SITI KUSMARDIYANI

SCHOOL OF PHARMACY ITB

 FA2205 General Pharmacognosy (2 credits)

This course covers natural resources used in medicine: introduction, preparation of crude drugs;
knowledge of crude drugs containing carbohydrates, lipids, resins, volatile oils, alkaloids, and
other natural product compounds such as steroids, enzymes, antibiotics, and their uses as
medicinal substances. Definition, classification, nomenclature, and biosynthesis of each compound
will also be covered.

References:
•Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R., Robbers, J.E., 1988, Pharmacognosy, 9th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
•Trease, G.E., Evans, W.C., 2006, Pharmacognosy, 12th ed., Balliere Tindal, Oxford.
•Bruneton, J., 1995, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, Intercept Ltd., Hampshire.
 FA 2205
GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY
SEMESTER II – 2012 / 2013 Monday, 15.00 – 16.40

Topic # Date
Introduction 2x 21/1, 28/1
Carbohydrates 2x 4/2, 11/2
Volatile Oils 2x 18/2, 25/2
Lipids 2x 4/3, 11/3
Mid-Term Examination 1x 18/3 30%
Alkaloids 2x 25/3, 1/4
Resins & Tannins 1x 8/4
(Other Topics and) Group Presentations 2x 15/4, 22/4 30%
Final Examination 1x 29/4 30%
Reevaluation 1x (ITB’s schedule)
16 x

Class activities 10%

 - Syllabus -

A study of natural resources used in medicine:

introduction, preparation of crude drugs, knowledge of
crude drugs containing carbohydrates, lipids, resins,
volatile oils, alkaloids, and other natural product
compounds, and their uses as medicinal substances.
 DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION / PRODUCTION
SOURCES
USES
 INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
 FIXED OILS, FATS, WAXES

DEFINITION
CH2 – O – CO – R CLASSIFICATION
CH2 – O – CO – R’
CH2 – O – CO – R”
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION / PRODUCTION
SOURCES
USES
 INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
 1. General Introduction
2. Carbohydrates and Related Compounds
3. Glycosides and Tannins
4. Lipids
5. Volatile Oils
6. Resins and Resin Combinations
7. Steroids
8. Alkaloids
9. Peptide Hormeones and the Endocrine System
10. Enzymes and Other Proteins
11. Vitamins and Vitamin-containing Drugs
12. Antibiotics
13. Biologics
14. Allergens and Allergenic Preparations
15. Poisonus Plants
16. Herbs and “Health Food”
----- Find more terminologies related to this special topic and explain. -----
THE STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
APPROACHES:

 ALPHABETICAL Crude drug monographs in national pharmaco-

poeias of many countries

Based on an accepted system of botanical

 TAXONOMIC
classification.

 MORPHOLOGICAL Groups of plant parts: leaves, flowers fruits,

seeds, …

 PHARMACOLOGICAL or THERAPEUTIC
Pharmacological action of the most important
constituent or therapeutic use.

 CHEMICAL or BIOGENETIC FA2205

Important constituents or
their biosynthetic pathway.
Trease, 5-6 OR
1. Tyler, V.E., L.R. Brady, and J.E.
Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th ed.,
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.

2. Evans, W.C., Trease and Evans

Pharmacognosy, 16th ed., Elsevier,
Edinburgh, 2009.

3. Bruneton, J., Pharmacognosy,

Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants,
Intercept Ltd., Hampshire, 1995.

4. Wade, A. and P.J. Weller (Eds.,),

Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Excipients, 2nd ed., Am. Pharm. Assoc.,
1994.

5. Others related to topics

 Varro Tyler, 1926-2001
LAFAYETTE, IND.—Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., an internationally
renowned expert in the field of pharmacognosy and
botanical medicine, died Aug. 22. He was 74.
Tyler was the author of more than 30 books and 350
scientific and educational articles. He had a 30-year career at
Purdue University, located here, serving as the dean of the
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences and as the Lilly
Distinguished Professor of Pharmacognosy. He retired in
1996.
Tyler, affectionately known to his friends as Tip, was an
expert on the safety and therapeutic efficacy of herbal
products and was a popular speaker on the topic.
"Tip had a magical ability to explain something scientific
in a way that made it understandable to those outside
the field," says Marilyn Barrett, Ph.D., of Pharmacognosy
Consulting Services in Redwood City, Calif.
"He was committed to herbal medicine —if the herbs had
been shown through a rational scientific process to have
safety and efficacy according to known scientific principles,"
says Mark Blumenthal, founder and executive director of the
American Botanical Council in Austin, Texas.

From The October 2001 Issue of Nutrition Science News

http://www.newhope.com/nutritionsciencenews/NSN_backs/Oct_01/news.cfm
 DEFINITION

TERMINOLOGY

PHARMACOGNOSY
Greek : pharmakon = drug
gnosis = knowledge

A KNOWLEDGE OF DRUGS OR PHARMACEUTICALS

C.A. Seydler, a medical student, Germany, 1815.

J.A. Smith, professor in Vienna, Lehrbuch der Materia Medica,1811.
PHARMACOGNOSY
DEFINITION

“the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines

with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point
of view.” Flukiger, 1988.

“an applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical,

and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents”
Tyler et al., 1988.

“the study of starting materials and substances intended for

therapeutics, and of biological origin, in other words obtained
from plants, animals, or by fermentation from micro-organisms”
J. Bruneton, 1995.
 . History
. Distribution
. Cultivation
. Collection
. Selection
. Preparation
. Commerce
. Identification
. Evaluation
. Preservation
. Utilization
drugs and economic substances
that affect the health of humans
and animals
 INFORMATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

PHARMACOGNOSY Sources
Constituents

PHARMACOLOGY Activities
Effects

Give examples and explain in such a way to clarify the differences.

TYPES OF DRUGS
DERIVED FROM PLANTS

Herbal drugs, herbal medicinal products,

herbal remedies, phytomedicines.

Compounds isolated from medicinal plants

Nutraceuticals, “functional foods”

Explain: Jamu / TM

Standardized
Herbal
Medicine
Standardized
Wild Extract Phyto-
pharmaca

Herbal Cosmetic,
Natural Standardized Pharm’l
Cultivated Product Crude Drug Food,
Product Pesticide,
etc.

Genetically Extract Active

eng. (Pure)
Pharm’l
Compound
Product /
Novel
Inert Compound
(Pure)
Compound
-Excipients-
Explain:
Pharmaceutical Botany
Pharmacognosy
Phytochemistry
Organic Chemistry
Physicochemistry Phytotherapy
Natural Product Tech. Pharm’l Chemistry Ethnopharmacol.
Pharmacognosy Pharmacology
Pharmacogeografi Organic Chemistry Pharmacology
Pharm’l Chemistry Immunology Toxicology
Marine Pharmacognosy Toxicology
Ethnopharmacognosy
Ethnopharmacology Pharmacognosy
Phytochemistry Jamu / TM
Natural Product Tech.
Pharmacognosy Pharm’l Chemistry Stand.
Phytochemistry Herbal
Medicine
Stand.
Wild type Extract Phyto-
pharmaca
Clinical
Nat. Stand. Pharm’l Pharm. Cosmetic,
Cultivated
Prod. Crude Drug Herbal Food,
Product Pesticide,
etc.
Genetically
Eng. Extract
Active (Pure)
Compound Pharm’l
Phytochemistry Product /
Natural Product Tech. Novel
Separation Method Inert Compound
Pharm’l Botany (Pure)
Pharmacognosy Biosynthesis Pharmacognosy Compound Dosage Form Prep.
Tissue Culture Phytotherapy Pharm’l Chemistry
-Excipient-
Biochemistry Physicochemistry Pharmacology
Biotechnology Pharm’l Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry
Tropical Rain Forest Distribution
Tropical rain forests are located near the equator where the temperature hovers around 27° C
(80° F) year-round. Although they cover less than 10 percent of the Earth’s surface, tropical
rain forests provide habitat for 50 to 90 percent of the world’s plant and animal species.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library

 CRUDE DRUGS
Vegetable or animal drugs
that consist of natural substances
that have undergone only the processes
of collection and drying.
--- Note: in Farmakope Herbal Indonesia you will find “simplisia segar””. EXPLAIN ---

Sennae folium Caryophylli flos Sappan lignum Chinae cortex

Melaleucae folium Psidii folium Alstoniae cortex Andrographidis herba

 ©SK

©SK

FOLIUM
FLOS
FRUCTUS
SEMEN
CORTEX
LIGNUM
RADIX
RHIZOMA
© KUSMARDIYANI
HERBA
©SK

©SK

©SK
Bahan atau ramuan bahan yang berupa bahan tumbuhan,
bahan hewan, bahan mineral, sediaan galenik atau
campuran dari bahan-bahan tersebut, yang secara
turun temurun telah digunakan untuk obat berdasarkan
pengalaman.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia, Ditjen POM, Depkes RI,
2000.
Bahan atau ramuan bahan berkhasiat obat yang memiliki
komposisi sepenuhnya atau lebih dari 75% bobotnya terdiri
dari bahan tumbuhan, bahan hewan, bahan mineral atau
sediaan (sarian) galenik yang berasal dari alam Indonesia.

PP No. 17 Tahun 1986 tentang Kewenangan Peraturan, Pembinaan dan

Pengembangan Industri
Konsep Pengembangan Obat asli Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan
Obat dan makanan, 2000.
 OBAT BAHAN ALAM INDONESIA
Obat bahan alam yang diproduksi di Indonesia

Berdasarkan cara pembuatan, jenis klaim penggunaan,

dan tingkat pembuktian khasiat :

JAMU

OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR

FITOFARMAKA
17 Mei 2004
A MIXTURE OF CRUDE DRUGS
………to be criticized
 In a mixture as seen on the previous slide:
A CRUDE DRUG:
Alstoniae cortex

How to examine the presence of all crude drugs in

such a complicated mixture? Calcium oxalate crystal
Jamu adalah
Obat Tradisional Indonesia.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia,
Ditjen POM, DepKes RI, 2000.

Kompas, 8 January 2005

-Get information about the crude drug -
to be
discussed
in class.

-Get information about the crude drugs -

 What are the sources of these pharmaceuticals?

WHERE CAN YOU FIND THESE ITEMS IN OUR SCHOOL OF PHARMACY?

©SK
 Explain the morphological differences!
©SK

©SK

Kumis kucing, Orthosiphon stamineus Tekelan, Epatorium reptans

 How would the differences contribute
to the misleading medicinal uses of these plants?
 Get scientific information about
these plants! ©SK

©SK
Phyllanthus niruri

Orthosiphon stamineus
©SK

Tinospora tuberculata (Lamk.) Beaumae ex Heyne

 Wedelia calendulaceae Less.
Asteraceae
seruni.

Read and critisize !

Khasiat : untuk obat luka : 15 gram daun dicuci,
©SK
ditumbuk halus, ditempelkan pada bagian yang
luka dan dibalut kain bersih.
Kandungan kimia: saponin, flavonoida, tanin.

- to be discussed -
INVENTARIS TANAMAN OBAT INDONESIA IV, 1997.
 (NATURAL) MEDICINE
Explain!
SAFETY
QUALITY
EFFICACY
 ©SK

Phaleria macrocarpa
©SK
Moringa oleifera

Azadirachta indica
Get empiric and scientific informartion Morinda citrifolia
about these medicinal plants. ©SK

© KUSMARDIYANI Sida rhombifolia

 Information that is organized
in personally meaningful ways
is more likely to be remembered,
learned, and used.
General Research-Based Principles for Improving Higher Learning

INTRODUCTION PART I
© KUSMARDIYANI GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY