvd™odqpdo‚g‚uÞ
bc
D.Zwd t 30.PI ˜Q d ˜ H sy, d ˜
 0,035
bo
Qd = NEd/Npl,Rd = NEd/(Aafyd + Acfcd + Asfsd)
xudgdȦzgânulwlne¤ojhohugdklolqghnl
hqlqhvduj‚grqdw‚odu‚qphndqlnkdflp
rudq‚g‚uyhÈxÈhnloghwdq‚podq‚uÞ
¨ f ·
Ds 1  s / 2bo 1  s / 2ho  luelqdq‚qhqdowlnlndw‚qgdâhwul|hohu|xndu‚gd
qâhwul|hohuyh|ded™xexnodu‚loh|dwd|gd
ed™odqdqer|xqdgrqdw‚odu‚qwrsodp
vd|‚v‚q‚yhelâdug‚È‚n|huohÈwlulohqxexnodu
dudv‚qgdnlphvdih|llidghhghuÝ
ulwlne¤ojhohughhwul|hohulqvdudo‚™‚
dÈd™‚gdnlgh™huohuldÈpdpdo‚g‚uÞ
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llq
eholuwlohqlq|dq‚v‚udnulwlne¤ojhohulqer|xqxq
|du‚v‚ndgdulodyher|llqx|jxodqpdo‚g‚uÝ
dÈo‚nexunxopdv‚q‚¤qohphnllq
nxoodq‚odqhwul|hohulqds‚õgezödÈd™‚gdnl
gh™hughqd}ropdpdo‚g‚uÝ
> 
d bw b ˜ t f / 8 f ydf / f ydw 0,5 @
etriye donatilarinin KDFPL
©Wwd  – yd ¸ vćplqõerðËâËÏÓâÒgeöpp xudgdeyhwiâedÈo‚™‚qjhqlÈolnyh
ª VDULOPLV beton çekirdegin KDFPL f cd ¹
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llq ndo‚qo‚™‚q‚ãi|giyhi|gzâedÈo‚nyhgrqdw‚q‚q
vćplqõerðËâÊÐÎâÑgeöpp wdvdu‚pdnpdgd|dq‚p‚q‚lidghhghuÝ
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llqhqdowndwodu‚q
down‚v‚podu‚qgdnlhwul|hohulqvdudo‚™‚

IhnloÎÒ
dpdphqehwrqodndso‚nrpsr}lw
nrorqodullqvhperowdq‚podu‚Ý
w
db
10

bo bc
s
ho
hc

hC

‚vphqehwrqodndso‚
hohpdqodu
rpsr}lwnhvlwlqsodvwlnh™lophvl|ohhqhuml
w¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughâhqlqhgrqdw‚q‚qer|xqd
dudo‚nodu‚õvödÈd™‚gdnlgh™huohulvd™odpdo‚g‚uÞ
¬ hohpdqxodu‚qgdnlhqhumlw¯nhwhq
e¤ojhohullqofuČghq
¬ hohpdqlhulvlqghnlhqhumlw¯nhwhq
e¤ojhohullqËofuČghq
e¯|¯nhÈlwrodqer|oduer|xqfdâ
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llq nrpsr}lwnhvlwlqglnndwhdo‚qpdv‚jhuhnwl™l

 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS
ropdo‚g‚uÝxudgdeyhwiâedÈo‚™‚qjhqlÈolnyh
ndo‚qo‚™‚q‚ãi|giyhi|gzâedÈo‚nyhgrqdw‚q‚q
¤Èhphsod™‚|od
wdvdu‚pdnpdgd|dq‚p‚q‚lidghhghuÝ nrpsr}lwrodq
8odyhg¯}ed™odqw‚oduâkhulnlxfxq
holnnlulÈohu
edÈo‚nodu‚qdnd|qdnodqpdo‚yhnd|qdnodu‚q
hsuhphgd|dq‚no‚|ds‚odu‚qhqhumlw¯nhwhq
ndsdvlwhohuled™odqw‚odu‚qhnph|¤q¯qghnl
e¤ojhohulqghnlnrpsr}lwhohpdqodujlelgdyudq‚È
dnpdgd|dq‚p‚qgdqd}ropdpdo‚g‚uÝx
j¤vwhuhqnlulÈohuâxurfrghÍČghwdq‚podqg‚™‚
ed™odqw‚oduËÓpplohÍÓppdudv‚qhw
jlelplqlpxpeluohÈlprudq‚õȘöÓâÑČghqn¯¯n
ehwrqsdvsd|‚lohndsodqpdo‚g‚uÝ
ropdpdv‚yhqhjdwliprphqwe¤ojhohulqghnl
nhvpheluohÈwluphhohpdqodu‚q‚qwrsodp
huqhndgdundsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚qdj¤uhw¯p
gd|dq‚p‚q‚qgrqdw‚odu‚qsodvwlngd|dq‚p‚qgdq
g¯È¯nropdpdv‚Èduwodu‚|odwdpyh|dn‚vphq
vćplqõerðËâËÏÓâÒgeöpp gdkd¤qfhd‚nodqp‚Èrovdgdvdghfhholn
nhvpheluohÈlpolrodudnwdvduodqdeloluÝhsuhp
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llq nhvlwlqhohpdqgd|dq‚p‚qdndwn‚vd™od|dfd™‚
kduhnhwhwnlohulqlqhyulpvhondudnwhulând|pd
vćplqõerðËâÊÐÎâÑgeöpp
dkd¤qfhd‚nodqg‚™‚jlelxurfrghÍČh
j¤uhjhuhnolgrqdw‚|dhnrodudnIhnloÎÑdČgd
j¤vwhulohqedÈo‚nodu‚qln‚vp‚qdnd|qdnodqdq
g¯}ed™odqw‚oduâhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohugh
e¤ojhvhoexunxopdodu‚jhflnwluheloluÝ
8odyhg¯}ed™odqw‚odu‚qds‚õgezö
hqd}Ïppyh|d
yduvd|‚odqn‚vphqehwrqodndso‚hohpdqoduâ
vdsodpdodu‚q‚ndsod|dqehwrqxqgd|dq‚p
holn|ds‚odugdnljlelwdvduodqdeloluÝ
d}dopdv‚qdyh|dexhohpdqodugddȂu‚h™loph|h
qhghqrodelophnwhgluÝxvhehsohhqhumlw¯nhwhq
e¤ojhohughnlnd|pdvdsodpdodu‚llqd}dow‚op‚È
wdvdu‚pgd|dq‚p‚glnndwhdo‚qpdv‚jhuhnluÝx
d}dow‚op‚Èwdvdu‚pgd|dq‚p‚âxurfrghÍČhj¤uh
ÓâÐΏdusdq‚|odkhvdsodq‚uݯqhnropd|dq
nhvpheluohÈwluphhohpdqodu‚nxoodq‚og‚™‚qgdwdp
nhvpheluohÈlpl|ds‚opdv‚jhuhnluÝdvdu‚pgdâ
d bw >b ˜ t f / 8 f ydf / f ydw @ 0,5 g¤Èhphohulq|ds‚vdoulmlwgl|diudprodudn
do‚Èpdv‚q‚yduvd|delophnllqÈdqwl|hghg¤n¯ohq
ehwrqxqplqlpxpndo‚qo‚™‚ÐÓppropdo‚g‚uÝ

oxnodu‚wdȂ|‚f‚nlulÈhgln|¤qghrodqyhIhnlo
ÏÓČgdwdq‚podqdqægdojdåodu‚qgdnlĮd‚v‚ÊÓĂ
lodÑÓĂdudv‚gh™lÈhqholnwudsh}vdfohykdodu
nxoodq‚og‚™‚qgdehwrqânhvphnxyyhwlqlqhwnlvl|oh
|xndu‚ndondudnd|u‚opd|ddo‚È‚uÝxnhvph
eluohÈwluphhohpdqodu‚q‚qedÈn‚vp‚qgdlodyh
hwnlohuhnduȂo‚njholuyhhohpdqodu‚ndsod|dq
ehwrqxqjhyuhnn‚u‚opdv‚qd|roddeloluÝxâ
}duduo‚hwnlghqnxuwxopdnllqxurfrgh
ÍČghhohpdqodu‚qwdvdu‚pnhvphgd|dq‚p‚
llqyhulohqnwd}dowpdndwvd|‚v‚âxurfrgh
ÑČhj¤uhroxnÈhnolyhulpololnndwvd|‚v‚õnuö
lohgdkdgdd}dow‚opdo‚g‚uõen}ÝIhnloÏÓöÝ

IhnloÏÓ
oxnÈhnolyhulpololn
ndwvd|‚v‚õnuögh™huohul D 10°<D<80°

nućÊ nućÊ nućÓâÑ


 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

odvwlnpdivdoodugdnlv¯qhnol™hâdeor
ÊÍČgheholuwlohq{ðgrudq‚v‚q‚ugh™huohul
llqghnhvlwlwdvduod|dudnxodȂo‚uÝ

lulÈohulqhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqghnleluohÈlp
e¤ojhvlqgh¤}hov¯qhnholng¤Èhphgrqdw‚odu‚â
ävlvplngrqdw‚Čoduâ|huohÈwlulopholgluõen}Ý
IhnloÏÊöÝxurfrghÑnČgh÷Êø÷ÊÐø
ghwd|o‚wdvdu‚p|¤qwhpohulyhulophnwhgluÝ

¤Èhphqlqhwnlq IhnloÏË
ehÊâehËyhehiihwnlqsodn
sodnjhqlÈol™l jhqlÈolnohulqlqwdq‚podu‚Ý

huholnnlulÈlqeluohÈlplqghqroxÈdqehwrq
edÈo‚™‚qwrsodphwnlqsodnjhqlÈol™lõehiiöâholn
j¤yghvlqlqphunh}lqlqkhulnlwdudi‚qgdnl
n‚vphqhwnlqsodnjhqlÈolnohulqlqõehÊyh
ehËöwrsodp‚rodudndo‚qpdo‚g‚uõIhnloÏËöÝ
deorÊÏČgdyhulohqkhulnlwdudiwdnln‚vphq
hwnlqsodnjhqlÈolnohuleÊyheËâphyfxw
jhqlÈolnohulqghqe¯|¯nropdpdo‚g‚uÝ

hulnlwdudiwdnlphyfxwjhqlÈolnõeöâlnlnrpÈx
nlulÈlqj¤yghohuldudv‚qgdnlphvdihqlq|du‚v‚
rodudndo‚qpdo‚g‚uÝhqdunlulÈohulqghnlphyfxw
jhqlÈolnnlulÈlqj¤yghvlqghqvhuehvwnhqdud
rodqphvdihrodudnglnndwhdo‚qpdo‚g‚uÝ

IhnloÏÊ
Ýälvplngrqdw‚Čodu‚q|huohÈlpl

E AT AT AT AT
D
`

`
C
` `
C C C

` `
`
A B A

‚Ȥojh 8¤ojh
‚Ȥojh

&holnnlulÈ&holnfhskhnlulÈl
hwrqduphnrqvronhqduÈhulgl
 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

rpsr}lwnlulÈohulqõehwrqedÈo‚nroxÈwxudq deorÊÏyhÊÐČghnleeâehâehiiyhovhperoohul
g¤Èhph|hed™odqdqholnnlulÈwhqroxÈdq IhnloÏËyhÏÌČghwdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÝkfânrorq
Èhnolqghnlnhvlwöhodvwlnyhsodvwln¤}hoolnohulql nhvlwlqlqghulqol™lgluÝeeâg¤Èhphehwrqxqxqâ
exopdnllqnxoodq‚odqg¤Èhphqlqn‚vphqhwnlq hwnlqsodnjhqlÈol™lkhvdsodqdqnlulÈhglnânrorq
sodnjhqlÈolnohulõehödeorÊÏyhÊÐyhIhnlo ¯}hulqgh|dwd||¤qghnlwdȂ|‚f‚jhqlÈol™lgluÝx
ÏËyhÏÌČghwdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÝ‚vphqhwnlq wdȂ|‚f‚jhqlÈolnâwdȂpdndsdvlwhvlqlduww‚upd|d
sodnjhqlÈolnohulqlqõehöexgh™huohulâIhnlo |¤qholnIhnloÏÌČghnlhwd|ÍČwhj¤vwhulohq
ÏÌČghnlnlulÈohuljlel|huohÈwluloplÈnlulÈohullq lodyhohykdodujlelhnghwd|odulhuheloluÝ
g¤Èhphgrqdw‚odu‚q‚qyhg¤ÈhphqlqholnnlulÈ
yhnrorqdeluohÈlplqlqxurfrghÑnČ|h
j¤uhwdvduodqpdv‚nrÈxox|odjhhuolgluÝdeor
ÊÏČgdg¤Èhphsod™‚qgdedv‚qfdqhghqrodq
prphqwohusr}lwliâhnph|hqhghqrodqodu
prphqwohuqhjdwlirodudneholuwloplÈwluÝ

A
IhnloÏÌ
rphqwdnwdudq
huhyhohugh
B
hohpdqodu‚qwdq‚podu‚Ý
E
A C
I D
C

D
be1

beff be2
D

A A A
A
bb bb bb bb
F
G G G G

Detay 1 Detay 2 Detay 3 Detay 4

Þ‚Èrorq Þ8rorq Þ
qdlulÈ

ÞdollulÈyh|dholnfhskhnlulÈl
ÞhwrqnrqvronhqduÈhulgl ÞdȂ|‚f‚edÈo‚nohykdv‚ Þhwrqg¤Èhph


 
 FMJL
#FUPO
,PNQP[JU
:BQÖMBS

eh qlqhhohpdqodu llqehõodvwln
qdol}ö deorÊÏ

ds‚q‚qhodvwlndqdol}lqghnxoodq‚odqdwdohw
8nrorqgd duyh|d|rn hjdwli llqÞÓâÓÎo
prphqwlqlõ ökhvdsodpdnllqg¤Èhphqlq
8nrorqgd du r}lwli llqÞÓâÓÌÐÎo n‚vphqhwnlqsodnjhqlÈol™lõehö
‚Ènrorqgd rnâ hjdwli llqÞÓ
yh|dgrqdw‚odunhqhwohqphplÈ r}lwli llqÞÓâÓËÎo

™loph hul qlqhhohpdqodu gllq deorÊÐ

prphqwl ehõodvwln odvwlnprphqwgd|dq‚p‚q‚q
|¤q¯ gd|dq‚pö khvdsodpdnllqg¤Èhphqlqn‚vphq
hwnlqsodnjhqlÈol™lõehö
hjdwli 8nrorq Sismik donatılar ÓâÊo
hjdwli ‚Ènrorq rqdw‚odu‚fhskhnlulÈlqhyh|dehwrqnrqvro ÓâÊo
nhqduÈhulglqhnhqhwohqplÈw¯p|huohÈlpohu
hjdwli ‚Ènrorq rqdw‚odu‚fhskhnlulÈlqhyh|d ÓâÓ
ehwrqnrqvronhqduÈhulglqh
nhqhwohqphplÈw¯p|huohÈlpohu
r}lwli 8nrorq lvplngrqdw‚odu ÓâÓÐÎo
r}lwli ‚Ènrorq hvpheluohÈwluphhohpdqo‚holnwdolnlulÈÝ ÓâÓÐÎo
IhnloÏÌČwhnljlelj¯o¯dnv|¤q¯qghnl
nhvlwnrorqg‚È|¯}h|lqhyh|d
lohulvlqhõehwrqnhqduÈhulglqhöndgdu
ehwrqg¤ÈhphÝlvplngrqdw‚oduÝ
r}lwli ‚Ènrorq hvpheluohÈwluphhohpdqo‚yh|d eeðËăÓâÐkfðË
hohpdqv‚}holnwdolnlulÈ|rnÝ
IhnloÏÌČwhnljlelj¯o¯dnv|¤q¯qghnl
nhvlwnrorqg‚È|¯}h|lqhyh|d
lohulvlqhõehwrqnhqduÈhulglqhöndgdu
ehwrqg¤ÈhphÝlvplngrqdw‚oduÝ
r}lwli ‚Ènrorq l™hue¯w¯q|huohÈlpohuÝlvplngrqdw‚oduÝ eeðËIJehâpd{
ehâpd{ćÓâÓÎo


 &-¶,
#&50/
,0.10;¶5
.0.&/5

",5"3"/
 &3 &7&-&3

5BTBSÖN
BNBDÖ
5FNFM
TFÀJN
,PNQP[JUMJL
EFSFDFTJ
"OBMJ[


 

 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
NPNFOU
BLUBSBO
ÀFSÀFWFMFS

dvdu‚pdpdf‚ hphovhlpã
qdol}

qhumlw¯nhwhqholnehwrqnrpsr}lwprphqw
rpsr}lwolnghuhfhvl lulÈohullqh™lophulmlwol™lqlqlnliduno‚
dnwdudqhuhyhohulqjhqhowdvdu‚pdpdf‚sodvwln Èhnoldqdol}ghglnndwhdo‚qpdo‚g‚uÞ
rphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohughâhqhuml
pdivdoodu‚nrorqodugdgh™loânlulÈohughyh|dnlulÈñ ¬ r}lwlih™lophprphqwlqhpdux}ndodq
w¯nhwhqe¤ojhohujhqhoghnlulÈxodu‚qgd
nrorqeluohÈlpohulqghroxÈpdv‚q‚vd™odpdnw‚uÝxâ d‚no‚ne¤ojhohulõdwodpdp‚Ènhvlwöllq ÊÝ
roxÈxuÝxe¤ojhohughv¯qhnol™lvd™odpdn
holn|ds‚odugdnl|ohd|q‚ndyudproxsä}d|‚inlulÈñ ¬ hjdwlih™lophprphqwlqhpdux}ndodq
llqlnlwdvdu‚pvhhqh™lexoxqxuÞ
j¯o¯nrorqČyh|d¤}¯p¯q¯qõen}Ihnlo d‚no‚ne¤ojhohulõdwodp‚Ènhvlwöllq ËÝ
¬ vlvplngrqdw‚oduâyeÝlohlojloleholuol
ËÎdöjoredophndql}pdrodudnkhghiohqphvlgluÝ
nrÈxoodu‚vd™od|dudnv¯qhnnrpsr}lw
xwlswdvdu‚poduâsodvwlnpdivdoodu‚qâhuhyhohulq
owhuqdwlirodudnâw¯pd‚no‚ner|xqfd
hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohuroxÈwxupdnÝ
wdedqnrorqodu‚qgdyhhq¯vwndwnrorqodu‚q‚q¯vw vdelwhÈgh™hueludwdohwprphqwlõ htö
¬ nlulÈxfxqgdnlhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohugh
xodu‚qgdroxÈpdv‚qdl}lqyhuphnwhgluÝdvdu‚pâ yduvd|dudngddqdol}|ds‚odeloluÞ
vdghfhholnnhvlwohulnxoodqpdnÝ
nlulÈxodu‚qgdnlsodvwlng¤qphndsdvlwhvlhqd} htćÓâÏ ÊăÓâÍ Ë
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llqËÎpudgyhv¯qhnoln
8nlqflvhhqhnwdvdu‚p‚edvlwohÈwluvhghjhuhn
v‚q‚i‚llqÌÎpudgrodfdnÈhnlogh|ds‚opdo‚g‚uÝ rpsr}lwnrorqodullqh™lophulmlwol™lâ
|ds‚q‚qâdqdol}ghnxoodq‚odqprgholgr™uxrodudn
dÈd™‚gdnljlelkhvdsodqdeloluÞ
|dqv‚wpdv‚jhuhnluݤÈhphsod™‚q‚qholn
õ öfćÓâÒõ dăufp fă vö
nhvlwohuohhwnloleluÈhnloghd|‚u‚opdv‚jhuhnluÝ
nvl
xudgdyhfpâv‚udv‚|odhol™lqyhehwrqxq
wdnglugh|ds‚q‚qjhuhnulmlwol™lprghoghgdkd
hodvwlvlwhprg¯o¯q¯ãuânrorqhqñnhvlwlqlqelu
g¯È¯nrodudnkhvdsodq‚uyhgrod|‚v‚|odghsuhp
irqnvl|rqxrodqyh¤qhulohquhihudqvgh™hul
kduhnhwhwnlohulqlqvdqdolyphvlulmlwol™hed™o‚rodudn
ućÓâÎrodqd}dowpdndwvd|‚v‚q‚lidghhghuÝ
duwduÝdkdv‚ânrorqodu‚qndsdvlwhwdvdu‚p‚q‚q
dâ fyh vghv‚udv‚|odholnnhvlwlqâehwrqxq
nlulÈsodvwlngd|dq‚p‚q‚qâg¯È¯nkhvdsodqpdv‚qd
yhgrqdw‚odu‚qdwdohwprphqwohulgluÝ
ed™o‚ropdv‚ânrorqodugdnlwdvdu‚pnxyyhwohulqlq
lulÈohuâ|dwd|yh|dqdoexuxopdexunxopdv‚
ghg¯È¯nkhvdsodqpdv‚qdqhghqroxuÝ
d‚v‚qgdqxurfrghÍČhj¤uhnlulÈlqelu
xfxqgdqhjdwlisodvwlnprphqwrogx™x
&holnyhehwrqxqeluelulqghqhwnlqrodudn
yduvd|‚odudnwdknlnhglopholgluÝ
d|‚u‚opdv‚dqfdnholnhohpdq‚qõnrorqoduând|pd
vdsodpdodu‚âed™odqw‚ohykdodu‚âroxnoxedÈo‚noduâ
rpsr}lwpdndvoduõ¤uj¯o¯nlulÈohuöhqhuml
holnsurilolqedÈo‚™‚qdwxwwxuxopxÈg¤Èhph
w¯nhwhqnlulÈrodudnnxoodq‚opdpdo‚g‚uÝ
vdf‚âyeÝökhukdqjlg¯Èh|nhqdu‚lohg¤Èhph
sod™‚dudv‚qgdkhunrorqxqhyuhvlqghËehii
odvwlnpdivdoroxÈdfdnnrorqodugdâ soâgČqlqex
ds‚qgdelue¤ojhllqghklelueluohÈphropd}vd
pdivdoodugdrodfd™‚yduvd|‚opdo‚g‚uÝ
Èd™‚gdnl
jhuhnohÈwluloheloluÝehiiârnrorqded™odqdq
lidghe¯w¯qnrpsr}lwnrorqodullqx|jxodqpdo‚g‚uÞ
nlulÈohulqhwnlqsodnjhqlÈolnohulqlqhqe¯|¯™¯g¯uÝ
gðsoâgİÓâÌÓ


 &-¶,
#&50/
,0.10;¶5


 "13";-*
1&3%&-&3

.FSLF[J
ÀBQSB[MÖ
LPNQP[JU
ÀFSÀFWFMFS
%Ö×
NFSLF[
ÀBQSB[MÖ
LPNQP[JU
ÀFSÀFWFMFS



hunh}ldsud}o‚
nrpsr}lwhuhyhohu
¯nw¯nhwph|hq|ds‚vdohohpdqoduâ|dql
nrorqyhnlulÈohuâ|dvdghfhholn|dgdholn
ehwrqnrpsr}lwrodeloluohuÝ?wh|dqgdq
hqhumlw¯nhwhqhohpdqoduâ|dqldsud}oduâ
vdghfh|ds‚vdoholnropdngxuxpxqgdg‚uÝ
xqxqdundv‚qgdlnlqhghqydug‚uÞ
¬ exunxopdodu‚q‚q¤qfhvlqghnrpsr}lw
dsud}odunlulÈyhnrorqodu‚dȂu‚
|¯nohphh™lolplqghgluohuâ
¬ nrpsr}lwdsud}oduodlojlol|hwhuol
dudÈw‚upd|ds‚op‚Èropdg‚™‚qgdq
hyulpvhoedv‚qyhhnphgdyudq‚È‚odu‚
nrqxvxqgdeholuvl}olnohuydug‚uÝ
&dsud}odullqwdvdu‚p|¤qwhplâholnphunh}l
dsud}o‚huhyhohuohwdpdphqd|q‚g‚uÝ
sâolqnðsâolqn
sâolqnðsâolqn
sâolqnyhsâolqnČlqwdq‚podu‚ÊÌݤo¯pgh
sâolqnllqkhvdsodpdodugdvdghfh
rphqw


 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFS
‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚
nrpsr}lwhuhyhohu
uhqvlsrodudnânrpsr}lwhohpdqodu‚w¯p
huhyhhohpdqodu‚qgdnxoodqpdnp¯pn¯qg¯uÝ
?wh|dqgdqnrpsr}lwhohpdqoduodlojlol
e¯|¯nÈhnlogh™lÈwluphohulqroxÈwx™xõÑÓ
pudgČdydudqg¤qphohuög‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚
shughohulqhqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohulqgh
nxoodq‚p‚q‚ndexohglohph}|dsdqeholuvl}olnohu
exoxqpdnwdg‚uݯȯnkhvdsodqdqäed™odqw‚Č
ndsdvlwhvlâdsud}odu‚qyhnrorqodu‚q|hwhuvl}
wdvduodqpdv‚qdyhkdwwdj¤phvlqhqhghq
rodeloluÝxe¤ojhohughnlg¤Èhphsod™‚q‚q
äeluohÈwlulophphvlČnrqxvx|odlojlolelojlhnvlnol™lâ
nrpsr}lwnlulÈhohpdqodu‚qgdh™loph|hdo‚Èdq
äed™odqw‚Čodu‚qkhvdsodqpdv‚q‚}ruodÈw‚u‚uÝx
qhghqohg‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚nrpsr}lwhuhyhohuâ
hqhumlw¯nhwlflgdyudq‚È‚qâed™odqw‚odu‚qnhvph
|¤q¯qghdnpdv‚|odroxÈpdv‚vd™odqdudn
wdvduodq‚uÝl™hue¯w¯qhohpdqoduhodvwlnndopdo‚
yheluohÈlpohulqj¤phvlhqjhoohqpholgluÝ
&hnph|hdo‚Èdqg¤Èhphsod™‚q‚qnhvph
gd|dq‚p‚qdndwn‚v‚lkpdohglogl™lllq
nhvphdnpdv‚vd™od|dq|dwd|ed™odqw‚odu‚q
gdyudq‚È‚gr™uxwdkplqhgloheloluÝxwls
ed™odqw‚oduâdÈd™‚gdnlnrÈxoodudx|dq
pdnvlpxpher|xndgduropdnÈduw‚|od|d
n‚vd|dgdruwdodpdeluer|gdropdo‚g‚uÞ
¬ sodvwlnpdivdoodukhulnlxwdroxÈwx™x
}dpdqÞhćË
¬ sodvwlnpdivdovdghfheluxwd
roxÈwx™x}dpdqÞhİ
xudgdnl
yhuloplÈwluÝ
ed™odqw‚nhvlwlqlqholnn‚vp‚glnndwhdo‚q‚uÝ
hwrqxqnhvphgd|dq‚p‚qdndwn‚v‚qgdnl
eholuvl}olnwhqgrod|‚âed™odqw‚oduehwrqodndso‚holn
nhvlwohughqroxÈwxuxodpd}ÝIhnloÏÍÝ
dnwdudqhuhyhohulq|ds‚dqdol}lqghsr}lwliyh
qhjdwliprphqwe¤ojhohulllqlnliduno‚ulmlwoln
glnndwhdo‚qpdo‚g‚uÝlnh|holned™odqw‚odugd
ndexohgloluÝds‚dqdol}lqghsr}lwliyhqhjdwli
prphqwe¤ojhohulllqlnliduno‚ulmlwolnglnndwh
do‚qpdo‚g‚uÝlnh|holned™odqw‚odugdndexohgloluÝ
 

 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
ÀBQSB[MÖ
QFSEFMFS

IhnloÏÍČwhnl¤}ho|ds‚pghwd|odu‚qgd xqodu‚q|dq‚qgdâg‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚
dÈd™‚gdnlohuhglnndwhglopholgluÞ nrpsr}lwhuhyhohulqwdvdu‚plonhohulâ
¬ ehwrqduphnrorqodudõ¤o¯pÊÍČwh ¤o¯pÊÌČwhvxqxodqg‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚
eluohÈlpohullqwdq‚podqdqodud holnshughohulqwdvdu‚plonhohulqhehq}huÝ
ehq}huöhuhyhohqhqed™odqw‚odu
llq|¯}h|wdȂ|‚f‚ohykdoduÝ
¬ d™odqw‚odud|dn‚qwdpdphqehwrqod
ndso‚nrpsr}lwnrorqodu‚qänulwln
e¤ojhohuČlqghnlhqlqhgrqdw‚Ý

IhnloÏÍ
‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚nrpsr}lw
shughghe¤ojhvlânlulÈñ
nrorqñed™odqw‚eluohÈlp
e¤ojhvlghwd|odu‚Ý

B
E B

A
C

A VLVPLNED÷ODQWÕ
B : \]H\WDúÕ\ÕFÕOHYKD
C : EHWRQ
D : LODYHER\XQDGRQDWÕODU
T E : VDUJÕ




 &-¶,
#&50/
,0.10;¶5
1&3%&

%67"3-"3
7&
1&3%&
%67"3-*
4¶45&.-&3

 F×JUMJ
LPNQP[JU
QFSEF
EVWBS
TJTUFNMFSJOJO
UBOÖNMBSÖ
WF
UBTBSÖN
BNBÀMBSÖ
"OBMJ[
4ÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖ
044
PMBO
LPNQP[JU
EVWBSMBS
JÀJO
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
LVSBMMBSÖ
4ÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖ
044
PMBO
CBÉ
LJSJ×MFSJ
JÀJO
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
LVSBMMBSÖ
:44
TÕOFLMJL
TÖOÖGÖ
JÀJO
JMBWF
EFUBZMBOEÖSNB
LVSBMMBSÖ
,PNQP[JU
ÀFMJL
MFWIB
QFSEF
EVWBSMBSÖ
 

 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
QFSEF
EVWBSMBS
WF
QFSEF
EVWBSMÖ
TJTUFNMFS

&hÈlwolnrpsr}lwshugh
qdol}
gxyduvlvwhpohulqlq ds‚q‚qdqdol}lehwrqgxyduyhnrpsr}lwnlulÈohu
wdq‚podu‚yhwdvdu‚p llqwdq‚podqdqnhvlw¤}hoolnohulqhed™o‚g‚uݯÈh|
wdpdphqõyh|dn‚vphqöehwrqodndso‚|ds‚vdo
dpdodu‚ holnnhvlwohuâehwrqduphgrojxgxyduodu‚q
v‚q‚uhohpdqodu‚rodudndo‚Èw‚™‚qgdlsÊyh|d
r™uxwdvduodqg‚™‚qgdnrpsr}lwshughgxydu
lsË|ds‚vdovlvwhpohulqghdqdol}âexv‚q‚u
vlvwhpohulâehwrqduphshughgxyduvlvwhpohul|oh
hohpdqodu‚qgdnlvlvplnkduhnhwhwnlohulqlqâvdghfh
nduȂodÈw‚u‚odelohfhn¤o¯ghnhvphpxndyhphwlqh
hnvhqhonxyyhwrogx™xyduvd|‚odudn|ds‚opdo‚g‚uÝ
yhulmlwol™lqhvdklswluÝ‚q‚uhohpdq‚rodq|ds‚vdo
xhnvhqhonxyyhwohuânhvphnxyyhwohulqlq
holnnhvlwohuâeluÈhnloghgxydu‚qh™loph
ehwrqduphshughgxyduwdudi‚qgdqyhe¯w¯q
gd|dq‚p‚q‚duww‚ududn|¯nvhngxyduodugdnlh™loph
g¯Èh|yhghyulophnxyyhwohulqlqv‚q‚unrorq
sodvwlnpdivdoodu‚q‚qedÈodqj‚f‚q‚jhflnwluluÝ
hohpdqodu‚|odnrpsr}lwdo‚Èdqehwrqshughgxydu
hwd|odqg‚updnxudoodu‚q‚qjhuhnololnohulqhed™o‚
wdudi‚qgdqwdȂqg‚™‚yduvd|‚odudnexoxqpdo‚g‚uÝ
rodudnehwrqduph|ds‚odugdhqhumlw¯nhwhq
shughgxyduodullqlnlv¯qhnolnvhyl|hvlyh
lsÌ|ds‚vdovlvwhpohulqghânrpsr}lwed™nlulÈohul
lnlgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚gh™hulwdq‚podq‚uÝ
nxoodq‚o‚uvddqdol}ghlnliduno‚h™lophulmlwol™lkhvded
ndw‚opdo‚g‚uõprphqwdnwdudqhuhyhohughnl
ds‚vdolsÊyhˏ¤}¯pohulõIhnloÎÍyhÏÎöâ
nlulÈohullq¤o¯pÊÎČghd‚nodqg‚™‚jlelöÝ
shughgxydu‚jlelgdyudqdfdnÈhnloghwdvduodq‚u
yhhqhuml|lglnh|holnnhvlwohughyhglnh|grqdw‚
xexnodu‚qgdgd™‚w‚uÝds‚vdols̏¤}¯pohul
õIhnloÎÍölvhhqhuml|lshughgxyduodugdyh
ed™nlulÈohulqghgd™‚wdfdnÈhnloghwdvduodq‚uÝ

rpsr}lwholnohykdshughgxyduodu‚
holnohykdq‚qnhvph|¤q¯qghdnpdv‚q‚
vd™od|dfdnÈhnloghwdvduodq‚uÝ

beton IhnloÏÎ
EDVÕQo hughgxyduodu‚q
destekleri phndqlngdyudq‚È‚â
lsÊyhˏ¤}¯pohulÝ
oHNPH\HoDOÕúDQ
oHOLNED÷ODU

\DWD\oHOLNED÷EHWRQ
,
YHGúH\oHOLNSUR¿O
DUDVÕQGDNLHWNLOHúLP


 

 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
QFSEF
EVWBSMBS
WF
QFSEF
EVWBSMÖ
TJTUFNMFS

¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚rodq
nrpsr}lwgxyduodullq
ghwd|odqg‚updnxudoodu‚
lsÊvlvwhpohulqghehwrqduphgrojxgxyduodu‚
yhlsËyhÌvlvwhpohulqghehwrqduphshugh
gxyduodu‚âv‚q‚i‚ehwrqduphgxyduodu‚llq
jhuhnololnohulvd™odpdo‚g‚uÝds‚q‚qgdyudq‚È
ndwvd|‚v‚õdeorÊÌČwheholuwlogl™ljlelölohlojlol
ehwrqduphsdqhoohulqv‚q‚uhohpdqodu‚rodudn
nxoodq‚odqn‚vplehwrqodndso‚holnnhvlwohuâ
hqnhvlwlqv‚q‚i‚qdx|jxqropdo‚g‚uÝhwrqduph
sdqhoohughv‚q‚uhohpdqodu‚rodudnnxoodq‚odqâ
wdpdphqyhn‚vphqehwrqodndso‚holnnhvlwohuâ
ÊÎݤo¯pghd‚nodqg‚™‚jlelwdvduodq‚uÝ
dÈo‚no‚nhvphndpdodu‚yh|ded™grqdw‚odu‚
õ|dholnhohpdqdnd|qdnodqpdo‚|dd‚odq
gholnohullqghqnhqhwohqphol|dgdhyuhvlqghq
nhqhwohqpholöv‚q‚u|ds‚vdoholnhohpdq‚loh
ehwrqduphdudv‚qgdnlg¯Èh|yh|dwd|nhvph
nxyyhwohulqlqdnwdu‚p‚q‚vd™odpdo‚g‚uÝ

IhnloÏÏ IhnloÏÐ
‚vphqehwrqodndso‚nrpsr}lwv‚q‚u dpdphqehwrqodndso‚nrpsr}lwv‚q‚u
hohpdq‚ghwd|‚ãv¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚ hohpdq‚ghwd|‚ãv¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚
llqjhuhnolhqlqhgrqdw‚ghwd|‚Ý llqjhuhnolhqlqhgrqdw‚ghwd|‚Ý

Þnrorqodudnd|qdnodqdqxexnodu
Þhqlqhgrqdw‚odu
ÞnhvpheluohÈlphohpdqodu‚
Þed™grqdw‚odu‚
min = 2h h

min = 2h h

A D
IhnloÏÑ
xydullqhhuhyhohqhqwhsnl
C nxyyhwliwlroxÈwxudqnlulÈghwd|‚ã
v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llqjhuhnolghwd|Ý

V M

Þ &holnnlulÈlqj¤p¯ohqn‚vp‚qgd
lodyhgxyduvduj‚ed™odu‚
le Þ &holned™nlulÈlã
Þ dȂ|‚f‚do‚qohykdv‚
Þ ¯Èh|grqdw‚odu
B
˜ 2/3 le
 

 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
QFSEF
EVWBSMBS
WF
QFSEF
EVWBSMÖ
TJTUFNMFS

¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚
¬ gxyduâexglnh|nxyyhwohulqroxÈwxugx™x
hnphnxyyhwlqlwdȂ|delohfhnndsdvlwhgh
rodqed™nlulÈohulllq ropdo‚g‚uÝxâglnh|grqdw‚oduâjhuhnwluluÝ
ghwd|odqg‚updnxudoodu‚ lvplnkduhnhwdow‚qgdnlulÈxfxqgdnlsodvwln
prphqwohulqhyulpvhorodudn}‚w|¤qh
g¤qphvlqghqgrod|‚whsnlnxyyhwohuleluelulql
æqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughnrpsr}lweluohÈlpohulq
l}oh|huhn|xndu‚yhdÈd™‚gr™ux|¤qohqluÝ
ghwd|odqg‚updnxudoodu‚åÊÍݤo¯pgh
xgdgxydugdhnphnxyyhwlroxÈwxuxuÝx
dqodw‚op‚Èw‚uÝqhumlw¯nhwhqholnyh|dnrpsr}lw
qhghqohâwdvdu‚phnvhqhopxndyhphwlqlq
nlulÈâehwrqduphgxydudhuhyhohqgl™lqgh
whsnlnxyyhwliwlroxÈwxudqnlulÈlqwdvdu‚p
õen}ÝIhnloÏÑönlulÈxfxqgdnlh™lophprphqwl
nhvphpxndyhphwlqhhÈlwropdv‚Èduw‚|od
yhnhvphnxyyhwlqlnrorqddnwdupdnjhuhnluÝ
eluolnwhglnh|gxydugrqdw‚v‚âxurfrgh
xgxydudglnh|whsnlnxyyhwliwohulrodudn
ÑČhj¤uhnlulÈlqj¤p¯opher|xqfd¯wh
dnwdu‚o‚uÝhwrqxqe¯w¯qo¯™¯q¯nruxpdn
lnlvlexer|xqlon|du‚v‚qgdrodfdnÈhnlogh
llqdÈd™‚gdnlnrqwuroohu|ds‚opdo‚g‚uÞ
|huohÈwlulopholgluÝxgxydugrqdw‚v‚ânlulÈ
liwlqlqedÈo‚nodu‚q‚qdowyh¯vwn‚vp‚qgd
¬ ehwrqduphgxydun‚u‚opdgdqexnxyyhwohul
hqd}elunhqhwohqphphvdihvlndgdu
wdȂ|delohfhnndsdvlwhghropdo‚g‚uÝx
x}dqpdo‚g‚uÝ
|u‚fdglnh|grqdw‚q‚qâex
gdgxydu‚q|hwhulndgduhqlqhgrqdw‚|od
jhuhnolol™hndwn‚gdqedÈndgl™hujd|hohu
vdu‚opdv‚q‚yhnlulÈlq|hwhulndgdux}xqoxnwd
llqghexoxqpdv‚jhuhnwl™lndexohgloluÝ
gxydudj¤p¯ophvlqljhuhnwluluÝdkd
x}xqj¤p¯opher|xwhsnlnxyyhwohulql
hvqhwwhnlulÈlohehwrqxqgr™uxgdyudq‚È‚q‚
d}dow‚uyhgxydu‚qnlulÈwhqdnwdu‚odq
vd™odpdnllqholnnlulÈlqehunlwphohykdodu‚
prphqwyhnhvphnxyyhwlqlqhqhoyhulÈvl}
g‚Èehwrq|¯}h|g¯}ohplqghropdv‚jhuhnolgluÝ
nrpelqdv|rqxqdgdkdl|lgd|dqpdv‚q‚
xehunlwphohykdodu‚âæwdȂ|‚f‚do‚qohykdodu‚å
vd™oduÝxnrpelqdv|rqâjoredosodvwln
rodudngddgodqg‚u‚o‚uyhehwrqxqvdu‚opdv‚qd
phndql}pdgdkduhnhwhwnlohulrodqnlulÈlq
ndwn‚gdexoxqxuÝIhnloÎÏyhÏÑÝ
sodvwlnprphqwgd|dq‚p‚q‚õ soâgöyhsodvwln
nhvphgd|dq‚p‚q‚õgöglnndwhdopdo‚g‚uÝ
¤p¯opher|xõohöâgxyduv‚q‚uhohpdq‚qgd
hqlqhvdu‚op‚Ègrqdw‚odu‚qlonndw‚q‚ql
n‚vp‚qgdqedÈodg‚™‚yduvd|‚opdo‚g‚uõen}Ý
IhnloÏÑöyhwhsnlnxyyhwliwlroxÈwxudq
nlulÈlqghulqol™lqlqÊâÎndw‚qgdqn‚vd
ropdpdo‚g‚uÝv‚q‚i‚llq|dwd|gl}loplÈ
hqlqhgrqdw‚oduyh|dvduj‚xexnodu‚}ruxqox
gh™logluÝhonlwdvdu‚pwdknlnohulvrqxfx
vdghfhj¤p¯opher|xqfdjhuhnolrodeloluÝ



v¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚llq 
lodyhghwd|odqg‚upd
nxudoodu‚
qlqhgrqdw‚oduâgxydu‚qv‚q‚ue¤ojhohulqlq
vdu‚opdv‚qgdnxoodq‚opdo‚g‚uÝlulÈohuân‚vphq
yh|dwdpdphqehwrqodndso‚rodeloluohuÝx
grqdw‚âËkndgduehwrqgxydu‚qllqhgr™ux
x}dqpdo‚g‚uÝxudgdkâv‚q‚uhohpdq‚q‚qgxydu
g¯}ohplqghnlghulqol™lgluÝõen}ÝIhnloÏÏyh
ÏÐö‚Èphunh}dsud}o‚shughohughnlvlvpln
ed™odqw‚odullqjhuhnololnohuâexwhsnlnxyyhw
liwlroxÈwxudqnlulÈohullqghjhhuolgluÝ


 FMJL
CFUPO
LPNQP[JU
QFSEF
EVWBSMBS
WF
QFSEF
EVWBSMÖ
TJTUFNMFS
rpsr}lwholnohykd
shughgxyduodu‚
rpsr}lwholnohykdshughgxyduodu‚âohykdq‚q
nhqglvlqlqnhvlplqghdnpdrodfdnÈhnlogh
wdvduodq‚sâeluyh|dlnlwdudi‚ehwrqodndsodqdudn
j¯ohqglulopholgluÝhwrqndo‚qo‚™‚eluwdudiehwrqod
ndso‚lvhËÓÓppâkhulnlwdudiehwrqodndso‚
lvhghÊÓÓppČghqlqfhropdpdo‚g‚uÝhulnl
|¤qghplqlpxpgrqdw‚rudq‚ÓâËÎĖropdo‚g‚uÝ
hwrqodndsodpdholnohykdq‚qexunxopdv‚q‚
¤qoh|hfhnÈhnloghâx|jxqropdo‚g‚uÝÝ
ds‚q‚qdqdol}lâÊÍݤo¯pghwdq‚podqdq
pdo}hphyhnhvlw¤}hoolnohulqhed™o‚rodudn
jhuhnolwdknlnohuoh|ds‚opdo‚g‚uÞgijg
hvphgd|dq‚p‚õgödÈd™‚gdnljlelexoxqxuÞ
VRd Apl u f yd / 3
xudgdi|gâohykdq‚qwdvdu‚pdnpdpxndyhphwlql
yh
soâohykdq‚q|dwd|nhvlwdodq‚q‚lidghhghuÝ
hykdlohv‚q‚uhohpdqodu‚õnrorqoduyh
nlulÈohuöyhohykdlohnhqglvlqlndsod|dq
ehwrqdudv‚qgdnleluohÈlpohuâohykdq‚qwdp
dnpdpxndyhphwlqlvd™od|dfdnÈhnlogh
wdvduodqpdo‚g‚uÝ&holnohykde¯w¯qnhqduodu‚qgdq
|ds‚vdoholnv‚q‚uhohpdqodu‚qdohykdq‚qnhvph
|¤q¯qghdnpdpxndyhphwlqlvd™odpdn
llqv¯uhnolrodudnnd|qdnodqdudnyhðyh|d
f‚ydwdodqdudneluohÈwlulopholgluÝ&holnohykdgd
rodelohfhnjhuhnold‚no‚nyh|derÈoxnoduâ
ehunlwphohykdodu‚|odj¯ohqglulopholgluÝ


¶ ¶/&
,0.10;¶5
,0-0/-"3

,"5"3",
#&50/"3.&
:"1*-"3*

(µ -&/%¶3.&

1SPCMFNJO
UBOÖNÖ
#FUPOBSNF
CJOBMBSÖO
EBWSBOÖ×ÖOÖ
JZJMF×UJSNFL
JÀJO
LVMMBOÖMBO
LPNQP[JU

LPMPOMBSÖO
UBTBSÖNÖ
#BTÖOÀ
WF
ÀFWSJNTFM
FÉJMNF
ZÕLMFNFTJ
BMUÖOEBLJ
LPNQP[JU
LPMPOMBSÖ

EBWSBOÖ×Ö


 

¶ÀJOF
,PNQP[JU
,PMPOMBS
LBUBSBL
#FUPOBSNF
:BQÖMBSÖ
(ÕÀMFOEJSNF

ureohplqwdq‚p‚ hwrqduphelqdodu‚q
¬ hwrqduph|ds‚q‚qrulmlqdoulmlwol™lql
nruxpdnllqholnnhvlwohuâehwrqduph
dn‚q}dpdqgd
ufhoru lwwdoâehwrqduph
gdyudq‚È‚q‚l|lohÈwluphn nrorqodu‚q|huhoulmlwolnohulqlõ öid}od
elqdodugdj¯yhqol™lduww‚updnllqä|huhoČnrpsr}lwllqnxoodq‚odqnrpsr}lw gh™lÈwluphpholgluÝ&¯qn¯ulmlwolnwhnlkhukdqjl
eluduw‚Èghsuhpnxyyhwohulqlqduwpdv‚
hohpdqodu‚qnxoodq‚p‚q‚qgh™huohqglulophvl
nrqxvxqgdelududÈw‚updedÈodww‚Ý
Èd™‚gd
nrorqodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚ ghphnwlunlexnhvlqolnohdu}xhgloph}Ý

¬ exnulwhuohukhulnl}d|‚iyhnxyyhwoldnv
exdudÈw‚updq‚qvrqxodu‚gr™uxowxvxqgd
ds‚odqdudÈw‚updvrqxfxqgdehwrqduphelqdodu‚q h™loph|¤q¯qghnrqwurohglopholgluÝ
|hqljholÈphohud‚nodqpdnwdg‚uÝ
downdwodu‚qgdnxoodq‚odqnrpsr}lwnrorqodu
j¯yhqlolunhvphâh™lophyhedv‚qgd|dq‚p‚ &holnhohpdqodu‚qehwrq|ds‚llqgh
hwrqduphprphqwdnwdudqhuhyholelqdodu‚q
vd™odp‚Èw‚uÝhwrqodndso‚holnhohpdqodu‚q nhqhwohqphvlqh|¤qholnlnlwdvdu‚pwhvw
hqv‚nj¤phprgxâj¤phqlqelqdq‚qdowndw‚qgd
wdvdu‚pnulwhuldÈd™‚gdwdq‚podqp‚Èw‚uÞ hgloglãnhqhwohqphqlqlnlqflndwnrorqodu‚q‚q
rogx™xä|xpxÈdnndwČphndql}pdv‚g‚uõIhnloÏÒöÝ
¬ holnnhvlwnhqgledȂqdvlvpln ruwd|¯nvhnol™lqhndgdux}dqg‚™‚Êâyh
xrod|ddÈd™‚gdnlhwphqohuqhghqropdnwdg‚uÞ
|¯nohphgxuxpxqxqwdvdu‚p nhqhwohqphqlqelulqflndwnlulÈohulqlqghulqol™l
¬ downdwwdexoxqdqjhqlÈd‚no‚noduãjlulÈ
hnvhqhonxyyhwlqhgd|dqpdo‚g‚uÞ ndgdurogx™xËõIhnloÐÓöÝrorqoduvdelw
ndw‚q‚rilvâg¯nndqâoree|âyeÝdpdodugd
gıgõȖtÝăȖtÝöâ edv‚qodeluolnwhhyulpvhoh™loph|¯nohphvl
nxoodqpdnllqqdulqnrorqoduodghvwhnohqplÈ
ȖjćÊdqgȖtćÓâÌ dow‚qgdwhvwhglohuhnhoghhglohqprphqwñg¤qph
d‚no‚noduÝõwdelexgxuxpxâkhu}dpdq|ds‚|‚
¬ holnnhvlwnhqgledȂqdehwrqnhvlwlq judil™lânrpsr}lwnrorqodu‚qârulmlqdoehwrqduph
}d|‚iodw‚ugl|huhnjhqhoohphngr™uxropd}ö
j¤phvhyl|hvlqghx|jxodqdqh™loph hohpdqodudn‚|dvod¤qhpol¤o¯ghgdkdid}od
¬ edv‚qhwnlvlqlqh™lophloheluohÈlpl
prphqwlyhnhvphnxyyhwldow‚qgdnl gd|dq‚pyhv¯qhnolnvd™odg‚™‚q‚j¤vwhuplÈwluÝ
vrqxfxehwrqxqn‚u‚opdv‚Ý
ehwrqnhvlwlq|hwhuvl}ol™lqlnduȂodpdo‚g‚uÞ
¬ nhvphhwnlvllohroxÈdqh™lndwodnodu
gâvwhhoı gâfrqfuhwh
vrqxfxehwrqxqnrkh}|rqnd|e‚Ý
yhgâvwhhoıgâfrqfuhwh
¬ jlulÈndwnrorqodu‚q‚qh™lophvlyhnhvlophvl
elqdq‚qj¤phvlqhqhghqroxuÝ

IhnloÏÒ
rpsr}lwnrorqodu‚qkdiliohwhelohfh™l
ä|xpxÈdnndwČphndql}pdv‚Ý

Plastik
mafsallar
<XPXúDNNDW

Depremden sonra
 

¶ÀJOF
,PNQP[JU
,PMPOMBS
LBUBSBL
#FUPOBSNF
:BQÖMBSÖ
(ÕÀMFOEJSNF

dv‚qyhhyulpvho
h™loph|¯nohphvl
dow‚qgdnlnrpsr}lw
nrorqodu‚gdyudq‚È‚
dkvhglohqdudÈw‚updq‚qvrqxodu‚nrpsr}lw
nrorqodullqrnroxpoxropxÈwxuÝrpsr}lw
nrorqodu‚qd|q‚er|xwwdnlehwrqduph
nrorqodudn‚|dvodghsuhphnduȂgdkdid}od
gd|dq‚no‚rogx™xj¤vwhuloplÈwluÝ?}hwohã
¬ wdpnrpsr}lwsodvwlnprphqwgd|dq‚p‚
vd™odqp‚Èw‚uõ
soâh{sć
soâwkÝöÝ ropdp‚Èw‚uÝ
qfdnexvrqxâ|¯nvhn
¬ hqhumlw¯nhwhqe¤ojhohughânrpsr}lwnrorqxq
nhvphgd|dq‚p‚holnsurilondgdug‚uÝ
¬ nrpsr}lwhohpdq‚qâehwrqduphhohpdq‚q
pdnvlpxpgd|dq‚p‚ndgdugd|dq‚p
¬ ehwrqduphyhnrpsr}lwhohpdqodu‚q
ulmlwol™ldu}xhglogl™ljlel|dn‚q‚np‚Èw‚uÝ
vd™odg‚™‚qgdnlg¤qphplnwdu‚rodudn ¬ nrpsr}lwnhvlwnxoodq‚opdv‚|odnhvlwwhnl
wdq‚podqdqnrpsr}lwhohpdq‚qg¤qph
ndsdvlwhvlõșfrpsöâșÝČ|hn‚|dvod
j¯ohqphg¯È¯npxndyhphwol
ehwrqodullqj¤uhfholrodudngdkd
ruwdodpdlnlndwgdkde¯|¯nw¯uÝ id}odg‚uÝdndwexgxuxpgdâÊwls
¬ hqh|elwlulophghq¤qfhõĖÎÓgd|dq‚p nhqhwohqphwhuflkhglopholgluÝ
nd|e‚qdndgduönrpsr}lwhohpdqoduâ
ehwrqduphhohpdqodudn‚|dvodruwdodpdÊÝÎ dkdid}odwhnqlnghwd|yhwdvdu‚p
ndwgdkdid}odhyulpvho|¯nohph|hgd|dqg‚ elojlohul÷ÊËøqroxnd|qdnwdyhuloplÈwluÝ
yhruwdodpdÌndwgdkdid}odhqhumlgd™‚ww‚Ý
¬ hqhwohqphwlslqlqõÊyh|dËö
vrqxodu¯}hulqh¤qhpoleluhwnlvl
pxndyhphwolehwrqnxoodq‚opdv‚qgdq
grod|‚rodeloluâjhqhoohphngr™uxropd}Ý

IhnloÐÓ
rpsr}lwnhvlwÝ
d™ÞÊyhËnhqhwohqphwlsohul

tW
tf

C1 C2

IhnloÐÊ Moment Moment

rpsr}lwnrorqxq (kNm) 300 Betonarme (kNm) 300 Kompozit:
rulmlqdoehwrqduph 250 NHQGLEDúÕQD 250 Betonarme
nrorqdj¤uh + Çelik Kesit
200 200
l|lohÈwluloplÈ 150 Dönme 150 Dönme
ndsdvlwhvlql ĬBA(mrad) ĬBA(mrad)
100 100
j¤vwhuhq rphqwñ
50 50
¤qphjudil™lÝ
0 0
-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
-50 -50
-100 -100
-150 -150
-200 -200
-250 -250
-300 -300




5"4"3*.
¯3/&©¶

5BOÖN
,JSJ×
LFTJUMFSJ
NPNFOU
EBZBOÖNÖ
WF
TFIJN
TÖOÖSMBSÖOÖO
UBILJLJ
l(ÕÀMÕ
,PMPO
;BZÖG
,JSJ×m
UBILJLJ
¶À
LPMPO
&LTFOFM
CBTÖOÀ
UBILJLJ
¶À
LPMPO
(JSJ×
LBUÖOEB
QMBTUJL
NPNFOU
EBZBOÖNÖ
4JTNJL
LÕUMFOJO
IFTBQMBONBTÖ
l&×EFÉFS
%FQSFN
:ÕLÕ
:ÏOUFNJm
LVMMBOBSBL
TJTNJL
UBTBSÖN
LFTNF

LVWWFUJOJO
IFTBQMBONBTÖ
%FQSFN
FULJMFSJZMF
CJSMF×UJSJMNJ×
EÕ×FZ
ZÕLMFS
.PE
CJSMF×UJSNF
ZÏOUFNJZMF
EJOBNJL
BOBMJ[
"OBMJ[
TPOVÀMBSÖ
9
EPÉSVMUVTV
JÀ
EÕÉÕN
OPLUBTÖOEBLJ
LJSJ×
LPMPO
CJSMF×JNJ
UBTBSÖNÖ
5BTBSÖN
TFÀFOFLMFSJ
Õ[FSJOF
ZPSVNMBS
;BZÖGMBUÖMNÖ×
LJSJ×
FOLFTJUMFSJOJO
UBTBSÖNÖ
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

ä rgluohÈwluph¤qwhplČnxoodq‚odfdnvdâÎÝâ
dq‚p ?qwdvdu‚pdÈd™‚gdnlohughqroxÈxuÞ
?qfholnohg¯Èh||¯nohudow‚qgdvhklp
¬
ÏÝyhÐÝdg‚podudÈd™‚gdnl|ohgh™lÈwluloluÞ
Îö ghsuhpkduhnhwhwnlohulqlq
yhgd|dq‚p¤o¯wohulnrqwurohglohuhn gh™huohqglulophvlllqelug¯}ohphuhyhqlq
xudgdvxqxodq¤uqhnâIhnloÐËČghj¤vwhulohq
hqn¯¯nnlulÈnhvlwohulwdq‚podq‚uÝ ä rgluohÈwluph¤qwhplČdqdol}lÝ
elqdq‚q¤qwdvdu‚p‚g‚uÝxwdvdu‚p‚qdpdf‚
rqude¯w¯qwdvdu‚p¤o¯wohul
¬ xuxopdhwnlohulâwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqx
eholuolyduvd|‚podu|dsdudnd‚nyhqhwelu|ro
vd™odq‚qfd|dndgdudÈd™‚gdnldg‚podu Ðݤo¯pČgheholuwlohqe¯|¯owphndwvd|‚v‚
loh|ds‚hohpdqodu‚q‚qqlkdlwdvdu‚pd|dn‚q
wdnlshglohuhnlwhudwliv¯uhl}ohqluÝ õįölohe¯|¯owhuhngdklohgloluÝ
äer|xwČodu‚q‚hoghhwphnwluÝlvplnwdvdu‚pgd
exwls¤qwdvdu‚pv¯uhflqlx|jxodpdnqrupdo
8whudwliv¯uhâ|däÈgh™huhsuhp¯n¯¤qwhplČ ä rgluohÈwluph¤qwhplČâwlwuhÈlpprgodu‚q‚q
eludg‚pg‚u⏯qn¯glqdplnkduhnhwhwnlohul
|dgdä rgluohÈwluph¤qwhplČnxoodq‚odudn khvdedndw‚opdv‚q‚vd™od|dqeluglqdplndqdol}gluÝ
wdvdu‚pf‚q‚qexopd|ddo‚Èw‚™‚hohpdq
|ds‚odeloluÝäÈgh™huhsuhp¯n¯¤qwhplČ
ulmlwol™lqlqeluirqnvl|rqgxuâ|dqllwhudv|rqodu
nxoodq‚odfdnvdkhvdsdg‚podu‚dÈd™‚gdnljlelgluÞ
nd‚q‚opd}roxuÝxwdvdu‚pâvrqxrodudn
Êö nlulÈnhvlwlqlqvhlpl
edÈodqj‚dg‚p‚g‚uÝhvlwer|xwodu‚q‚qhqvrq
Ëö 䯏o¯rorqd|‚ilulÈȤo¯w¯qh
kdolqlqeholuohqphvldqfdnwdpÌõÌer|xwoxö
x|jxqnrorqnhvlwlqlqwdq‚p‚
khvdsodpdoduâyeÝâdÈd™‚gdvxqxodq|¤qwhpoh
Ìö g¯Èh||¯nohudow‚qgd}hplqndwnrorqodu‚q‚q
äpdnxoČwdvdu‚pdxodȂog‚nwdqvrqud|ds‚odeloluÝ
edv‚qðexunxopdgd|dq‚pwdknlnl
Íö |ds‚q‚qvlvplnn¯wohvlqlq
?uqhnwhnlelqdgdghsuhpgd|dq‚p‚âhyuh
õăȥl ökhvdsodqpdv‚
yhl{yh|gr™uxowxodu‚qgdprphqwdnwdudq
Îö |¤qhwpholnghnlirup¯oõen}ݤo¯pÐö
huhyhohuõ
&övd™odqpdnwdg‚uÝ
&oduhvqhn
loh|ds‚q‚qshul|rgxqxqkhvdsodqpdv‚
|ds‚odurodudnelolqluyh
&odu‚qwdvdu‚podu‚qgd
Ïö wdedqnhvphnxyyhwlqlqõeökhvdsodqpdv‚
r™xqoxnodghsuhpvhuylv|¯nohphvldow‚qgd
yh|dwd|nxyyhwohurodudngd™‚w‚opdv‚
Èhnlogh™lÈwluphnulwhulyh|dwdvdu‚pghsuhp
Ðö exuxopdhwnlohulqlkhvdedndwpdn
|¯nohphvldow‚qgdñĮhwnlohulqlqv‚q‚uodpdv‚
llqeludusdqlohe¯|¯w¯ohqähÈgh™hu
kdnlproxuÝxqhghqohulmlweluohÈlpohuwhuflkhgloluÝ
ghsuhp|¯nČohuldow‚qgdelug¯}ohp
huhyhqlqvwdwlndqdol}l
?qwdvdu‚pgdâelud}uh}huyohvdghfhg¯Èh|
Ñö g¯Èh||¯nohuõăȥl ödow‚qgd
|¯nohudow‚qgdwdvdu‚pnulwhulqlvd™od|dqnhvlw
vwdwlndqdol}lq|ds‚opdv‚
vhphnyhgdyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚õtörodudngd
Òö ghsuhp|¯nohphvlgxuxpxqgdõg¯Èh|
pdnvlpxpl}lqyhulohqghqn¯¯nelugh™hu
|¯nohphvlăȥl rodqöñĮhwnlohulqlõș
nxoodqpdnedÈodqj‚llqpdqw‚no‚g‚uÝ
sdudphwuhvlöglnndwhdodudnvwdelolwhwdknlnl
8}lqyhulohqpdnvlpxp
ÊÓöävhuylvČghsuhp|¯nohulõwdvdu‚pghsuhplqlq
tćÎ{tćÎ{ĮxðĮÊćÎ{ÊâÌćÏâÎÝ
nhvuljhqhoolnohÓâÎČwluödow‚qgdvhklpwdknlnl
x¤uqhnwhâqlkdlwdvdu‚pddexnxodÈpdn
ÊÊög¯Èh||¯nohuõăȥËl ödow‚qgd
llqdqdol}llqtćÍgh™hulvhloplÈwluÝ
vwdwlndqdol}lq|ds‚opdv‚
õnhvuljhqhoolnohÓâÎČwluödow‚qgdvhklpwdknlnl
ÊËö$g‚p
GHEHOLUOHQHQkduhnhwhwnlohulqlq
DG‚P
GHNLGijH\\NOHUOH
NRPELQDV\RQXQXQEXOXQPDV‚Ý


 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

hulnläÈgh™huhsuhp¯n¯¤qwhplČ
yhä rgluohÈwluph¤qwhpČohulqlq
vrqxodu‚âshul|rgxyhwdedqnhvphnxyyhwl
edn‚p‚qgdqdÈd™‚gdnduȂodÈw‚u‚op‚Èw‚uÝ
IhnloÐË
lqdyh}hplqelojlohulÞ dvdu‚pllq¤uqhn|ds‚Ý
¬ hsuhpe¤ojhvlãdjćËâÓpðvË
¬ lqdq‚q¤qhpndwvd|‚v‚ãrilvelqdv‚â 6
Ȗ ćÊâÓ ćıdjćËâÓpðvË
¬ huylv|¯n¯õduhnhwol|¯nöćÌnðpË 5
¬ dvdu‚pvshnwuxpxãwlsÊ 4
¬ hplq ćı|¤qhwphol™hj¤uh
ćÊâË
3
ćÓâÊÎv ćÓâÎv ćËv
2,9m
2
¬ dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚ÞtćÍ
1
lqder|xwodu‚IhnloÐËČghyhuloplÈwluÝ
rorqodu‚q|huohÈlp|¤qohuldÈd™‚gdnl
kxvxvodu‚glnndwdodudnvhloplÈwluÞ
¬ khulnl{yh|h™lophgr™uxowxodu‚qgd|dn‚q
rudqgdnxyyhwolyh}d|‚idnvnrorqgd™‚o‚p‚Ý
¬ nrorqodu‚qnxyyhwoldnv‚qgdropdv‚â|ds‚gd Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4
nxoodq‚odqhqghulqnlulÈohu|dqllg¯™¯p
qrnwdodu‚qgd{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlõjhqlÈ
d‚no‚nönlulÈohuloh䯏o¯rorqd|‚ilulÈČ
nrÈxoxqxvd™odpdnllqjhuhnolgluÝ x6

6m

x5
6m

x4
6m

x3
6m

x2
6m

x1

8m 8m 8m
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

lulÈnhvlwohulãprphqw |gr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈohuÝ rphqwgd|dq‚p‚wdknlnlÝ

ÊâÌÎăÊâÎćÊâÌÎ{ÍÌăÊâÎ{ËÍćÎÑăÌÏćÒÍâÓÎnðp
gd|dq‚p‚yhvhklp lulÈohulqkhulnlxfxqxqdqndvwuhrogx™xyduvd|‚op‚Èw‚uÞ gćÒÍâÓÎ{ÏËðÊËćËÑËnp
soâplqćËÑËÝÊÓÏðÌÎÎćÐÒÎÝÊÓÌppÌ
v‚q‚uodu‚q‚qwdknlnl |gr™uxowxvxqgdnlplqlpxpnlulÈnhvlwlÞ ÌÏÓõsoćÊÓÊÒÝÊÓÌppÌö
{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈohuÝhklpwdknlnlÝ
rqxÝ
lulÈohulqkhulnlxfxqxqdqndvwuhrogx™x
¯Èh||¯nohudow‚qgdplqlpxpnlulÈnhvlwohulÞ
yduvd|‚op‚Èw‚uÝ
‚no‚noćÑpÝ
ñ{gr™uxowxvxqgdÞ ÍÓÓ soćÊÐÓËÝÊÓÌppÌ ćËÌÊÌÓÝÊÓÍppÍ
Ëgr™uxowxvxqgdnlhuhyhqlq
ñ|gr™uxowxvxqgdÞ ÌÏÓ soćÊÓÊÒÝÊÓÌppÌ ćÊÏËÐÓÝÊÓÍppÍ
wdȂg‚™‚g¤ÈhphjhqlÈol™lćÏp
¤Èhphd™‚uo‚™‚wdpdp‚gdklo
¯Èh||¯nohulwdȂ|dqexplqlpxper|xwodudgd|dqdudnnlulÈyhnrorqodu‚qqlkdler|xwodu‚q‚
ÎnðpËrodudnndexohgloplÈwluÝ
eholuoh|hfhnlwhudwli|¤qwhphedÈodqdeloluÝ
Èd™‚gdnlkhvdsodpdodugdnxoodq‚odfdnnlulÈ
g¤ÈhphÞÏp{ÎnðpËćÌÓnðp
yhnrorqodu‚qer|xwodu‚õelud}gdkde¯|¯nnhvlwohuvhloplÈwluöÈxqodug‚uÞ
gxyduoduÞÌnðp
ñ{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlulÈnhvlwohulÞ ÎÓÓ ćÍÑËÓÓÝÊÓÍppÍ soćËÊÒÍÝÊÓÌppÌ
vhuylvÞÏp{ÌnðpËćÊÑnðp
ñ|gr™uxowxvxqgdnlulÈnhvlwohulÞ 
ÍÎÓ ćËÒÐÏÓÝÊÓÍppÍ soćÊÍÒÍÝÊÓÌppÌ
ăćÌÓăÌăÊÑćÎÊnðp
ñnrorqoduÞÌÍÓ Þ vwurqjd{lvć |ćÐÏÌÐÓÝÊÓÍppÍ zhdnd{lvć }ćÊÒÐÊÓÝÊÓÍppÍ
hklpv‚q‚u‚ÞăćÎÊnðp
Ì Ì
soâvwurqjd{lvćÍÐÊÑÝÊÓ pp soâzhdnd{lvćÊÒÎÌÝÊÓÌppÌ
dow‚qgdićoðÌÓÓ
ićsoÍðÌÑÍI ćoðÌÓÓ
ćı uhtxluhgćÌÓÓsoÌðÌÑÍćõÌÓÓ{ÎÊ{ÑÌö
ðõÌÑÍ{ÓâË{ÊÓÒöćÊÓÊÒÒÝÊÓÍppÍ
{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlplqlpxpnlulÈnhvlwlÞ
ÌÌÓõIćÊÊÐÐÓÝÊÓÍppÍö

{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈohuÝ
rphqwgd|dq‚p‚wdknlnlÝ
ÊâÌÎăÊâÎćÊâÌÎ{ÌÌăÊâÎ{ÊÑ
ćÐÊâÎÎnðp
lulÈohulqkhulnlxfxqxqdqndvwuh
rogx™xyduvd|‚op‚Èw‚uÞ
gćÐÊâÎÎ{ÑËðÊËćÌÑÊnp
soâplqćÌÑÊÝÊÓÏðÌÎÎćÊÓÐÎÝÊÓÌppÌ
{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlplqlpxpnlulÈnhvlwlÞ
ÍÓÓõsoćÊÐÓËÝÊÓÌppÌö

|gr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈohuÝhklpwdknlnlÝ
lulÈohulqkhulnlxfxqxqdqndvwuhrogx™x
yduvd|‚op‚Èw‚uÝ
‚no‚noćÏpÝ
Ëgr™uxowxvxqgdnlhuhyhqlq
wdȂg‚™‚g¤ÈhphjhqlÈol™lćÑp
g¤ÈhphÞÑp{ÎnðpËćÍÓnðp
gxyduoduÞÌnðp
vhuylvÞÑp{ÌnðpËćËÍnðp
ăćÏÐnðp
hklpv‚q‚u‚ÞăćÏÐnðpdow‚qgdðÌÓÓ
ićsoÍðÌÑÍIćoðÌÓÓ
ćı uhtxluhgćÌÓÓsoÌðÌÑÍ
ćõÌÓÓ{ÏÐ{ÏÌöðõÌÑÍ{ÓâË{ÊÓÒöć
ÎÏÎÌÝÊÓÍppÍ
|gr™uxowxvxqgdnlplqlpxpnlulÈnhvlwlÞ
ËÐÓõIćÎÐÒÓÝÊÓÍppÍö



䯏o¯rorqd|‚i
lulÈČwdknlnl
nhvlwohul}d|‚idnvodu‚|hulqhnxyyhwol
䯏o¯rorqd|‚ilulÈČõöwdknlnlÞ
¤M Rc r 1,3¤ M Rb
?o¯wÈxÈhnloghlidghhgloheloluÞ
¦f yd,column u Wpl,column
âvwurqjd{lvćÍÐÊÑÝÊÓÌppÌ
t 1,3¦ f yd,beams u Wpl,beams
hulnlnrorqyhnlulÈllqÌÎΏholnndolwhvl
vhloplÈwluÝxgxuxpgdwdknlnlÞ
¦W pl, columns t 1,3¦ Wpl, beams
nhvlwlllq}d|‚idnvâ
âzhdnd{lvćÊÒÎÌ{Ë
8g¯™¯pqrnwdodu‚qgdËnlulÈlohËnrorq
nhvlÈphnwhgluâexgxuxpgdwdknlnlÞ
soâfroxpqijÊâÌsoâehdp
‚Èg¯™¯pqrnwdodu‚qgdÊnlulÈlohËnrorq
nhvlÈphnwhgluâexgxuxpgdwdknlnlÞ
ËsoâfroxpqijÊâÌsoâehdp
âIhnloÐËČghj¤vwhulohq
8g¯™¯pqrnwdv‚âËgr™uxowxvxÝ
soâfroxpqâzhdnd{lvijÊâÌWpl,IPEA450
ñÌÍÓ
llqsoâzhdnd{lvćÊÒÎÌÝÊÓÌppÌ
ıÊâÌ{ÊÍÒÍÝÊÓÌćÊÒÍËÝÊÓÌppÌ
‚Èg¯™¯pqrnwdv‚âËgr™uxowxvxÝ
Ësoâfroxpqâzhdnd{lvijÊâÌWpl,IPEA450lg¯™¯p
qrnwdv‚qgdnlnlulÈhj¤uhgdkdn¯¯nelunlulÈ
gh™huohqglulohfh™lqghqgrod|‚wdknlnho¯}xp
|rnwxuÝrÈxoxqvd™odqdfd™‚d‚ndehoolgluÝ


5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ
Êgr™uxowxvxÝ
rorqodu‚q|huohÈwluloph|¤qohullwledul|oh
8nrorqÝnvhqho
ÌÍÓ
edv‚qwdknlnl
dnvodu‚gr™uxowxvxqgdh™lophgd|dq‚p‚
j¤vwhuhfhnÈhnloghgl}loplÈohugluÝ 8ojlol|¯ndodq‚ÞÑ{ÏćÍÑpË
wdknlnlqlqvd™odqdfd™‚d‚ndehoolgluÝ ¤Èhphd™‚uo‚™‚wdpdp‚gdkloćÎnðpË
g¤ÈhphćÍÑ{ÎćËÍÓnðndw
8g¯™¯pqrnwdv‚âËgr™uxowxvxÝ gxyduodućõÑăÏö{ÌćÍËnðndw
huhyhÞÊÑâÎnðndw
soâÌÍÓ
soâ ÎÓÓ{ÊâÌćËÊÒÍÝÊÓÌ ćÌnðpË{ÍÑćÊÍÍn
{ÊâÌćËÑÎËÝÊÓÌppÌ ÊâÌÎăÊâÎćÊâÌÎ{ÌÓÓâÎ
ÍÐÊÑÝÊÓÌppÌıËÑÎËÝÊÓÌppÌ ăÊâÎ{ÊÍÍćÏËËnðndw
ćınrÈxoxvd™odqpdnwdg‚uÝ lulÈndw‚nrorqxqgdnledv‚qÞÏ{ÏËËćÌÐÌËn
dnodȂnexunxopder|xÞËâÒp
‚Èg¯™¯pqrnwdv‚âËgr™uxowxvxÝ õndw|¯nvhnol™lqhhÈlwö
nrÈxoxÞsoâfroxpqâzhdnd{lvijÊâÌsoâ ÎÓÓ dulqolnõÌÍÓ
ËsoâÌÍÓ
lćÐÒppöÞËÒÓÓðÐÒćÌÏâÐ
ćÌÒÓÏÝÊÓÌppÌıÊâÌsoâ ÎÓÓ xohuqdulqol™lȜÞÐÏâÍõÌÎÎndolwhvlö
ćËÊÒÍÝÊÓÌ{ÊâÌćËÑÎËÝÊÓÌppÌ ćıd}dow‚op‚ÈqdulqolnȜćÓâÍÑćıȤćÓâÑÎ
nrÈxoxvd™odqpdnwdg‚uÝ
fćÌÊÎÑÓppË
eâgćÓâÑÎ{ÌÊÎÑÓ{ÌÎÎ
rqxÝ ćÒÎËÒnıÌÐÌËn
lulÈnhvlwohulrodudn{gr™uxowxvxqgd ÎÓÓ
yh|gr™uxowxvxqgd 
ÍÎÓânrorqnhvlwl
rodudnÌÍÓ
dnv|¤qohulqghgl}lohuhnnxoodq‚og‚™‚qgd
nrÈxoxqxvd™odqpdnwdg‚uÝ
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

8nrorqÝlulÈndw‚qgd lvplnn¯wohqlqkhvdsodqpdv‚
sodvwlnprphqwgd|dq‚p‚ ¯wohllqnxoodq‚odqelulpänjČg‚uÝõÊnjn¯woh|dnodȂnÊÓg¯Èh|nxyyhwhnduȂo‚njholuöÝ
lundw‚qwrsodpg¤Èhphdodq‚ÞÌÓ{ËÍćÐËÓpË
oredosodvwlnphndql}pdq‚qelusdudv‚
g¤ÈhphćÎÓÓnjðpË{ÐËÓćÌÏÓÓÓÓnjðndw
rodudnsodvwlnpdivdooduâjlulÈndwnrorqodu‚q‚q

ude¤ophohuyhfhskhãelundwllqwrsodpx}xqoxnÞÌÓp{ÍăËÍp{ÏćËÏÍp
wdedqodu‚qgdroxÈxuÝxnrorqodu‚qh™loph
ÌÓÓnjðpćıÐÒËÓÓnjðndw
gd|dq‚p‚q‚qâvlvplnwdvdu‚pnrÈxoxllqxurfrgh
dw‚hÈlwolhnlspdqoduõdvdqv¤updnlqhrgdodu‚âkdydodqg‚updyhnolpd
ÌõÊÒÒÌñÊñÊsdudjudiÏÝËÝÒÝÊöČhj¤uh
pdnlqhohulâvxwdqnodu‚âyeÝö|dnodȂnÐÒËÓÓnjn¯wohyduvd|‚odeloluÝ
hnvhqhonxyyhwlohh™lophqlqhwnlohÈlplqlq
huhyhÞ
khvdedndw‚odudngh™huohqglulophvljhuhnluÝ
ÌÍÓ nrorqxÞ ËâÒp{ËÍ{ËÍÑjðpćÊÐËÏÓnj
nvhqhonxyyhwÏndw‚qndwn‚odu‚q‚qwrsodp‚g‚uÞ
ÎÓÓnlulÈohulÞ Ñp{Ì{Ï{ÒÓâÐjðpćÊÌÓÏÓnj
gćăȥlćõÌÓÓâÎăÓâÊÎ

ÍÎÓnlulÈohulÞ ÌÓp{Í{ÏÐâËjðpćÑÓÏÍnj
{ÊÍÍö{ÏćÊÒÌËn
wrsodphuhyhÞ ÌÑÌÑÍnjðndw
ȥlćÓâÊÎgh™hulâȥlćijȥËled™‚qw‚v‚qgdq
exoxqxuÝilvohullqȥËlćÓâÌyhed™‚pv‚}
ȥl{õvhuylv|¯n¯öćȥl{ÌÓÓnjðpË{ÐËÓpËćÓâÊÎ{ÌÓÓ{ÐËÓćÌËÍÓÓnjðndw
rodudnnxoodq‚odqndwodullqij ćÓâÎÝ
lundw‚qvlvplnn¯wohvlõăȥlöÞÌÏÓÓÓÓăÐÒËÓÓăÌÑÌÑÍăÌËÍÓÓćÎÓÒÒÑÍnj
ÌÍÓ nhvlwlllqÞsoâgći|g{
ćÌÎÎ
lqdq‚qõÏndwövlvplnn¯wohvlpćăȥlÞÏõndwö{ÎÓÒÒÑÍćÌÓÏÓÝÊÓÌnj
{ÌÊÎÑÓćÊÊËÊÓÝÊÓÌćÊÊËÊÓn
qćgðsoâgćÓâÊÐ
8ojlqwlunlâholnhuhyhwrsodpvlvplnn¯wohqlqvdghfhĖÐâÎČlqlwhpvlohghuõyhwdvdu‚p‚qlon
dćõ
ñËewiöð
ćõÌÊÎÑÓóË{ÌÓÒ{
lwhudv|rqodu‚qgdvdelwn¯wohrodudn|dnodȂp|ds‚odeloluöݤÈhphohulvhwrsodpn¯wohqlqõpö
ÍÓöðÌÊÎÑÓćÓâËËıÓâÊÐõćqö
ĖÐÓČlqlwhpvlohghuâ|dqlg¤Èhphd™‚uo‚™‚q‚dowhuqdwlielug¤Èhphvlvwhplwhuflkhghuhnkdiliohwphn
soâ|âgći|g{soâ|âgćÌÎÎ{ÍÐÊÑÝÊÓÌć
ghsuhphwnlohulqlyhgrod|‚v‚|odelqdpdol|hwlqle¯|¯n¤o¯ghd}dowpdnllqhwnlolelu|rogxuÝ
ÊÏÐÍâÑÒÝÊÓÏppćÊÏÐÍâÑÒnp
â|âgć soâ|âgõÊñqöðõÊñÓâÎdöć
ÊÏÐÍâÑÒÝÊÓÏ{õÊñÓâÊÐöðõÊñÓâÎ
{ÓâËËöćÊÎÏËÝÊÓÏpp
â|âgćÊÎÏËnp
qİdrogx™xqgdqćı â}âgć soâ}âgć
ÌÎÎ{ÊÒÎÌÝÊÓÌppćÏÒÌnp

¤o¯pÊÒÝÊÓČgdnlhohpdqodu‚qwdknlnlqh
j¤uh â|âgćÊÎÏËnpyh â}âgć
ÏÒÌnpgd|dq‚pprphqwohulâwdvdu‚p
kduhnhwhwnlohulqghqe¯|¯nw¯uÝ


 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

äÈgh™huhsuhp¯n¯¤qwhplČnxoodqdudn ÷rwÞlkdlwdvdu‚p|xndu‚gddqodw‚og‚™‚jlel
vdghfhg¯}ohpvhodqdol}hgd|dqdudn|ds‚ovd|g‚
vlvplnwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlqlqkhvdsodqpdv‚ įâxurfrghÑČgheholuwlogl™ljlelįćÊăÊâË
xe¤o¯pgh|dnodȂnäÈgh™huhsuhp¯n¯¤qwhplČglnndwhdo‚qp‚Èw‚uÝ
deorÐČ|lnxoodqdudn|ds‚q‚qgr™doshul|rgxqxqwdkplqhglophvlÞ
ćwÌðÍ wćÓâÓÑÎ ćÏ{ËâÒpćÊÐâÍp ćıćÓâÓÑÎ{ÊÐâÍÌðÍćÓâÐËv
{ðlidghvlqhhÈlwrodfdnw‚Ýdndwexudgdnl
¤uqhnânrorqyhnlulÈohulqäwdwplqhglflČ
er|xwodu‚exoxqgxnwdqvrqudÌõÌer|xwoxö
prgeluohÈwluph|¤qwhpl|ohqlkdlwdvdu‚p‚q
|ds‚odfd™‚yduvd|‚p‚|odjholÈwluloplÈwluÝįllq
nxoodq‚odqõÊăÓâÏ{ðögh™huexwlshuhyhohu
hul|rgdnduȂo‚njhohqwdvdu‚plyphvshnwuxpxqxqkhvdsodqpdv‚gõöÞİİ llqjhuhngh™huh|dn‚qelugh™hugluÝøÝ
ćıgõöćõËâÎ{dj{{öðõt{öćõËâÎ{Ë{ÊâË{ÓâÎöðõÍ{ÓâÐËöćÊâÓÍpðvË
dwodudhwnl|hqhÈgh™hughsuhp
lvplnwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlqlqõeökhvdsodqpdv‚ nxyyhwohulqlqeholuohqphvlÝ
ećpgõöȜćÌÓÏÓÝÊÓÌ{ÊâÓÍ{ÓâÑÎćËÐÓÎÝÊÓÌćËÐÓÎn ¯w¯qndwodugdvlvplnn¯wohhÈlwrogx™xqgdqndw
nxyyhwohul⯏jhqvhorodudngd™‚w‚o‚uõen}ÝIhnlo
xudgdnleâelqdq‚q{yh|d|gr™uxowxvxqgdõČqlqnhvwlulplexudgdvdghfh ÊÏöâyhndwnxyyhwohuldÈd™‚gdnljlelkhvdsodq‚uÞ
elqd|¯nvhnol™lqhed™o‚rogx™xllqkhulnlgr™uxowxgdgdd|q‚g‚uöx|jxodqdfdn
rodqwrsodphÈgh™hughsuhpwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlqllidghhghuyh{yh|d| zi
Fi  Fb –
gr™uxowxodu‚qgdg¯}ohpll|dqdo|hugh™lÈwluphÈhnolexqdj¤uhexoxqxuÝ 3 zj
x¤uqhnwhâkhvdsodpdodu{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlhuhyhohullqvxqxopxÈwxuÝ
ow‚ ʏhuhyhvlqghexuxopdhwnlohulqlq
huhyhgheluelulqlqd|q‚v‚roxsg¤Èhphqlqulmlwgl|diudphwnlvl|ohnxyyhwlq gdklorogx™xwrsodpwdedqwdvdu‚p
huhyhohuhhÈlwrodudngd™‚og‚™‚yduvd|‚odeloluÝxgxuxpgdeluhuhyhghnl nhvphnxyyhwlÞećÎÑÏn
hÈgh™huvlvplnwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlÞećeðÏćÍÎÊn dwodudhwnl|hqnxyyhwohuÞ
ÊćËÐâÒn
xuxopdhwnlohulg¯}ohpll|dqdohwnlohuhhnohqpholgluÝ
qdol}l|ds‚odq|ds‚gdâ{yh ËćÎÎâÑn
|gr™uxowxodu‚qgdnlvlphwulghqgrod|‚khulnln¯wohphunh}lõ
öyhulmlwolnphunh}l ÌćÑÌâÐn
õöe¯w¯qndwodugdjhrphwulnphunh}ghgluÝxâexuxopdnxyyhwohulqlqvdghfhlodyh ÍćÊÊÊâÏn
g‚Èphunh}olnwhqnd|qdnodqdfd™‚ghphnwluÝdqlex¤uqhnwhâexuxopdâÐݤo¯pČgh ÎćÊÌÒâÎn
d‚nodqg‚™‚jleleČlįćÊăÓâÏ{ðdusdq‚lohe¯|¯owhuhnkhvdedndw‚o‚uÝxlidghgh ÏćÊÏÐâÎn
â{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlghsuhphglnrodqelqdq‚q|dwd|er|xwxgxuõÌÓpöÝä{Člvhulmlwoln
phunh}lqghqexuxopdhwnlohulqlqgh™huohqglulohfh™lhuhyh|hrodqphvdih|llidghhghuÝ hsuhpkduhnhwhwnlohulÝ
qe¯|¯nhwnlhqe¯|¯n{|dql{ćÓâÎõÊÎpölohhoghhgloluyhe¯|¯owphdusdq‚Þ
įćÊăÓâÏ{ÓâÎćÊâÌ
xgxuxpgdâexuxopdhwnlohulqlqgdklorogx™xhÈgh™huwdvdu‚p
nhvphnxyyhwlõeöÞećÊâÌ{ÍÎÊnćÎÑÏn
hsuhpkduhnhwhwnlohulõöândwodudhwnl|hq
nxyyhwohudow‚qgd|ds‚odqvwdwlndqdol}lohexoxqxuÝ
lqdplndqdol}vrqxodu‚|odnduȂodÈw‚u‚op‚È
vwdwlndqdol}vrqxodu‚ÊÒÝÊÊČghyhuloplÈwluÝ
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

hsuhphwnlohul|oh rgeluohÈwluph
eluohÈwluloplÈg¯Èh| |¤qwhpl|ohglqdpln
|¯nohu dqdol}
lulÈnhvlwohulâghsuhpyhrdqo‚ng¯Èh| Êgr™uxowxvxqgdnlhuhyhqlq
|¯nohulqeluohÈlpldow‚qgdÈx|¯nnrpelqdv|rqx g¯}ohpvhodqdol}lglnndwhdo‚qp‚Èw‚uÝ
nxoodq‚odudnwdknlnhgloluÞăȥËlćăÓâÌ
ȥËlćÓâÌćÓâÌ{ÌÓÓnj{ luhuhyhllqvlvplnn¯wohâelqdq‚qwrsodp
ÐËÓpËćÏÍÑÓÓnjðndw vlvplnn¯wohvlqlqõăȥlöÊðÏČv‚g‚uÝ
{gr™uxowxvxqgdnlfhskhËÍpx}xqox™xqgdyh
lundwwdnlwrsodpwdvdu‚pn¯wohvlÞ fhskhghdow‚ndwnlulÈexoxqpdnwdroxsn¯wohvl
ăÓâÌćÌÏÓÓÓÓăÐÒËÓÓă õăȥlöðõwrsodpnlulÈer|xöÞăȥlć
ÌÑÌÑÍăÏÍÑÓÓćÎÍËÌÑÍnj ÌÓÏÓÓÓÓðõÏ{Ï{ËÍöćÌÎÍËnjðp
Ëgr™uxowxvxqgdnlhuhyhâexn¯wohqlq
ÊðÎČlqlwdȂuõkhueluÊyhÏâÊðÊÓČxqxãË wnlqwdvdu‚p|hulyphvldjćËâÓpðvËČgluÝ
lodÎdudv‚qgdnlohulqkhuelulÊðÎČlqlwdȂuöÝ xuxopdhwnlohulâg¯}ohp|hugh™lÈwluphhwnlohulqh
Ëgr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈlqg¯Èh| hnohqpholgluÝxâvshnwuxpxįdusdq‚õ|xndu‚gd
õăȥËlöðp|¯n¯ÞÎÍËÌÑÍð d‚nodqg‚™‚jlelįćÊâÌölohe¯|¯owhuhnexoxqxuÝ
õÎ{ËÍpöćÍÎËÓnjðp rod|‚v‚|oddqdol}llqglnndwhdo‚qfdndjgh™hulÞ
ăȥËlćÍÎâËnðp djćË{ÊâÌćËâÏpðvË


 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

qdol}vrqxodu‚ lqdplndqdol}lohhoghhglohqgh™huohuâhÈgh™hu
ghsuhp|¯n¯|¤qwhpllohhoghhglohqohuhn‚|dvod
gdkdn¯¯nw¯uÝxâglqdplndqdol}ghshul|rgodu‚q
IhnloÐÌyhÐÍâghsuhp|¯nohuldow‚qgdv‚udv‚|od
gr™uxgh™huohulqlqnxoodq‚opdv‚qgdqlohuljholuã
hÈgh™hughsuhp|¯n¯|¤qwhplyhprg
elulqflprgshul|rgxÊćÊâÊÐâhÈgh™hu
eluohÈwluph|¤qwhpllohhoghhglohqh™loph
ghsuhp|¯n¯|¤qwhplqghwdkplqhglohqÓâÐËv
prphqwohulqlj¤vwhuphnwhgluÝ rgodu‚q
Čghqgdkde¯|¯nâyhwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqgd
õduhohulqrsodp‚q‚qduh¤n¯ö
Êırogx™xllqgdkde¯|¯nÊshul|rgxqd
nrpelqdv|rqodu‚q‚qvrqxfxh™lophprphqwohul
nduȂo‚njhohqgõöhwnlq|hulyphvlgdkdn¯¯n
jlelkduhnhwhwnlohulqlqkhsvlsr}lwlilÈduhwolgluÝ
ropdnwdg‚uÝ
qdol}hj¤uhelulqflprghwnlq
n¯wohvlwrsodpvlvplnn¯wohqlqĖÑËâÐČvlgluÝ8nlqfl
IhnloÐÌČghj¤vwhulohqh™lophprphqwohulâd|q‚
prgshul|rgxËćÓâÌÏÑvyhlnlqflprghwnlq
dqgdnljhuhnh™lophprphqwlgl|djudp‚q‚q
n¯wohvlwrsodpvlvplnn¯wohqlqĖÊÓâÍČ¯g¯uÝ
nlulÈxodu‚qgdnl}‚wlÈduhwolprphqwohu
IhnloÐÎyhÐÏâÊÝyhËÝwlwuhÈlpprgodu‚q‚q
lohgdkdjhuhnlwhpvlolgluÝds‚gdnl
|hugh™lÈwluphÈhnloohulqlj¤vwhuphnwhgluÝ
khukdqjleluqrnwdgdnlh™lophprphqwohul
ghsuhpkduhnhwlqlqwhuvlqluropdv‚qgdq
grod|‚sr}lwliyh|dqhjdwlirodeloluÝ

IhnloÐÌ
Ègh™hughsuhp|¯n¯|¤qwhpl|ohhogh
hglohqghsuhpkduhnhwldow‚qgdh™loph
prphqwohulgl|djudp‚ÝlulpÞnpÝ
63.68

69.30

54.97

-50.60 -123.58 -121.16 -54.97

50.60

12.93

28.66 -78.25 38.66 -198.04 36.70 -197.27 31.90 -81.02

106.91

66.26

58.50 -101.96 108.41 -243.58 107.40 -242.42 61.35 -184.88

160.46

86.17 -116.99 173.52 -269.53 172.17 -268.40 89.05 -119.84

203.15

221.72

108.64 -117.68 231.11 -261.34 230.37 -259.97 111.46 -120.58

226.32

266.96

126.43 -76.80 382.15 -139.13 300.70 -137.59 129.64 -78.41

283.23

278.13

209.01

155.38 480.31 477.47 154.30

X
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

deorÊÑyhÊÒâhÈgh™hughsuhp|¯n¯
|¤qwhplyhglqdplndqdol}vrqxodu‚|odñĮ
hwnlohulqlqv‚q‚uodpdodu‚¯}hulqgh|ds‚odq
wdknlnohulqlqghwd|odu‚q‚yhuphnwhgluÝhu
lnl|¤qwhplohexoxqdqwrsodpwdedqnhvph
nxyyhwlgh™huohulwdeorodugdeholuwloplÈwluÞ
ÎÑÏâÓnõeluhuhyhllqhÈgh™hughsuhp
|¯n¯|¤qwhpl|ohexoxqdqödqgÌÒÏâËnõelu
huhyhllqglqdplndqdol}lohexoxqdqöÝ

‚ndj¤u¯o¯|runlșsdudphwuhvlqlqgh™hulelu
dqdol}ghq¤whnlqhid}odgh™lÈphphnwhgluÝÊÝâ
ÍÝâÎÝyhÏÝndwodugdșIJÓâÊÝËÝyhÌÝndwodugd
dqdol}ohughqhoghhglohqh™lophprphqwohul
yhgl™hukduhnhwhwnlohulÊðõÊñșöndgdu
duww‚u‚opdo‚g‚uõËÝndwwdÊâÊÏyhÌÝndwwdÊâÊÌöÝ

IhnloÐÍ
lqdplndqdol}ghqhoghhglohq
ghsuhpkduhnhwldow‚qgdh™loph
prphqwohulgl|djudp‚ÝlulpÞnpÝ

38.54 89.50 89.50 38.54

54.00 133.83 133.83 54.00

67.35 158.96 158.96 67.35

77.04 77.42 77.42 77.04

83.88 197.52 197.52 83.88

103.43 321.02 321.02 103.43

X


 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

IhnloÐÎ
ÊÝlwuhÈlpprgxqxq
|hugh™lÈwluphÈhnol
õ¤ohnolgh™logluö

IhnloÐÏ
ËÝlwuhÈlpprgxqxq
|hugh™lÈwluphÈhnol
õ¤ohnolgh™logluöÝ

X
 19. Tasarım Örneği

Şekil 77’de yapısal elemanların tahkiki için
kullanılan yük kombinasyonu altında eğilme
momenti diyagramı gösterilmektedir:
E + G + ȥ2i Q (eğilme momentleri eşdeğer
deprem yükü yöntemiyle bulunan)
Maximum kiriş momenti, 2. katta
oluşmuştur: 509,8 kNm
1/ (1- ș) artışı ile: 1,16 x 509,8 = 591,4 kNm
IPE500 kesitleri: Mpl,Rd = 2194.103 x
355 = 778,9 kNm > 591,4 kNm
İç kolonlardaki maximum moment: 427 kNm,
kolonların tabanında (1. ve 2. kattaki momentler
1/ (1- ș) artışıyla bile bu değerden küçüktür).
İç kolonlar kuvvetli akslarında
eğilen HE340M kesitleri:
Mpl,Rd = 4718.103 x 355 =
1674,9 kNm > 427 kNm
Dış kolonlardaki maximum moment: 195,2 kNm,
kolonların tabanında (1. ve 2. kattaki momentler
1/ (1-ș) artışıyla bile bu değerden küçüktür).
Dış kolonlar zayıf akslarında
eğilen HE340M kesitleri:
Mpl,Rd = 1953.103 x 355 =
693,3 kNm > 195,2 kNm
Tasarım depreminin yarısı olduğu varsayılan
servis (hareketli) deprem yükleri altında yapılan
tahkikler herhangi bir sorun yaratmaz. Katarası
ötelemeler (Ds) Tablo 18 ve 19’da verilen
değerlerin yarısı kadar olup maximum:
Ds = 0,5 x 0,054 x 1/ (1- ș) = 0,031m
Ds / h = 0,031m / 2,9 = 0,0108 = 1,1 %
Bu değer, yapıdan bağımsız çalışan
dolgu duvarları ve ara bölme duvarları
da dikkate alınarak kabul edilebilir..

Şekil 77
Yapısal elemanların tahkiki için kullanılan
yük kombinasyonu altında eğilme momenti
diyagramı: : E + G + ȥ2i Q . Birim: kNm
-343.63

-289.10

97.70 -154.73 -90.01 -203.26

160.21
164.72

124.59
-377.14

-378.41

-320.58

18.08 -82.66 -194.97 -200.34 -177.35

146.30
148.34

135.48
-435.41

-431.35

-367.20

-41.65 -251.68 -234.31 -205.66

146.06

156.21
163.62

-482.39

-472.51

-404.26

-17.82 -276.66 -261.28 -219.02

167.27
157.81
174.68

-509.80

-502.55

-427.29

18.26 -16.74 -227.68 -248.71 -219.44

172.22
183.65

166.18
-491.93

-476.71

-392.66

21.92 -146.99 -129.73 -158.51

156.61
182.18

156.61

114.46 481.49 476.28 195.20

X

113
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

deorÊÑ
Ègh™hughsuhp|¯n¯|¤qwhpl|oh
|ds‚odqdqdol}vrqxodu‚

Ègh™hughsuhp|¯n¯|¤qwhpl ćvăăȥlÝ ăȥlÝćÌÎâÍËnðp

dw dw dwdudv‚wdvdu‚p dwd|ndw lndw‚qgdnl lndw‚qgd dw dwdudv‚
|hugh™lÈwluphvlÞ ¤whohphvl nxyyhwohullÞ nhvphnxyyhwlÞ wrsodp |¯nvhnol™l ¤whohph
õglñglñÊöÞ g¯Èh||¯nÞ lÞ d|duodpd
ndwvd|‚v‚
õlñlñÊöÞ
gl÷pø gu÷pø l÷nø wrw÷nø wrw÷nø kl÷pø ș

Ó gÓ Ó guÓ
Ê gÊ ÓâÓÌÌ guÊ ÓâÓÌÌ Ê ËÐâÒ wrwÊ ÎÑÏâÓ wrwÊ ÎÊÓÓ kÊ ËâÒ șÊ ÓâÊÓÓ
Ë gË ÓâÓÑÐ guË ÓâÓÎÍ Ë ÎÎâÑ wrwË ÎÎÑâÊ wrwË ÍËÎÓ kË ËâÒ șË ÓâÊÍÊ
Ì gÌ ÓâÊÌÒ guÌ ÓâÓÎË Ì ÑÌâÐ wrwÌ ÎÓËâÌ wrwÌ ÌÍÓÓ kÌ ËâÒ șÌ ÓâÊËË
Í gÍ ÓâÊÑÍ guÍ ÓâÓÍÍ Í ÊÊÊâÏ wrwÍ ÍÊÑâÏ wrwÍ ËÎÎÓ kÍ ËâÒ șÍ ÓâÓÒÌ
Î gÎ ÓâËÊÏ guÎ ÓâÓÌÌ Î ÊÌÒâÎ wrwÎ ÌÓÐâÓ wrwÎ ÊÐÓÓ kÎ ËâÒ șÎ ÓâÓÏË
Ï gÏ ÓâËÌÑ guÏ ÓâÓËÊ Ï ÊÏÐâÎ wrwÏ ÊÏÐâÎ wrwÏ ÑÎÓ kÏ ËâÒ șÏ ÓâÓÌÐ

dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚ÞtćÍ

deorÊÒ
rgeluohÈwluph|¤qwhpl|oh
|ds‚odqdqdol}vrqxodu‚

rgeluohÈwlph|¤qwhpl
ćvăăȥlÝ ăȥlÝćÌÎâÍËnðp
lqdplndqdol}Ý
dw dw dwdudv‚wdvdu‚p dwd|ndw lndw‚qgdnl lndw‚qgd dw dwdudv‚
|hugh™lÈwluphvlÞ ¤whohphvl nxyyhwohullÞ nhvphnxyyhwlÞ wrsodp |¯nvhnol™llÞ ¤whohph
õglñglñÊöÞ g¯Èh||¯nÞ d|duodpd
ndwvd|‚v‚
õlñlñÊöÞ
gl÷pø gu÷pø l÷nø wrw÷nø wrw÷nø kl÷pø ș

Ó gÓ Ó guÓ
Ê gÊ ÓâÓËË guÊ ÓâÓËË Ê ËÏâÏ wrwÊ ÌÒÏâË wrwÊ ÎÊÓÓ kÊ ËâÒ șÊ ÓâÓÒÒ
Ë gË ÓâÓÎÐ guË ÓâÓÌÎ Ë ÍËâÒ wrwË ÌÏÒâÐ wrwË ÍËÎÓ kË ËâÒ șË ÓâÊÌÐ
Ì gÌ ÓâÓÒÓ guÌ ÓâÓÌÌ Ì ÎÓâÓ wrwÌ ÌËÏâÑ wrwÌ ÌÍÓÓ kÌ ËâÒ șÌ ÓâÊÊÑ
Í gÍ ÓâÊÊÐ guÍ ÓâÓËÐ Í ÏÊâÊ wrwÍ ËÐÏâÐ wrwÍ ËÎÎÓ kÍ ËâÒ șÍ ÓâÓÑÏ
Î gÎ ÓâÊÌÐ guÎ ÓâÓËÓ Î ÑÎâÓ wrwÎ ËÊÎâÏ wrwÎ ÊÐÓÓ kÎ ËâÒ șÎ ÓâÓÎÍ
Ï gÏ ÓâÊÍÑ guÏ ÓâÓÊË Ï ÊÌÓâÏ wrwÏ ÊÌÓâÏ wrwÏ ÑÎÓ kÏ ËâÒ șÏ ÓâÓËÐ

dyudq‚Èndwvd|‚v‚ÞtćÍ
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

Ëgr™uxowxvxlg¯™¯p
o‚qohykdodu‚yhnlulÈohududv‚qgdnl
nd|qdnodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚Ý

o‚qohykdv‚q‚qwdvdu‚p‚Ý

o‚qohykdv‚qdeluedÈo‚™‚qx|jxodg‚™‚
qrnwdv‚qgdnlnlulÈnrorq hwhuolkd}‚uo‚nyhx|jxodpd|odõkhulnl wrsodpwdvdu‚phnphnxyyhwlõwuâgöÞ
eluohÈlplwdvdu‚p‚ nhqdugdqnd|qdnodqdfdnÈhnloghnd|qdn
roxnodu‚ön¯wnd|qdnâuhihudqvrodudn
wuâgć gðõÎÓÓñÊÏö
ćÊÓÐÊÝÊÓÌðÍÑÍćËËÊÌn
wdvdu‚pdȂu‚gd|dq‚pnulwhulqlvd™oduvd
xe¤o¯pghËgr™uxowxvxqgdnl ÎÓÓnlulÈlq
khukdqjlelukhvdsodpd|djhuhnndopd}Ý ÊÒÒÌñÊñÑČghnldo‚qohykdv‚wdvdu‚p‚q‚q
ÌÍÓ nrorqdeluohÈlplqlqwdvdu‚p‚¤uqhnrodudn
gd|dqg‚™‚hqhumlghqnohplÞ
vxqxopxÈwxuÝhulnlvlghÌÎΏholnndolwhvlqghgluÝ
xorqodu‚qwdvdu‚p‚Ý Í soâÊâg{șćwuâg{ș{p
deorÒČgdwdq‚podqg‚™‚jlelâv¯qhnolnv‚q‚i‚
™lophprphqwlõ gâfrqqhfwlrqöÍv‚udËdghw
llqx|jxqrodqelueluohÈlpwlslvhloplÈwluÝx
ÊÓÝÒndolwhvlqgh ÌÏf‚ydwdodu‚|oddnwdu‚odeloluÝ xudgdșâohykdq‚qhqler|xqfdroxÈdq
IhnloÌÏČgdÈhpdwlnrodudnj¤vwhulohqwdnyl|hvl}
ÊÝv‚udllqâkućÎÓÓóÊÏăÐÓćÎÎÍppÝ sodvwlndnpdl}jlvlqghnlõ|dwd|dnpdl}jlvlö
do‚qohykdo‚elueluohÈlpgluãx}dqw‚op‚Èdo‚qohykdodu‚
ËÝv‚udllqâkućÎÓÓóÊÏñÐÓćÍÊÍppÝ g¤qph|lã soâÊâgâexdnpdl}jlvler|xqfd
ideulndruwdp‚qgdnlulÈhnd|qdnodqdudnlpdo
roxÈdqsodvwlnprphqwlãÍândonpdõd|u‚opdö
hgloluyhÈdqwl|hghnrorqedÈo‚nodu‚qdf‚ydwdodq‚uÝ
ÊÓÝÒndolwhvlqgh ÌÏf‚ydwdv‚q‚q kduhnhwlv‚udv‚qgdõIhnloÑÓöroxÈdqdnpdl}jlvl
xwdvdu‚pâd|u‚fdâËgr™uxowxvxqgdnlehq}hu
hnphgd|dq‚p‚õwuâgöÞ vd|‚v‚q‚ãpâf‚ydwddnv‚qgdqedÈo‚n|¯}h|lqhrodq
nlulÈeluohÈlpkxvxvodu‚q‚gdlhuluãx}dqw‚op‚È
wuâgćÓâÒix
vðȖ ËćÓâÒ{ÊÓÓÓ{ÑÊÐ phvdih|lõÐÓppâen}ÝIhnloÐÒölidghhghuÝ
do‚qohykdodu‚ideulndruwdp‚qgdnllpdodw
ðÊâËÎćÐÌÎâÌnðÊâËÎćÎÑÑâËn
npdq‚qâohykdgdgh™loghnlulÈwhroxÈpdv‚
v‚udv‚qgd 
ÍÎÓnlulÈohulqhnd|qdnodq‚uyh
llqdÈd™‚gdnlnrÈxoxqvd™odpdv‚jhuhnolgluÞ
Èdqwl|hghnrorqedÈo‚nodu‚qdnd|qdnodqdqglnh|
gâdvvhpeodjhćõÎÎÍăÍÊÍö{Ë{ÎÑÑâËć Í soâÊâg{șıwuâg{ș{p
ohykdodudf‚ydwdodq‚uõen}ÝIhnloÐÑyhÐÒöÝ
ÊÊÌÑÝÊÓÌnppćÊÊÌÑnpıÊÓÐÊnp soâÊâgćõohii{wË{i|öðÍȖ Ó

Èd™‚gdnlwdvdu‚pwdknlnohulvdghfhË
ohiićÌÓÓpp
gr™uxowxvxqgdnleluohÈlpllqvxqxopxÈwxuÝ
hvphnxyyhwlâj¤yghqlqkhulnlwdudi‚qd Ȗ ÓćÊâÓ
|huohÈwlulohqyhnhvphnxyyhwlqlnhqgledȂqd i|ćÌÎÎðppË
ÎÓÓnlulÈeluohÈlplqghnlwdvdu‚p
wdȂ|delohfhnndsdvlwhghwdvduodqdqÏdghw õÍ{ÌÓÓ{wË{ÌÎÎöðÍćËËÊÌÝÊÓÌ{ÐÓ
prphqwyhnhvphnxyyhwlÝ
ÊÓÝÒndolwhgh ËÓf‚ydwdodu‚|oddnwdu‚odeloluÝ ćıplqlpxpwćÌÑâÊ|dqlćıwćÍÓpp
xorqodu‚qwdvdu‚pnhvphgd|dq‚p‚Þ
dvdu‚pprphqwyhnhvphnxyyhwohulâsodvwln
Ï{ÊËËâÎðÊâËÎćÎÑÑnıÍÍÑâÎn rwÝ
pdivdoodu‚qËgr™uxowxvxqgdnlõw¯pndwodugdö
¬ nrorqedÈo‚™‚q‚qndo‚qo‚™‚q‚qõwiöÍÓpp
e¯w¯qnlulÈohulqxodu‚qgdroxÈpdv‚qded™o‚g‚uÝ
hykdq‚qõÍÓppndo‚qo‚™‚qgdâen}Ý ¬ nrorqj¤yghvlqhphvdihvlqlqõÊÎÓðËö
dvdu‚pgh™huohulânlulÈpdo}hphvlqlqqrupdo
dÈd™‚öwdvdu‚pwdȂpdgd|dq‚p‚Þ – (wz /2)= 75 – 21/2 = 64,5 mm < 70 mm
i|ćÌÎÎðppËdnpdgh™hulqghqgdkd
gâsodwhćõÏ{ÊÒÌ{ÍÓöð ¬ nrorqedÈo‚™‚qgdnlsrwdqvl|hoglnh|
e¯|¯nrodqjhuhnpxndyhphwlqlkhvded
õÊÓ{ÊâËÎöćÌÐÓÎnıÍÍÑâÎn dnpdl}jlvlqlq(70 + 16 + 70) +
ndwdudnexoxqxuÝxqdȖrydusdq‚yhÊâÊ
(2x70) = 296 mm ≈~300 mm
n‚vphqhpql|hwndwvd|‚v‚nxoodq‚odudnxodȂo‚uÞ
ropdv‚qgdqgrod|‚edÈo‚™‚qâeluohÈlpghq
gâfrqqhfwlrqijÊâÊȖry soâgâehdpćÊâÊ
dnwdu‚odqhnphnxyyhwlqlâhqlqhehunlwph
{ÊâËÎ{ÐÐÑâÒćÊÓÐÊnp
ohykdwdnyl|hvlqhjhuhnndopdgdq

nduȂodpdv‚llqjhuhnolgd|dq‚pdvdkls
gâćË soâgâehdpðoćË{
rogx™xvrqxfxqdydu‚odeloluÝ
ÐÐÑâÒðÑćÊÒÍâÐn

ăȥËlõćÍÎâËnðpâen}Ý|xndu‚gdnl
khvdsodpdoduö|¯nnrpelqdv|rqxdow‚qgdgâ

gâćÓâÎ{Ñ{ÍÎâËćÊÑÓâÑn

gâfrqqhfwlrqijÊÑÓâÑăÊâÊ{
ÊâËÎ{ÊÒÍâÐćÍÍÑâÎn
¤o¯pÏâÑyhÒČgdd‚nodqg‚™‚jlelh™loph
prphqwlyhnhvphnxyyhwlqlqwdvdu‚p
gh™huohulyhulogl™lqghãwdvdu‚pâxurfrghÑ
õÊÒÒÑñÊÞËÓÓÍöČghnllojloled}‚hn¤}ho
jhuhnololnohuoheluolnwhxurfrghÌõÊÒÒÌñ
ÊñÑöČ¯qjhuhnololnohulqhj¤uh|ds‚odeloluÝ

 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

o‚qohykdv‚yhnrorqedÈo‚™‚q‚q
}‚pedodpdgd|dq‚p‚wdknlnlÝ
luf‚ydwdlohdo‚qohykdv‚yhnrorqedÈo‚™‚q‚q
}‚pedodqpdgd|dq‚p‚õsâgöârf‚ydwd
Ó
wdudi‚qgdqx|jxodqdelohqhnphnxyyhwlqghq
õwuâgöe¯|¯nropdo‚g‚uÞsâgıwuâg

|q‚ndo‚qo‚™dõÍÓppöyhdnpdgd|dq‚p‚qd
õÌÎÎðppËövdklsrogxnodu‚llqdo‚qohykdv‚
yhnrorqedÈo‚™‚q‚qwdknlnohuld|q‚g‚uÝ
wuâgćËËÊÌðÍćÎÎÌn
ÓćÊâÓ
sâgâf‚ydwdq‚qedȂds‚qgdõ
ÌÏf‚ydwdv‚ ohykdodu‚q‚lkpdohghuhn
llqÎÑppöyhohykdndo‚qo‚™‚qgdõÍÓ
ppövlolqglulq}‚pedodqpdv‚qdnduȂo‚n
jhohqnhvphgd|dq‚p‚rodudndo‚q‚uÞ
sâgćÓâÏ{ÌâÊÍ{ÎÑ{ÍÓ{ÎÓÓðÊâËÎć
ËÊÑÎÝÊÓÌćËÊÑÎnıÎÎÌn
rorqj¤yghsdqholqlqnhvphwdknlnlÝ
dvdu‚pdj¤uhsodvwlnpdivdooduânrorqodu‚qvd™yh
vroxqdeluohÈhqnlulÈnhvlwohulqghroxÈxuÝdqlsdqho
e¤ojhvlqgh|dwd|wdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlõzsâgöÞ
zsâgć
soâgâohiwðõgohiwóËwiâohiwö ÏÝËÝÏÝÌöČhj¤uh|ds‚opdnwdg‚uÝ
ă
soâgâuljkwðõguljkwóËwiâuljkwöăgâf
Ó
gâfČ|llkpdohghuhnÞ
ćË{ÊÓÐÊÝÊÓÌðõÌÐÐñË{ÍÓöćÐËÊËn
zeâgćõÓâÒi|
zföðõįÌ{Ȗ
Óö
ćõÓâÒ{ÌÎÎ{ÒÑÒÌöðõįÌ{ÊâÓö
ćÊÑËÍÝÊÓÌ
zeâgćÊÑËÍnİİÐËÊËn
rorqj¤yghsdqholqlqhqlqhedv‚qwdknlnlÝ
xwdknlnÊÒÒÌñÊñÑõfoÝ
ÏÝËÝÏÝËöČhj¤uh|ds‚opdnwdg‚uÝ
fâzfâgćȦnzfehiiâfâzfwzfi|âzfðȖ
dvlweluwdknlndÈd™‚gdnljlel|ds‚o‚uÞ
¬ ȦyhnzfČ|lÊâÓyhehiiâfâzfć
wieăÎõwifăvöćÊÏăÎ
õÍÓăËÐöćÌÎÊppõexqoduhpql|hwol
wdudiyduvd|‚podu‚g‚uödodudn
¬ Ȗ
¬ |gr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈohulqed™odqw‚
fâzfâgćÌÎÊ{ËÊ{ÌÎÎćËÏÊÏÝÊÓÌ
ćËÏÊÏnıwuâgćËËÊÌn
xkdol|ohwdknlnvd™odqp‚Èw‚uÝdkdndsvdpo‚
eluwdknlnâ|gr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈohulqed™odqw‚
ohykdodu‚q‚khvdedndwdudn|ds‚odfdnw‚uÞ
ehiiâfâzfćwieăÎõwifăvöćÊÏăÎõÍÓ
ăËÐăÍÓăÍÓöćÐÎÊpp
rorqj¤yghsdqholqlqhqlqhhnphwdknlnlÝ
xwdknlnÊÒÒÌñÊñÑõfoÝ
fâzfâgćȦehiiâfâzfwzfi|âzfðȖ
xndu‚gdnlwdknlnlohd|q‚rogx™xqgdq
grod|‚vd™odp‚ÈrodudnndexohgloheloluÝ

xgxuxpgdnrorqj¤yghndo‚qo‚™‚q‚qâ
ÐËÊËóÊÑËÍćÎÌÑÑnnhvphgd|dq‚p‚qgd
lodyhohykdoduodduww‚u‚opdv‚jhuhnluÝ
xgdlodyhnhvphdodq‚qdnduȂo‚njholuÞ
õÎÌÑÑÝÊÓÌįÌöðõÌÎÎ{ÓâÒöćËÒËÓÒppË
|gr™uxowxvxqgdnlnlulÈohullqeluohÈlp
wdvdu‚p‚qgdËÒÐppx}xqox™xqgdyh
ËÒËÓÒðõË{ËÒÐöćÍÒâËppćıÎÓpp
ndo‚qo‚™‚qgdlnlohykdjhuhnolgluÝõIhnloÐÑö
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

dvdu‚pvhhqhnohul
owhuqdwlirodudnânlulÈnhvlwohulqlqeluohÈlpohulqh
|dn‚qn‚v‚podu‚q‚õän¤shnnhpl™lČyh|d
âen}Ý
¯}hulqh|ruxpodu IhnloÌÌyhÌÑöe¤ojhvho}d|‚iodwpdnglnndwh
do‚qdeloluÝxjlelelu|dnodȂpâ|ds‚q‚qulmlwol™lql
xndu‚gdvxqxodqwdvdu‚pdâwdvdu‚pghsuhpl vdghfhelud}gh™lÈwlulunhqõ|dqlkdodÈhnlo
|¯nohphvldow‚qgdñĮhwnlohulqghqnd|qdnodqdq gh™lÈwluphwdvdu‚pjhuhnololnohulqhx|dunhqöâ
|hugh™lÈwluphyhghsuhpvhuylv|¯nohphvldow‚qgd nlulÈnrorqeluohÈlpohulqhx|jxodqdqwdvdu‚p
ndwdudv‚¤whohphv‚q‚uodu‚kdnlpropxÈwxuÝxâ prphqwohulqghõyhnhvphnxyyhwohulqghö
nlulÈohullqvhlohqnhvlwer|xwodu‚q‚qâgd|dq‚p |duduo‚elud}dopdvd™oduÝ8g¯™¯p
llqnd‚q‚opd}eluhpql|hwsd|‚qdvdklsropdv‚ qrnwdodu‚qgd ÎÓÓČ¯qsodvwlnprphqwl
ghphnwluã soâgćÐÐÑâÒnpı gćÎÒÊâÍnp õ soâgöÐÐÑâÒðÎÒÊâÍćÊâÌËõÌËĖd}dopdö
õx|jxodqdqhqhoyhulÈvl}prphqwgxuxpxöÝ rudq‚qgdd}dow‚odeloluÝdql
nxoodqdudnf‚ydwd
dsodu‚yhdo‚qohykdndo‚qo‚nodu‚d}dow‚odeloluÝhoh
rphqwohulwhnudugd™‚w‚p‚qgdqid|gdodqpdn ÎÓÓnlulÈohulq}d|‚idnvodu‚qded™odqg‚™‚
õen}ݤo¯pÊÓöâ|ds‚gdndexohglohph}hvqhnoln hyuhnrorqodu‚qdrodqeluohÈlpohughd}dopdâ
vhyl|hvl|ohvrqxodqdfd™‚llqâgdkdn¯¯n gČqlqpdnvlpxpgh™hulÍÑÊnp
nlulÈnhvlwohulnxoodqpdnv¤}nrqxvxgh™logluÝ rogx™xllqgdkdid}odg‚uõĖÏÊd}dopdöÝÝ

IhnloÐÑ
lulÈnrorqeluohÈlplqlqsodqj¤u¯q¯È¯Ý

IPE A 450

HE 340 M

IPE 500 X
150

35 50

40 40
130

IPE A 450


 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

l™huwdvdu‚pvhhqhnohullpdodwyh|ds‚ IhnloÐÒ
pdol|hwohulqld}dowpdnllqglnndwhdo‚qdeloluÝ lulÈnrorqeluohÈlplqlq|dqj¤u¯q¯È¯Ý
rorqodu‚q}d|‚idnvodu‚qded™odqdqnlulÈohu
llqedvlweluohÈlpnxoodqpdnnrorqäg¯™¯pČ
qrnwdodu‚q‚edvlwohÈwluluÝ&huhyhqlqulmlwolnnd|e‚
gdkdghulqnlulÈyhnrorqnhvlwohulnxoodq‚odudn
whodilhgloheloluÝ
|u‚fdâghsuhpgd|dq‚p‚q‚q

70 60
60 60
e¯|¯nelun‚vp‚q‚vd™od|dqhuhyhvd|‚v‚q‚

13,1

16
d}dowpdnlojlqrodeloluÝ?uqh™lqâÊyhÍ
gr™uxowxodu‚qgdnlhuhyhohu|gr™uxowxvxqgdnl 4 M 36

100 60

70
yhÊâÍyhÏgr™uxowxodu‚qgdnlhuhyhohu{
gr™uxowxvxqgdnlghsuhpgd|dq‚p‚q‚vd™odpdv‚

82
llqwdvduodqdeloluÝdkdn¯¯nnlulÈnhvlwohul
yhgdkdd}pdol|hwoleluohÈlpohugl™huhnvhq

82
100
IPE A 450
gr™uxowxodu‚¯}hulqghnlhuhyhohughnxoodq‚odeloluÝ 6 M 20

82
60 100
13,1

82
70
16
60

4 M 36

60 70
IPE 500

HE 340 M

IhnloÑÓ
ÎÓÓnlulÈlqlqdo‚qohykdv‚qgdnlsodvwln
Èhnlogh™lÈwluphphndql}pdv‚Ý

IPE 500

A
F tr,rd IPE 500

HE 340 M
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

d|‚iodw‚op‚ÈnlulÈ
Čghqnd|qdnodqdqhvqhnoln
duw‚È‚q‚qhwnlvlÝ

ČqlqeluohÈlphphvdihvlqlqhwnlvlÝ

Čqlq|hulqlqânrorq|¯}h|lqghqelud}x}dn
hqnhvlwohulqlqwdvdu‚p‚ lulÈhqnhvlwlql}d|‚iodwpdnõ
öhuhyh phvdihghropdv‚gxuxpxqxglnndwhdopdn
hvqhnol™lqlâgrod|‚v‚|od¤whohph|lwdkplqhq llqÊÓݤo¯pČghyhulohq|¤qwhphx|dq

pdÝ ĖÐõen}Ý÷Ïø÷Ðøöduww‚u‚uyhexgdșČgdnl er|xwodu‚qvhlophvljhuhnluÝxgxuxpgdÞ
ds‚odqdqdol}hj¤uhăăȥËlvlvpln|¯n ĖÐČolneluduw‚Èlohvrqxodq‚uÝxgxuxpgd dćÓâÎ{ećÓâÎ{ËÓÓćÊÓÓpp
nrpelqdv|rqxdow‚qgd{gr™uxowxvxqgdnl ÎÓÓ deorÊÐČghyhulohqÊðõÊñșöe¯|¯owph vćÓâÏÎ{gćÓâÏÎ{ÎÓÓćÌËÎpp
nhvlwlqghpdnvlpxph™lophprphqwlÎÒÊâÍ dusdqodu‚âgh™lÈwluloplÈșgh™huohulqlglnndwh
npČgluÝÊÒÝÊËČghedkvhglogl™ljlelânlulÈohulq dodudnwhnudukhvdsodqpdo‚g‚uÝõen}ÝdeorËÓö
Čghqnrorq|¯}h|lqhrodqphvdih
wdvdu‚p‚qgdvhklpkdnlprogx™xllqnlulÈwhnl dăvðËõen}ÝIhnloÌÑöÝ
gd|dq‚pid}odo‚™‚ÞÐÐÑâÒðÎÒÊâÍćÊâÌËÝ hundwwde¯w¯q
Čohud|q‚er|xwwdrodfd™‚ dăvðËćÊÏËâÎăÊÓÓćËÏËâÎpp
d|‚iodw‚op‚ÈnlulÈhqnhvlwohulqlnxoodqpd|‚ llqvdghfhhqhoyhulÈvl}÷ÊðõÊñșöćÊâÊÐø dnvlpxpprphqwlqnlulÈxodu‚qgdhogh
g¯È¯qphqlqdpdf‚nlulÈxprphqwlqlÎÒÊâÍ gh™hulqhj¤uhwdvdu‚p|ds‚o‚uÝăăȥËl hglogl™lqlyhh™lophprphqwlgl|djudp‚q‚q
npyh|d|dn‚q‚elugh™huohv‚q‚uodpdnw‚uÝ |¯nnrpelqdv|rqxdow‚qgdnlulÈxodu‚qgd õen}ÝIhnloÐÍönlulÈxfxlohd‚no‚™‚qÊðÌČ¯qh
x|jxodqdqpdnvlpxpprphqwâÊðõÊñșö ndgdun‚vp‚qgdgr™uxvdorogx™x|dnodȂp‚q‚
uhqvlsrodudnexqdânlulÈlqnrorqdelwlÈlnn‚vp‚qgd e¯|¯owphdusdq‚q‚khvdedndwpdgdq |dsdudn
Čghwdvdu‚ph™lophprphqwlÞ
edÈo‚nodu‚nhvlsgdudowdudnxodȂodeloluÝ
qfdngdkd ÎÓÒâÑnpČg‚uÝd|‚iodw‚op‚Èhqnhvlwohu ÊðÌvsdqćÑÓÓÓðÌćËÏÏÏpp
l|lv¯qhnol™hâ}d|‚iodw‚op‚ÈhqnhvlwlânlulÈxfxqxq nxoodq‚og‚™‚}dpdqhvqhnolnduw‚È‚qded™o‚rodudn gâćÎÒÏâÎ{õËÏÏÏóËÏËâÎö
elud}x}d™‚qgd|dspdnodxodȂog‚™‚ghqh|ohuoh pdnvlpxpprphqwÊâÊÐe¯|¯ow¯o¯uÞ ðËÏÏÏćÎÌÐnp
j¤vwhuloplÈwluÝxâv‚q‚uod|‚f‚prphqwlqâelud} ÊâÊÐ{ÎÓÒâÑćÎÒÏâÎnp
iduno‚elugh™huhvdklsropdv‚ghphnwluõen}Ý
IhnloÍÓöÝlnndwhdo‚qdqwdvdu‚pprphqwlâ I¯skhvl}exgh™hu
Čvl}gh™hughq
}d|‚iodw‚op‚ÈnlulÈhqnhvlwlqghqnd|qdnodqdq õÎÒËâÍnörniduno‚gh™logluÝ
hvqhnol™lqduw‚È‚qgdqhwnlohqluÝ
Èd™‚gdnl
sdudjudiodugd
Čghnlwdvdu‚pprphqwlâex
lnlhwphqlglnndwhdodudnkhvdsodqpdnwdg‚uÝ

deorËÓ
h™lÈwluloplÈÊðõÊñșö
e¯|¯owphdusdqodu‚

dwdudv‚¤whohph ¯|¯owphdusdq‚
dw d|duodpdndwvd|‚v‚ș ÊðõÊñșö

|rn
ydu
ydu
Ê ÓâÓÒÒ ÓâÊÓÎ ÊâÊÊ
Ë ÓâÊÌÐ ÓâÊÍÐ ÊâÊÐ
Ì ÓâÊÊÑ ÓâÊËÏ ÊâÊÍ
Í ÓâÓÑÏ ÓâÓÒË Ê
Î ÓâÓÎÍ ÓâÓÎÐ Ê
Ï ÓâÓËÐ ÓâÓËÑ Ê


 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

Čghnlhqnhvlwnhvlpohulqlqwdq‚p‚
vd|hvlqghnlulÈxeluohÈlpohulllq
Òݤo¯pČgheholuwlogl™ljlelâ
nhvlper|xwodu‚õföÈxdudo‚nodugdropdo‚g‚uÞfćÓâËÓelodÓâËÎe wdvdu‚pprphqwlõ gâfrqqhfwlrqöÊÓÐÊ
xgxuxpgdfćÓâËËećÓâËË{ËÓÓćÍÍppÝ npČghqÑÌÍnpČ|hĖËÑd}dow‚op‚Èw‚uÝ
d|‚iodw‚opdp‚È ÎÓÓnhvlwlqlqsodvwlnprphqwlÞ
soâ|i|ćËÊÒÍÝÊÓÌ{ÌÎÎćÐÐÑÝÊÓÏpp luohÈlpghnlnhvphnxyyhwlqlqwdvdu‚pwdknlnlÞ
xdÈd™‚gdnlohulqwrsodp‚g‚uÞ VRd,frqqhfwlrq ≥ VEd = VEd,G + 1,1 Ȗov Ω VEd,E
dÈo‚nprphqwlÞ ewii|õgñwiö ćÊÏ{ËÓÓ{ÌÎÎõÎÓÓóÊÏö ćÎÍÒÝÊÓÏpp
¤yghprphqwlÞ wzi|õgñËwiöËðÍ ćÊÓâË{ÌÎÎ{õÎÓÓóÌËöË ćÊÒÑÝÊÓÏpp ?qfhnlnrÈxoÞ
¤yghñedÈo‚nnhvlÈlplqghnln¤n|du‚ds‚qgdqnd|qdnodqdqprphqwÞ gâfrqqhfwlrqijÍÍÑnzlwkrxwÝ
ćõÐÐÑóÎÍÒóÊÒÑö ćÌÊÝÊÓÏpp
IlpglnlnrÈxoÞ
äd|‚iodw‚op‚ÈČ ÎÓÓõ
öhqnhvlwlqlqsodvwlnprphqwldÈd™‚gdnljlelkhvdsodq‚uÞ gâfrqqhfwlrqijÌÏÑnzlwk
ehćeóËfćËÓÓñÑÑćÊËÓppÝ
dÈo‚nprphqwlÞ ehwii|õgñwiöćÊÏ{ÊÊË{ÌÎÎõÎÓÓóÊÏöćÌÓÑÝÊÓÏpp xgxuxpgdâ
Čghqnd|qdnodqdqeluohÈlpghnl
sodvwlnprphqwlÞ wdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwld}dopdv‚ĖËÊČgluÝ
soâgâćõÌÓÑăÊÒÑăÌÊöÝÊÓÏćÎÌÐÝÊÓÏppćÎÌÐnp

8pdodwghwd|odu‚llqnhvlplq|du‚ds‚q‚elophnghjhuhnolgluõen}ÝIhnloÌÑöÝxâÈx
Èhnloghkhvdsodq‚uÞćõÍfËăvËöðÑfćõÍ{ÌËËăÌËÎËöðõÑ{ÌËöćÑÎÐppÝ

luohÈlpghnlwdvdu‚pprphqwlyhwdvdu‚pnhvphnxyyhwlÝ
hsuhpkduhnhwlqghqnd|qdnodqdq
Čghnlnhvphnxyyhwlâsodvwlnpdivdoodu‚qânlulÈlq
vd™yhvroxodu‚qgdroxÈpdv‚gxuxpxqdnduȂo‚njholuyhdÈd™‚gdnljlelkhvdsodq‚uÞ
gâćË soâgââðČ
xudgdnlČČânlulÈlqhqvrqvdikdodu‚qgdroxÈdqsodvwlfpdivdoodududv‚qgdnlphvdihgluÝ
ČćÑÓÓÓóÌÐÐñõË{ËÏËâÎöćÐÓÒÑppćÐâÓÒÑp
gâćË{ÎÌÐðÐâÓÒÑćÊÎÊn
ăȥËlg¯Èh||¯nohphvldow‚qgd
ČghnlnhvphnxyyhwlõgâöÞ
gâćÓâÎ{ÐâÓÒÑ{ÍÎâËćÊÏÓâÍn

ČghnlwrsodpnhvphnxyyhwlÞ
gâćgâăÊâÊȖrygâćÊÏÓâÍăÊâÊ{ÊâËÎ{ÊÎÊćÌÏÑn

lulÈxeluohÈlpohulqhx|jxodqdqwdvdu‚pprphqwlõ gâfrqqhfwlrqöÞ
gâfrqqhfwlrqćÊâÊȖry soâgââăgâ{
exudgdćdăvðËćËÏËâÎpp
gâfrqqhfwlrqćÊâÊ{ÊâËÎ{ÎÌÐăÌÏÑ{ÓâËÏËÎćÑÌÍnp
 

5BTBSÖN
¯SOFÉJ

vd|hvlqghnlnd}dq
d|‚iodw‚op‚ÈnlulÈhqnhvlwohulqlnxoodqpdn
wdvdu‚phnrqrplvlqheluohÈlpghnlwdvdu‚p
prphqwlqghĖËÑČolnd}dopd|dudwdudn¤qhpol
¤o¯ghndwn‚vd™od|dfdnw‚uÝxd}dopdâd|u‚fdâ
nrorqsdqhoe¤ojhvlqhx|jxodqdqwdvdu‚p
nhvphnxyyhwlqhgh|dqv‚uÝhulnld}dopd
pdol|hwohugh¤qhpol¤o¯ghd}dopdjhwluheloluÝ


 &L

n
n
xurfrghÑwdvdu‚pvshnwuxpxqwdq‚p‚
ufhoru lwwdods‚vdo&holnKuhwlpurjudp‚

hsuhpkduhnhwlqlq|dwd|elohÈhqohulqlq
ufhoru lwwdo¯uhwlpsurjudp‚qgdexoxqdq

khvdsodqpdv‚llq
yuxsd¯onhohulqghjhhuol
rodqjhuhnolgõöwdvdu‚p|dwd|lyphgdyudq‚È
vshnwuxpxdÈd™‚gdnllidghohuohwdq‚podq‚uÝ
djćȖ Ýdju
djÞ
v‚q‚i‚nd|d}hplqwdedndodu‚qgd
hwnlqpdnvlpxp|hulyphvlÝ
ª2 T
holnndolwhohulqlâholnohulqphndqlnyhnlp|dvdo
¤}hoolnohulqlâsuriloohulqer|xwodu‚q‚dÈd™‚gdnl
lqwhuqhwdguhvlqghqlqgluheloluvlql}Þ
kwwsÞððzzzÝdufhoruplwwdoÝfrpðvhfwlrqv
§ 2,5 2 ·º
0 d T d TB : S d T  a g ˜ S ˜ «  ˜ ¨¨  ¸¸»
¬ 3 TB © q 3 ¹¼
2 ,5
TB d T d TC : S d T  ag ˜ S ˜
q

­ 2,5 ª TC º
°= a g ˜ S ˜ ˜
TC d T d TD : S d T  ® q «¬ T »¼
°t E ˜ a
¯ g

­ 2 ,5 ª TCTD º
°= a g ˜ S ˜ ˜
TD d T : S d T  ® q «¬ T 2 »¼
°t E ˜ a
¯ g

gõö wdvdu‚p|dwd|lyphgdyudq‚Èvshnwuxpxã
 gr™uxvdowhnvhuehvwolnghuhfhol
vlvwhplqwlwuhÈlpshul|rgxã
dj
wlsl}hplq¯}hulqghwdvdu‚p
hwnlq|hulyphvlõdjćȖ Ýdjöã
 vshfwuxpndudnwhulvwln
shul|rgodu‚q‚qdowv‚q‚u‚ã
 vshfwuxpndudnwhulvwln
shul|rgodu‚q‚q¯vwv‚q‚u‚ã
 vshnwuxpxqvdelw|hugh™lÈwluph
dudo‚™‚q‚qedÈodqj‚gh™hulã
 }hplqndwvd|‚v‚õen}ÝdeorËöã
Ș v¤q¯pohphg¯}howphdusdq‚âĖÎylvnr}
v¤q¯pohphllquhihudqvgh™hulÞȘćÊ

10 / 5   t 0,55
exudgdnlȟ|ds‚q‚qylvnr}v¤q¯pohph
rudq‚q‚|¯}ghõĖörodudnlidghhghuÝ
 ,BZOBLMBS

d|qdnodu ÷ÊÊø rphqwuhvlvwlqjrqqhfwlrqvri

whhoudphvlqhlvplf
uhdvÝhvljqdqg
holdelolw|Ýglwhge|Ý

 ãù
÷ÊøÊÒÒÑñÊÞËÓÓÍÝhvljqriwuxfwxuhv
glwlrqvâËÓÓÓã ÓñÍÊÎñËÌÎÐÐñÍÝ
iruduwktxdnhhvlvwdqfhÝduwÊÞhqhudo
xohvâhlvplf
fwlrqvdqgxohviru
÷ÊËøzr qqrydwlrqviruduwktxdnhhvlvwdqw
xloglqjvÝõxurfrghÑöÝâxurshdq
hvljqÞwkh urmhfwÝdssruw
rpplwwhhiruwdqgduglvdwlrqÝ
ËËÓÍÍâ ÒËñÐÒñÓÊÏÒÍñÏâËÓÓÏâ
÷Ëøhlvplfhvlvwdqfhrirpsrvlwhwuxfwxuhv
xeolfdwlrqriilfhÞxeolfdwlrqvÝhxursdÝhxÝ
ñhsruwÊÍÍËÑÝÊÒÒËÝxeolfdwlrq
riwkhrpplvvlrqrixurshdqrppxqlwlhvÝ
÷ÊÌøduglvâduydokrâoqdvkdlâdfflrolâlqwrâ
oxplhuÝhvljqhuČvxlghwrxurfrghÑÝkrpdv
÷Ìø
ÝoxplhuÝhz ghdirudihwuxfwxuhv
hoirugxeolvkhuÝ ÓÐËÐÐñÌÌÍÑñÏÝËÓÓÎÝ
lqvhlvplfrqhvÝ
|psrvlxpÝ
l{hgwuxfwxuhv qfoxglqjhz dwhuldov
÷ÊÍøxlghghvlvsrvlwlrqvrqvwuxfwlyhv
ñuxvvhovÊÒÒÓÝssÝÍÌÊñÍÌÏÝ
dudvlvpltxhvghvxyudjhvhq
flhuâ“wrqâ
rlvhw drqqhulhÝ
õ
vvrfldwlrq
÷Íø
ÝoxplhuÝkhrjerqhñdfnwrwkh
udqdlvhgx“qlhdudvlvpltxhöÝ
xwxuhÝ
qjlqhhulqj
rxuqdoñhfrqg
uhvvhvghoČfrohdwlrqdohghvrqwvhw
txduwhuÊÒÒÐñroxphÌÍâqĂËÝ
kdxvv“hvÝËÓÓÎÝ ËñÑÎÐÒÑñÍÊÏñÓÝ
÷Îødxod|dqgulhvwoh|âhlvplf
÷ÊÎø hsruwÍÝrpsrvlwhwhho
hvljqrihlqirufhgrqfuhwhdqg
rqfuhwhwuxfwxuhvČÝderudwrulrdflrqdo
dvrqu|xloglqjvâloh|gÝâÊÒÒË
ghqjhqkduldlyloÝ
ÝoxplhuùÝrqhx{
glwruvõËÓÓÊöÝglwruÝlverqñruwxjdoÝ
÷Ïø rphqwrqqhfwlrqvruhlvplf

ssolfdwlrqvÝdqdgldq qvwlwxwhiruwhho
÷ÊÏødqfkh}âdqgoxplhuâ
Ýäduwlfxodulwlhv
rqvwuxfwlrqÝËÓÓÍÝ ÓñÑÑÑÊÊñÊÓÏñÊ
udlvhge|wkhhydoxdwlrqriordguhgxfwlrq
idfwruviruwkhvhlvplfghvljqrifrpsrvlwh
÷Ðøhfrpphqghghlvplfhvljqulwhuld
vwhhofrqfuhwhvwuxfwxuhvČâurfhhglqjvri
ruhzwhho rphqwñudphxloglqjvÝ
wkhČÒÒwdelolw|dqgxfwlolw|riwhho

ÌÎÓÝ
xo|ËÓÓÓÝ
wuxfwxuhvroortxlxpâlplvrdudâÊÒÒÒÝ
÷Ñøhlvplfurylvlrqviruwuxfwxudowhho
÷ÊÐøÝrqhx{dqg
Ýoxplhuâlvwulexwlrq
xloglqjvÝ
ÌÍÊñÓËÝ d|ËÓÓËÝ
rivwuhvvhvlqwkhvoderifrpsrvlwhvwhho
frqfuhwhprphqwuhvlvwlqjiudphvvxeplwwhg
÷Òø Ýd|dvâÝdodgrâÝdvwljolrqlâ
wrhduwktxdnhdfwlrqÝhuwdkoedxÏðÒÒÝ

ÝoxplhuâÝkdqrsrxorvÝhkdylrxu
rihlvplfhvlvwdqwudfhgudphvzlwk
÷ÊÑø Ýdfhnârqvwuxluhsdudvlvpltxhâglwlrqv
qqrydwlyhlvvlsdwlyhõ örqqhfwlrqvÝ
duhqwk”vhvð ËñÑÏÌÏÍñÓÎÍñËâÊÒÒÏÝ
ÝËÓÓÎÝ ÌñÑÏÊÌÓñÑÊËñÏÝ

÷ÊÓø
ÝoxplhuâÝ
jdwlqrâ
Ýdvwhoodqlâ
ÝdvwljolrqlâÝkhvlÝhvlvwdqfhri
whhorqqhfwlrqvwrrz|fohdwljxhÝ
 wkxurshdqrqihuhqfhrqduwktxdnh
qjlqhhulqjÝdulvÝhswhpehuÊÒÒÑÝ


5FLOJL
%FTUFL
WF

¶×MFNF
4FSWJTJ

hnqlnhvwhn 8Èohphhuylvl qqrydv|rqyhds‚

urmhohulql}gh¯u¯qohulpl}lqyhholn
¯Èwhulohulpl}lqyhrqodu‚q¯uhwlflohulqlq
lwwdollqgh qqrydv|rqyhds‚
¤}¯pohulpl}lqhqñl|lnxoodq‚p‚llq¯fuhwvl}
whnqlnghvwhnyhuphnyhexnrqxgdnlkhuw¯uo¯
vruxodu‚q‚}‚|dq‚wodpdnwdqvhylqgx|du‚}Ýhnqln
ghvwh™lpl}|ds‚vdohohpdqoduâ|ds‚pd|u‚qw‚odu‚â
|¯}h|nruxpdâ|dqj‚qj¯yhqol™lâpdo}hph
phwdoxumlvlyhnd|qdnwdvdu‚p‚nrqxodu‚q‚ndsvduÝ
}pdqodu‚p‚}jlulÈlpohulql}lg¯q|dq‚q
khu|hulqghghvwhnohph|hkd}‚ug‚uÝ
urmhohulql}lqwdvdu‚p‚qgdid|gdodqdelohfh™lql}
|d}‚o‚pyhg¤n¯pdqodu‚gdzhevlwhpl}ghq
nxoodqdeloluyh|delojlvd|du‚q‚}dlqgluheloluvlql}Þ
sectionsÝdufhoruplwwdoÝfrp
holÈwluph

ufhoru
rodqdnodu‚q‚wdpdpod|‚f‚ndsvdpgdropdn¯}huh holÈwluph
|¯nvhnndsdvlwholwdn‚pwh}jdkodu‚|oddÈd™‚gdnl e¤o¯p¯dw‚v‚dow‚qgdlqÈddw
surilolÈohphvhuylvohulqlghvxqpdnwd|‚}Þ vhnw¤u¯qghghqh|lpolâ|ds‚pdo}hphohul
nrqxvxqgdx}pdqeluhnlelpl}ydug‚uÝ8qÈddw‚q
¬ hoph khuw¯u¯llqe¯w¯q¯u¯qohulyh¤}¯pohul
¬
ohyohnhvph ndsvd|dqelu|hosd}hghãwdȂ|‚f‚|ds‚âfhskhâ
¬ nhvph dw‚pdo}hphohulyhehq}hul|ds‚pdo}hphohul
¬ kd}‚uodpd kdnn‚qgdelojlohuhzhevlwhpl}ghqxodÈdeloluvlql}Ý
¬ huvvhklpyhuph
¬ ¯nph zzzÝfrqvwuxfwdoldÝfrp
¬ r™uxowpd
¬ dvvdver|gdvr™xnnhvlp
¬ d|pdvdsodpdodu‚nd|qdwpd
¬ ¯}h|whpl}ohph
¬ r|d|¯}h|nruxpdx|jxodpdodu‚
 Ï[ÕN

0SUBLMBSÖOÖ[

ufhoru lwwdo
rpphufldohfwlrqv
ÏÏâuxhghx{hperxuj
ñÍËËÊvfkñvxuñ
o}hwwh
x{hperxuj
hoÞăÌÎËÎÌÊÌÌÓÊ0
d{ÞăÌÎËÎÌÊÌ2Ð99

sectionsÝdufhoruplwwdoÝfrp

ufhoru lwwdoehÈn‚wdgddowp‚Èwdqid}od¯onhgh
do‚Èpdnwdg‚uÝhevlwhpl}ghq¯onhql}ghnl
|huhorilvlpl}lexoxsdud|deloluvlql}Ý

xeurv¯u¯qkd}‚uodqpdv‚qgdhoghqjhohqkhuw¯uo¯glnndwj¤vwhuloplÈropdv‚qdnduȂq
eurȯu¯qlhuhelohfh™lqrnvdqâkdwdo‚â|dqo‚ÈdqodȂodelohfhnelojlohughqyhexqodu‚qqhghq
rodelohfh™lkhuw¯uo¯}dudu}l|dqgdq
ufhru lwwdokleluÈhnloghvruxpoxoxnndexohwph}Ý


 huvlrqË014ñÊ

ufhoru lwwdo
rpphufldohfwlrqv

ÏÏâuxhghx{hperxuj
ñÍËËÊvfkñvxuñ
o}hwwh
 
hoÝÞăÌÎËÎÌÊÌÌÓÊ0
d{ÞăÌÎËÎÌÊÌ2Ð99

sectionsÝdufhoruplwwdoÝfrp