DAFTAR PUSTAKA

FAO. 2006. Mayor Food And Agricultural Commodities And Procedures: Sugar Cane 2006.
Dilihat 3 Oktober 2018,< http://www.fao.org/es/ess/ top/commodity.html>.
Dapia, S., Santos, V dan Parajo, J.C. 2002. Study of Formic Acid as an Agent for Biomass
Fractionation. Biomass and Energy. 22: 213-221.
Zhang, M., Qi, W., Liu, R., Wu, S dan He, Z. 2010. Fractionating Lignocellulose by Formic
Acid: Characterization of Major Components. Biomass and Bioenergy. 34: 525-532.
Johansson, A., O. Aaltonen, P. Ylinen. 1987. Organosolv pulping : Method and pulping
properties. Biomass. 13: 45-46.
Myerly, R.C, M.D. Nicholson. R. Katzen, JM. Taylor. 1981. The Forest Refinery. Chemtech.
March : 186 – 192.
Tim Penyusun. 2018. Penuntun Praktikum Laboratorium Teknik Kimia 1. Universitas
Riau,Pekanbaru.
Pandey, A., C.R. Soccol, P. Nigam, and V.T Soccol. 2000. Biotechnological potential ofagro-
industrial residues. I: Sugarcane bagasse.Bioresour. Technol. 74: 69–80.
Tillman, A. D., H. Hartadi, S. Reksohadiprodjo, S. Prawiro Kusuma, dan S.
Lebdosoekoekojo. 1998. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar. Gadjah Mada University
Press,Yogyakarta.
Ibrahim, M., 1998. Clean Fractionation of Biomass - Steam Explosion and
Extraction. Faculty of The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University.
Palonen, H., 2004. Role Of Lignin In The Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of
Lignocellulose VTT Biotechnology. Helsinki University of Technology,
Finland.
Li, T., P. Yang, A. Zhang, X. Zou, L. Peng. R. Wanmg. J. Yang, and Y.Qi Y. 2012.
Differential responses of the diazotrophiccommunityt to aluminium-tolerant and
aluminium-sensitivesoybean genotypes in acidic soil. European Journal of
SoilBiology. 53:76-85.
Steffen, K.T. 2003. Degradation of recalcitrant biopolymers and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons by litter-decomposing basidiomycetous fungi. [disertasi]. Helsinki:
Division of Microbiology Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology
Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki.
 LAMPIRAN A
PERHITUNGAN

A.1 Perhitungan Kadar Air Biomassa

Massa Sampel = 2 gram
Berat Kering Sampel = 1,93 gram

Massa Sampel−Massa Kering Sampel

Kadar Air ( ) = x 100
Massa Sampel

2 gram−1,93 gram
¿ x 100
2 gram

¿ 3,5

A.2 Perhitungan Neraca Massa Biomassa

Asam Formiat = 98%
HCl = 32%
Berat Bahan Baku = 30 gram
Ratio Biomassa: larutan pemasak = 1:12
Berat Kering Bahan Baku = 30 gram – (30 gram x 0,035) = 28,95 gram
F1 Berat bahan baku 30 gram F4 HCl 32%

Xair= 0,035 Xair= 0,68

F2 As. Formiat 98% F5

Reaktor
Xair= 0,02

F3

Neraca Massa Total

F 1+ F 2+F 3+F 4=F 5
Ratio biomassa: larutan pemasak= 1:12
Maka, berat larutan pemasak
F 5=Berat kering x 12
¿ 28,95 gram x 12=347,4 gram
 Komposisi Larutan
- Asam Formiat 98%
0,80
Jumlah asam formiat yang dibutuhkan (80%) = x 347,4 gram
0,98
=283,59 gram
283,59
Volume asam formiat yang dibutuhkan ¿ =¿ 232,45 ml
1,22

- HCl (32%)
Jumlah HCl yang diperluka 2% dari biomassa = 0,02 x 28,95 gram =0,579 gram

0,579
% HCl dalam larutan pemasak = x 100%
347,4
= 0,16%

0,0016
Jumlah HCl yang dibutuhkan 0,16% = x 347,4 gram
0,32
= 1,737 gram

1,737
Volume HCl yang dibutuhkan = = 1,46 ml
1,19

- Air
Komposisi Air : 100- (80+0,16) = 19,84%

Neraca massa komponen air:

F 1 x Xair + F 2 x X air+ F 3+ F 4 x Xair =F 5 x Xair
1,05+283,59 x 0,02+ F 3+1,737 x 0,68=347,4 x 0,1984
F 3=68,924−7,90116
F 3=61,0228 gram

61,0228
Volume Air yang dibutuhkan = = 61,0228 ml
1

A.3 Perolehan Pulp dan Lignin

a. Perolehan Pulp
Run I
Berat pulp kering = 15,12 gram
15,12
Perolehan Pulp = x 100% = 50,4%
30
Run II
Berat pulp kering = 16,45 gram
16,45
Perolehan Pulp = x 100% = 54,83%
30
Run III
Berat pulp kering = 17,28 gram
17,28
Perolehan Pulp = x100% = 57,6%
30

b. Perolehan Black Liquor

Run Volume Black Liquor (ml) Waktu (menit)
1 240 60
2 220 120
3 190 180

c. Perolehan Lignin
Berat lignin sampel = 0,25 x 30 gram = 7,5 gram
Kecepatan sentrifuge= 2000 rpm
Nisbah = 1: 2,5

- Run I
Berat kertas saring = 0,69 gram
Berat lignin sampel = 0,715 gram

240 ml
( 0,715−0,69 ) gram x ( )
Perolehan lignin = 3,5 ml x 100%
7,5 gram
Perolehan lignin = 22,86%

- Run II
Berat kertas saring = 0,73 gram
Berat lignin sampel = 0,755 gram

220 ml
( 0,755−0,73 ) gram x ( )
Perolehan lignin = 3,5 ml x 100%
7,5 gram
Perolehan lignin = 20,95%

- Run III
Berat kertas saring = 0,77 gram
Berat lignin sampel = 0,795 gram
 190 ml
( 0,795−0,77 ) gram x ( )
Perolehan lignin = 3,5 ml x 100%
7,5 gram
Perolehan lignin = 18,09%

LAMPIRAN B
DOKUMENTASI

Gambar B.1 Satu Set Tangki Gambar B.2 Tangki berpengaduk

Berpengaduk. dengan baffle.
Gambar B.3 Tangki berpengaduk Gambar B.4 Speed Controler.
tanpa baffle.

Gambar B.3 Pulse meter. Gambar B.4 Speed Controler.

Gambar B.3 Pengaduk Gambar B.4 Pengaduk (impeller)

(impeller) Jenis Turbin.
Jenis Paddle.