181974398 أساسيات الهاتف والمقاسم الرقمية PDF

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
?‫?א‬   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
٪٨٠ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
.٥ W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬ -٢
 -٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬
Introduction to Telephony
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ?  ?   ‫א‬        K١٨٧٦
phone‫א‬??Tele-‫א‬WTelephone‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬?  ?‫?א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬??
‫א‬Telephony‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 Nature of soundW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Sound WaveW‫א‬‫א‬
KWave‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KElastic waves‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KElasticityMass‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   Transfer momentum   ‫א‬     E‫א‬‫א‬ F  Inertia  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
 ( dB ‫ أو‬db ) Decibel W‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Reference
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
SoundIntensity LevelW‫א‬
 W‫א‬IIL‫א‬
  IL  10 log10 I
Io
 ‫א‬‫א‬ IL 
  10 12 w.m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ I o 
 Phon unitW‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١-١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-١F
 
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 THE VOICE AND AUDIOTRY SYSTEMS PROPERITIES
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤٠٠٣٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Voice frequency ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٢٠band
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٥٠٠‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤٠٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠٠٥٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٤٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤-١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٤٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 Microphone and Loudspeaker in Telephone Sets
 WCarbone Microphone‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٥-١F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kextraneous frequency‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬FE٩FRE‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
E
I
R
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦-١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧-١F
 
 Condenser Microphone ‫א‬‫א‬
 
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨-١F
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZQW
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZA
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zd 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zv 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Crystal Microphone‫א‬‫א‬
piezoelectric ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬material
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
piezoelectric material ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
piezoelectric ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬diaphragm‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬material
 
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩-١F
Dynamic Microphone ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠-١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 Electromagnetic Loudspeaker‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬polarize‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 Effect of Polarizing a ReceiverW‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ -‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E١١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  J
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١-١F
 
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢-١F
 
 Hybrid Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Combining Circuit"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"Branching Circuit "
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣-١F
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KKKKAmplifingFilteringModulating‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 GO-Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٤-١F
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RETURN-Transmission
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥-١F
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦-١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Resistance Hybrid Circuit ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬-١

Double Transformer Hybrid Circuit ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬-٢
Single Transformer Hybrid Circuit ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﻔﺮد‬-٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠
 
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٧ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٢٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬
 W
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
C B,D A
D A,C B
A D,B C
B C,A D
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٩ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢‫א‬٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٢٠-١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J١F
W‫א‬‫א‬
WRinger‫א‬‫א‬
KEExchange‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dial ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KTouch Tone‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:Microphone ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
:speaker‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  K‫א‬WDuplex coil‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
:Hook Switch ‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
subscriber line voltage ‫א‬ J١
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  KKKKK
 
 Audio transformer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J١F
 center taped audio transformer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 
 
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬
 regulation transmission circuit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J١F
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧ J١F
- ٢١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
٢١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
E‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Distribution Box Unit (DBU)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Primary Telephone Network‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 Secondary Telephone Network ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
MDF‫א‬‫א‬Primary Telephone Network‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cabinets‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Manholes‫א‬ J١
 Hand Holes ‫א‬ J٢
 DuctsE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
Cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬Secondary Telephone Network‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Joint Box Unit (JBU)‫א‬ -١
Distribution Box Unit (DBU)‫א‬ -٢
Protector‫א‬ -٣
 
 
 
٢٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 : Main Distribution Frame (MDF)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
Vertical ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬
‫א‬KHorizontal Blocks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Blocks
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KJumper Wires‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١-٢)
٢٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 MDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ٢-٢ F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F١٠٠‫א‬MDF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 ١٨KE‫א‬‫א‬F٢٠٠
‫א‬٩،١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠٠‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬
 WCabinets ‫א‬ J٢
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٨٠٠‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬
٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠١٨٠٠‫א‬
 K١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
٢٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WDBU‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬DBU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 KKKK،٣٠،٢٠،١٠‫א‬
   
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 
٢٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Telephone Cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٩٠٠ J٦٠٠ J٤٠٠ J٣٠٠ J٢٠٠ J١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،٢٤٠٠ J١٨٠٠ J١٥٠٠ J١٢٠٠ J١٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠٠ J٢٠٠ J١٠٠ J٥٠ J٢٠W‫א‬
WManhole‫א‬ J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬
٢٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، DSL  
،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F
 
 
  (DSL) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬  (DSL) ‫א‬‫ א‬
K .‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬ (DSL) ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATM ( (DSL) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Summary Of DSL Technologies
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،١٨٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٠٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٦٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Construction of Marine Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 K،Polyethylene‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 KMylar J٢
 K J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،polycarbonate‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Optical Fibers J٨
٢٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F
٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Repeaters‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Subscriber ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LEN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Directory Number
 K‫א‬
LEN=Line Equipment Number

Directory Number= Subscriber’s Identification Number
directory Address in horizontal BLK LEN
7 digits Pin Column Row Circuit Slot Shelf Cabinet
No. Number Adress Adress No. No. No. No.
In Block
6364000 xxx xx xx xxx xx xx xx
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPrimary Cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJumper wire‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
٣٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Telephone Cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬٠{٩ ٠{٦0.5   ٠{٤K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
characteristic ‫א‬E‫א‬F J٥
 600 1200 ‫א‬impedance
٣٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F
٣٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
RING TIP PAIR      J١
UE B WHITE 1 ‫א‬ Tip=T   ‫א‬
ORANGE WHITE 2  T/RRing=R 
GREEN WHITE 3   ‫א‬  J٢
ROWN WHITE 4  
SLATE WHITE 5  Tip ‫א‬     J٣
BLUE RED  
ORANGE RED 7 ‫א‬ Ring‫א‬ J٤
GREEN RED 8  ‫א‬
BROWN RED 9 ‫א‬     J٥
SLATE RED 10  W
BLUE BLACK 11   J J J J١
ORANGE BLACK 12   J J J J٢  
GREEN BLACK 13   J J J J٣ 
BROWN BLACK 14   J J J J٤  
SLATE BLACK 15   J J J J٥ 
BLUE YELLOW 16  ‫א‬Tip ‫א‬ J٦
ORANGE YELLOW 17   J J J١
GREEN YELLOW 18  J J J٢
BROWN YELLOW 19  
SLATE YELLOW 20  J J J٣   
BLUE VIOLET 21  
ORANGE VIOLET 22  J J J٤   
GREEN VIOLET 23  
BROWN VIOLET 24  J J J٥
SLATE VIOLET 25
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F
٣٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F
٣٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
٣٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPU -٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١١
‫؟‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬ -١٢
L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٥
‫؟‬
 
٣٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

    

 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٤
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
٣٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
  J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
٤٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Block Diagram of Telephone Exchange
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Switching Unit‫א‬ J١
 Control unit ‫א‬ J٢
 Interface Unit‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 Main Distribution Frame‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
WE١ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 Switching Unit‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٣F
 
 ‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 Control Unit‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬class of service ‫א‬
  K
 WE٣ J٣F‫א‬
 incoming signalsEKKKKKKKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
signal processing unit‫א‬‫א‬ J
outgoing signals unitEKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 clearing signal unit‫א‬ J
٤٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
 Interface Unit‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Main Distribution Frame‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤ J٣F‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬
٤٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEmother board‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kjumper‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 E٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫א‬wake-up signal‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
pulse‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kclass of service‫א‬E Touch tone‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE٧ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
KE٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬last digit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٩ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬
٤٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
incoming ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  outgoing path‫א‬path
KE١٠ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
E١١ J٣F ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٣F‫א‬
٤٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٨
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
speech path‫א‬‫א‬
time slot ‫א‬‫א‬ -١٠
‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢ J٣F
 E١٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hybrid circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٣ J٣F
 
٤٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 EF‫א‬E١٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Subscriber Line Circuit (SLC)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Outgoing Trunk Circuit E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Tie Line Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(OTC)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Local Exchange W‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TIE‫א‬SLC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
٤٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 de-multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٣F‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 OTC‫א‬SLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TIE‫א‬
 WE١٨ J٣F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٣F‫א‬
 Transit Exchange‫א‬ -٢
٥٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E١٩ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬de-multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬
 .multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٣F‫א‬
٥١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TIE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٣F‫א‬
٥٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
 
W‫ א‬-٢
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬–MDF‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ -‫ت‬
 W–٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬–
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 
 W J٦
‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ ‫א‬ J٢ ‫؟‬‫א‬ J١
 
٥٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
 
٥٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Manual Switch‫א‬ J١
 Crossbars Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Crosspoints switching unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
 
 
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Switching‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
 E ١-٤ )‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬E١-٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢-٤ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
Direct Connection for 6 telephone sets
 (٢-٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬"center"‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٣-٤)‫א‬
F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
EFE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E٥ J٤F
 

 
 ‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cross-bar Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . Cross-point Switches‫א‬‫א‬
Cross-point Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Cross-point Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cross-point Switches‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦-٤)‫א‬

 ‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧ J٤F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(٧-٤)‫א‬
 
step-by-step switches‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬selectors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EEF٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬((‫ )أ‬٨-٤)
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬EEF٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٩ J٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٩-٤)‫א‬
 
 Cross-bar Switches ‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١٠-٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٠-٤)‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١١-٤)‫א‬
 Cross points Switches‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cross points Switches‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cross points ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Single Stage Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬M‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬
 E١٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬MxN‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢-٤F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٣-٤F
 
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬N=M=100
Number of Cross- Points used = NxM Cross-Points

= 100 x 100 cp
= 10000 cp
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠10000‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬cross-points‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Multi Stages Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 Two Stages Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬–١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١١ J٤F‫א‬M=N=100 ,K=25  ‫א‬K K<NMxK
 
 
 
KxM
NxK  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٤-٤)‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
N=M 100 , K=25
Number of cross points = number of cross points in inlet
+ number of cross points in outlet
= 100 x 25 + 100 x 25 cp
= 5000 cp
‫א‬٪٥٠٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 Vertical and horizontal Partitioning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( ١٥-٤ )‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬
  N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n- inlet , k-outlet
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
  M ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 m- inlet , k1-outlet
 ‫א‬
  N= 100 , M= 100
N= 20 , m= 20
K=5 , k1 =5
 =(N/n)=5  =(M/m)=5
number of cross-points = x nxk + x mxk1 cp
=  x k (n+m) cp
= 5x5(20+20) cp
= 1000 cp
90% 1000 cp‫א‬‫א‬
 W
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
(١٦-٤ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ( ١٧-٤ )‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٧-٤)‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
:‫ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻳﻜﻮن‬
Noof Cross-points = 
xnxk +  xkxm +kxk
= 
x k( n+m) + k2
= 5x 5(20+20) + (25)2 cp
= 1625 cp
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٨-٤)‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Fundamentals of PCM‫א‬‫א‬
 Sampling theoremW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WfS‫א‬fA‫א‬
  fA  fS
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
٨٠٠٠  fASampling frequency‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٨٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،٣٤٠٠
 WETAZ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 1
  TA    125s
f A 8000Hz
 
low pass filter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17 J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kelectronic switch 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K١٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ ،٨٠٠٠‫א‬
KPAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
PAM‫א‬E١٩ J٤F‫א‬
 
 PAME٢٠ J٤F
 Quantization‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KQuantizationE‫א‬F‫א‬
KQuantizing intervalsEPAM‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 PAME٢١ J٤F
K١٦‫א‬K (٢٢-٤)‫א‬
٨–١–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨H١H‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬decision values‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Quantizing distortion ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬uniform Quantizing‫א‬‫א‬(٢٢-٤)‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬discrepancies‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،( ٢٢-٤F
٢٥٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W( (٢٣-٤)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WG.711CCITT‫א‬
 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫( ا‬٢٣-٤)
 
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 WEncodingE‫א‬F‫א‬
K ‫א‬PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،8-bits‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٦ J٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM
KEF‫א‬PCME٢٠ J٤F‫א‬
WE٨٢Z٢٥٦Z١٢٨H١٢٨F١٢٨١٢٨
PCM‫א‬EbitF‫א‬‫א‬K٨PCM
PCM‫א‬EbitF‫א‬‫א‬،?1?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨،٦،٤،٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?0?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM
KG.732G.711‫א‬CCITT‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫( ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ‬٢٤-٤)
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
Multiplexing‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬( ٢٣-٤ )‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٢٥ J٤F
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢٦-٤) 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ FDM‫א‬‫א‬
K108KHZ60KHZ ‫א‬‫א‬١٢ -١
٦٠ -٢
K 552KHZ ‫א‬312KHZ 
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 -٣
K٣٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٢
‫א‬‫( א‬٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 TDM‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 3Tsec.‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬3Tsec.‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢٧-٤) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1channel= 8 bits/sample X8000 samples /second
= 64 kbps
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PCM 24 time slots Frame ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
PCM 30 time slots Frame ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
PCM 24 time slots Frame E٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Number of Data sources 24
Number of Data destinations = 24
Number of bits in multiplexing frame=24+1
The framing bit is b
 
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
PCM 24 time slots Frame‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢٨-٤)

 
Bit Rate = 8000 frames / sec. X (1+8X24 )bits / frame
  =1.544 Mbps
 
PCM 30 time slots Frame E٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Number of Data sources 30
Number of Data destinations = 30
Number of bits in multiplexing frame=30+1
The framing bit is b
 
PCM 30 time slots Frame‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢٩-٤)
 
Bit Rate = 8000 frames / sec. X (1+8X30 )bits / frame
=1.928 Mbps
 Multi- stages Multiplixers  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PCM 24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PCM 30
 
 T-Carrier System
 
DS0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 DS2DS1‫א‬4  DS1DS0‫א‬24
 DS4DS3‫א‬ ٧ DS3 DS2‫א‬6
 
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 E-Carrier System
 
DS0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2E1‫א‬4   E1E0 ٣٠
 E4E3‫א‬4   E3 E2‫א‬4
 
 
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bit Slip ‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٠ J٤F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠-٤)
 
 
Bit Stuffing .‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( ٣١-٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٤F
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8-bits ‫א‬PCM‫א‬
‫א‬PCM
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 KPCM-TDM‫א‬
 PDH‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
( PDH ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E's‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬2048kbps
 E28,448kbps 4E1's W‫א‬‫א‬
E334,368kbps 4E2's W‫א‬‫א‬
 E4139,264kbps 4E3's W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬٢
 (٣
 ‫א‬ (٤
 ‫א‬ (٥
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W De-multiplexing ‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬PCM‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬8-bits‫א‬PCM
 J٤F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬PCMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠
 K‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (٣١-٤)‫א‬
 
 
 WDecoding ‫א‬ J٢
KPCMVout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vout‫א‬‫א‬
KPCM‫א‬Vout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PAM‫א‬KPAM‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ JKPAM‫א‬
‫א‬PCM‫א‬،  J
 K
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 PCM‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
،PCM-TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 KPCM J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬
E0 ,1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠Binary Bits‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬time slot ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K١٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t5time slot‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t18 time slot‫א‬
 K t5 t18t18t5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Space Switching‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢١ J٤F‫א‬space switching
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ‫ أ‬-٣٢-٤ F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ‫ ب‬٣٢-٤ )
 
 Time Switching‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE٣٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–٣٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–٣٣ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 multiplexing‫א‬Kswitching‫א‬multiplexing ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬high way paths‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Space Switchhng ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 8-bits PCM word Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W(٣٤-٤)‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤ J٤F‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 F 4PCM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬٣E 32PCM
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8000 ‫א‬‫א‬AND
‫א‬125 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
Connected
high way ‫א‬‫א‬ Time
‫א‬ slot
‫א‬
Outgo Inco ‫א‬
ing ming AND ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬gate
ON
2 1 1-2
3 2 2-3 t1
1 3 3-1
1 1 1-1
3 2 2-3 t2
2 3 3-2
3 1 1-3
1 2 2-1 t3
2 3 3-2
2 1 1-2
3 2 2-3 t4
1 3 3-1
 
 
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 Time Switching‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F‫א‬
‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ktime slots ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 E٣٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦ J٤F‫א‬
E٣٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧ J٤F‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬١٢E٣٨F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬multiplexing‫א‬
 ‫א‬high way ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬high way ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٨ J٤F‫א‬de-multiplexing
 
 ١٢(٣٨-٤) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬de-multiplexing -multiplexing - switching
 ٤٧٠‫א‬٤٤٤‫ א‬.١
 ٤‫א‬‫א‬٤٣٣‫ א‬.٢
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
١٢٠١٨٠١٥٠٤٥٥‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 K٣‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E40 J٤F‫א‬E39 J٤F
  S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE J‫א‬–F J١
 E–‫א‬ JF‫א‬‫א‬(٣٩-٤)‫א‬
 E‫א‬ J J‫א‬F J٢
 
 E‫א‬ J J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬( ٤٠-٤)
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 K‫א‬time switching unit‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
 KMZYX‫א‬‫א‬DCBA‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 W‫א‬K٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻧﻘﺎط‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬

‫أﺟﺮاؤﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
EF
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
 
- ٩٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J١
 K J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
 
 
 
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Local exchanges‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬interconnect
E١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nodesKnetwork hierarchy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬star‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE direct routes‫א‬
 K‫א‬mesh‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
transit ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬exchange.
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-٥)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬? ‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
،??    ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 K    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
International Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
National Transit Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬-٢
Regional Transit Exchange‫א‬‫א‬-٣
Local Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬-٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K tandem‫א‬،‫א‬ 
.E٣-٥F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣-٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ J٥F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،،concentrator‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E٤-٥)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 KE F‫א‬     
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
  
  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K
 ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬E٤-٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 hierarchical routes‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Overflow‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 non- hierarchical routes‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Routing Scheme‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ) fixed routing scheme‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FDynamic routing schemeE
 KE‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
  fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬call attempts
 KPermanent change to a fixed routing scheme
 
  Non-fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 time-dependent routing ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5-5F‫א‬
  state-dependent routing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ automatically ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ adaptive routing scheme
 E٧ J٥F‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
    

 
 
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬ ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
 
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 automatic alternative routing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
Automatic Rerouting (ARR)
 KE٨ J٥F
 
 E٨ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 E٩ J٥Fload sharing ‫א‬
 
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٥F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٩
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٠٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J١
 K J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
Signaling ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٦F
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١-٦F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Line ‫א‬‫א‬Register Signals‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ،Signals
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-٦F‫א‬
 
 
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-٦F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
"dial tone"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K"ring back signal"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬busy tone"‫א‬?

 K "metering pulse"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
General Signals W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬ -‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
"Addressing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ksignals "
 "Supervisory Signal" :‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
visual and audible signalsW‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FTone Messages‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEBusy Tone‫א‬،Ringing Tone‫א‬،dial tone‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣-٦)‫א‬
 
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Subscriber Signals‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤-٦)‫א‬
 wake- up signal -١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E٥ J٦F‫א‬
Dial toneE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٦ J٦F‫א‬
 
 
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 dialing signal‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (pulse dialing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (push-button dialing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬
 Ring Signal‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٦F‫א‬
 Busy tone ‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E٩ J٦F‫א‬
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Clear signalE‫א‬F‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E١٠ J٦F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٦F‫א‬
 Line Signals ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Man / Machine interaction signals )‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Machine / Machine interaction signals )‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٦F‫א‬ 
"Forward signals""‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"Backward signals
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Idle Busy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 Register Signals‫א‬‫א‬W 
A‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬B‫א‬y
‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Link – by – Link signaling‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬(١٥-٦)‫א‬
  End – to- End Signaling J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
 E١٦ J٦F‫א‬
 
 Signaling methods‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Channel-Associated Signaling (CAS) ‫א‬‫א‬
Common Channel Signaling (CCS) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،R1,R2 system No.5‫א‬CAS‫א‬
 KSS7‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬١٧-٦)‫א‬
‫א‬CCS‫א‬‫א‬CAS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCAS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬SS7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CAS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KSS7CAS‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 
 
‫א‬،speed‫א‬،capacity‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEconomy‫א‬،Flexibility‫א‬،Security‫א‬،Reliability
 
 WCAS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،PSTN CAS‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ CCS‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–CAS‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 (DC)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 (VF)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W
  (DC)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ( On-hook, Off-hookF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬KInterconnection‫א‬‫א‬،dial pulses‫א‬
 KOn-Off J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
?Reverse battery signaling‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Central Offices‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIdle،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E&M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KShort-haul toll trunks‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KM‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE&M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E&M‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٦F
 (VF)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
AC signaling‫א‬Tone Signaling‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Tones‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،dial tone‫א‬،‫א‬KK
‫א‬K٤٤٠٣٥٠‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{١٠{١
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KIn-band signaling‫א‬
‫א‬In-band‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Single frequency (SF)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KOut-band‫א‬‫א‬
E&M‫א‬K‫א‬٣٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٦٠٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SF‫א‬
١٧٠٠١٥٠٠١٣٠٠١١٠٠٩٠٠٧٠٠W‫א‬Multifrequency Signalling (MF)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬FAddress Information‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬DTMF‫א‬٩‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(١-٦)‫א‬
EF‫א‬ EF‫א‬ freq–‫א‬ ‫א‬
J  ٤٤٠H٣٥٠ dial‫א‬
٠{٥ ٠{٥ ٦٢٠H٤٨٠ busy‫א‬
٤ ٢ ٤٨٠H٤٤٠ ،‫א‬‫א‬
ringback
٣ ١ ٤٨٠H٤٤٠ PBX،‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٣ ٠{٢ ٦٢٠H٤٨٠ congestion‫א‬
٠{٢ ٠{٣ ٦٢٠H٤٨٠ reorder-‫א‬‫א‬
recall
٠{١ ٠{١ H٢٤٥٠H٢٠٦٠H١٤٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٠٠ receiver off-hook
‫א‬، ‫א‬، ٤٠٠٢٠٠ ‫א‬
١ ١
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
voice time slots‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٦‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،PCM
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
on-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬0,1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬off
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F
E١٩F‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
t1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d7 d0٨‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،t8
٨F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٢٥٥‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬٢٣٤‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
ASCIIT‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٦F‫א‬
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
voice time slots‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،PCM
register signals‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kline signals‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬seizure‫א‬‫א‬
KErelease،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPCM١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CAS‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 
 WPCM30CAS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KPCM30١٦‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬١٦
 
 KCAS‫א‬E٢٠ J٦F‫א‬
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬E٢١ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬١٦،١٦
 
 ‫א‬E٢١ J٦F‫א‬
K‫א‬
١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KPCM
١‫א‬،١٦‫א‬،١٥‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،١٥‫א‬
١٦‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0000‫א‬،‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٦‫א‬E٢٢ J٦F‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 CCS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٦F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬K٦٤‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬
 
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٦F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬E٢٥ J٦F‫א‬
?‫א‬?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?K‫א‬
 KE٢٦ J٦F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٦ J٦F‫א‬
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPCM
 SS7 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬KSignalingMessages
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PLMNISDNPSTN‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٧٥‫א‬‫א‬AT&TK
 K ‫א‬
 WSS7‫א‬
Call Setup ‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Signaling Link )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 L٦٤
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 (Signaling Point )‫א‬

 Signaling point code‫א‬SS7 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EService Switching Point SSP) ‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EService Transfer Point STP)‫א‬– 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 (Servic Control Point SCP)‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EEF٢٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٦ J٦F‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FECCITT FITU-T‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٦٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SS6،K
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ١٩٨٠‫א‬‫א‬SS7‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 

٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬SS6‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 WSignaling networks‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  SS7‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬E٢٨ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬interconnected
FK،
 KE
 ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K      ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K? (SP) ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬E٢٨ J٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،E٢٩ J٦F ‫א‬‫א‬
Signal      – ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     – Transfer Point (STP)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   – ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬Stand-alone STP‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K
  transit exchange ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،STP
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، SS7  ‫א‬  
 K،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 E٢٩ J٦F‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W .٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
Sent to Generated from signal
Dial tone
Ring
signal
Ring
control
tone
Mixed
frequency
Pulse of
dialing
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
Off-hook
 
Off-hook
conversation
On-hook
on-hook
 ?E‫ )א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٨
‫א‬B‫א‬A‫א‬Y‫א‬B‫א‬X ‫א‬A‫א‬ J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
١٠
-١٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Wake –up signal ١
٢
٣
٤
٥
٦
٧
٨
٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٠
١١
 
 
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٣٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J١
  J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
١٣٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
Numbering System‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬) ١٤‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Local Calls‫א‬‫ א‬.١
Regional (National) CallsE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 International Calls‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
١٣٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬
 xx + xx + xxxxx
١٤٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬
 xxx Hxx + xx + xxxxx
١٤١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Flexible Numbering Scheme‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Linked Numbering Scheme‫א‬‫ א‬ J
Non-linked Numbering Scheme‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
Flexible Numbering Scheme‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRepeat Code‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Fixed Numbering Scheme‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
local areaE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
International Numbering Plan‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
١٤٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
٦ ١ ‫א‬
EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٧ ٢ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٨ ٣،٤ 
EF
٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ ‫א‬
 
،International Prefix‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
?010 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?00?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?009?‫א‬?19??91?
‫א‬EF‫א‬١٩٦٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
Netherlands‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KE
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
١٤٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Trunk Access‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Prefix ?‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬H‫ א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 K
 
 
١٤٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ?٦٣٦٤٠٠٠?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ?٠٢ J٦٣٦٤٠٠٠?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ?٠٠٩٦٦٢ J٦٣٦٤٠٠٠?
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬
 
02  
 
‫ﺟﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﺔ‬  
 WW-٧
‫א‬ 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK fixed numbering scheme
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK flexible ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  numbering scheme
١٤٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
١٤٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
  J٢
 K‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 
 
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 multimetering‫א‬‫א‬ J
 detailed billing‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 Kperiodic pulse metering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬
SCRKSoftware Charging Register (SCR)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EPBX, lineF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬ J‫א‬–W‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MM‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬central toll
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٨F‫א‬
- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،SCR،MM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
AM‫א‬‫א‬PAS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
DEMAND‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬data-link‫א‬‫א‬
 
Automatic Message Accounting (AMA) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬International Traffic Accounting Data (ITAD)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Basic Call, ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

KLong Duration Call‫א‬‫א‬،Supplementary Service Call
‫א‬‫ א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5ESS‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬E٢ J٨F‫א‬
 
- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬EF
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K
ITU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
 
 

- ١٦٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J١
  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Telephone Traffic
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
EF،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE١ J٩F
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Facilities‫א‬Demand‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KGrade of Service
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،KE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  
- ١٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٩F‫א‬
 Call Attempt‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Call‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬dialing‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Call-Holding Time‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬KE٢ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٩F‫א‬
 Telephone density‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEF١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠٧E٣ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٣ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬xKE٤ J٩F
 K   ‫א‬
- ١٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٩F‫א‬
 How to predict telephone density‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Traffic Density and Traffic Intensity‫א‬‫א‬
 Traffic density‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Traffic intensity‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eoccupancy‫א‬F‫א‬
- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
  Occupancy‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 K‫א‬
 
 Traffic Variation‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٩F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٩F‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Busy Hour‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬Kam‫א‬١١W٣١٠W٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 J٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٩F‫א‬
 Congestion‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E٧ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،junction lines‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،congestion or busy tone‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬E٧ J٩F‫א‬
- ١٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The costs for a good grade of service‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٥٪٠{١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{١ 
‫א‬Rroute‫א‬،‫א‬٢٠١٠٠٠
 KE٨ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Access
،‫א‬‫א‬٪٥ ،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٩F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٩F‫א‬
 Traffic Flow‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬
  Traffic Flow  ( Number of Calls ) ( Mean Call  Holding Time ) (9  1)
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K J‫א‬٥، J‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  A  C T
 ‫א‬‫א‬ C 
- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ T 
 J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
BH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٣٧
 ‫א‬
 A  237  2.5  592.5 call  min utes
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K١‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
A 1
 C    20 calls per hour
T 1
20
 K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Erlang and Unit Call‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z١
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٠{٥
 K‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬Z٠{١
10
 E١٠ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 Erlang  1 Call  Hour / Houre (9  2 )
- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE
 E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬
  Erlangs  ( Calls / Busy Hour ) ( Mean Call  Holding Time ) (9  3)
 W
K‫א‬٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬٢{٤٥‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Traffic  ( 1 call ) ( 45 min ) ( 1 h / 60 min )  0.75 Erlangs
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K٠{٧٥٤٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬E١٠-٩F‫א‬
unit ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
??hundred-call-seconds‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?call (UC)
 WE٤ J٢F‫א‬،ECCSF‫א‬?centum-call-seconds
  CCS  ( Calls / Busy Hour ) ( Mean Call  Holding Time ) / 100 (9  4 )
 W
٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬CCS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
  Traffic  ( 5000 lines ) ( 0.6 calls / lines ) ( 250 s / call ) / 100  7500 CCS
 WCCS‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٦٠٠
 
60  60
 1 Erlang   36 CCS (9  5)
100
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٢٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬CCS‫א‬K‫א‬٢٠٠
  Traffic  ( 50 calls ) ( 200 s / call ) / 100  100 CCS
  100 CCS / 20 subscriber s  5 CCS per subscriber 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CCS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬KCCS‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 W
‫א‬CCS٦٠٠٣٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  600 CCS / 36  16 . 7 Erlangs 
  16.7 Erlang / 30 trunks  0.557 Erlangs per trunk 
  Trunk  group efficiency  0.557  55 .7 percent 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬CCS‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W J١
 Call Attempt‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Call‫א‬‫ א‬
 Call-Holding Time‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫؟‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬Z
10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW J٨
‫א‬ 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬ ١
Busy Hour
- ١٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
- ١٧٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5ESS
 ESS٥
١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
5ESSW‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Switching Module ( SM ) ‫א‬ J١
 Communication Module ( CM )‫א‬ J٢
Administrative Module ( AM ) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥H٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J١
  J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬5ESS ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﻢ‬ J٣
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
- ١٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Switching System
(ESS)
 W
‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Switching Module ( SM )‫א‬ J
 Communication Module ( CM )‫א‬ J
 Administrative Module ( AM )‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Master Control Center ( MCC) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KRemote Switching Module (RSM)E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬ Digital Exchange‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KInternational Tandem‫א‬ Toll‫א‬Local
١٠٠٠٠٠١٠٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K5ESS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Internal Digital Network‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١-١٠)‫א‬
 
  SM‫ و‬CM ‫ و‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١-١٠)‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSM‫و‬CM‫و‬AM ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬Trunks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬KDegrowth‫א‬،?Growth
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SM‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬E%٩٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SMK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬SM١٩٢5ESS‫א‬
K،٥٠٠ ٥١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٦٠٢٥٠٠SM2000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬SM2000‫א‬K
- ١٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
SM‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-١٠F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Local Switching Module (LSM ) J
Integrated Services ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K Digital Network , ISDN
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHost Switching Module (HSM)‫א‬‫א‬ J
Remote Switching Module (RSM) ‫א‬ ‫א‬LSM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٣-١٠)‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫( أﻧﻮاع‬٣-١٠F‫א‬
- ١٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRemote Switching Module (RSM)‫א‬ J
5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KHSM RSM‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤٢RSM‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠ ١٦٠٠٠RSM‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬RSM
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٤-١٠F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( و‬٤-١٠)‫א‬
SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPosition Switching Module (PSM) J
 KOperator Services Position System (OSPS)‫א‬
KInterface Modules (IM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IM‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 WSM‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SM‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
packet data‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Interface Units‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Service Units‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 WSM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–Switching Module Processor (SMP)‫א‬SM
‫א‬‫א‬KTime Slot Interchanger (TSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  . Module Controller and Time Slot Interchanger (MCTSI) 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSMPKSM
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 SM‫א‬ J
 SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 :Time Slot Interchanger (TSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSM‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬ J‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TSI
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ،
 
- ١٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
NCT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TSI
  ‫א‬‫א‬TSI،‫א‬‫א‬KCMSM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥-١٠)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 SM‫א‬‫א‬ (٥-١٠)‫א‬
 SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Line Unit (LU)‫א‬ J
 K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WAnalog Trunk Unit (ATU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PBX
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Integrated Services Line Unit (ISLU)‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬SMK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ISDN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . ISDN
 
 Digital Line Trunk Unit (DLTU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬PCMT1RSM
 
 Packet Switch Unit‫א‬ J
KPacket Switch Unit (PSU)‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٧ ‫ و‬٦‫א‬ J
 KDSL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ISLU/2‫א‬G
 SM‫א‬(٦-١٠)‫א‬
 
 WService Units‫א‬‫א‬
Digital Service Units ( DSU or ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.DSU2)
- ١٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 
 Local Digital Service Unit ( LDSU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬LDSU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WGlobal Digital Service Unit (GDSU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬GDSU‫א‬5ESS‫א‬
 WGDSUK‫א‬SM
 ‫א‬ J١ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 
 WDSU2-RAF‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬٢‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WModular Metallic Service Unit (MMSU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W Periodic Pulse Metering Unit (PPMU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
- ١٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،Coinbox‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPPMU
 
 W‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ ،5ESS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬hubCM‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 CMK SM‫א‬AM‫א‬
 WCMK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬ J٣
SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬CM‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
Dual Serial Channel ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CMAM‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(DSCH)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
Nework Control and Timing (NCT) ‫א‬

‫א‬NCTKCM‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
?Control?K‫א‬‫א‬? Data?W
voice , ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ data
 
FSMCLNK‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSPU‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬SM،CM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬CLNK
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬ (٧-١٠)‫א‬
 
- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 WCM‫א‬‫א‬
Message Switch ‫א‬WCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KTime Multiplexed Switch (TMS) ‫א‬‫א‬، (MSGS)
 . CM2 ‫ وهﻲ‬CM‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
CM‫א‬‫א‬KTMS ‫ و‬MSGS‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W MSGS J
 Message Switch Control Unit (MSCU)‫א‬ J١ 
 WMessage Switch Peripheral Unit (MSPU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 
 WTMS J
 Comm. Module Control Unit (CMCU)‫א‬ J١ 
Time Multiplexed Switch Unit (TMSU) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
AM‫א‬KMSPU ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة‬‫א‬MSCU
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، CM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSCUKSM‫א‬‫א‬
 K SM
AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSPU‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSM
‫א‬،MSPU‫א‬SMK
 KMSCU‫א‬
 
 KTMS‫א‬ timing‫א‬CMCU‫א‬
. MSPU ‫ و‬MSCU ‫ و‬AM ‫ و‬TMS‫א‬
 
- ١٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، NCT‫א‬TMSU‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TMS‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬CM
 K ‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 CM‫א‬‫א‬(٨-١٠)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WCM‫א‬‫א‬
 WCM1‫א‬ J١
 K ‫א‬CM2‫א‬K CM‫א‬‫א‬
 KCM2‫א‬‫א‬K
 WCM2‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬SM١٩٢،‫א‬‫א‬
١٢‫א‬،KSM2000
 K‫א‬
- ١٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
–Quad Link Packet SwitchCM2‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬CM2
 K‫א‬،CM2‫א‬ KSM2000
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
AMK5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬
‫א‬AMKECMFSM‫א‬‫א‬CM
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KCM
 KAME٩F‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬ (٩-١٠)‫א‬
 
 WAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
- ١٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WAM‫א‬‫א‬
 Control Unit (CU)‫א‬ J١
  Input/Output Processor (IOP)‫א‬L‫א‬ J٢
 Disk unit‫א‬ J٣
  Master Control Center (MCC)‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 KAM‫א‬‫א‬ MCC ‫ و‬tape unit ‫ و‬disk unit ‫ و‬IOP‫א‬‫א‬
 
 AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٠-١٠)‫א‬
 Control Unit‫א‬
Memory Module ‫א‬‫א‬Central Control (CC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. (MM)
 WCentral Control (CC)‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KAM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ SM–‫א‬ J٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 (Out-Of-Service) OOS
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J٦
 . IOP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WMemory Module (MM)‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W Input/Output Processor‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬IOP‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OMC‫א‬‫א‬K Operation and Maintenance Centers (OMC)
 K‫א‬5ESS‫א‬
 
  SCSI Disk Unit‫א‬
MM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 5ESS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬
- ١٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 Tape Unit‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬backup‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
conventional computer nine track ‫א‬E٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KDigital Audio Tape (DAT) ‫ أو ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺳﻤﻌﻲ رﻗﻤﻲ‬tape drive

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Master Control Center‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KMCC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Recive-Only Printer ‫א‬K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 KMCC‫א‬‫א‬(ROP)
 WMCC‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(١١-١٠)‫א‬
- ١٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5ESS‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ،line-to-line‫א‬ -١
 ،line-to-trunk‫א‬ -٢
،trunk-to-line‫א‬ -٣
Ktrunk-to-trunk‫א‬ -٤
5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬SM‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
originating SM‫א‬‫א‬SM،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SM K‫א‬‫א‬
SMK‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬terminating SM‫א‬SM K‫א‬‫א‬AM
 . RingingE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬CM‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬AM
 KSM‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CM
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫ و‬AM‫ و‬CM‫א‬‫א‬
originating SM‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ١٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM ‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬،E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E١٢-١٠F‫א‬
 W5ESS‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5ESS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W
 Local exchange‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 Toll exchange‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 Gateway exchange‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KOperator Service Position System (OSPS)‫א‬ J٤
 KIntegrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 Signaling Transfer Point (STP)‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
Action Control ‫א‬ Services Switching Point (SSP) ‫א‬ J٧
 KPoint
- ١٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 KWireless‫א‬Mobile Switching Center (MSC)‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬5ESS‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
  SMs‫ و‬CMs -‫ هـ‬SMs‫ و‬AMs -‫د‬ SMs-‫ج‬ AMs-‫ب‬ CMs J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬ J٢
 %١٠٠-‫ج‬ %٩٥ - %٩٠-‫ب‬ %٢٠ - %١٠  J
 
 ‫؟‬MSCU‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬CM‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬ J٤
 IOP JCC J MM J
 
 ‫ ؟‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
- ١٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 J٦
 
  J١ SM
 J٢
  J ١ CM
 J٢
  J١ AM
 J٢
- ١٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 ESS ٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
- ١٩٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 References‫א‬‫א‬
1- Roger L. Freeman , " TelecommunicationsTransmission

Handbook"John Wily & Sons, 3rd edition,New York , 1991
2- R.Deese," A history of Switching "Telecommunications Mag. Feb 1984
3- J.C. Bellamy,"Digital Telephony"John Wily & Sons,2nd edition,New
York , 1991.
4- " Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook" IEEE Press
New York 1995.
5- Roger L. Freeman," Telecommunication Systems Engineering"John
Wily & Sons ,3rd edition,New York , 1996.
6- stephenJ.Bigelow,Joseph J.Carr,and Steve Winder,
  "UnderstandingTelephone Electronics,Butterworth-Heinemann,200
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
  
٢.................... ..........................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬
٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ -
١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ -
١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
K١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢....................................... .........................‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K٢٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J٢ 
 ٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKDBU‫א‬ J٣ 
 ٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 ٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J٥ 
 ٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK (DSL) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKConstruction of Marine Cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ٣١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 ٣١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J   
٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKTelephone Cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J   
 ٣٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ٣٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ٣٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 ٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
٣٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠.........................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤١...........................................................................Switching Unit‫א‬
٤١.............................................................................. Control Unit‫א‬
٤٢............................................................................Interface Unit‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢.............................................................Main Distribution Frame‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣....................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤......... ......................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨......................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨.. ......................................................................Local ExchangeW‫א‬‫א‬1-
٥٠.....................................................................Transit Exchange‫א‬ J٢
٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٥ -..................................................................................... ‫؟‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -............................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -.............................................................................‫א‬ J١
- ٦٠ - ................................................ step-by-step switches‫א‬2-
٦١ -..................................................... Cross-bar Switches‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
-
٦٣ -............................................. Cross points Switches‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
-
- ٦٤ - ..................................... Single Stage Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬W
- ٦٥ - ................................... Multi Stages Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
- ٦٥ - .............................................. Two Stages Switching Unit‫א‬–١
- ٦٦ - ................ Vertical and horizontal Partitioning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

- ٦٩ - …………………..……………………………………………... Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
٧٠ -………………………………….. Fundamentals of PCM‫א‬‫א‬

-
- ٧٠ - .............................................................. Sampling theoremW‫א‬
- ٧٠ - .................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ - ....................................................................................... W‫א‬
٧١ -............................................................................. Quantization‫א‬
-
٧٤ -..................................................................... WEncodingE‫א‬F‫א‬
-
٧٥ -............................................................................. WMultiplexing‫א‬
-
٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
PCM 24 time slots Fr   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K٧٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٧٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PCM 30 time slots Frame‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
 ٧٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Multi- stages Multiplixers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKT-Carrier System -
 ٨٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE-Carrier System -
 ٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Bit Slip ‫א‬ J١ 
 ٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Bit Stuffing .‫א‬ J-٢
- ٨٢ - ...............................................................W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ - ....................................................... WDe-multiplexing‫א‬EF J١
 ٨٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWDecoding ‫א‬- ٢
- ٨٣ - ................................................................................ W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
- ٨٣ - .................................................................................... W‫א‬
- ٨٤ - .................................................................................. W‫א‬
٨٤.................................................................. Digital Switching‫א‬‫א‬
٨٤ ................................... Space SwitchingE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
- ٨٥ - ................................................ time switching‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
٨٧ -............................................................. Space Switch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-
- ٨٩ -.................................................................. Time Switch‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢...............................................................KWE J‫א‬–F J١
 ٩٢..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬ J J‫א‬F J

 ٩٣..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
٩٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫אא‬‫א‬
- ٩٨ - .........................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -.......................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠١ - ....................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ - ..............................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٣ -........................................................ hierarchical routs‫א‬‫א‬ J١
- ١٠٣ - ....... ..........................................non- hierarchical routs‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
- ١٠٣ -................................................ Routing Scheme‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٠٣ -.......... ..................................... fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
- ١٠٣ - .................................. Non-fixed routing scheme ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
- ١٠٤ - .........................................time-dependent routing ‫א‬‫א‬ J١ J٢
- ١٠٤ - ................................ state-dependent routing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ J٢
 J١٠٧ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
- ١٠٩ - .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٠ -................................................................................ ‫؟‬‫א‬
- ١١١ - .......................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٢ - ....................................................general signalsW‫א‬ J١
- ١١٢ -....................................................................... ‫א‬
- ١١٢ -....................................................................... ‫א‬

- ١١٣ -.............................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
- ١١٣ -.............................................................. W‫א‬ J
- ١١٣ -....................................................... "Supervisory signal" :‫א‬ J
- ١١٣ -...................................... visual and audible signalsW‫א‬ J
- ١١٤ -............................................ Subscriber Signals‫א‬‫א‬W
- ١١٤ -................................................... wake- up signal J١
١١٤................................................................ Dial toneE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢

١١٤................................................................ dialing signal‫א‬ J٣
١١٥................................................................ Ring Signal‫א‬ J٤
١١٥................................................................ Busy tone‫א‬ J٥
١١٦........................................................ Clear signalE‫א‬F‫א‬ J٦
١١٦................................................................ Line Signals‫א‬‫א‬W 
١١٨........................................................ Register Signals‫א‬‫א‬W 
١١٨............. .................. Link – by – Link signaling‫א‬ J١

١١٨................................................ End – to- End Signaling J٢
١١٩................................................ Signaling methods‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: ‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

١٢٠......................................................................WCAS‫א‬‫א‬
١٢١............................................................... (DC)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
- ١٢٢ -............................................................ (VF)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
١٢٤.................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
١٢٥.................................................................. WPCM30CAS‫א‬
١٢٧.......................................................................... CCS‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٠.............................................................WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣١.......................................................... WSignaling networks‫א‬
١٣٢.................................................................................. W‫א‬
١٣٣.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
١٣٨.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٩.................................................................. Numbering System‫א‬
١٤٣.......................................................... fixed numbering scheme‫א‬‫א‬-
١٤٣.......................................... International Numbering Plan‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٥.................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٦.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
١٤٩...KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٩......................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٩................................................................................. W
١٤٩......................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٠......................................................................................... W‫א‬
١٥٠...........................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٢................................................................................. W‫א‬
١٥٢.................................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٢......................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٣......................................................................................... W‫א‬
١٥٣......................................................................................... W‫א‬
١٥٤......................................................................... W‫א‬
١٥٨.................................................................................‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
 J١٦٠ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Telephone Traffic‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٢ -........................................................... Call Attempt‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٢ -.................................................................................... Call‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٢ -.....................................................Call-Holding Time‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٣ -.................................................... Telephone density‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٤ -.......... ......... How to predict telephone density‫א‬
١٦٤....................................................................Trafficdensity ‫א‬
 ١٦٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKTraffic intensity‫א‬
 ١٦٥ ……………………………………………………..Occupancy‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -.................................................... Traffic Variation‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٦ -............................................................ Busy Hour‫א‬
- ١٦٧ -.................................................................... Congestion‫א‬
- ١٦٨ -.......................The costs for a good grade of service‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٩ -.................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٩ -............................................................ Traffic Flow‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٠ -............................................ Erlang and Unit Call‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J١٧٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 J١٧٥ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 5ESS‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٦ -............................................ W5ESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٦ -....KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٨ -..................................................................... W‫א‬
- ١٧٩ -..................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٠ -..................................................................... W‫א‬
- ١٨١ -.......................................................................WSM‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨١ -..................................................................... W‫א‬
- ١٨١ -........ .. ................. WTime Slot Interchanger (TSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٤٥ ‫א‬ 
- ١٨٢ -................................................................. WSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٣ -................................................................. WService Units‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٥ -......................................................................... W‫א‬
- ١٨٥ -......................................................................... W‫א‬
- ١٨٧ -................................................................. WCM‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٨ -................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٩ -........ ................................................ WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٩ -............................................................... WAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٠ -....................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٠ -..........................................................................Control Unit‫א‬
- ١٩١ -........ ................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩١ -...............................................WInput/Output Processor‫א‬L‫א‬
- ١٩١ - .............................................................. SCSI Disk Unit‫א‬
- ١٩٢ -....................................................................... Tape Unit‫א‬

- ١٩٢ -...... ................................ Master Control Center‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٣ -........ ......................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٣ -................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٤ -................................................................. W5ESS‫א‬
- ١٩٦ -................................................................................. ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

181974398 أساسيات الهاتف والمقاسم الرقمية PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

181974398 أساسيات الهاتف والمقاسم الرقمية PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

‫א‬

Resistance Hybrid Circuit ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬-١

‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

LEN=Line Equipment Number

 Cross points Switches‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

 Single Stage Switching Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

Number of Cross- Points used = NxM Cross-Points

 Vertical and horizontal Partitioning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

  M ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PCM 24 time slots Frame E٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PCM 24 time slots Frame‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢٨-٤)

PCM 30 time slots Frame E٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Multi- stages Multiplixers  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E4139,264kbps 4E3's W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬time slot ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 F 4PCM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

،??    ‫א‬

International Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

National Transit Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬-٢

Regional Transit Exchange‫א‬‫א‬-٣

Local Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬-٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ J٥F‫א‬

 time-dependent routing ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ automatically ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K"ring back signal"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬busy tone"‫א‬?

voice time slots‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 (Signaling Link )‫א‬‫א‬

 (Signaling Point )‫א‬

 EService Switching Point SSP) ‫א‬ J 

 EService Transfer Point STP)‫א‬– 

 (Servic Control Point SCP)‫א‬ J

‫א‬ ١٩٨٠‫א‬‫א‬SS7‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 

Sent to Generated from signal

‫א‬ ‫ א‬

 Fixed Numbering Scheme‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK flexible ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢

  100 CCS / 20 subscriber s  5 CCS per subscriber 

KInterface Modules (IM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KTime Slot Interchanger (TSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  . Module Controller and Time Slot Interchanger (MCTSI) 

 Integrated Services Line Unit (ISLU)‫א‬‫א‬ J

Nework Control and Timing (NCT) ‫א‬

–Quad Link Packet SwitchCM2‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬KDigital Audio Tape (DAT) ‫ أو ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺳﻤﻌﻲ رﻗﻤﻲ‬tape drive

 KWireless‫א‬Mobile Switching Center (MSC)‫א‬‫א‬ J٨

1- Roger L. Freeman , " TelecommunicationsTransmission

 ٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK (DSL) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٦ - ................ Vertical and horizontal Partitioning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

٧٠ -………………………………….. Fundamentals of PCM‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩٢..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬ J J‫א‬F J

١١٤................................................................ Dial toneE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢

١١٨............. .................. Link – by – Link signaling‫א‬ J١

 ١١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: ‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

١٤٣.......................................................... fixed numbering scheme‫א‬‫א‬-

١٤٣.......................................... International Numbering Plan‫א‬‫א‬

 J١٦٠ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Telephone Traffic‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٢ -.................................................................................... Call‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٤ -.......... ......... How to predict telephone density‫א‬

- ١٦٦ -............................................................ Busy Hour‫א‬

- ١٦٧ -.................................................................... Congestion‫א‬